SYNOPSIS OF SOUTH AMERICAN ANGIOSPERMS

SÉRGIO ADRIANO MARQUES
UPDATED IN MAY 09, 2024

RAIZ

WELCOME TO SYNOPSIS OF SOUTH AMERICAN ANGIOSPERMS, 2024

We present here the Synopsis of South American Angiosperms (SSAA), a broad text that intends to summarize in a succinct way all the native diversity of angiosperms on South America, including Malvinas as part of Argentina, and excluding southern Panamá. This work is structured by order, families, subfamilies/tribes/subtribes (if present), genera, subgenera/clades/sections/subsections/series (if present), with a small entry for each.


METODOLOGY


This text was inspired by THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF VASCULAR PLANTS, which provided inspiration for the existence of this project and much of the information of genera and families present throughout the text, and the now disabled website Neotropikey from Kew. The initial list of families by order was drawn up following APG: ANGIOSPERMS PHYLOGENY GROUP WEBSITE in mid-April 2023, and the initial internal organization of each family and general family data, was obtained from the ANGIOS BERGIANSKA website. The numerical data for all vascular species in South America was obtained from the Vascular Plants of America on April 3, 2022 (VPA). Subsequently, these numbers (exaclty 86,072 spp., SEE LIST) was compared with numerous other references, to generate version 1 of the project (mainly POWO: PLANTS OF THE WORLD ONLINE, also an incalculable quantity with precision, but ranging between 5,000 to 7,000, of articles that were read). For a list all 718 initial notes, see SSAA/VPA INITIAL NOTES. Since then, several updates have been made, listed at the bottom of this page at NEWS AND UPDATES.


NUMBERS


In these numbers, we identified in May 09, 2024, exacts 4,145 native genera of angiosperms in South America (4,144 formally described and one, in Violaceae, counted but not described), 2,760 in Brazil (358 endemics) and 1,385 absent (see TABLES below).


SEE ALSO


  • SIDERASIS ANGIOSPERMS, which, in conjunction with this work, provides a large amount of information, with emphasis on infrafamilial and infregeneric notes, in addition to the excellent explanation of morphological and ecological notes.

COLORS


  • BLACK genera refer to Brazilian non endemic genera.
  • BROWN genera refer to Brazilian absent genera.
  • BLUE genera refer to Brazilian endemic genera.
  • BLUISH refer to unoficially genera (only one in this list, in Violaceae).

ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY



ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY TREE, BI LI ET AL (BMC BIOLOGY, 2021)


TAXONOMY IN SOUTH AMERICA: 283 NATIVE FAMILIES AND 4145 NATIVE GENERA



ANGIOSPERMS TABLES

Here is a list of all the APG families and orders in 2023, with the number of Brazilian, unbrazilian and Brazilian endemic genera in each one, as part of project Synopsis of South American Angiosperms.


WHITE LINES: families/orders that occur native in Brazil.

ORCHID PINK LINES: exxofamilies/exxorders.

GRAY LINES: groups totally absent in South America.

 


BY FAMILY

FAMILY

BRAZILIAN GENERA

UNBRAZILIAN GENERA

BRAZILIAN ENDEMIC GENERA

AMBORELLACEAE

HYDATELLACEAE

CABOMBACEAE

1

1

NYMPHAEACEAE

2

AUSTROBAILEYACEAE

TRIMENIACEAE

SCHISANDRACEAE

CANELLACEAE

1

1

WINTERACEAE

1

SAURURACEAE

PIPERACEAE

3

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

2

1

MYRISTICACEAE

5

MAGNOLIACEAE

1

DEGENERIACEAE

HIMANTANDRACEAE

EUPOMATIACEAE

ANNONACEAE

29

3

3

CALYCANTHACEAE

SIPARUNACEAE

1

GOMORTEGACEAE

1

ATHEROSPERMATACEAE

2

HERNANDIACEAE

2

1

MONIMIACEAE

5

1

3

LAURACEAE

25

3

3

CHLORANTHACEAE

1

ARACEAE

38

8

7

TOFIELDIACEAE

1

ALISMATACEAE

5

BUTOMACEAE

HYDROCHARITACEAE

5

1

SCHEUCHZERIACEAE

MAUNDIACEAE

APONOGETONACEAE

JUNCAGINACEAE

1

1

ZOSTERACEAE

1

POTAMOGETONACEAE

3

POSIDONIACEAE

RUPPIACEAE

1

CYMODOCEACEAE

1

1

ACORACEAE

PETROSAVIACEAE

NARTHECIACEAE

1

BURMANNIACEAE

7

THISMIACEAE

1

1

AFROTHISMIACEAE

TACCACEAE

1

DIOSCOREACEAE

1

TRIURIDACEAE

5

1

VELLOZIACEAE

2

1

STEMONACEAE

CYCLANTHACEAE

8

3

PANDANACEAE

CAMPYNEMATACEAE

MELANTHIACEAE

1

PETERMANNIACEAE

ALSTROEMERIACEAE

2

1

COLCHICACEAE

PHILESIACEAE

2

RIPOGONACEAE

SMILACACEAE

1

CORSIACEAE

1

LILIACEAE

ORCHIDACEAE

193

96

24

BORYACEAE

BLANDFORDIACEAE

ASTELIACEAE

1

LANARIACEAE

HYPOXIDACEAE

2

TECOPHILAEACEAE

3

DORYANTHACEAE

IXIOLIRIACEAE

IRIDACEAE

20

8

4

XERONEMATACEAE

ASPHODELACEAE

1

1

AMARYLLIDACEAE

11

27

3

ASPARAGACEAE

6

7

ARECACEAE

36

16

1

DASYPOGONACEAE

HANGUANACEAE

COMMELINACEAE

14

2

1

PHILYDRACEAE

PONTEDERIACEAE

2

HAEMODORACEAE

2

1

TYPHACEAE

1

1

BROMELIACEAE

55

13

26

RAPATEACEAE

9

7

XYRIDACEAE

4

1

ERIOCAULACEAE

15

3

MAYACACEAE

1

THURNIACEAE

1

JUNCACEAE

2

5

CYPERACEAE

32

8

RESTIONACEAE

2

FLAGELLARIACEAE

JOINVILLEACEAE

ECDEIOCOLEACEAE

POACEAE

174

60

23

STRELITZIACEAE

1

LOWIACEAE

HELICONIACEAE

1

MUSACEAE

CANNACEAE

1

MARANTACEAE

10

1

COSTACEAE

3

1

ZINGIBERACEAE

1

CERATOPHYLLACEAE

1

EUPTELEACEAE

PAPAVERACEAE

2

CIRCAEASTERACEAE

LARDIZABALACEAE

2

MENISPERMACEAE

16

1

BERBERIDACEAE

1

RANUNCULACEAE

3

8

SABIACEAE

2

NELUMBONACEAE

1

PLATANACEAE

PROTEACEAE

3

5

TROCHODENDRACEAE

BUXACEAE

1

1

MYROTHAMNACEAE

GUNNERACEAE

1

DILLENIACEAE

6

PERIDISCACEAE

1

1

PAEONIACEAE

ALTINGIACEAE

HAMAMELIDACEAE

1

CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE

DAPHNIPHYLLACEAE

ITEACEAE

GROSSULARIACEAE

1

SAXIFRAGACEAE

5

CRASSULACEAE

1

1

APHANOPETALACEAE

TETRACARPAEACEAE

PENTHORACEAE

HALORAGACEAE

3

1

CYNOMORIACEAE

VITACEAE

2

1

KRAMERIACEAE

1

ZYGOPHYLLEACEAE

2

9

QUILLAJACEAE

1

FABACEAE

217

56

23

SURIANACEAE

1

POLYGALACEAE

11

4

1

ROSACEAE

6

5

BARBEYACEAE

DIRACHMACEAE

ELAEAGNACEAE

RHAMNACEAE

13

9

2

ULMACEAE

2

CANNABACEAE

2

1

MORACEAE

18

2

URTICACEAE

13

1

NOTHOFAGACEAE

3

FAGACEAE

2

MYRICACEAE

1

JUGLANDACEAE

3

CASUARINACEAE

TICODENDRACEAE

BETULACEAE

1

APODANTHACEAE

2

ANISOPHYLLEACEAE

2

1

CORYNOCARPACEAE

CORIARIACEAE

1

CUCURBITACEAE

19

7

2

TETRAMELACEAE

DATISCACEAE

BEGONIACEAE

1

LEPIDOBOTRYACEAE

1

CELASTRACEAE

22

4

2

HUACEAE

CONNARACEAE

5

1

OXALIDACEAE

2

CUNONIACEAE

2

2

ELAEOCARPACEAE

2

2

CEPHALOTACEAE

BRUNELLIACEAE

1

PANDACEAE

RHIZOPHORACEAE

4

ERYTHROXYLACEAE

1

PERACEAE

3

RAFFLESIACEAE

EUPHORBIACEAE

65

9

4

CENTROPLACACEAE

CTENOLOPHONACEAE

OCHNACEAE

17

2

1

PICRODENDRACEAE

2

1

PHYLLANTHACEAE

16

4

2

ELATINACEAE

2

MALPIGHIACEAE

46

7

4

BALANOPACEAE

TRIGONIACEAE

2

1

1

DICHAPETALACEAE

3

EUPHRONIACEAE

1

CHRYSOBALANACEAE

13

1

LOPHOPYXIDACEAE

PUTRANJIVACEAE

1

PASSIFLORACEAE

7

2

LACISTEMATACEAE

2

SALICACEAE

18

3

1

VIOLACEAE

13

3

2

GOUPIACEAE

1

ACHARIACEAE

4

1

CARYOCARACEAE

2

HUMIRIACEAE

8

1

IRVINGIACEAE

LINACEAE

4

IXONANTHACEAE

2

CALOPHYLLACEAE

8

1

CLUSIACEAE

10

2

1

BONNETIACEAE

2

PODOSTEMACEAE

14

1

3

HYPERICACEAE

2

GERANIACEAE

2

1

FRANCOACEAE

1

4

COMBRETACEAE

4

LYTHRACEAE

11

2

1

ONAGRACEAE

4

3

VOCHYSIACEAE

5

1

MYRTACEAE

20

9

4

MELASTOMATACEAE

57

24

10

CRYPTERONIACEAE

ALZATEACEAE

1

PENAEACEAE

APHLOIACEAE

GEISSOLOMATACEAE

STRASBURGERIACEAE

STAPHYLEACEAE

1

1

GUAMETALACEAE

STACHYURACEAE

CROSSOSOMATACEAE

PICRAMNIACEAE

3

1

BIEBERSTEINIACEAE

NITRARIACEAE

KIRKIACEAE

BURSERACEAE

5

ANACARDIACEAE

14

10

2

SAPINDACEAE

26

7

2

RUTACEAE

31

7

4

SIMAROUBACEAE

7

MELIACEAE

6

2

GERRARDINACEAE

PETENAEACEAE

TAPISCIACEAE

1

DIPENTODONTACEAE

1

CYTINACEAE

1

MUNTINGIACEAE

1

2

NEURADACEAE

MALVACEAE

73

34

7

SPHAEROSEPALACEAE

THYMELAEACEAE

7

2

BIXACEAE

2

1

SARCOLAENACEAE

CISTACEAE

1

1

DIPTEROCARPACEAE

1

AKANIACEAE

TROPAEOLACEAE

1

TIGANOPHYTACEAE

MORINGACEAE

CARICACEAE

2

LIMNANTHACEAE

SETCHELLANTHACEAE

KOEBERLINIACEAE

1

BATACEAE

1

SALVADORACEAE

EMBLINGIACEAE

TOVARIACEAE

1

PENTADIPLANDRACEAE

GYROSTEMONACEAE

RESEDACEAE

CAPPARACEAE

11

8

1

CLEOMACEAE

6

4

1

BRASSICACEAE

4

45

AEXTOXICACEAE

1

BERBERIDOPSIDACEAE

1

BALANOPHORACEAE

6

1

1

OLACACEAE

2

APTANDRACEAE

3

COULACEAE

1

ERYTHROPALACEAE

2

1

STROMBOSIACEAE

1

XIMENIACEAE

3

MYSTROPETALACEAE

OCTOKNEMACEAE

OPILIACEAE

1

SANTALACEAE

7

5

LORANTHACEAE

12

5

MISODENDRACEAE

1

SCHOEPFIACEAE

2

1

FRANKENIACEAE

1

TAMARICACEAE

PLUMBAGINACEAE

2

2

POLYGONACEAE

10

5

DROSERACEAE

1

NEPENTHACEAE

MACARTHURIACEAE

KEWACEAE

DROSOPHYLLACEAE

DIONCOPHYLLACEAE

ANCISTROCLADACEAE

RHABDODENDRACEAE

1

SIMMONDSIACEAE

PHYSENACEAE

ASTEROPEIACEAE

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

10

13

ACHATOCARPACEAE

1

AMARANTHACEAE

20

11

4

STEGNOSPERMATACEAE

LIMEACEAE

LOPHIOCARPACEAE

BARBEUIACEAE

GISEKIACEAE

AIZOACEAE

2

2

PETIVERIACEAE

6

2

MICROTEACEAE

1

PHYTOLACCACEAE

1

2

SARCOBATACEAE

NYCTAGINACEAE

9

8

4

MOLLUGINACEAE

2

MONTIACEAE

7

DIDIEREACEAE

BASELLACEAE

1

2

HALOPHYTACEAE

1

TALINACEAE

1

1

PORTULACACEAE

1

ANACAMPSEROTACEAE

2

CACTACEAE

42

59

16

HYDROSTACHYACEAE

NYSSACEAE

CURTISIACEAE

GRUBBIACEAE

CORNACEAE

1

HYDRANGEACEAE

1

LOASACEAE

5

9

BALSAMINACEAE

MARCGRAVIACEAE

6

1

TETRAMERISTACEAE

1

1

FOUQUIERIACEAE

POLEMONIACEAE

12

LECYTHIDACEAE

10

1

SLADENIACEAE

PENTAPHYLACACEAE

2

1

SAPOTACEAE

21

2

1

EBENACEAE

2

PRIMULACEAE

12

5

THEACEAE

1

SYMPLOCACEAE

1

DIAPENSIACEAE

STYRACACEAE

1

SARRACENIACEAE

1

RORIDULACEAE

ACTINIDIACEAE

1

CLETHRACEAE

1

1

CYRILLACEAE

1

MITRASTEMONACEAE

1

ERICACEAE

13

19

ONCOTHECACEAE

METTENIUSACEAE

4

1

ICACINACEAE

3

EUCOMMIACEAE

GARRYACEAE

RUBIACEAE

121

47

16

GENTIANACEAE

30

14

7

LOGANIACEAE

5

1

GELSEMIACEAE

1

APOCYNACEAE

82

19

7

VAHLIACEAE

EHRETIACEAE

3

5

1

BORAGINACEAE

3

11

HYDROPHYLLACEAE

1

NAMACEAE

2

HELIOTROPIACEAE

3

1

CORDIACEAE

2

CODONACEAE

WELLSTEDIACEAE

CONVOLVULACEAE

20

1

SOLANACEAE

32

29

4

MONTINIACEAE

SPHENOCLEACEAE

HYDROLEACEAE

1

PLOCOSPERMATACEAE

CARLEMANNIACEAE

OLEACEAE

3

2

TETRACHONDRACEAE

2

CALCEOLARIACEAE

1

1

PELTANTHERACEAE

1

GESNERIACEAE

26

33

6

PLANTAGINACEAE

21

13

7

SCROPHULARIACEAE

3

1

STILBACEAE

LINDERNIACEAE

4

2

PEDALIACEAE

LAMIACEAE/LABIATAE

39

7

7

PHRYMACEAE

2

PAULOWNIACEAE

MAZACEAE

OROBANCHACEAE

10

5

3

WIGHTIACEAEA

LENTIBULARIACEAE

2

1

ACANTHACEAE

33

12

5

BIGNONIACEAE

29

10

1

THOMANDERSIACEAE

SCHLEGELIACEAE

1

2

VERBENACEAE

15

12

BYBLIDACEAE

MARTYNIACEAE

3

1

1

STEMONURACEAE

1

CARDIOPTERIDACEAE

1

PHYLLONOMACEAE

1

HELWINGIACEAE

AQUIFOLIACEAE

1

ROUSSEACEAE

CAMPANULACEAE

6

5

PENTAPHRAGMATACEAE

STYLIDIACEAE

2

ALSEUOSMIACEAE

PHELLINACEAE

ARGOPHYLLACEAE

MENYANTHACEAE

1

GOODENIACEAE

1

1

CALYCERACEAE

1

7

ASTERACEAE

271

255

73

ESCALLONIACEAE

1

3

COLUMELLIACEAE

2

BRUNIACEAE

PARACRYPHIACEAE

ADOXACEAE

2

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

1

PENNANTIACEAE

TORRICELLIACEAE

GRISELINIACEAE

1

PITTOSPORACEAE

ARALIACEAE

7

2

MYODOCARPACEAE

APIACEAE

10

27

1

 

