∎ The evolution of generic numbers in the current update: Brazil reduces from 2700 to 2600 genera. South America as a whole increases from 4200 to 4300 genera. Finally, Brazil loses 5 endemic genera.
Evolution numbers for Brazil: Peperomia (1 - 1 = 0), Magnolia (1), Oxandra (1), Dicypellium (1), Mollinedia (3), Anthurium (2), Harperocallis (2), Vanilla (1), Bifrenaria (), Malaxis (), Catasetum (), Brachystele (-1), Dichaea (-1), Pabstiella (-5 + 3 = -2), Trichocentrum (), Butia (1), Giuliettia (1), Paepalanthus (2-1 = 1), Stigmatodon (1), Vriesea (1), Bromelia (2), Elaeocharis (1), Rhynchospora (2), Eremitis (1), Maranta (1), Bredemeyera (3), Alexa (1), Collaea (1), Mimosa (2), Vismia (-1), Carolus (1), Piriqueta (1), Phyllanthus (2 - 2 = 0), Caperonia (1), Croton (1), Begonia (1), Argythamnia (), Celtis (1), Theobroma (), Byttneria (1), Luehea (1), Ceiba (1), Eugenia (2), Myrcia (2), Myrcianthes (1 - 1 = 0), Miconia (1), Microlicia (3), Marcetia (3), Pleroma (4), Mesocapparis (1), Vaccinum (1), Tacinga (1), Cereus (2), Jacquemontia (1), Metternichia (1), Antiphytum (2), Palicourea (1), Psychotria (-1), Notopleura (1), Ruehssia (1), Mandevilla (1), Casselia (1), Handroanthus (1), Bignonia (-1), Philcoxia (1), Marsypianthes (1), Hypstis (1), Ruellia (1), Stachytarpheta (2), Erigeron (0 to 14) and Lepidaploa (1).
Updates for POWO numers in Piperaceae except Manekia.
Included genera in South America: Psychopsiella (), Crossoliparis (), Olmedia (), Paratrophis (), Staphylea (), Cyrtocarpa (), Baretia (),
Included genera in Brazil: Psychopsiella (), Olmedia (), Argythamnia (), Erigeron ()
Included national endemic genera: Psychopsiella (), Baretia (),
Excluded genera for Brazil: Guanchezia, Rudolfiella, Scuticaria (under Bifrenaria), Grandiphyllum, Saundersia (under Trichocentrum), Ditaxis (), Herrania (), Conyza ()
Excluded genera for South America: Stenanoma (under Desmopsis), Guanchezia, Horvatia, Hylaeorchis, Rudolfiella, Scuticaria, Teuscheria (under Bifrenaria), Santanderella (under Notyliopsis), Pseudolepanthes (under Trichosalpinx), Grandiphyllum, Saundersia (under Trichocentrum), Ditaxis (), Herrania (), Conyza, Darwiniothamnus (under Erigeron)
Excluded national endemic genera: Horvartia (EC), Santanderella (CL), Saundersia (BR), Douradoa (BR), Darwinothamnus (EC)
Other remarkable alterations: Bomarea (1), Conchocarpus (1), Piper in Peru (451), Nasa (1), Notopleura (8), Notopleura in Brazil (1), Burmeistera (1), Haplopappus (2), Tagetes (1), Kefersteinia (1), Epidendrum (3), Pleurothallis (1), Lepanthes (9), Telipogon (2).