2,760

1,385

355

TOTAL

4,145



 

BY ORDER

FAMILY

BRAZILIAN GENERA

UNBRAZILIAN GENERA

BRAZILIAN ENDEMIC GENERA

Amborellales

 

 

 

Nymphaeales

3

1

 

Austrobayleales

 

 

 

Canellales

2

1

 

Piperales

5

1

 

Magnoliales

35

3

3

Laurales

33

8

6

Chloranthales

1

 

 

Alismatales

55

12

7

Acorales

 

 

 

Petrosaviales

 

 

 

Dioscoreales

11

1

 

Pandanales

15

5

 

Liliales

3

5

 

Asparagales

233

143

31

Arecales

36

16

1

Commelinales

18

3

1

Poales

294

97

52

Zingiberales

17

2

 

Ceratophyllales

1

 

 

Ranunculales

20

12

1

Proteales

5

6

 

Tetrachondrales

 

 

 

Buxales

1

1

 

Gunnerales

1

 

 

Dilleniales

6

 

 

Saxifragales

5

10

 

Vitales

2

1

 

Zygophyllales

3

9

 

Fabales

230

60

24

Rosales

54

18

2

Fagales

 

10

 

Cucurbitales

24

8

3

Celastrales

23

4

2

Oxalidales

11

5

1

Malpighiales

273

37

21

Geraniales

3

5

 

Myrtales

101

40

15

Crossossomatales

1

1

 

Picramniales

3

1

 

Sapindales

89

26

8

Huertales

 

2

 

Malvales

84

42

7

Brassicales

25

59

2

Berberidopsidales

 

2

 

Santalales

40

14

2

Caryophyllales

111

118

24

Cornales

5

11

 

Ericales

73

45

1

Metteniusales

4

1

 

Oncothecales

 

 

 

Icacinales

3

 

 

Garryales

 

 

 

Gentianales

239

81

30

Vahliales

 

 

 

Boraginales

11

20

1

Solanales

53

29

5

Lamiales

190

105

32

Aquifoliales

1

1

 

Cardiopteridales

2

 

 

Asterales

280

270

73

Escalloniales

1

3

 

Desfontainiales

 

2

 

Bruniales

 

 

 

Paracryphyales

 

 

 

Dipsacales

3

 

 

Apiales

18

29

1

 

2,760

1,385

355

TOTAL

4,145

 



NEWS AND UPDATES

MAY 01, 2024

∎ The evolution of generic numbers in the current update: Brazil reduces from 2,767 to 2,760 genera. South America as a whole reduces from 4,151 to 4,145 genera. Finally, Brazil loses two endemic genera (Douradoa, Saundersia) and gains one (Psychopsiella).


Evolution numbers for Brazil: Peperomia (1 - 1 = 0), Magnolia (1), Oxandra (1), Dicypellium (1), Mollinedia (3), Anthurium (2), Harperocallis (2), Vanilla (1), Bifrenaria (10), Malaxis (1), Catasetum (1), Brachystele (-1), Dichaea (-1), Pabstiella (-5 + 3 = -2), Trichocentrum (11), Butia (1), Giuliettia (1), Paepalanthus (2-1 = 1), Stigmatodon (1), Vriesea (1), Bromelia (2), Elaeocharis (1), Rhynchospora (2), Eremitis (1), Maranta (1), Bredemeyera (3), Alexa (1), Collaea (1), Mimosa (2), Vismia (-1), Carolus (1), Piriqueta (1), Phyllanthus (2 - 2 = 0), Caperonia (1), Croton (1), Begonia (1), Argythamnia (12), Celtis (1), Theobroma (4), Byttneria (1), Luehea (1), Ceiba (1), Eugenia (2), Myrcia (2), Myrcianthes (1 - 1 = 0), Miconia (1), Microlicia (3), Marcetia (3), Pleroma (4), Mesocapparis (1), Vaccinium (1), Tacinga (1), Cereus (2), Jacquemontia (1), Metternichia (1), Antiphytum (2), Palicourea (1), Psychotria (-1), Notopleura (1), Ruehssia (1), Mandevilla (1), Casselia (1), Handroanthus (1), Philcoxia (1), Marsypianthes (1), Hyptis (1), Ruellia (1), Stachytarpheta (2), Erigeron (0 to 14) and Lepidaploa (1).

Included genera in South America: Psychopsiella (1), Crossoliparis (1), Olmedia (1), Paratrophis (1), Staphylea (1), Cyrtocarpa (1) and Baretia (1).

Included genera in Brazil: Psychopsiella (1), Olmedia (1), Argythamnia (12) and Erigeron (14).

Included national endemic genera: Psychopsiella (Brazil) and Baretia (Chile).

Excluded genera for Brazil: Guanchezia, Rudolfiella, Scuticaria (under Bifrenaria), Grandiphyllum, Saundersia (under Trichocentrum), Ditaxis (under Argythamnia), Herrania (under Theobroma) and Conyza (under Erigeron).

Excluded genera for South America: Stenanoma (under Desmopsis), Guanchezia, Horvatia, Hylaeorchis, Rudolfiella, Scuticaria, Teuscheria (under Bifrenaria), Santanderella (under Notyliopsis), Pseudolepanthes (under Trichosalpinx), Grandiphyllum, Saundersia (under Trichocentrum), Ditaxis (), Herrania (), Conyza, Darwiniothamnus (under Erigeron)

Excluded national endemic genera: Horvartia (EC), Santanderella (CL), Saundersia (BR), Douradoa (BR) and Darwinothamnus (EC).

Other remarkable alterations: Bomarea (1), Conchocarpus (1), Piper in Peru (451), Nasa (1), Notopleura (8), Notopleura in Brazil (1), Burmeistera (1), Haplopappus (2), Tagetes (1), Kefersteinia (1), Epidendrum (3), Pleurothallis (1), Lepanthes (9) and Telipogon (2).


∎ maximum relevance notes:

▪ inclusion of Peperomia pereirae Yunck under P. rubricaulis (Nees) A. Dietr., P. pereirae f. hirtulicaule emancipation as P. hirtulicaulis, and P. tetragona Ruiz & Pav. as a new record for Brazil (Piperaceae, Marcusso et al., Phytotaxa, 2024).


▪ requalification for the genus Magnolia L. in Brazil, by Barbosa, J.C.J. et al. (Phytotaxa, 2024), which recognizes 5 species for the country, rejecting M. paranaensis and validating M. irwiniana and M. sellowiana.


▪ synonymization of Stenanoma Standl. in Desmopsis Saff. (Annonaceae), reducing the total in South America (Colombia) by one genus, via Schats, E. et al. (Novon, 2023).


▪ expansion of Campylosiphon Benth. (Burmanniaceae) to Asia (Li et al, Systematic Botany, 2023).


▪ requalification of Liparis Rich. (Orchidaceae) from Brazil in Santos, T.F. et al. (Rodriguesia, 2023), with the recognition of three spp., one endemic.


▪ Trichocentrum expanded, this time to include Grandiphyllum and Saundersia (Meneguzzo & Chase, Phytotaxa, 2024).


▪ requalification of Bifrenaria, expanded and now including the previously accepted genera Guanchezia, Horvatia, Hylaeorchis, Rudolfiella, Scuticaria, and Teuscheria (Meneguzzo & Chase, Phytotaxa, 2024)


▪ fully aceptance of POWO circunscription for Orchidaceae in South America as February 3, 2024, with the following exceptions: we accepted the genera Kefersteinia, Guanchezia and Scaphosepalum in Brazil. We recognize Dunstervillea within Eloyella, Centroglossa within Zygostates, Brasolia emancipated from Sobralia, and reject Aa in Brazil.

With this acceptance, we passed and recognized Lueckelia in Bolivia, rejected Solenocentrum in Colombia and Ecuador, Santanderella under Notyliopsis, Lankesteriana under Anathallis, Sudamerlycaste resinonymized as Ida, Muscarella resinonymized as Andreetteae, Pseudolepanthes under Trichosalpinx, and the unprecedented recognition of Psychopsiella (endemic to Brazil, Oncidinae) and Crossoliparis from Mexico to Venezuela.


▪ here we take Karremans et al. (Lankesteriana, 2023) circumscription and numbers for Pleutothalidinae in global data and for Colombia, diverging strongly from the POWO and VPA counterparts, but still accepting them for the national diversities of the other South American countries.


▪ adjustments to the infraclassification of Amaryllidaceae, based on Meerow (Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica, 2023).


▪ emancipation of Guaduelioidae (1/6, Africa), a new subfamily of Poaceae, separated from Puelioideae (Huang et al., Molecular Plant, 2022).


▪ recognition of the wider distribution of Kallstroemia Scop. (Zygophyllaceae) in Brazil, with records in the northeast, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro (Amorim & Santos, PRE-PRINT, 2023).


▪ requalification in Moraceae, the reinstatement of the genera Ampalis Bojer, Maillardia Frapp. ex Duch., Taxotrophis Blume, and Paratrophis Blume (new for South America); recognition of the new genus Afromorus E.M.Gardner, reinstatement of Pseudostreblus Bureae and their transfer to Parartocarpeae, reinstatement of Sloetiopsis Engl. and their transfer to Dorstenieae, reinstatement tribe Olmedieae, replacing the Castilleae, and its exclusion from Moreae, and exclusion of Streblus Lour s.str. from Moreae and transferred to the Olmedieae (Gardner et al., Taxon, 2021).


▪ requalification of Bredemeyera Willd. (Polygalaceae) for the constituency in Mota et al. (Systematic Botany, 2023).


▪ renaming of Delgadoa F.S.Santos, Snak & L.P.Queiroz (1, Fabaceae, NE Brazil) to Delgadoana U.B.Deshmukh, M.B.Shende, E.S.Reddy & Mungole (Deshmukh et al., Feddes Reperotium, 2023).


▪ requalification of Pseudalbizzia Britton & Rose (Fabaceae), via Peraza, G.A. et al. (PhytoKeys, 2022).


▪ requalification of Rhytidanthera (Planch.) Tieghem (Ochnaceae), based on Ladino (Thesys, 2018).


▪ changes in Euphorbiaceae: Ditaxis Vahl ex A.Juss. under Argythamnia P.Browne, upgraded Ditaxinae to the tribe level (Ditaxeae), stablishment and description the tribe Caperonieae based on Caperonia A.St.-Hil., and transferred Philyra Klotzsch to the tribe Adelieae (Kulkamp et al, Biology, 2023).


▪ notes on the classification of Geranium L. (Geraniaceae) based on Aedo, C. (BOOK, 2023).


▪ requalification of Staphylleaceae as in POWO (SEE), although a notable work on the phylogeny of the family (Harris et al., Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 2017) does not clearly lead to a definition in three genera; two occur in South America, only one in Brazil.


▪ reconsideration of Cyrtocarpa Kunth (Anacardiaceae) in South America, on the Caribbean coast of Colombia (Mitchell et al., Brittonia, 2023).


▪ first record of Euxylophora Huber (Rutaceae) in Colombia, and their exclusion of Brazilian endemic genera list (Lodoño, Lópex & Zabala, Phytotaxa, 2023).


▪ inclusion of Herrania Goudot as part of Theobroma L. (Malvaceae), via Colli-Silva et al. (BANNER, 2023).


▪ the emancipation of Pycnophyllum lanatum Phil. (absent in VPA and POWO) in the new genus Baretia Timaná, endemic to Chile (Timaná, Adansonia, 2023).


▪ record of Douradoa Sleumer (Ximeniaceae) in Venezuela and its exclusion from the list of endemic genera in Brazil (González & Aymard, Harvard Papers in Botany, 2023).


▪ mention of infrageneric classification of Thesium (Santalaceae): 80 clades, only one in New World: Austroamericium clade, from Brazil, Venezuela and Guyana, by Garcia, M.A. et al. (Taxon, 2024).


▪ requalification of Antiphytum DC. ex Meisn. (Boraginaceae) in South America as Mendoza-Díaz et al. (Novon, 2022), which recognizes 4 spp. on the continent, all in Uruguay, three of them extending to Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.


▪ requalification of Nolana L. (Solanacae), based on Dillon (Harvard Papers in Botany, 2023), with 92 spp.: 42 from Peru, 46 from Chile, three in both Peru and Chile, and one species in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.


▪ new Rubiaceae classification: two subfamilies, 71 tribes, 68 placed at a subfamily and three unplaced (Razafimandimbison & Rydin, Taxon, 2024).


▪ adjustments to the infraclassification of Gesneriaceae, based on Weber et al. (Rheedea, 2020).


▪ updates at Casselia Nees & Mart., now with 8 spp. (Cardoso, P.H., Verbenaceae, Acta Botanica Brasilica, 2024).


▪ Cirsium Mill. (Asteraceae, especifically C. mexicanum DC), besides collections in W Panama, is rejected here for Colombia, unlike POWO (Cirsium mexicanum).


▪ inclusion of the expanded version of Erigeron L., including the valid ones until then Conyza Less. and Darwinothamnus Harling., via POWO (Erigeron).


GENERIC LEVEL

∎ new circunsciptrion of genera as in POWO: Xerodraba (Brassicaceae, SEE), Pycnophyllopsis (Caryophyllaceae, SEE) and Taraxacum (Asteraceae, SEE).


∎ remarkable new records of genera for Brazilian states added: Roraimaea in Amazonas state (Demarchi, L.O. et al, CheckList, 2023).


SPECIFIC LEVEL

∎ simple synonymizations, at species level, added: Peperomia pereirae under P. rubricaulis (Piperaceae, BR, 2024, SEE), Brachystele bicrinita under B. subfiliformis (Orchidaceae, BR, 2024, SEE), Xylobium subpulchrum under X. stanhopeifolium (Orchidaceae, VZ-CL-EC-PR, 2023, SEE), Dichaea integrilabia under D. saraca-taquerensis (Orchidaceae, BR, 2024, SEE), Pabstiella teschiana + P. henrique-aragonii under P. crenata, P. wanderbildtiana under P. aurantiaca, P. osculator under P. rhombilabia, P. menegattii under P. decurva (Orchiaceae, BR, 2022, SEE), Phyllanthus mimicus + P. bolivianus under P. niruri (Phyllanthaceae, BR, 2023, SEE), Visma parviflora under V. micrantha (Hypericaceae, BR, 2024, SEE), Myrcianthes cavalcantei under M. fragrans (Myrtaceae, BR, 2023, SEE).


∎ new national records added, by data revision, or by new discoveries, exclusing renomeation: Harperocallis neblinae (Tofieldiaceae, new in BR, formerly in VZ), Harperocallis penduliflora (Tofieldiaceae, new in BR, formerly in VZ), Garcinia leptophylla (Clusiaceae, new in CL, PR, 2024, formerly in BR, BL), Vaccinium chimantense (Ericaceae, new in BR, formerly in VZ),


∎ emancipations, rank elevations, re-establishments at species level, or recogniition of consolided species absents in VPA: Peperomia hirtulicaulis (rank elevation, former P. pereirae f. hirtulicaule, Piperaceae, BR, 2024), Pleroma magdalenense (re-established, Melastomataceae, BR, 2023), Luehea macrophylla (re-established, Malvaceae, BR, 2024), Baccharis heeringiana Teodoro (re-established, Asteraceae, UR, 2023).


∎ added species by rediscovered or redescription: Vanilla schwackeana (Orchidaceae, BR, 2024).


∎ updates by simple-specific renames: Giuliettia minima sp. (Eriocaulaceae, ex-Paepalanthus minimus, BR, 2021), Palicourea roseocalycina (Rubiaceae, ex-Psychotria dusenii, BR, 2021), Handroanthus speciosus (Bignoniaceae, ex-Bignonia longiflora, BR, 2024),


∎ addition to our list of 138 species absents in VPA South America since last update, being 132 ENDEMICS among countries: Brazil (66), Colombia (33), Peru (13), Ecuador (9), Bolivia (2), Venezuela (2), Chile (3), Guianas (0), Argentina (3), Suriname (1); and 6 NON ENDEMICS: as BR/VZ(0)⋅ BR/EC(0) ⋅ BR/AR(1) ⋅ BR/BL(1) ⋅ BR/CL (0) ⋅ BR/GU´s (0) ⋅ AR/BL (0) ⋅ AR/UR(0) ⋅ AR/PAR(0) ⋅ CL/PAN(0) ⋅ CL/VZ(0) ⋅ CL/EC(0) ⋅ CL/PR(0) ⋅ PR/BL(1) ⋅ EC/PR (1) ⋅ PR/CH(0) ⋅ CL/EC/PR(0) ⋅ AR/PAR/CH(0) ⋅ BR/BL/PAR(0) ⋅ ⋅ VZ/GU/SR(1) ⋅ BR/BL/PAR(0) ⋅ EC/PR/BR(1):


AMBORELLANAE, NYMPHAEANAE, AUSTROBAYLEANAE, CHLORANTHANAE, MAGNOLIANAE


Compsoneura choibo (Myristicaceae, CL, 2024), Magnolia unicarmensis (Magnoliaceae, CL, 2023), Oxandra cerradensis (Annonaceae, BR, 2024), Dicypellium anisum (Lauraceae, BR, 2024), Mollinedia fatimae (Monimiaceae, BR, 2023), Mollinedia lorencei (Monimiaceae, BR, 2024), Mollinedia pignalii (Monimiaceae, BR, 2023), Piper alwynii (Piperaceae, PR/EC, 2023),


LILIANAE


Anthurium dairon-cardenasii (Araceae, CL, 2024), Anthurium bellissimum, A. itacarense (Araceae, BR, 2024), Stenospermation albifolium, S. melidae, S. selvaflorensis (Araceae, CL, 2023), Smilax brevipedunculata (Smilacaceae, VZ/GU/SR, 2023), Smilax tafelbergensis (Smilacaceae, SR, 2023), Bomarea pastazensis (Alstroemeriaceae, EC, 2023), Brachystele morronei (Orchidaceae, AR, 2023), Malaxis ybytus (Orchidaceae, BR, 2023), Kefersteinia sp. (Orchidaceae, CL, 2023), Catasetum queirozii (Orchidaceae, BR, 2024), Epidendrum acuntasiorum, E. retrolobatum, E. bicornialpicola (Orchidaceae, PR, 2023), Myoxanthus anancusiensis (Orchidaceae, PR, 2023), Lepanthes inesmanzanoae (Orchidaceae, EC, 2023), Lepanthes sp. 1, L. sp. 2, L. sp. 3, L. sp. 4, L. sp. 5, L. sp. 6, L. sp. 7, L. sp. 8 (Orchidaceae, CL, 2023), Telipogon mariae-luisae (Orchidaceae, PR, 2023), Telipogon leisberthvelezii (Orchidaceae, EC, 2024), Octomeria jimenezii (Orchidaceae, EC, 2024), Pabstiella sp. 1, P. sp. 2, P. sp. 3 (Orchidaceae, BR, 2023), Campylocentrum luzmariae (Orchidaceae, CL, 2024), Pleurothallis carpishensis (Orchidaceae, PR, 2023), Hippeastrum euryphyllum (Amaryllidaceae, AR, 2023), Butia soffiae (Arecaceae, BR, 2023), Stigmatodon medeirosii (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2024), Vriesea organensis (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2024), Bromelia longipedicellata, B. stellata (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2023), Paepalanthus avacanoeiro, P. burle-marxii (Eriocaulaceae, BR, 2024), Eleocharis multinerviglumis (Cyperaceae, BR, 2023), Rhynchospora parecisensis (Cyperaceae, BR, 2023), Rhynchospora waytii (Cyperaceae, BR/AR, 2023), Eremitis pernambucensis (Poaceae, BR, 2024), Guadua bambuzoniae (Poaceae, CL, 2024), Merostachys nigricans (Poaceae, BL, 2023), Maranta bambusa (Marantaceae, BR, 2024),

ROSANAE


Begonia schizostya (Begoniaceae, BR, 2023), Celtis atlantica (Celtidaceae, BR, 2024), Bredemeyera ericifolia (Polygalaceae, BR, 2023), Alexa duckeana (Fabaceae, BR, 2023), Lonchocarpus verticillatus (Fabaceae, CL, 2023), Collaea caerulea (Fabaceae, BR, 2024), Mimosa cardosoi, M. simonii (Fabaceae, BR, 2023), Ouratea chepelii (Ochnaceae, VZ, 2023), Clusia reginae (Clusiaceae, VZ, 2024), Carolus tomentosus (Malpighiaceae, BR, 2023), Piriqueta velutina (Passifloraceae, BR, 2024), Passiflora pitalensis (Passifloraceae, CL, 2024), Phyllanthus lobatus, P. platystigma (Phyllanthaceae, BR, 2023), Caperonia itapevae (Euphorbiaceae, BR, 2024), Croton carajasensis (Euphorbiaceae, BR, 2023), Eugenia guapiassuana (Myrtaceae, BR, 2024), Eugenia lavradensis (Myrtaceae, BR, 2024), Myrcia tenondeporan (Myrtaceae, BR, 2023), Myrcia bahiensis (Myrtaceae, BR, 2024), Myrcianthes cruciata (Myrtaceae, BR, 2023), Meriania urdialesii (Melastomataceae, EC, 2024), Miconia dianae (Melastomataceae, BR, 2023), Miconia burkeae (Melastomataceae, PR, 2023), Microlicia arenaria, M. dentisepala, M. membranacea (Melastomataceae, BR, 2023), Marcetia barbadensis, M. minima, M. serratifolia (Melastomataceae, BR, 2023), Pleroma goyazense (Melastomataceae, BR, 2023), Pleroma littorale, P. semisterile (Melastomataceae, BR, 2024), Byttneria filifolia (Malvaceae, BR, 2024), Ceiba camba (Malvaceae, BR/BL, 224), Aenigmanu chococola, Nothotalisia karsticola, Picramnia vinacea (Picramniaceae, CL, 2023), Carapa cedrotagua (Meliaceae, CL, 2024), Cedrela gonzalopalominoi (Meliaceae, CL, 2023), Conchocarpus cardenasii (Rutaceae, CL, 2023), Helietta magna (Rutaceae, CL, 2023), Mesocapparis minutiflora (Capparaceae, BR, 2024), Lepidium weigendii (Brassicaceae, PR, 2023).


CARYOPHYLANAE


Tacinga paiaia (Cactaceae, BR, 2023), Cereus ingens, C. gerardi (Cactaceae, BR, 2023).


ASTERANAE


Gustavia montana (Lecythidaceae, CL, 2023), Grias lucindoae (Lecythidaceae, CL, 2023), G. portillae (Lecythidaceae, EC, 2023), Nasa ojedae (Loasaceae, EC, 2024), Berberidopsis granitica (Berberidopsidaceae, CH, 2024), Notopleura aurantiaca, N. bracteata, N. cajamarcana, N. divaricata, N. harlingii, N. kosnipatana, N. valenzuelae, N. stevensonii (Rubiaceae, EC, PR, BR | PR | PR | CL | EC | PR | PR | CL, 2024), Mandevilla calcicola (Apocynaceae, BR, 2023), Ruehssia bahiensis (Apocynaceae, BR, 2023), Pachycaulos huancabambae (Gesneriaceae, PR, 2023), Philcoxia cachimboensis (Acta Amazonica, BR, 2024), Schlegelia longirachis (Schlegeliaceae, CL, 2023), Marsypianthes dunensis (Lamiaceae, BR, 2023), Hyptis albolanata (Lamiaceae, BR, 2023), Ruellia kalungae (Acanthaceae, BR, 2023), Stachytarpheta meninii (Verbenaceae, BR, 2023), Stachytarpheta liviae (Verbenaceae, BR, 2024), Jacquemontia ferricola (Convolvulaceae, BR, 2023), Metternichia macrocalyx (Solanaceae, BR, 2023), Ilex cochlearifolia (Aquifoliaceae, EC, 2023), Burmeistera luciae (Campanulaceae, CL, 2024), Isocarpha spathulata (Asteraceae, BL, 2023), Tagetes dombeyi (Asteraceae, PR/BL, 2023), Lepidaploa nakajimae (Asteraceae, BR, 2024), Neurolaena curtipalea (Asteraceae, CL, 2023), Haplopappus colliguayensis, H. teillieri (Asteraceae, CH, 2023), Porophyllum iruyense (Asteraceae, AR, 2024).


OCTOBER 31, 2023

∎ remarkable notes: Karremans rename Tubella (Luer) Archila as Karma Karremans (Harvard Papers in Botany, 2023), however, here the change is not considered due to our taking Tubella synonymized under Trichosalpinx Luer; here we take Brunelliaceae absent in Brazil. The only accurate information about the family in the country is the description of B. neblinensis Steyerm. & Cuatrec. (Steyermark, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 1987), which cites a collection on Mount Neblina, at 1,500m altitude, without specifying which side of the mountain. Due to the extreme possibility that the species only occurs on the Venezuelan side, we maintain the exclusion. POWO does not recognize the species in Brazil (SEE).


∎ addition of the following genera (new or revalidated) missing in VPA: Condilorachia (Poaceae), the Brazilian species of Trisetum, with some from the Southern Cone, thus excluding this name from the flora of the country; Boldrinia, Calotheca, Erianthecium, Lombardochloa, Microbriza, Poidium, Rhombolytrum, Rosengurttia, all dismembered by Chascolythrum (Poaceae); Tumultivenia, Uniostium (Anacardiaceae), new names for South American members of Cyrtocarpa Kunth, the former for NE Colombia to NE Roraima state in Brazil, including Guyana and Venezuela, and the latter endemic to C & NE Brazil.


∎ full requalification of the data of the following genera/tribes, for which we will use a circumscription - linked - other than the VPA: Eperua (Fabaceae, Fortes et al., Phytotaxa, 2023, with 19 spp.), Erythrina (only for Brazil, Fabaceae, Guedes-Oliveira et al., PhytoKeys, 2023, same number as VPA), Begonia (only for Peru, Begoniaceae, Moonlight et al., European Journal of Taxonomy, 2023, - 9 spp. if compared with VPA), Acalypha (only for South America, Euphorbiaceae, Cardiel et al., European Journal of Taxonomy, 2023, -40 Sspp. if compared with VPA), Bougainvillea (Nyctaginaceae, Bautista et al., PLANTS, 2022, with 11 spp.), Cuspidaria (Bignoniaceae, Francisco et al., Taxon, 2023, with 19 spp., excluding C. bracteata), Burmeistera (only for Colombia, Campanulaceae, González, Phytotaxa, 2023, with 57 spp. in country).


∎ acceptance of synonymizations at generic level, but not present in the VPA: Aspidogyne Garay, Kreodanthus Garay, Ligeophila Garay, Platythelys Garay, Rhamphorhynchus Garay and Stephanothelys Garay under Microchilus C.Presl (Orchidacae, via POWO); Gallardoa Hicken and Cordobia Nied. under Mionandra Griseb. (Malpighiaceae, Almeida et al., Plant Ecology and Evolution, 2023); Catimbaua L.P.Felix, Christenh. & E.M.Almeida, Isabelcristinia L.P.Felix, Christenh. & E.M.Almeida under Ameroglossum Eb. Fisch., S. Vogel & A.V. Lopes (Linderniaceae, Santos et al., Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2023); Nordenstaimia Rich. under Gynoxys L. (Escobari, Borsch & Kilian, PhytoKeys, 2018).


∎ inclusion of new records for Brazilian states: NONE.


∎ new records at the genus level for other South American countries: NONE.


∎ new generic records for Brazil apart VPA, for genera yet in VPA: Burmeistera Karst. & Triana (Campanulaceae), collected in the Monte Neblina region (Catalogo UCS).


∎ rejection of the Brazilian occurrence of the following valid species: NONE.


∎ simple synonymizations, at species level: Lorostemon negrense under L. colombianum (Clusiaceae, BR/CL/VZ, 2022), Bacopa llanorum under Lindernia brachyphylla (Plantaginaceae up to Linderniaceae, CL/VZ, 2023), Stachytarpheta viscidula under S. commutata (Verbenaceae, BR, 2023).