∎ maximum relevance notes:
▪ inclusion of Peperomia pereirae Yunck under P. rubricaulis (Nees) A. Dietr., P. pereirae f. hirtulicaule emancipation as P. hirtulicaulis, and P. tetragona Ruiz & Pav. as a new record for Brazil (Piperaceae, Marcusso et al., Phytotaxa, 2024). ▪ requalification for the genus Magnolia L. in Brazil, by Barbosa, J.C.J. et al. (Phytotaxa, 2024), which recognizes 5 species for the country, rejecting M. paranaensis and validating M. irwiniana and M. sellowiana. ▪ synonymization of Stenanoma Standl. in Desmopsis Saff. (Annonaceae), reducing the total in South America (Colombia) by one genus, via Schats, E. et al. (Novon, 2023). ▪ expansion of Campylosiphon Benth. (Burmanniaceae) to Asia (Li et al, Systematic Botany, 2023). ▪ requalification of Liparis Rich. (Orchidaceae) from Brazil in Santos, T.F. et al. (Rodriguesia, 2023), with the recognition of three spp., one endemic. ▪ Trichocentrum expanded, this time to include Grandiphyllum and Saundersia (Meneguzzo & Chase, Phytotaxa, 2024). ▪ requalification of Bifrenaria, expanded and now including the previously accepted genera Guanchezia, Horvatia, Hylaeorchis, Rudolfiella, Scuticaria, and Teuscheria (Meneguzzo & Chase, Phytotaxa, 2024) ▪ fully aceptance of POWO circunscription for Orchidaceae in South America as February 3, 2024, with the following exceptions: we accepted the genera Kefersteinia, Guanchezia and Scaphosepalum in Brazil. We recognize Dunstervillea within Eloyella, Centroglossa within Zygostates, Brasolia emancipated from Sobralia, and reject Aa in Brazil. With this acceptance, we passed and recognized Lueckelia in Bolivia, rejected Solenocentrum in Colombia and Ecuador, Santanderella under Notyliopsis, Lankesteriana under Anathallis, Sudamerlycaste resinonymized as Ida, Muscarella resinonymized as Andreetteae, Pseudolepanthes under Trichosalpinx, and the unprecedented recognition of Psychopsiella (endemic to Brazil, Oncidinae) and Crossoliparis from Mexico to Venezuela. ▪ here we take Karremans et al. (Lankesteriana, 2023) circumscription and numbers for Pleutothalidinae in global data and for Colombia, diverging strongly from the POWO and VPA counterparts, but still accepting them for the national diversities of the other South American countries. ▪ adjustments to the infraclassification of Amaryllidaceae, based on Meerow (Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica, 2023). ▪ emancipation of Guaduelioidae (1/6, Africa), a new subfamily of Poaceae, separated from Puelioideae (Huang et al., Molecular Plant, 2022). ▪ recognition of the wider distribution of Kallstroemia Scop. (Zygophyllaceae) in Brazil, with records in the northeast, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro (Amorim & Santos, PRE-PRINT, 2023). ▪ requalification in Moraceae, the reinstatement of the genera Ampalis Bojer, Maillardia Frapp. ex Duch., Taxotrophis Blume, and Paratrophis Blume (new for South America); recognition of the new genus Afromorus E.M.Gardner, reinstatement of Pseudostreblus Bureae and their transfer to Parartocarpeae, reinstatement of Sloetiopsis Engl. and their transfer to Dorstenieae, reinstatement tribe Olmedieae, replacing the Castilleae, and its exclusion from Moreae, and exclusion of Streblus Lour s.str. from Moreae and transferred to the Olmedieae (Gardner et al., Taxon, 2021). ▪ requalification of Bredemeyera Willd. (Polygalaceae) for the constituency in Mota et al. (Systematic Botany, 2023). ▪ renaming of Delgadoa F.S.Santos, Snak & L.P.Queiroz (1, Fabaceae, NE Brazil) to Delgadoana U.B.Deshmukh, M.B.Shende, E.S.Reddy & Mungole (Deshmukh et al., Feddes Reperotium, 2023). ▪ requalification of Pseudalbizzia Britton & Rose (Fabaceae), via Peraza, G.A. et al. (PhytoKeys, 2022). ▪ requalification of Rhytidanthera (Planch.) Tieghem (Ochnaceae), based on Ladino (Thesys, 2018). ▪ changes in Euphorbiaceae: Ditaxis Vahl ex A.Juss. under Argythamnia P.Browne, upgraded Ditaxinae to the tribe level (Ditaxeae), stablishment and description the tribe Caperonieae based on Caperonia A.St.-Hil., and transferred Philyra Klotzsch to the tribe Adelieae (Kulkamp et al, Biology, 2023). ▪ notes on the classification of Geranium L. (Geraniaceae) based on Aedo, C. (BOOK, 2023). ▪ requalification of Staphylleaceae as in POWO (SEE), although a notable work on the phylogeny of the family (Harris et al., Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 2017) does not clearly lead to a definition in three genera; two occur in South America, only one in Brazil. ▪ reconsideration of Cyrtocarpa Kunth (Anacardiaceae) in South America, on the Caribbean coast of Colombia (Mitchell et al., Brittonia, 2023). ▪ first record of Euxylophora Huber (Rutaceae) in Colombia, and their exclusion of Brazilian endemic genera list (Lodoño, Lópex & Zabala, Phytotaxa, 2023) ▪ inclusion of Herrania Goudot as part of Theobroma L. (Malvaceae), via Colli-Silva et al. (BANNER, 2023). ▪ the emancipation of Pycnophyllum lanatum Phil. (absent in VPA and POWO) in the new genus Baretia Timaná, endemic to Chile (Timaná, Adansonia, 2023). ▪ record of Douradoa Sleumer (Ximeniaceae) in Venezuela and its exclusion from the list of endemic genera in Brazil (González & Aymard, Harvard Papers in Botany, 2023). ▪ mention of infrageneric classification of Thesium (Santalaceae): 80 clades, only one in New World: Austroamericium clade, from Brazil, Venezuela and Guyana, by Garcia, M.A. et al. (Taxon, 2024). ▪ requalification of Antiphytum DC. ex Meisn. (Boraginaceae) in South America as Mendoza-Díaz et al. (Novon, 2022), which recognizes 4 spp. on the continent, all in Uruguay, three of them extending to Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. ▪ requalification of Nolana L. (Solanacae), based on Dillon (Harvard Papers in Botany, 2023), with 92 spp.: 42 from Peru, 46 from Chile, three in both Peru and Chile, and one species in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. ▪ new Rubiaceae classification: two subfamilies, 71 tribes, 68 placed at a subfamily and three unplaced (Razafimandimbison & Rydin, Taxon, 2024). ▪ adjustments to the infraclassification of Gesneriaceae, based on Weber et al. (Rheedea, 2020). ▪ updates at Casselia Nees & Mart., now with 8 spp. (Cardoso, P.H., Verbenaceae, Acta Botanica Brasilica, 2024). ▪ Cirsium Mill. (Asteraceae, especifically C. mexicanum DC), besides collections in W Panama, is rejected here for Colombia.