∎ inclusion of new national records at species level (by data revision, or by new discoveries): Ocotea fistulosa, O. pautensis, Andea homeieri (Lauraceae, new in CL, 2023, formerly in EC), Mimosa asperoides (Fabaceae, new in BR, 2023, formerly in Cono Sur), Ditaxis [Argythamnia] salina (Euphorbiaceae, new in BR, 2023, formerly in AR, PAR).


∎ distribution reduction, apart the next topic: Senna splendida (Fabaceae, excluded in GU's/BL, now only BR/PAR, 2023).


∎ emancipations, rank elevations or re-establishments at species level: Acianthera kautskyi (elevation rank, Orchidaceae, BR, 2023), Celtis alnifolia (re-established, Cannabaceae, BR, 2023), Begonia corallina (re-established, outside B. maculata, Begoniaceae, BR, 2022), Macropsychanthus nitidus (re-established, ex-Dioclea rostrata var. nitida, Fabaceae, BR, 2022), Senna gloriosa (elevation rank, Fabaceae, BR/BL, 2023), Dolichandra coccinea (re-established, Bignoniaceae, BR, 2023).


∎ consolidated species recognized here, absent in the VPA: Cleistes castaneoides (Orchidaceae, BR, sometimes synonimized under Cleistes rosea), Nasa hastata (Loasaceae, EC/PR, 2023).


∎ 18⋅10⋅23 ‣ rediscovered species, presents in VPA: Thismia caudata (Thismiaceae, BR, 2023), Prosthechea sessiliflora (Orchidaceae, BR, 2023), Aristida ekmaniana, A. macrophylla (Poaceae, BR, 2023), Nasa colanii, N. ferox, N. hastata, N. humboldtiana, N. ramirezii, N. solaria (Loasaceae, EC/PR, 2023).


∎ simple-species renames: Catasetum lendarium (Orchidaceae, ex-C. meeae, BR, 2023), Epidendrum vulcanitungurahuae (Orchidaceae, ex-E. tungurahuae , PR, 2023), Mucuna pungens (Fabacae, ex-Dolichos pungens, BR, 2023), Lucuma kossmanniae sp. (Sapotaceae, ex-Pouteria kossmanniae, BR, 2023), Scyphostelma erikseniae (Apocynaceae, ex-Cynanchum erikseniae, EC, 2023), S. fasciculiflorum (Apocynaceae, ex-C. fasciculiflorum, EC, 2023), S. jaramilloi (Apocynaceae, ex-C. jaramilloi , EC, 2023), S. quitensis (Apocynaceae, ex-C. quitensis, EC, 2023), S. stenospira (Apocynaceae, ex-C. stenospira, EC, 2023), S. unguiculatum (Apocynaceae, ex-C. unguiculatum, PR, 2023), S. purpurascens (Apocynaceae, ex-Metastelma purpurascens, EC, 2023).


∎ addition to our list of 81 species absents in VPA South America list in April 3, 2023, being 77 ENDEMICS among countries: Brazil (38), Colombia (15), Ecuador (11), Peru (6), Bolivia (5), Guianas (1), Uruguay (1); and 4 NON ENDEMICS: as BR/VZ(1)⋅ BR/GU´s (1) ⋅ CL/PR(1) ⋅ EC/PR (1): Aristolochia franzii (Aristolochiaceae, BR/FG, 2023), Persea basiobtusa, P. dryadum (Lauraceae, EC, 2023), Aiouea chicaque (Lauraceae, CL, 2023), Aniba brochidodroma, A. glabra, A. palaciosii, A. tomentella, A. verticillata (Lauraceae, CL[2], EC[3,5], PR[1,4], 2023), Mollinedia pignalii (Monimiaceae, BR, 2023), Anthurium sp. (Araceae, CL, 2023), Dieffenbachia simoneae (Araceae, BR, 2022), Philodendron madalenense (sect. Macrobelium, Araceae, BR, 2023), Thismia violacea (Thismiaceae, BR, 2023), Barbacenia glaucescens, B. mellosilvae (Velloziaceae, BR, 2023), Vanilla rupicola (Orchidaceae, BR, 2023), Vanilla cameroniana (Orchidaceae, FG, 2023), Pelexia [Pachygenium] muyscarum (Orchidaceae, CL, 2023), Cyrtopodium izaguirreae (Orchidaceae, UR, 2023), Bulbophyllum parex (Orchidaceae, CL, 2023), Catasetum krahlii (Orchidaceae, BR, 2023), Eltroplectris paranaënsis (Orchidaceae, BR, 2023), Epidendrum edquenii (Orchidaceae, PR, 2023), Lepanthes bachue (Orchidaceae, CL, 2023), Masdevallia leonor-baeziana (Orchidaceae, CL, 2023), Masdevallia emieliana (Orchidaceae, PR, 2023), Octomeria giordanii (Orchidaceae, BR, 2023), Pleurothallis celsia (Orchidaceae, CL, 2023), Pleurothallis franciana, P. petroana (Orchidaceae, CL, 2023), Pleurothallis kashi-menkakarai, P. lapoi, P. marioandresavilae, P. sabanillae, P. tinajillensis (Orchidaceae, EC, 2023), Pleurothallis inaudita (Orchidaceae, EC, 2023), Telipogon mariae-luisae (Orchidaceae, PR, 2023), Dichorisandra pulcherrima (Commelinacae, BR, 2023), Syagrus aristeae (Arecaceae, BR, 2023), Tillandsia alcatrazensis (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2023), Tillandsia chingacensis (Bromeliaceae, CL, 2023), Forzzaea bahiana (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2023), Krenakanthus ribeiranus (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2023), Merostachys nigricans (Poaceae, BL, 2023), Macropsychanthus ruschii (Fabaceae, BR, 2023), Eriosema parvifolium (Fabaceae, BR/VZ, 2023), Senna dryadica, S. franciscana (Fabaceae, BR, 2023), Inga micronectarium (Fabaceae, BR, 2023), Celtis flumeniana (Cannabaceae, BR, 2023), Begonia littoralis (Begoniaceae, BR, 2023), Begonia piraquara (Begoniaceae, BR, 2023), Begonia sp. (Begoniaceae, CL, 2023), Passiflora yolandae (Passifloraceae, EC, 2023), Protium inversum (Burseraceae, EC/PR, 2023), Microlicia diamantinensis, M. sublaevis, M. reptans (Melastomataceae, BR, 2023), Microlicia indurata (Melastomataceae, BR, 2023), Pleroma curucutuense (Melastomataceae, BR, 2023), Poteranthera inopinata (Melastomataceae, BL, 2023), Merianthera calyptrata (Melastomataceae, BR, 2023), Eugenia campininha (Myrtaceae, BR, 2023), Pachira inaequalivalvis, P. deflexifolia (Malvaceae, BR, 2023), Neea bahiensis, N. manaosensis (Nyctagiaceae, BR, 2023), Guettarda [Tournefortiopsis] triflora (Rubiaceae, CL, 2023), Allamanda alagoana (Apocynaceae, BR, 2023), Scyphostelma bolivianum, S. gracile, S. rotorum, S. solomonii (Apocynaceae, PR[3], BL[1,2,4], 2023), Petunia toropiensis (Solanaceae, BR, 2023), Iochroma orozcoae (Solanacae, CL, 2023), Solanum confertiflorum (Solanaceae, BR, 2018), Solanum kollastrum (Solanaceae, BR, 2018), Schlegelia longirachis (Schlegeliaceae, CL, 2023), Mendoncia amabilis (Acanthaceae, CL/PR, 2023), Stachytarpheta lajedicola (Verbenaceae, BR, 2023).


∎ exclusion from our list of occurrence in the New World of these species or genera: NONE.


AUGUST 06, 2023

∎ although important works have emancipated Hydnoraceae, Lactoridaceae (Jost et al., Frontiers in Plant Science, 2021) and Parnassiaceae (Simmons, Lombardi & Biral, Systematic Botany, 2023) from Aristolochiaceae and Celastraceae, here we still consider the unions, in accordance with the APG Website (SEE).


∎ important changes at the generic level accepted: the emancipation of Acanthinophyllum Allemão from Clarisia in Moraceae (Gardner, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2023); the displacement of all New World Polygala L. species to Senega Spach. in Polygalaceae (Pastore et al., Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 2023); the immersion of Afrocalliandra E.R.Souza & L.P.Queiroz (endemic of Africa) in Calliandra Benth., in the Fabaceae (Thulin, Phytotaxa, 2023); the consolidation of Abarema Pittier as a endemic genus in Brazil, in Fabaceae (Guerra et al., Phytotaxa, 2023); the expansion of Euxylophora Huber to Colombia and its exclusion from the list of endemic genera in Brazil in Rutaceae (Echeverri et al, Phytotaxa, 2023); the renaming of Acantholippia Griseb. to Troncosoa N. O’Leary & P. Moroni, and the emancipation of Salimenaea N. O’Leary & P. Moroni from Lippia L., in Verbenaceae (O'Leary et al., Novon, 2023); the recognition of Ancashia Al-Shehbaz, Salariato, A. Cano & Zuloaga, Borealandea Al-Shehbaz, Salariato, A. Cano & Zuloaga, and Stenodrabopsis Al-Shehbaz, Salariato, A. Cano & Zuloaga, and the imersion of Brayopsis Gilg & Muschl. within Eudema Bonpl. in Brassicaceae (Al-Shehbaz, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 2023); the re-estabilishment of Aphanandrium Lindau from Panamá to Venezuela and Peru, in Acanthaceae (Cornejo et al., Harvard Papers in Botany, 2023); addition of the following changes at the generic level: addition of Achrouteria Eyma., Chloroluma Baill., Cornuella Pierre, Englerella Pierre, Labatia Sw., Lucuma Molina, Martiusella Pierre, Nemaluma Baill., Peteniodendron Lundell, Prieurella Pierre, Ragala Pierre, all these in Sapotaceae and present in Brazil except Cornuella; Stapfochloa (Poaceae, tropical New World inc. Brazil); Adolphoduckea Paudyal & Delprete, Motleyothamnus Paudyal & Delprete, and Coutareopsis Paudyal & Delprete in Rubiaceae, the first in Brazil; Cipuropsis (Bromeliaceae) and Maguireothamnus (Rubiaceae) as are new genera for Brazil; exclusion of Philippiamra Kuntze (Montiaceae, included in Cistanthe) for South America and Exostema (Rubiaceae) in Brazil.


∎ emancipations, renames, rank elevations and re-establishments accepted: Nymphaea pedersenii (former N. amazonum subsp. pedersenii, Nymphaeaceae, BR/AR/PAR/UR, 2023), Dyckia tomentosa (former name unknown, Bromeliaceae, BR, 2023); Ficus llanensis, F. llewelynii, F. mitrophora (emancipated species, former names unvailable, Moraceae, range unknown, 2023), Eugenia pisonis (Myrtaceae, BR, 2023).


∎ simple renames: Chromolaena amambayensis (Asteraceae, ex-Eupatorium amambayense, PAR, 2023).


∎ here we consolidate the occurrence of Ennealophus N.E.Br in Brazil via POWO (Iridaceae, SEE), despite the denial of Reflora (SEE); in addition, we consider here the non-occurrence of two contoversial species: Cantua megapotamica Spreng. (Polemoniacae, SEE) and Juglans brasiliensis Dode (Juglandacaee, SEE).


∎ species no cited in VPA accepted here: Rubus pendulus (Rosaceae, CL/EC/PR).


∎ deletions and synonimizations: Catasetum sanguineum under C. naso (Orchidaceae, BR, 2023), Dyckia polyclada under unknown species (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2023), Bredemeyera altissima, B. lucida under B. divaricata, B. myrtifolia, B. densiflora under B. bracteata, B. disperma under B. laurifolia. (Polygalaceae, tropical South America, 2023; Brazil loss 4 of these names), Arapatiella emarginata under A. psylophylla (Fabaceae, BR, 2023), Borreria catolensis under Psyllocarpus intermedius (Rubiaceae, BR, 2023).


∎ new records accepted: Peperomia cacaophila (Piperaceae, new in PR, 2023; formerly only in EC), Parkia barnebyana (Fabaceae, new in BR, 2023; former only in VZ), Monnina salicifolia, M. smithii (Polygalaceae, new in VZ, 2023; formerly in CL/EC/PR/BL), Macrolobium machaerioides (Fabaceae, new in EC, 2023; formerly in CL/PR), Cedrela kuelapensis (Meliaceae, new in EC, 2023; formerly in PR).