∎ new circunsciptrion of genera as in POWO:
Xerodraba (Brassicaceae, SEE),
Pycnophyllopsis (Caryophyllaceae, SEE),
Taraxacum (Asteraceae, SEE).
∎ synonymizations at generic level added:
Conyza and Darwiniothamnus under Erigeron (POWO).
∎ new generic records for Brazil added:
Erigeron (Asteraceae, POWO).
∎ new records at the genus level for other South American countries added:
∎ remarkable new records of genera for Brazilian states added:
Roraimaea in Amazonas state (Demarchi, L.O. et al, CheckList, 2023).
∎ remarkable new records of species for Brazilian states added:
Mitostemma glaziovii in Pará state (Araújo, E.B.S. et al, Checklist, 2024).
∎ rejection of the Brazilian occurrence of the following valid species:
∎ simple synonymizations, at species level, added:
Peperomia pereirae under P. rubricaulis (Piperaceae, BR, 2024, SEE),
Brachystele bicrinita under B. subfiliformis (Orchidaceae, BR, 2024, SEE),
Xylobium subpulchrum under X. stanhopeifolium (Orchidaceae, VZ-CL-EC-PR, 2023, SEE),
Dichaea integrilabia under D. saraca-taquerensis (Orchidaceae, BR, 2024, SEE),
Pabstiella teschiana + P. henrique-aragonii under P. crenata, P. wanderbildtiana under P. aurantiaca, P. osculator under P. rhombilabia, P. menegattii under P. decurva (Orchiaceae, BR, 2022, SEE), Phyllanthus mimicus + P. bolivianus under P. niruri (Phyllanthaceae, BR, 2023, SEE),
Visma parviflora under V. micrantha (Hypericaceae, BR, 2024, SEE),
Myrcianthes cavalcantei under M. fragrans (Myrtaceae, BR, 2023, SEE).
∎ new national records added, by data revision, or by new discoveries, exclusing renomeation:
Harperocallis neblinae (Tofieldiaceae, new in BR, formerly in VZ),
Harperocallis penduliflora (Tofieldiaceae, new in BR, formerly in VZ),
Garcinia leptophylla (Clusiaceae, new in CL, PR, 2024, formerly in BR, BL),
Vaccinium chimantense (Ericaceae, new in BR, formerly in VZ),
∎ distribution reduction, at specific level:
∎ emancipations, rank elevations, re-establishments at species level, or recogniition of consolided species absents in VPA:
Peperomia hirtulicaulis (rank elevation, former P. pereirae f. hirtulicaule, Piperaceae, BR, 2024),
Pleroma magdalenense (re-established, Melastomataceae, BR, 2023),
Luehea macrophylla (re-established, Malvaceae, BR, 2024),
Baccharis heeringiana Teodoro (re-established, Asteraceae, UR, 2023).
∎ added species by rediscovered or redescription:
Vanilla schwackeana (Orchidaceae, BR, 2024).
∎ updates by simple-specific renames:
Giuliettia minima sp. (Eriocaulaceae, ex-Paepalanthus minimus, BR, 2021),
Palicourea roseocalycina (Rubiaceae, ex-Psychotria dusenii, BR, 2021),
Handroanthus speciosus (Bignoniaceae, ex-Bignonia longiflora, BR, 2024),
∎ addition to our list of 138 species absents in VPA South America since last update, being 132 ENDEMICS among countries: Brazil (66), Colombia (33), Peru (13), Ecuador (9), Bolivia (2), Venezuela (2), Chile (3), Guianas (0), Argentina (3), Suriname (1); and 6 NON ENDEMICS: as BR/VZ(0)⋅ BR/EC(0) ⋅ BR/AR(1) ⋅ BR/BL(1) ⋅ BR/CL (0) ⋅ BR/GU´s (0) ⋅ AR/BL (0) ⋅ AR/UR(0) ⋅ AR/PAR(0) ⋅ CL/PAN(0) ⋅ CL/VZ(0) ⋅ CL/EC(0) ⋅ CL/PR(0) ⋅ PR/BL(1) ⋅ EC/PR (1) ⋅ PR/CH(0) ⋅ CL/EC/PR(0) ⋅ AR/PAR/CH(0) ⋅ BR/BL/PAR(0) ⋅ ⋅ VZ/GU/SR(1) ⋅ BR/BL/PAR(0) ⋅ EC/PR/BR(1): AMBORELLANAE, NYMPHAEANAE, AUSTROBAYLEANAE, CHLORANTHANAE, MAGNOLIANAE
Compsoneura choibo (Myristicaceae, CL, 2024),
Magnolia unicarmensis (Magnoliaceae, CL, 2023),
Oxandra cerradensis (Annonaceae, BR, 2024),
Dicypellium anisum (Lauraceae, BR, 2024),
Mollinedia fatimae (Monimiaceae, BR, 2023),
Mollinedia lorencei (Monimiaceae, BR, 2024),
Mollinedia pignalii (Monimiaceae, BR, 2023),
Piper alwynii (Piperaceae, PR/EC, 2023),
LILIANAE ROSANAE
Begonia schizostya (Begoniaceae, BR, 2023),
Celtis atlantica (Celtidaceae, BR, 2024),
Bredemeyera ericifolia (Polygalaceae, BR, 2023),
Alexa duckeana (Fabaceae, BR, 2023),
Lonchocarpus verticillatus (Fabaceae, CL, 2023),
Collaea caerulea (Fabaceae, BR, 2024),
Mimosa cardosoi, M. simonii (Fabaceae, BR, 2023),
Ouratea chepelii (Ochnaceae, VZ, 2023),
Clusia reginae (Clusiaceae, VZ, 2024),
Carolus tomentosus (Malpighiaceae, BR, 2023),
Piriqueta velutina (Passifloraceae, BR, 2024),
Passiflora pitalensis (Passifloraceae, CL, 2024),
Phyllanthus lobatus, P. platystigma (Phyllanthaceae, BR, 2023),
Caperonia itapevae (Euphorbiaceae, BR, 2024),
Croton carajasensis (Euphorbiaceae, BR, 2023),
Eugenia guapiassuana (Myrtaceae, BR, 2024),
Eugenia lavradensis (Myrtaceae, BR, 2024),
Myrcia tenondeporan (Myrtaceae, BR, 2023),
Myrcia bahiensis (Myrtaceae, BR, 2024),
Myrcianthes cruciata (Myrtaceae, BR, 2023),
Meriania urdialesii (Melastomataceae, EC, 2024),
Miconia dianae (Melastomataceae, BR, 2023),
Miconia burkeae (Melastomataceae, PR, 2023),
Microlicia arenaria, M. dentisepala, M. membranacea (Melastomataceae, BR, 2023),
Marcetia barbadensis, M. minima, M. serratifolia (Melastomataceae, BR, 2023),
Pleroma goyazense (Melastomataceae, BR, 2023),
Pleroma littorale, P. semisterile (Melastomataceae, BR, 2024),
Byttneria filifolia (Malvaceae, BR, 2024),
Ceiba camba (Malvaceae, BR/BL, 224),
Aenigmanu chococola, Nothotalisia karsticola, Picramnia vinacea (Picramniaceae, CL, 2023),
Carapa cedrotagua (Meliaceae, CL, 2024),
Cedrela gonzalopalominoi (Meliaceae, CL, 2023),
Conchocarpus cardenasii (Rutaceae, CL, 2023),
Helietta magna (Rutaceae, CL, 2023),
Mesocapparis minutiflora (Capparaceae, BR, 2024),
Lepidium weigendii (Brassicaceae, PR, 2023).
CARYOPHYLANAE
Tacinga paiaia (Cactaceae, BR, 2023),
Cereus ingens, C. gerardi (Cactaceae, BR, 2023).