∎ addition to our list of 129 species absents in last update, being 117 ENDEMICS among countries: Brazil (61), Colombia (19), Ecuador (13), Peru (17), Bolivia (4), Argentina (2), Paraguay (1); and 12 NON ENDEMICS: as GU/SR (+AMC); CL/EC/PR; CL/EC/PR; VZ/CL/EC/PR; CL (+ AMC); CL/EC; CL/EC; CL/EC; BR/CL; BR/PR; BR/PR; BR/BL: Nymphaea caatingae, N. francae, N. harleyi, N. paganuccii, N. rapinii (Nymphaeaceae, BR, 2023), Magnolia buenaventurensis (Magnoliaceae, EC, 2023), Compsoneura nallarettiana (Myristicaceae, PR, 2023), Aristolochia brachylimba (Aristolochiaceae, PR, 2023), Piper oteguanum, P. rubrifolium, P. caguanense, P. laperdizense (Piperaceae, CL; PR; CL; EC, 2023), Peperomia pilocarpa, P. riosaniensis, P. sagasteguii, P. symmankii, P. vivipara (Piperaceae, PR, 2023), Piper quinchasense (Piperaceae, CL, 2023), Piper svenningii (Piperaceae, CL/EC/PR, 2023); Mollinedia arianeae (Monimiaceae, BR[RJ], 2023), Anthurium pluricarinatum (Araceae, BR, 2023), Philodendron agudeloi, P. arevaloi, P. crystallum, P. dalyi (Araceae, CL, 2023), Philodendron josephii (Araceae, BR, 2023), Thismia pseudomelanomitra (Thismiaceae, BR, 2023), T. paradisiaca (Thismiaceae, CL, 2023), Hippeastrum curupira, H. laklano (Amaryllidaceae, BR, 2023), Vanilla rupicola (Orchidaceae, BR, 2023), Vanilla calamitosa (Orchidaceae, BR, 2023), Bulbophyllum parex (Orchidaceae, CL, 2023), Liparis altomayoënsis (Orchidaceae, PR, 2023), Epidendrum centralense (Orchidaceae, PR, 2023), Lepanthes carrizosana (Orchidaceae, CL, 2023), Lepanthes cordillerana (Orchidaceae, CL, 2023), Restrepia santanderensis (Orchidaceae, CL, 2023), Syagrus carvalhoi (Areaceae, BR[MG], 2023), Dyckia magnifica (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2023), Stigmatodon lemeanus (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2023), Chusquea riparia (Poaceae, BR, 2023), Guadua leonardoana (Poaceae, BR, 2023), Chamaecostus manausensis, Costus alfredoi, C. antioquiensis, C. callosus, C. cochabambae, C. convexus, C. douglasdalyi, C. gibbosus; C. obscurus; C. oreophilus, C. pitalito, C. prancei, C. pseudospiralis, C. rubineus, C. whiskeycola (Costaceae, BR; BL; VZ/CL/EC/PR; CL (+CR, PN); BL; CL/EC; BR/PR; EC; PR; EC; CL; BR/PR; BR/BL; PR; CL/EC/PR, 2023), Oxalis jacobinensis (Oxalidaceae, BR, 2023), Erythroxylum confertifolium (Erythroxylaceae, BR, 2023), Amanoa condorensis (Phyllanthaceae, EC, 2023), Phyllanthus megastylus (Phyllanthaceae, BR, 2023), Phyllanthus capixaba (Phyllanthaceae, BR, 2023), Turnera carolina (Passifloraceae, BR, 2023), Passiflora rosacea (Passifloraceae, BL, 2023), Croton restingae (Euphorbiaceae, BR[RJ], 2023), Dalechampia seccoi (Euphorbiaceae, BR, 2023), Asemeia coracoralinae, A. minensis, A. nana (Polygalaceae, BR, 2023), Bredemeyera ericifolia (Polygalaceae, BR, 2023), Schnella madeleinae (Fabaceae, CL, 2023), Eperua cerradoensis, E. manausensis (Fabaceae, BR, 2023), Macrolobium ceriferum, M. longistipitatum (Fabaceae, CL, 2023), Macrolobium paulobocae (Fabaceae, BR, 2023), Indigofera morroensis (Fabaceae, BR[BA], 2023), Mimosa crassifolia, M. bahiana, M. confusa, M. melosa (Fabaceae, BR, 2023), Protium herisonii (Burseraceae, BR, 2023), Cedrela angusticarpa (Meliaceae, EC, 2023), Zanthoxylum palustre (Rutaceae, BR/CL, 2023), Podandrogyne flammea, P. websteri (Cleomaceae, CL/EC, 2023), Cardamine peruviana (Brassicaceae, PR, 2023), Vochysia wilsonii (Vochysiaceae, CL, 2023), Myrcia [Calyptranthes] magna (Myrtaceae, EC, 2020), Myrciaria caerulescens (Myrtaceae, BR, 2023), Myrcia capixaba, M. forzzae (Myrtaceae, BR, 2023), Microlicia rosanae, M. septentrionalis (Melastomataceae, BR, 2023), Microlicia delicata, M. pumila (Melastomataceae, BR, 2023), Tibouchina falcifolia, T. longisquamata (Melastomataceae, BR, 2023), Pterolepis xaxa (Melastomataceae, BR, 2023), Catostemma lanceolatum (Malvaceae, BR, 2023), Heisteria austroecuadorica (Erythropalaceae, EC, 2023), Coccoloba efigeniana (Polygonaceae, GUY/SR, also AMC), Neea rubescens (Nyctaginaceae, BR, 2023), Cumulopuntia mollispina (Cactaceae, PR, 2023), Parodia hofackeriana (Cactaceae, BR, 2023), Arrojadoa flava (Cactaceae, BR, 2023), Eschweilera foetulenta, E. magnifica (Lecythidaceae, EC, 2023), Myriopus gleissonii (Heliotropiaceae, CL, 2023), Varronia elsieae (Cordiaceae, BR, 2023), Petaloselma garrapatense, Philibertia escoipensis (Apocynaceae, AR, 2023), Matelea anomala (Apocynaceae, BL, 2023), Chionanthus monteazulensis (Oleaceae, BR, 2023), Besleria naquenensis (Gesneriacae, CL, 2023), Monopyle chocoensis, M. connata (Gesneriaceae, CL/EC, 2023), Hyptidendron dorothyanum (Lamiaceae, BR, 2023), Marsypianthes dunensis (Lamiaceae, BR, 2023), Salvia cajamarcana (Lamiaceae, PR, 2023), Aphanandrium narupayacuensis (Acanthaceae, EC, 2023), Stachytarpheta longibracetata, S. rizzoi (Verbenaceae, BR, 2023), Pinguicula jimburensis, P. ombrophila (Lentibulariaceae, EC, 2023), Nolana hoxeyi, N. samaensis (Solanaceae, PR, 2023), Solanum helix (Solanaceae, BR, 2023), Lepidaploa estevesiana (Asteraceae, BR, 2023), Eryngium cerradense (Apiaceae, PAR, 2023).


MAY 20, 2023

∎ inclusion of data among the family Afrothismiaceae, dismembered of Thismiaceae (Bio rXiv).


APRIL 15, 2023

∎ addition of the following genera (new or revalidated) missing in VPA: Thaumatophyllum (Araceae, dismembered from Philodendron, tropical America, 2018), Krenakanthus, Siqueiranthus, Orthocryptanthus (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2022), Actinocephalus, Cora, Cryptanthella, Floralia, Giulettia, Gnomus, Hydriade, Monosperma (Eriocaulaceae, tropical New World, 2023; the number of species in the genus Paepalanthus Mart. has been reduced), Aenigmanu (Picramniaceae, BR/PR, 2021), Gyrosphragma (Lythraceae, BR, 2022), Mahechadendron (Vochysiaceae, CL, 2022), Diadorimia (Rubiaceae, BR, dismembered of Psyllocarpus, 2021).


∎ full requalification of the data of the following genera/tribes, for which we will use a circumscription - linked - other than the VPA: Lemnoideae (Araceae, Bog, Appenroot & Sree, Nordic Journal of Botany, 2020, Hagenbachia (Asparagaceae, POWO), Phytelephas (Arecaceae, Escobar et al., Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2022, with 6 spp.), Canna (Cannaceae, H.Maas-van de Kamer & P.J.M. Maas, Blumea, 2008), Sedum (Crassulaceae, Messerschmid & al., Taxon, 2020; version expanded, including almost all New World Crassluaceae except Crassula and some small genera), Quinchamalium (Schoepfiaceae, POWO, with only a single species; many sources points up to 23 spp.), Petunia (Solanaceae, VER, rejecting Mexican records), Capsicum (Solanaceae, Gloria E. Barboza et al., PhytoKeys, 2022), Sclerophyllax (Solanaceae, Chiarini et al., Taxon, 2022).


∎ acceptance of synonymizations at generic level, but not present in the VPA: Limnobium Rich. under Hydrocharis L. (Byng & Christenh., Global Fl., 2018), Egeria Planch. and Apalanthe Planch. under Elodea L. (Byng & Christenh., Global Fl., 2018), Lillaea Bonpl. under Triglochin L. (Mering & Kadereit, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2015), Eucharis, Caliphruria under Urceolina (Amaryllidaceae, Byng, Christenhusz & Fay, Flora Global, 2018; Urceolina is not endemic to Peru now), Habranthus, Sprekelia, Haylockia, Rhdophiala p.p. under Zephyranthes (Amaryllidaceae, Taxon, 2019), Leucothauma under Pyrolirion (Amaryllidaceae, POWO), Crocopsis under Clinanthus (Amaryllidaceae, POWO), Lytocaryum Toledo under Syagrus Mart. (Arecaceae, Noblic & Meerow, Palms, 2015), Huanaca Cav., Mulinum Pers., Schizeilema Hook. f. under Azorella (Plunkett e Nicolas, Brittonia, 2016).


∎ inclusion of new records for Brazilian states: Peridiscus in Amapá (Aymard & Arellano, Harvard Papers in Botany, 2018).


∎ new records at the genus level for other South American countries: Peridiscus in CL (Aymard & Arellano, Harvard Papers in Botany, 2018).


∎ new generic records for Brazil apart VPA, for genera yet in VPA: Cressa (Convolvulaceae, Reflora 2020), Darcyanthus (Solanaceae, Phytotaxa, 2020), Ammoselinum (Apiaceae, REFLORA).


∎ rejection of the Brazilian occurrence of the following valid species: Crassula longipes (Crassulaceae, asignated as Brazilian by VPA, however rejected here by Giuffre (Dissertation, 2019) and POWO), Kallstroemia maxima (Periódicos UEFS, 2014; all Kalstroemia recors in Brazil belongs K. tribuloides); Deprea (Solanaceae, cited in Brazil by Reflora, but rejected in Brazil by VPA).


∎ simple synonymizations, at species level: Barbacenia burlemarxii under B. pabstiana (Velloziaceae, BR, 2022), Barbacenia gaveensis, B. foliosa, B. seubertiana under B. squamata (Velloziaceae, BR, 2022), Catasetum ciliatum under C. roseo-album (Orchidaceae, South America, 2021), Clowesia amazonica under unknown species (Orchidaceae, N South America, 2022), Microchilus longicornu under unknown species (Orchidaceae, BR, 2022), Epidendrum amarajiense, E. campaccii, E. thiagoi under unknown species (Orchidaceae, BR, 2021), Vriesea vexata under Stigmatodon sp. (Bromeliacae, BR, 2022), Vriesea sp.1, V.sp.2, V.sp.3, V.sp.4, V.sp.5, V.sp.6, V.sp.7, V.sp.8 under Stigmatodon (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2022), Paepalanthus bongardii under Actinocephalus camptophyllus (Eriocaulaceae, BR, 2021), Paepalanthus macrocephalus under P. argyropus (Eriocaulaceae, BR, 2021), Paepalanthus melanolepis, P. pseudoelongata under Actinocehalus macrocephalus (Eriocaulaceae, BR, 2021), Paepalanthus petraeus under P. uai (Eriocaulaceae, BR, 2021), Paepalanthus decorus under P. flaccidus (Eriocaulaceae, BR, 2021), Carex obtusisquama under C. crassiflora (Cyperaceae, AR/BL, 2021), C. tessellata under C. acutata (Cyperaceae, AR/BL, 2021), Agrostis meridensis under Podagrostis meridensis (Poaceae, VZ, 2021), Maranta anderssoniana, M. hatschbachiana under unknown species (Marantaceae, BR, 2021), Celtis morifolia under Celtis flavovenarum (Cannabaceae, BR, 2023), Oxalis irreperta under O. riparia (Oxalidaceae, BR, 2021), Macroptilium longepedunculatum under under unknown species (Fabaceae, Mexico to Uruguay except Brazil, 2022), Senega [Polygala] coridifolia under Senega [P.] aspalatha (Polygalaceae, BR, 2022), Passiflora tolimana, P. gleasonii, P. metae under P. acuminata (Passifloraceae, BR/VZ/GU/CL, 2022), Passiflora rupestris under P. pohlii (Passifloraceae, BR, 2022), Phyllanthus atalaiensis under P. heteradenius (Phyllanthaceae, BR, 2022), Stillingia scutellifera under S. salpingadenia (Euphorbiaceae, AR/PAR, 2019), Dalechampia brevipedunculata under D. magnoliifolia (Euphorbiaceae, BR/VZ/BL/SR, 2019), Dalechampia uleana under D. cujabensis (Euphorbiaceae, BR/VZ/BL/SR, 2019), Croton rufo-argenteus under C. tricolor (Euphorbiacae, BR, 2021), Croton subcompressus under C. compressus (Euphorbiacae, BR, 2021), Croton guildingii under C. suavis (Euphorbiaceae, VZ/CL/CRB, 2021), Croton allemii under C. triqueter (Euphorbiaceae, BR, 2021), Croton stenotrichus under C. hilarii (Euphorbiaceae, BR, 2021), C. apurensis, C. glauca, C. ramulosa, C. sessilifolia under C. antisyphilitica (Euphorbiaceae, BR/VZ, 2023), Croton brachiata under C. flava (Euphorbiaceae, BR, 2023), Cardiospermum urvilleoides under Serjania urvilleoides (Sapindaceae, BR, 2022), Conchocarpus limae, C. lilacinus under C. ruber (Rutaceae, BR, 2022; all as Almeidea in VPA), Plinia martinellii under Eugenia sp. 1 (Myrtaceae, BR, 2021), Plinia sebastianopolitana under Eugenia sp.2 (Myrtaceae, BR, 2021), Microlicia fasciculata, M. variolosa var. hirsuta under M. hirsuta (Melastomataceae, BR, 2022), Microlicia nortecipoana, M. petiolulata under M. hirtoferruginea (Melastomataceae, BR, 2021), Microlicia souza-limae under M. helvola (Melastomataceae, BR/BL, 2020), Sida pseudorubifolia under S. rubifolia (Malvaceae, BR, 2022), Pachira dolichocalyx under P. macrocalyx (Malvaceae, GU/GF, 2021), Pachira nitida under P. minor (Malvaceae, tropical America, 2021), Sabulina altoandina under Arenaria pycnophylloides (Caryophyllaceae, AR, 2022), Arenaria palustris under A. serpens (Caryophyllaceae, PR, 2022), Alternanthera piptantha under A. altacruzensis (Amaranthaceae, Cono Sur, 2022), Ternstroemia borbensis under T. dentata (Pentaphyllacaceae, BR, 2021), Evolvulus linarioides under Evolvulus saxifragus (Convolvulaceae, BR, 2022), Cuscuta orbiculata under Cuscuta tinctoria (Solanaceae, BR, 2021), Jacquemontia heterantha under J. cumanensis (Convolvulaceae, BL/PR, 2021), Jacquemontia prominens under J. unilateralis (Convolvulaceae, BL/PR, 2021), Carapichea altsonii, C. nivea, C. sandwithiana under Notopleura (Rubiaceae, GF, 2022), Carapichea pacimonica under C. ligularis (Rubiaceae, GF, 2022), Psychotria squamelligera under Carapichea squamelligera (Rubiaceae, GF, 2022), Appunia brachycalyx under A. morindoides (Rubiaceae, BR/GU/GF, 2021), Borreria quadrifaria under B. rubrostipulata (Rubiaceae, BR/BL/CS, 2022), Sanchezia stenomacra under S. aurea (Acanthaceae, BR, 2021), S. cyathibractea under S. macrocnemis (Acanthaceae, BR, 2021), S. bicolor, S. flava, S. megalia, S. speciosa under S. oblonga (Acanthaceae, BR, 2021), S. capitata, S. stenantha under S. ovata (Acanthaceae, BR, 2021), S. lutea under S. parviflora (Acanthaceae, BR, 2021), S. skutchii under S. putumayensis (Acanthaceae, BR, 2021), S. arborea, S. decora under S. scandens (Acanthaceae, BR, 2021), Leucheria cerberoana, L. cumingii, L. daucifolia, L. glabriuscula, L. glandulosa, L. menana, L. mille-folium, L. multiflora, L. tenuis under L. tomentosa (Asteraceae, CH, 2021), Pentacalia viburnifolia, P. brittoniana, P. miguelii under P. psidiifolia (Asteraceae, BL, 2021), P. inquisiviensis under P. cardenasii (Asteraceae, BL, 2021), P. sailapatensis under P. urubambensis (Asteraceae, BL, 2021), Pentacalia hitchcockii, P. huamaliensis under P. theifolia (Asteraceae, PR, 2019), P. lanceolifolia under P. andrei (Asteraceae, PR, 2019), P. tillettii under P. riotintis (Asteraceae, PR, 2019), Stevia breviaristata under S. vaga (Asteraceae, AR, 2021), Senecio phylloleptus under S. reicheanus (Asteraceae, CH, 2022), S. behnii under S. eriocladus (Asteraceae, CH, 2022), Praxelis macrocarpa under P. capillaris (Asteraceae, BR, 2021), Lucilia lycopodioides under L. adpressa (Asteraceae, BR/AR/BL, 2022).


∎ inclusion of new national records at species level (by data revision, or by new discoveries): Aristolochia goudotii (Aristolochiaceae, new in BR, 2019, formerly in CL), Limnocharis laforestii (Alismataceae, new in BR; former widely in tropical New World), Halodule beaudettei (Cymodoceaceae, new in BR, 2017, formerly in AMC, CRBN), Maxillaria aureoglobula (Orchidaceae, new in BR and VZ, 2016, formerly in CL), Scaphyglottis punctulata (Orchidaceae, new in BR, 2022, formerly from AMC do CL and CRBN), Trithrinax schizophylla (Arecaceae, new in BR, 2015, formerly BL, AR, PAR), Cyperus oxylepis (Cyperaceae, new in BR, 2022, formerly in CAM to Cono Sur), Monophyllanthe araracuarensis (Marantaceae, new in BR; former only in Colombia), Begonia cinnabarina (Begoniaceae, new in AR, 2022, formerly un PR, BL), Tristicha trifaria (Podostemaceae, new in CL/EC, 2023, formerly in BR/AR/PAR/BL/GU/CAM), Lophogyne aeruginosa (Podostemaceae, new in EC, 2023, formerly in VZ/SR), Passiflora garckei (FAMILY, new in BR, 2014, formerly in CL/VZ/GU), Ancistrothyrsus scopae (Passifloraceae, new in BR, 2020, formerly in GU'S), Dalechampia brownsbergensis (FAMILY, new in BR, 2019, formerly in VZ/SR), Dalechampia attenuistylus (FAMILY, new in BR, 2019, formerly in VZ/BL), Euphorbia riinae (Euphorbiaceae, new in BR, 2022, formerly in BL), Croton lombardianus (Euphorbiaceae, new in BR, 2021, formerly in Cono Sur), Sida hassleri (Malvaceae, new in BR, 2022, formerly in Cono Sur), Microphyes minima (Caryophyllaceae, new in AR, 2022, formerly in CH), Cordia weddellii (Cordiacae, new in BR, 2021, formerly in BL), Varronia urticifolia (Cordiacae, new in AR, 2022, formerly in BR), Euploca krapovickasii (Heliotropiaceae, new in UR, 2021, formerly in BR), Bonamia rosiewiseae (Convolvulaceae, new in Brazil, former in topical America, 2017), Voyria alvesiana (Gentianaceae, new in SR/GF, 2022, formerly in Brazil), Stemodia lanceolata (Plantaginaceae, new in BR, 2018, formerly in BL/Cono Sur), Aphelandra martiusii (Acanthaceae, new in CL/PR, 2022, formerly in BR).


∎ distribution reduction, apart the next topic: U. amesthytina (Lentibulariacae, excluded in MX/BLZ, now only BR/VZ, 2021).


∎ emancipations, rank elevations or re-establishments at species level: Paepalanthus politus (elevation-rank, Eriocaulaceae, BR, 2022), Chusquea simplicissima, C. weberbaueri (elevation-rank, outside C. spicata, Poaceae, PR, 2019), Sorghastrum canescens (reestablishment, Poaceae, BR, 2021), Cenostigma diversifolium (re-established, Fabaceae, BR, 2021), Tetrathylacium nutans (re-established, Salicacae, EC, 2019), Cnidoscolus neglectus (re-established, Euphorbiaceae, BR, 2021), Croton lagunillae (elevation-rank, outside C. guildingii, Euphorbiaceae, VZ, 2021), Campomanesia repanda, C. rhombea (re-established, Myrtaceae, BR, 2021), Microlicia acerosa (elevation-rank, ex-Microlicia linifolia var. naudiniana, Melastomataceae, BR, 2021), Pleroma imperatore (re-established, Melastomataceae, BR, 2021), Pachira manausensis (re-established, ex-P. aquatica var. manausensis, Malvaceae, BR, 2022), Schinus minutiflora, S. subtridentata (elevation rank, Anacardiaceae, BL, 2022), Portulaca ferricola (former P. mucronulata var. microphylla, Portulacaceae, BR/BL, 2022), Opuntia canterae (re-estabilished, Cactaceae, UR, 2020), Rudgea megalocarpa (emancipation, Rubiaceae, CL/EQ, 2021), Palicourea villipila (re-established, outside P. axillaria, Rubiaceae, VZ, 2021), Schizanthus fallax (re-estabilished, Solanaceae, CH, 2021), Lippia rodriguezii (re-established, outside L. asperrima, Verbenaceae, AR, 2022), Stachytarpheta chapadensis (re-established, Verbenaceae, BR, 2020), U. bicolor, U. damazioi, U. hirtella, U. lindmanii, U. roraimensis, U. trinervia, U. velascoensis (re-estabilisheds, Lentibulariaceae, BR[2,3,4,5,6,7], VZ[exact 4], BL[exact 4], CAM [exact 1], 2022), Utricularia trinervia (elevation-rank, Lentibulariaceae, ex-U. amethystina, BLZ/MX/VZ/BR, 2021), Piptolepis pseudomyrtus (re-estabilished outside P. buxoides, Asteraceae, BR, 2022), Hydrocotyle alpina, H. palacea, H. quinqueradiata (elevation-rank, Araliaceae, BR, 2022).


∎ rediscovered species: Bauhinia conceptionis (Fabaceae, CL, 2021), Ayenia glabrescens (Malvaceae, BR, 2021), Ternstroemia killipiana (Pentaphyllacaceae, CL, 2021), Varronia neowediana (Cordiaceae, BR, 2022).


∎ simple-species renames: Mespilodaphne sp. (Lauraceae, ex-Ocotea ligulata, BR, 2021), Guettarda [Tournefortiopsis] sp. (Rubiaceae, ex-Chomelia torrana, GF, 2022), Benzingia chocoensis (Orchidaceae, ex-Chondrorhyncha chocoensis, CL, 2019), Ixyophora velastiguii (Orchidaceae, ex-Chondrorhyncha velastiguii, CL/EC, 2019), Madisonia sp. (Orchidaceae, ex-Specklinia ordinata, EC, 2023), Clematicissus pruinata (Vitaceae, ex-C. simsiana, C South America, 2021), Pseudosamanea carbonaria (Fabaceae, ex-Albizia carbonaria, CAM to PR, 2022), Cerradicola praeandina (Fabaceae, ex-Camptosema praeandinum, BL/AR, 2021), Inga inundata (Fabaceae, ex-Zygia inundata, BR, 2018), Oxalis cipoensis (Oxalidaceae, ex-Oxalis calcicola, BR, 2021), Eugenia rogersiana (Myrtaceae, ex-Calycorectes rogersianus, BR, 2021), Eriotheca crenulata (Malvaceae, BR, ex-Bombax crenulata, 2021), Lisymachia neolongipedicellata (renamed, Primulaceae, ex-Lysimachia longipedicellata, BR, 2022), Arenaria weberbaueri (Caryophyllaceae, ex-Alsine weberbaueri, PR, 2023), Arenaria humboldtiana (Caryophyllaceae, ex-Scleranthus peruvianus, PR, 2023), Oxybasis frigida (Amaranthaceae, ex-Chenopodium frigidum, Cono Sur, 2022), Oxybasis parodii (Amaranthaceae, ex-Chenopodium parodii, Cono Sur, 2022), Gentianella gynophora (rename, Gentianaceae, ex-G. fiebrigii, AR, 2022), Symphyllophyton sp. 5 (rename, Gentianaceae, ex-Schultesia sucreana, BR, 2021), Carapichea galbaoensis (Rubiaceae, ex Psychotria galbaoensis, BR/GF, 2022), Fabiana patagonica (Solanaceae, ex-Petunia patagonica, AR, 2022), Justicia comata (Acanthaceae, ex-Spigelia beccabungoides, UR, 2001), Thyrsacanthus angustissimus (Acanthaceae, ex-Justicia angustissima, BR, 2022), Rhabdocaulon grandiflorum (Lamiaceae, ex-Hoehnea grandiflora, BR, 2022), Thyrsacanthus ramosus (Acanthaceae, ex-Anisacanthus pohlii, BR, 2022), Justicia triloba (Acanthaceae, ex-Anisacanthus trilobus, BR, ?), Hyptis piranii (Lamiaceae, ex-Oocephalus piranii, BR, 2022), Hypenia sp. (Lamiaceae, ex-Eriope machrisae, BR, 2021), Cantinoa lythroides (Lamiaceae, ex-Oocephalus lythroides, BR, 2022), Stachytarpheta mollis (Verbenaceae, ex-Stachytarpheta dawsonii, BR, 2021), Erechtites albiflorus (Asteraceae, tropical South America, ex-Erechtites petiolatus, 2021), Wedelia monantha (Asteraceae, ex-Aster monanthus, BR, 2022), Conocliniopsis grossedentata (Asteraceae, ex-C. prasiifolia, BR, 2022), Monticalia sp. 1 (Asteraceae, ex-Pentacalia chimborazensis, Central Andes, 2021), Monticalia sp. 2 (Asteraceae, ex-Pentacalia aclydiphylla, Central Andes, 2021), Monticalia sp. 3 (Asteraceae, ex-Pentacalia mini-aurita, Central Andes, 2021), Monticalia sp. 4 (Asteraceae, ex-Senecio pleniauritus, Central Andes, 2021).