ASTERANAE
Gustavia montana (Lecythidaceae, CL, 2023),
Grias lucindoae (Lecythidaceae, CL, 2023),
G. portillae (Lecythidaceae, EC, 2023),
Nasa ojedae (Loasaceae, EC, 2024),
Berberidopsis granitica (Berberidopsidaceae, CH, 2024),
Notopleura aurantiaca, N. bracteata, N. cajamarcana, N. divaricata, N. harlingii, N. kosnipatana, N. valenzuelae, N. stevensonii (Rubiaceae, EC, PR, BR | PR | PR | CL | EC | PR | PR | CL, 2024),
Mandevilla calcicola (Apocynaceae, BR, 2023),
Ruehssia bahiensis (Apocynaceae, BR, 2023),
Pachycaulos huancabambae (Gesneriaceae, PR, 2023),
Philcoxia cachimboensis (Acta Amazonica, BR, 2024),
Schlegelia longirachis (Schlegeliaceae, CL, 2023),
Marsypianthes dunensis (Lamiaceae, BR, 2023),
Hyptis albolanata (Lamiaceae, BR, 2023),
Ruellia kalungae (Acanthaceae, BR, 2023),
Stachytarpheta meninii (Verbenaceae, BR, 2023),
Stachytarpheta liviae (Verbenaceae, BR, 2024),
Jacquemontia ferricola (Convolvulaceae, BR, 2023),
Metternichia macrocalyx (Solanaceae, BR, 2023),
Ilex cochlearifolia (Aquifoliaceae, EC, 2023),
Burmeistera luciae (Campanulaceae, CL, 2024),
Isocarpha spathulata (Asteraceae, BL, 2023),
Tagetes dombeyi (Asteraceae, PR/BL, 2023),
Lepidaploa nakajimae (Asteraceae, BR, 2024),
Neurolaena curtipalea (Asteraceae, CL, 2023),
Haplopappus colliguayensis, H. teillieri (Asteraceae, CH, 2023),
Porophyllum iruyense (Asteraceae, AR, 2024).
∎ exclusion from our list of occurrence in the New World of these species or genera:
GENERIC LEVEL
SPECIFIC LEVEL
Anthurium dairon-cardenasii (Araceae, CL, 2024),
Anthurium bellissimum, A. itacarense (Araceae, BR, 2024),
Stenospermation albifolium, S. melidae, S. selvaflorensis (Araceae, CL, 2023),
Smilax brevipedunculata (Smilacaceae, VZ/GU/SR, 2023),
Smilax tafelbergensis (Smilacaceae, SR, 2023),
Bomarea pastazensis (Alstroemeriaceae, EC, 2023),
Brachystele morronei (Orchidaceae, AR, 2023),
Malaxis ybytus (Orchidaceae, BR, 2023),
Kefersteinia sp. (Orchidaceae, CL, 2023),
Catasetum queirozii (Orchidaceae, BR, 2024),
Epidendrum acuntasiorum, E. retrolobatum, E. bicornialpicola (Orchidaceae, PR, 2023),
Myoxanthus anancusiensis (Orchidaceae, PR, 2023),
Lepanthes inesmanzanoae (Orchidaceae, EC, 2023),
Lepanthes sp. 1, L. sp. 2, L. sp. 3, L. sp. 4, L. sp. 5, L. sp. 6, L. sp. 7, L. sp. 8 (Orchidaceae, CL, 2023),
Telipogon mariae-luisae (Orchidaceae, PR, 2023),
Telipogon leisberthvelezii (Orchidaceae, EC, 2024),
Octomeria jimenezii (Orchidaceae, EC, 2024),
Pabstiella sp. 1, P. sp. 2, P. sp. 3 (Orchidaceae, BR, 2023),
Campylocentrum luzmariae (Orchidaceae, CL, 2024),
Pleurothallis carpishensis (Orchidaceae, PR, 2023),
Hippeastrum euryphyllum (Amaryllidaceae, AR, 2023),
Butia soffiae (Arecaceae, BR, 2023),
Stigmatodon medeirosii (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2024),
Vriesea organensis (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2024),
Bromelia longipedicellata, B. stellata (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2023),
Paepalanthus avacanoeiro, P. burle-marxii (Eriocaulaceae, BR, 2024),
Eleocharis multinerviglumis (Cyperaceae, BR, 2023),
Rhynchospora parecisensis (Cyperaceae, BR, 2023),
Rhynchospora waytii (Cyperaceae, BR/AR, 2023),
Eremitis pernambucensis (Poaceae, BR, 2024),
Guadua bambuzoniae (Poaceae, CL, 2024),
Merostachys nigricans (Poaceae, BL, 2023),
Maranta bambusa (Marantaceae, BR, 2024),