∎ addition to our list of 867 species absents in VPA South America list in April 3, 2023, being 828 ENDEMICS among countries: Brazil (502), Colombia (118), Peru (72), Ecuador (60), Bolivia (27), Venezuela (17), Chile (12), Guianas (11), Argentina (8), Paraguay (1); and 39 NON ENDEMICS: as BR/VZ(2)⋅ BR/EC(1) ⋅ BR/AR(1) ⋅ BR/BL(1) ⋅ BR/CL (2) ⋅ BR/GU´s (3) ⋅ AR/BL (3) ⋅ AR/UR(1) ⋅ AR/PAR(1) ⋅ CL/PAN(1) ⋅ CL/VZ(1) ⋅ CL/EC(10) ⋅ CL/PR(1) ⋅ PR/BL(1) ⋅ EC/PR (5) ⋅ PR/CH(1) ⋅ CL/EC/PR(1) ⋅ AR/PAR/CH(1) ⋅ BR/BL/PAR(1) ⋅ CL/EC/PR/BR(1): Victoria boliviana (Nymphaeaceae, BL, 2022), Cinnamodendron brasiliense, C. catarinense (Canellacae, BR, 2020), Aristolochia pyriflora (Aristolochiaceae, BR, 2022), Peperomia renzopalmae, P. ricardofernandezii (Piperaceae, PR, 2020), P. arianeae, P. forzzae, P. jaramilloae, P. marquetii, P. martinellii, P. michelineae, P. moreiranum, P. rizzinii, P. sucreanum (Piperaceae, BR, 2022), P. brumadinense, P. cariacicaense, P. moringanum (Piperaceae, BR, 2022), Piper callejasii (Piperaceae, CL/PR, 2021), Piper hoyoscardozii, P. indiwasii, P. nokaidoyitau, P. velae (Piperaceae, CL[1,2,3,4], EC[1,2], PR[2], 2022), Piper pseudopeculiare, P. resinaense (Piperaceae, CL, 2021), Aiouea albopunctata (Lauraceae, BR, 2022), Licaria monsalveae, Ocotea sacculifera (Lauraceae, CL[1], BL[2], 2021), Ocotea mello-silvae (Lauraceae, BR, 2021), Mezilaurus conceicionensis (Lauraceae, BR, 2022), Ocotea bilocellata (Lauraceae, BR, 2022), Persea psammophila (Lauraceae, BR, 2021), Mollinedia ruschii (Monimiacae, BR, 2021), Duguetia leucotricha (Annonaceae, BR, 2023), Xylopia maasiana (Annonaceae, BR, 2021), Xylopia sp. (Annonaceae, PR, 2021), Magnolia clementinana, M. manuensis (Magnoliaceae, PR, 2020), Otoba scottmorii, O. squamosa (Myristicaceae, CL, 2021), Virola calimensis, V. cogolloi, V. excisa, V. tuckerae, V. alvaroperezii, V. bombuscaroensis, V. yasuniana, V. aguarunana, V. cumala, V. parkeri (Myristicaceae, CL[1,2,3,4], EC[1,3,5,6,7], PR[3,8,9,10], BR[3,7], 2022), Anthurium atrovinosum, A. brigadeiroense (Araceae, BR, 2020), Anthurium sp.1 (Araceae, CL, 2022), Anthurium sp.2 (Araceae, CL, 2022), Anthurium alegrense (Araceae, BR, 2021), Anthurium bovinii (Araceae, BR, 2022), Anthurium huaytae (Araceae, PR, 2023), Anthurium caldasii (Araceae, CL, 2022), Anthurium mayoanum (Araceae, BR, 2021), Anthurium sterilispadix (Araceae, BR, 2022), Anthurium alfcardozoi, A. coltovarense, A. galipanense, A. georgetatei, A. guaicaipurense, A. hansonianum, A. ronliesneri (Araceae, VZ, 2021), Chlorospatha minima, C. silverstonei (Araceae, CL, 2019), Monstera sp.1, Monstera sp. 2 (Araceae, CL, 2021), Philodendron rio-pretense (Araceae, BR, 2022), Xanthosoma gratieae (Araceae, EC, 2022), Dioscorea ayardei (Dioscoreaeae, AR, 2021), Dioscorea chusqueifolia (Dioscoreaeae, PR, 2019), Dioscorea magnibracteata (Dioscoreaeae, EC, 2022), Thismia petasiformes (Thismiaceae, BR, 2022), Thismia cordata (Thismiaceae, BR, 2022), Thismia mantiqueirensis (Thismiaceae, BR, 2022), Thismia andicola (Thismiaceae, BR, 2023), Thismia calcarata, T. variabilis (Thismiaceae, BR, 2023) Barbacenia amphirupia, B. maritima (Velloziaceae, BR, 2022), Vellozia inselbergae (Velloziaceae, BR, 2021), Vellozia albohexandra, V. mellosilvae (Velloziaceae, BR, 2022), Hippeastrum lara-ricoi L. (Amaryllidaceae, BL, 2022), Hippeastrum carassense, H. velloziflorum (Amaryllidaceae, BR, 2022), Hippeastrum abatinguara (Amaryllidaceae, BR, 2022), Hippeastrum escoipense (Amaryllidaceae, AR, 2022), Miersia putaendensis (Amaryllidaceae, CH, 2021), Miersia stellata (Amaryllidaceae, CH, 2022), Furcraea abisaii (Asparagaceae, CL, 2020), Alophia graniticola (Iridaceae, BR, 2021), Herbertia guyunusae (Iridaceae, BR, 2022), Sisyrinchium caratuvense, S. iguazuanum, S. usneoides (Iridaceae, BR; BR; BR/AR, 2022), Vanilla andina (Orchidaceae, EC, 2022), Andinia barba-caprina, A. crassipetala (Orchidaceae, PR, 2021), Andinia peruviana (Orchidaceae, PR, 2022), Campylocentrum alvesii (Orchidaceae, CL, 2020), Cattleya mireileana (Orchidaceae, BR, 2022), Cattleya porphyrascens (Orchidaceae, BR, 2023), Clowesia arevaloi (Orchidaceae, EC, 2022), Coryanthes charlesiana (Orchidaceae, BR, 2022), Crossoglossa dapaensis, C. elvirae (Orchidaceae, CL, 2022), Cranichis beckii, C. maldonadoana (Orchidaceae, BL, 2021), Cyrtochilum pollex (Orchidaceae, PR, 2022), Cyrtochilum bockemuehlae (Orchidaceae, CL, 2022), Cyrtochilum guavianum (Orchidaceae, CL, 2022), Cyrtopodium valebellae (Orchidaceae, BL, 2023), Dichaea andina (Orchidaceae, CL, 2021), Epidendrum alejandrinae (Orchidaceae, PR, 2022), Epidendrum calimaense (Orchidaceae, CL, 2022), Epidendrum churubambense, E. unchogense (Orchidaceae, PR, 2022), Epidendrum claustralis (Orchidaceae, PR, 2022), Epidendrum itacolomiensis (Orchidaceae, BR, 2022), Epidendrum sonsonense (Orchidaceae, CL, 2022), Epidendrum olorteguii (Orchidaceae, PR, 2022), Epidendrum dayseae (Orchidaceae, BR, 2022), Epidendrum lufinorum (Orchidaceae, PR, 2021), Epidendrum chrisii-sharoniae (Orchidaceae, PR, 2022), Habenaria longissima (Orchidaceae, BR, 2021), Habenaria abscondita (Orchidaceae, BR, 2022), Habenaria aranifera (Orchidaceae, BR, 2022), Habenaria bryophila, H. hygrophila, H. subrepens, H. compluviosa (Orchidaceae, BR, 2022), Habenaria karstica (Orchidaceae, BR, 2022), Laelia [Schomburkgia] vandenbergiana (Orchidaceae, BR, 2022), Lepanthes attenboroughii (Orchidaceae, CL, 2022), Lepanthes wakemaniae (Orchidaceae, CL, 2022), Lepanthes sylvilagus (Orchidaceae, CL, 2022), Lepanthes florenciana (Orchidaceae, CL, 2022), Lepanthes anchicayae, L. microcalodyction (Orchidaceae, CL, 2020), Lepanthes suelipinii (Orchidaceae, BR, 2019), Lepanthes vere-aurum (Orchidaceae, EC, 2020), Lepanthes kokonuko, L. jucas (Orchidaceae, CL, 2020), Lepanthes oro-lojaensis, L. microprosartima, L. caranqui (Orchidaceae, EC, 2021), Lepanthes cardenasii, L. davidii, L. dorae, L. morae (Orchidaceae, CL, 2022) Lepanthes irmae, L. fimbriatilabia, L. pogonochila (Orchidaceae, CL, 2021), Lepanthes pembertonii, L. hwangiae (Orchidaceae, CL, 2022), Masdevallia bastantei (Orchidaceae, PR, 2021), Masdevallia britoi (Orchidaceae, BR, 2022), Masdevallia purocafeana (Orchidaceae, EC, 2022), Maxillaria anacatalinaportillae (Orchidaceae, EC, 2021), Maxillaria bicentenaria (Orchidaceae, PR, 2021), Maxillaria luizotavioi (Orchidaceae, BR, 2023), Microchilus dasilvae (Orchidaceae, BR, 2022), Mormodes matogrossensis (Orchidaceae, BR, 2020), Myoxanthus oliviae (Orchidaceae, PR, 2019), Octomeria pacii, O. panguiensis (Orchidaceae, EC, 2021), Octomeria imigiae (Orchidaceae, BR, 2022), Opilionanthe magdalenae (Orchidaceae, PR, 2021), Pelexia [Pachygenium] laurense (Orchidaceae, AR, 2022), Palmorchis triquilhada (Orchidaceae, BR, 2020), Phragmipedium cabrejosii (Orchidaceae, PR, 2019), Pityphyllum [Maxillaria] mercedes-abarcae (Orchidaceae, EC, 2021), Platystele finleyae (Orchidaceae, EC, 2022), Platystele peruviana (Orchidaceae, PR, 2022), Pleurothallis sp. (Orchidaceae, EC, 2021), Pleurothallis villahermosae (Orchidaceae, CL, 2022), Pleurothallis ariana-dayanae (Orchidaceae, EC, 2022), Pleurothallis mark-wilsonii (Orchidaceae, CL, 2022), Pseudolepanthes bihuae (Orchidaceae, EC, 2021), Stelis excentrica (Orchidaceae, CL, 2020), Telipogon sp. (Orchidaceae, EC, 2021), Telipogon crisariasae (Orchidaceae, EC, 2022), Trisetella pachycaudata (Orchidaceae, EC, 2021), Dichorisandra rhizantha (Commelinaceae, BR, 2022), Dichorisandra rigidiflora (Commelinaceae, BR, 2022), Mauritiella disticha (Arecaceae, BR, 2021), Butia buenopolensis (Arecaceae, BR, 2021), Alcantarea alegrensis(Bromeliaceae, BR, 2021), Alcantarea chimera(Bromeliaceae, BR, 2022), Cryptanthus apiculatantherus, C. brevibracteatus (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2021), Cryptanthus flesheri, C. lutandensis, C. santosii, C. solidadeanus (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2021), Cryptanthus euglossinii (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2022), Cryptanthus pirambuensis, C. vinosibracteatus (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2022), Dyckia avacanoeira, D. oreadica (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2022), Dyckia pseudodelicata (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2022), Hohenbergia amargosensis (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2022, unrecognized in WCSPF), Hohenbergia ymboreorum (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2022), Hohenbergia nidularioides (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2021), Pitcairnia mineira (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2022), Puya pendula (Bromeliaceae, CL, 2021), Ronnbergia igneosepala, R. robusta, R. veitchioides (Bromeliaceae, CL, 2021), Stigmatodon enigmaticus (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2023), Tillandsia mantiqueirae (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2021), Tillandsia oliveirae (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2021), Tillandsia nathanii, T. ertonii (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2022), Waltilia itambana (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2021), Wittmackia conduruensis, W. guedesiae (Bromeliaceae, BR, 2023), Bulbostylis litoreamazonicola (Cyperaceae, BR, 2021), Carex phylloscirpoides (Cyperaceae, CH, 2021), Carex pedicularis (Cyperaceae, AR/PAR/CH, 2021), Carex giovanniana (Cyperaceae, AR/BL, 2021), Cephalocarpus insolitus, C. neblinensis (Cyperaceae, VZ/BR, 2021), Cyperus prophyllatus (Cyperaceae, BR, 2021), Cyperus zikae (Cyperaceae, VZ, 2022), Actinocephalus brevifolius (Eriocaulaceae, BR, ?), Eriocaulon benedictum, E. naviculum (Eriocaulaceae, BR, 2022), Paepalanthus irwinii (Eriocaulaceae, BR, 2022), Paepalalanthus oreodoxus (Eriocaulaceae, BR, 2021), Paepalanthus paganuccii (Eriocaulaceae, BR, 2022), Paepalanthus sinuosus, Sygonanthus culcitosus (Eriocaulaceae, BR, 2021), Xyris serrana (Xyridaceae, BR, 2021), Arthrostylidium cachimboense, Merostachys cachimboensis (Poaceae, BR, 2022), Aristida surperuanensis (Poaceae, PR, 2019), Aristida diego-santiagoii (Poaceae, PR, 2022), Chascolytrum neobulbosum (Poaceae, BR, 2019), Chascolytrum serranum (Poaceae, BR, 2020), Chusquea cordata (Poaceae, BR, 2023), Chusquea recurvata, C. acutigluma (Poaceae, VZ[1], CL[2], 2022), Chusquea calderoniae (Poaceae, BR, 2023), Chusquea gamarrae, C. intipaqariy (Poaceae, PR, 2019), Eremitis aemula (Poaceae, BR, 2022), Eremitis clarkiae, E. vinacea (Poaceae, BR, 2021), Eremitis grandiflora, E. paucifolia, E. victoriae (Poaceae, BR, 2021), Eremitis jardimii (Poaceae, BR, 2020), Merostachys judziewiczii, M. lage-vianae (Poaceae, BR, 2021), Merostachys soderstromii (Poaceae, BR, 2021), Poa bricenoi (Poaceae, VZ, 2021), Pariana caxiuanensis (Poaceae, BR, 2021), Parianella capixaba (Poaceae, BR, 2022), Paspalum plurinerve, P. vacarianum, P. flavescens (Poaceae, BR[1,2], AR/UR[3], 2022), Maranta bahiensis, M. villosovagina, M. chrysogina, M. vieirae, M. lorifolia (Marantaceae, BR, 2021), Maranta pilosissima (Marantaceae, BR, 2022), Meliosma chanchamayensis, M. dazae (Sabiaceae, PR, 2022), Abuta alto-macahensis (Menispermaceae, BR, 2022), Ranunculus oblitus (Ranunculaceae, PR/CH, 2022), Davilla coriacea, D. undulata (Dilleniaceae, BR, 2018), Davilla pygmaea (Dilleniaceae, BR, 2022), Doliocarpus heterophyllus, D. serrulatus (Dilleniaceae, BR, 2022), Connarus foreroi, C. revolutus, C. pedicellatus (Connaraceae, BR[2, 3], PR[1], 2021), Rourea diamantina (Connaraceae, BR, 2020), Sloanea pilosa (Elaeocarpaceae, EC, 2022), Oxalis lourteigiana, O. pampeana (Oxalidaceae, BR, 2021), Oxalis pardoensis (Oxalidaceae, BR, 2022), Celtis serratissima, C. spinosissima,C. clausseniana (Cannabaceae, BR[1, 2, 3], BL[1], PAR[1], 2020), Rhamnidium riograndens (Rhamnaceae, BR, 2021), Lachemilla rothmaleriana, L. argentea, L. cyanea (Rosaceae, CL[1, 2], PR[3], 2019), Margyricarpus lanatus, M. microcarpus (Rosaceae, BR, 2021), Rubus longistipularis, R. maquipucunensis (Rosaceae, EC, 2021), Pilea bradei (Urticaceae, BR, 2023), Adesmia subtropicalis (Fabaceae, BR, 2021), Bauhinia arleneae (Fabaceae, BR, 2022), Bauhinia andrade-limae (Fabaceae, BR, 2022), Bauhinia orbiculata (Fabaceae, BR, 2023), Chamaecrista oppositifolia, C. longistyla (Fabaceae, BR;BR/BL, 2019), Chamaecrista almanegra (Fabaceae, CL, 2022), Chamaecrista acicularis (Fabaceae, BR, 2021), Chamaecrista forzzae (Fabaceae, BR, 2022), Chamaecrista sempreviva (Fabaceae, BR, 2022), Copaifera appendiculata (Fabaceae, BR, 2022), Collaea insignis (Fabaceae, BR, 2022), Deguelia tenuiflora (Fabaceae, BR, 2021), Dipteryx hermetopascoaliana (Fabaceae, BR, 2022), Heterostemon amoris (Fabaceae, CL, 2021), Inga luschnathiana (Fabaceae, BR, 2022), Inga coleyana (Fabaceae, EC, 2022), Inga teresensis, I. tripa (Fabaceae, BR, 2021), Macroptilium albidum (Fabaceae, BR, 2022), Mimosa pseudoracemosa, M. detonsa (Fabaceae, BR, 2021), Mimosa afranioi, M. emaensis, M. robsonii, M. sevilhae (Fabaceae, BR, 2021), Mimosa cavalcantina, M. gustavoi, M. venosa (Fabaceae, BR, 2022), Mimosa brevicalyx (Fabaceae, BR, 2021), Nissolia rondoniensis (Fabaceae, BR, 2021), Nissolia bracteosa (Fabaceae, BR, 2021), Ormosia corcovada (Fabaceae, CL, 2022), Poepiggia densiflora (Fabaceae, BR, 2021), Stryphnodendron flavotomentosum (Fabaceae, BR, 2021), Senna bahiensis (Fabaceae, BR, 2021), Senna pluribracteata (Fabaceae, BR, 2021), Stylosanthes acicularis (Fabaceae, BR, 2023), Asemeia aguiariana, A. campestris, A. eglandulosa, A. subaphylla (Polygalaceae, BR, 2021), Senega [Polygala] bringelii, Senega [P.] tocantinensis (Polygalaceae, BR, 2021), Senega [Polygala capitolensis], Senega [P.] jardimii, Senega [P.] paganuccii (Polygalaceae, BR, 2021), Senega [Polygala] michelliana (Polygalaceae, BR, 2022), Senega [Polygala] petricola (Polygalaceae, BR, 2022), Senega [Polygala] payuniensis, Senega [P.] nevadensis (Polygalaceae, AR, 2022), Erythroxylum sp. 1 (Erythroxylaceae, PAN/CL, 2021), Erythroxylum savannarum (Erythroxylaceae, VZ/CL, 2022), Clusia nascimentojuniorii (Clusiaceae, BR, 2021), Garcinia fluviatilis (Clusicaeae, BR/CL, 2022), Garcinia apostoloi (Clusiaceae, BR, 2023), Tovomita cornuta (Clusiaceae, BR, 2021), Tovomita manauara (Clusiaceae, BR, 2022), Tovomita maxima, T. saulensis (Clusiaceae, BR[1], GU[1], GF[1,2], 2022), Ouratea yamamotoana (Ochnaceae, BR, 2022), Lacistema ligiae (Lacistemaceae, BR, 2021), Bunchosia andina, B. parrae, B. phaeocarpa, Byrsonima anisophylla, B. cardenasii, B. goiana, B. nana, Tetrapterys catarinensis (Malpighiaceae, BR[1,5,9], CL[2,6,7,8], EC[2,4], PR[3,4], 2020), Heteropterys rosmarinifolia, H. tocantinensis, H. walteri, H. veadeirensis (Malpighiaceae, BR, 2021), Phyllanthus dardanoi (Phyllanthaceae, BR, 2021), Phyllanthus dracaenoides (Phyllanthaceae, BR, 2021), Phyllanthus chapadensis (Phyllanthaceae, BR, 2022), Phyllanthus lilliputianus, P. sobralii (Phyllanthaceae, BR, 2022), Phyllanthus pterocaulis (Phyllanthaceae, BR, 2022), Phyllanthus longipetiolatus (Phyllanthaceae, BR, 2022), Casearia valenciana (Salicaceae, BR, 2022), Tetrathylacium vraem (Salicaceae, PR, 2022), Pombalia cristalina, P. insignis (Violaceae, BR, 2022), Viola ornata, Viola longibracteolata (Violaceae, PR, 2022), Viola marcelaferreyrae (Violaceae, AR, 2022), Passiflora acreana (Passifloraceae, BR, 2023), Passiflora bacabensis (Passifloraceae, BR, 2021), Passiflora calicicalyx (Passifloraceae, BL, 2022), Passiflora caparaoensis (Passifloraceae, BR, 2022), Passiflora carajasensis (Passifloraceae, BR, 2021), Passiflora coelestis (Passifloraceae, BR, 2022), Passiflora jorgeana (Passifloraceae, BR, 2021), Passiflora guayaquilensis (Passifloraceae, EC, 2022), Passiflora ketura (Passifloraceae, PR, 2022), Passiflora purii (Passifloraceae, BR, 2022), Passiflora mistratensis (Passifloraceae, CL, 2022), Turnera macrosperma (Passifloraceae, BR, 2020), Bahiana pyriformis (Euphorbiaceae, BR, 2022), Bahiana occidentalis (Euphorbiaceae, PR, 2023), Bernardia erecta, B. monoica, B. stylosa (Euphorbiaceae, BR, 2021), Caperonia amarumayu, C. maracaibensis (Euphorbiaceae, BL[1], VZ[2], 2021), Cnidoscolus mcvaughii (Euphorbiaceae, BR, 2021), Croton almadinensis, C. amaraliae, C. cuadrosii, C. curculiospermus, C. huamaliensis, C. kallunkiae, C. pluriglandulosus (Euphorbiaceae, BR[1,2,6,7], CL[3], BL[4], PR[5], 2021), Croton bacupariensis (Euphorbiaceae, BR, 2021), Croton guaritensis (Euphorbiaceae, BR, 2022), Croton sertanejus (Euphorbiaceae, BR, 2022), Croton stellatorotatus, C. hatschbachii (Euphorbiaceae, BR, 2022), Croton seccoi (Euphorbiaceae, BR, 2021), Euphorbia berryi V.W.Steinm (Euphorbiaceae, BR, 2022), Euphorbia blepharadena, E. longipedunculata, E. sobolifera (Euphorbiaceae, BR, 2021), Mabea dalyana (Euphorbiaceae, BR, 2022), Begonia altimontana, B. inumbrata, B. pedrabrancencis (Begoniaceae, BR, 2022), Begonia atlantica, Begonia umbrosa (Begoniaceae, BR, 2022), Begonia castrosouzae (Begoniaceae, BR, 2022), Begonia diegoi, B. galeanoi, B. mamapachensis, B. perijaensis, B. vinagrera (Begoniaceae, CL, 2021), Begonia embera (Begoniaceae, CL, 2022), Begonia galea (Begoniaceae, BL, 2022), Begonia piranga (Begoniaceae, BR, 2021), Begonia pseudodendron (Begoniaceae, CL/EC, 2022), Bixa atlantica (Bixaceae, BR, 2022), Apeiba trombetensis (Malvaceae, BR, 2012), Ayenia albiflora (Malvaceae, BR, 2022), Callianthe capixabae (Malvaceae, BR, 2022), Eriotheca alversonii (Malvaceae, BR, 2020), Hibiscus marioniae (Malvaceae, GU, 2022), Pseudobombax furadense (Malvaceae, BR, 2022), Quararibea alversonii (Malvaceae, BR, 2022), Quararibea bovinii (Malvaceae, BR, 2021), Sida nordestinensis (Malvaceae, BR, 2020), Triumfetta decaglandulata (Malvaceae, BR, 2022), Waltheria marielleae (Malvaceae, BR, 2022), Cuphea araguaiaensis, C. auriflora, C. praetermissa (Lythraceae, BR, 2023), Cuphea dryadica, C. venosa (Lythraceae, BR, 2022), Vochysia carol-scottii (Vochysiaceae, CL, 2021), Vochysia pongo-qonecensis (Vochysiaceae, PR, 2022), Vochysia sobralii (Vochysiaceae, BR, 2022), Eugenia aeterna (Myrtaceae, BR, 2023), Eugenia bragae (Myrtaceae, BR, 2022), Eugenia cabofriana, E. longimitra, E. pachypoda (Myrtaceae, BR, 2022), Eugenia canumana, E. humaitana, E. jutai, E. multilocellata, E. seislagoana, E. xinguana (Myrtaceae, BR, 2022), Eugenia quilombola (Myrtaceae, BR, 2022), Eugenia buenaventurensis, E. cherimolioides, E. gloriae, E. linaresii, E. melocactoides, E. vallecaucana, Myrcia cabrerae, M. chocoensis, M. glaucocarpa, M. ramirezii, M. samanensis, M. sancarlosiana, M. toledoana (Myrtaceae, CL, 2021), Eugenia nordestina (Myrtaceae, BR, 2022), Eugenia paranapanemensis (Myrtaceae, BR, 2022), Eugenia reperta (Myrtaceae, BR, 2022), Eugenia saxatilis (Myrtaceae, BR, 2021), Eugenia delicata, E. superba (Myrtaceae, BR, 2023), Myrcia longipetiolata (Myrtaceae, BR, 2021), Myrcia chrysotrichoma, M. ribeirensis (Myrtaceae, BR, 2021), Myrcia garuvana (Myrtaceae, BR, 2022), Myrcia stellaris (Myrtaceae, BR, 2021), Myrcia psamophila (Myrtaceae, BR, 2019), Plinia vilabela (Myrtaceae, BR, 2021), Acisanthera saxatilis (Melastomataceae, BR, 2022), Allomaieta pterocalycina (Melastomataceae, CL, 2021), Alloneuron trinervium (Melastomataceae, CL, 2022), Boyania kenwurdackii (Melastomataceae, GU, 2022), Chaetogastra cogniauxiana (Melastomataceae, BR, 2021), Comolia abaetensis (Melastomataceae, BR, 2021), Macrocentrum aurimontium (Melastomataceae, BR, 2021), Marcetia auricularia, M. santosiae, M. unguiculata (Melastomataceae, BR, ?), Meriania bicentenaria, M. vasquezii, M. bongarana, M. callosa, M. juanjil, M. hirsuta, M. megaphylla, M. sumatika, M. escalerensis (Melastomataceae, PR, 2022), Miconia florbella, M. valenzuelana (Melastomataceae, PR, 2021), Miconia waimiri-atroari (Melastomataceae, BR, 2021), Miconia lucenae (Melastomataceae, BR, 2020), Miconia quartzicola, M. spiritusanctensis (Melastomataceae, BR, 2022), Microlicia ascendens, M. barbata, M. daneui, M. piatensis, M. prostrata, M. tetramera (Melastomataceae, BR, 2022), Microlicia barretoana, M. longifolia (Melastomataceae, BR, 2021), Microlicia bicolor, M. pataroi (Melastomataceae, BR, 2022), Microlicia coronata (Melastomataceae, BR, 2022), Microlicia decumbens, M. macaubensis (Melastomataceae, BR, 2022), Microlicia johnwurdackiana, M.deflexa (Melastomataceae, BR, 2021), Microlicia gracilis, M. xylopodifera (Melastomataceae, BR, 2020), Microlicia gertii, M. purpurata, M. trianae (Melastomataceae, BR, 2021), Microlicia angelana, M. debilis (Melastomataceae, BR, 2022), Microlicia piauiensis (Melastomataceae, BR, 2022), Microlicia schwackeana (Melastomataceae, BR, 2022), Microlicia woodgyeriana (Melastomataceae, BR, 2021), Microlicia windschii (Melastomataceae, BR, 2020), Microlicia joaosemiriana, M. longiglandulosa, M. jolyana (Melastomataceae, BR, 2021), Pleroma brevicomosum, P. caetanoi, P. miconiifolium, P. petrophylax (Melastomataceae, BR, 2022), Pleroma joelsilvae (Melastomataceae, BR, 2022), Pleroma piranii (Melastomataceae, BR, 2022), Pleroma barbellatum (Melastomataceae, BR, 2022), Pleroma congestifolium, P. martinellii (Melastomataceae, BR, 2023), Tryssophyton quadrifolius (Melastomataceae, GU, 2019), Astronium woodii (Sapindaceae, BL, 2021), Schinus congestiflora, S. obliqua, S. tarijensis, S. villosa (Anacardiaceae, BL, 2022), Trattinnickia zickeliana, T. nebulae, T. dalyana (Meliaceae, BR, 2021), Ruagea obovata, R. beckii, R. parvifructa (Meliaceae, EC[3], PR[1,3], BL[1,2], 2021), Amyris pacis (Rutaceae, CL, 2022), Conchocarpus kallunkiae (Rutaceae, CL, 2021), Helietta hirsuta (Rutaceae, CL, 2023), Lubaria heterophylla (Rutaceae, CL, 2021), Spiranthera sp. (Rutaceae, PR, 2022), Zanthoxylum complexum, Z. kallunkiae, Z. pluvimontanum (Rutaceae, EC, 2022), Thinouia cazumbensis (Sapindaceae, BR, 2020), Capparidastrum alboannulatum (Capparaceae, CL, 2020), Eudema [Brayopsis] arequipa (Brassicaceae, PR, 2022), Vascocellea badilloi (Caricaceae, PR, 2020), Guapira fundacionensis, G. guasarensis (Nyctaginaceae, VZ, 2022), Neea campanulata (Nyctaginaceae, BR, 2021), Neea gustaviaefolia (Nyctaginaceae, CL, 2021), Coccoloba gigantifolia (Polygonaceae, BR, 2019), Arthrocereus grandiflorus (Cactaceae, BR, 2021), Cumulopuntia flexibilispina (Cactaceae, BL, 2021), Melocactus pachycephalus, M. alex-bragae (Cactaceae, BR, 2021), Caiophora vallegrandensis (Loasaceae, AR, 2022), Xylopodia laurensis (Loasaceae, AR/BL, 2022), Loasa chrysantha (Loasaceae, CH, 2022), Cathedra rupestris (Aptandraceae, BR, 2021), Heisteria longipedicellata (Erythropalaceae, BR, 2021), Aetanthus alternifolius (Loranthaceae, CL, 2021), Dendrophthora kuijtiana (Santalaceae, VZ, 2022), Lissocarpa bracki (Ebenacaee, PR, 2020), Eschweilera podoaquilae (Lecythidacae, EC, 2023), Eschweilera brevipetiolata (Lecythidacae, CL, 2023), Ternstroemia bahiensis, T. rupestris, T. megaphylla, T. longipetiolata (Pentaphyllacaceae, BR, 2021), Lysimachia abscondita, L. campestris, L. catharinensis, L. longipedicellata, L. parvula (Primulaceae, BR, 2021), Chromolucuma brevipedicellata (Sapotaceae, BR, 2021), Chrysophyllum lancisepalum (Sapotaceae, BR, 2021), Laplacea plicata (Theaceae, EC, 2022), Agarista revolutissima (Ericaceae, BR, 2022), Plutarchia dolos (Ericaceae, CL, 2019), Psammisia murriensis (Ericaceae, CL, 2022), Themistoclesia diminuta (Ericaceae, CL, 2022), Johnstonella punensis (Boraginaceae, CH, 2022), Keraunea bullata , K. confusa , K. velutina (Ehretiaceae, BR, 2023), Cordia obtusiloba (Cordiaceae, BR, 2021), Varronia minensis (Cordiaceae, BR, 2022), Euploca decorticans (Heliotropiaceae, BR, 2022), Euploca riochiquensis (Heliotropiaceae, BL, 2022), Myriopus elinae (Heliotropiaceae, BR, 2022), Borreria kelleri (as Spermacocce here, Rubiaceae, AR/PAR, 2022), Borreria savannicola (Rubiaceae, BR, 2022), Galianthe holmneielsenii (Rubiaceae, CL/EQ, 2021), Hippotis antioquiana, H. ecuatoriana, H. elegantula, H. vasqueziana, Schradera cernua, S. francoae, S. condorica, S. morindoides (Rubiaceae, CL[1,5,6], EC[2,3,7,8], PR[4,8], 2019), Mitracarpus semirianus (Rubiaceae, BR, 2022), Paganuccia icatuensis (Rubiaceae, BR, 2021), Palicourea aristata, P. quibdoana, P. santanderiana, P. winfriedii(Rubiaceae, VZ[1,5], EC[2], CL[3,4], 2021), Psyllocarpus itakangapyra, P. vianae (Rubiaceae, BR, 2022), Rudega approuaguensis, R. glomerulata, R. graniticola, R. itoupensis, R. jadinii, R. leucocarpa (Rubiceae, GF[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], SR[3, 6], BR[6], 2022), Rudgea barbosae, R. campanana, R. cardenasii, R. chocoana, R. elegans, R. homeieri, R. inflata, R. retiniphylloides, R. sanluisensis, R. suberosa, R. zappiae (Rubiaceae, CL[1,3,4,7,8,9], EC[4,6,10,11], BR[7], PR[5,10], 2021), Rudgea billietiae (Rubiaceae, GF, 2022), Rudgea infundibuliformis (Rubiaceae, BR, 2022), Staelia schumannii (Rubiaceae, BR, 2021), Tournefortiopsis [G.] crassifolia, T. [G.] deviana, T. [G] robusta , T. [G] sopkinii, T. [G] tamboana (Rubiaceae, CL, 2021), Aspidosperma dardanoanum (Apocynaceae, BR, 2021), Forsteronia manausana, F. nitida, F. paraensis, F. prancei (Apocynaceae, BR;BR;BR/SR;BR, 2019), Gonolobus rumihuilcanus (Apocynaceae, EC, 2022), Hemipogon trilobatus (Apocynaceae, BR, 2020), Mandevilla bullata (Apocynaceae, BR, 2020), Mandevilla declinata, M. fornograndensis, M. mysteriosa, M. obovata (Apocynaceae, BR, 2022), Oxypetalum kassneri (Apocynaceae, BR, 2021), Oxypetalum timbense (Apocynaceae, BR, 2022), Petalostelma atlanticum (Apocynaceae, BR, 2021), Philibertia woodii (Apocynaceae, BL, 2021), Ruehssia quirinopolensis (Apocynaceae, BR, 2021), Symphyllophyton sp.1, S. sp.2, S. sp.3, S. sp.4 (Gentianaceae, BR, 2021), Voyria bicolor (Gentianaceae, GF, 2022), Bonamia eustachioi (Convolvulaceae, BR, 2021), Dicranostyles yrypoana (Convolvulaceae, BR, 2023), Evolvulus aureus (Convolvulaceae, BR, 2023), Evolvulus longipedicellatus (Convolvulaceae, BR, 2022), Evolvulus saxatilis (Convolvulaceae, BR, 2020), Evolvulus veadeirensis (Convolvulaceae, BR, 2022), Cuscuta mantiqueirana (Convolvulaceae, BR, 2021), Ipomoea bonsai (Convolvulaceae, BR, 2020), Ipomoea lanifolia (Convolvulaceae, BR, 2021), Jacquemontia atlantica (Convolvulaceae, BR, 2022), Jacquemontia boliviana, J. chuquisacensis, J. cuspidata, J. longipedunculata, J. mairae (Convolvulaceae, BL, 2022), Athenaea altoserranae, A. hunzikeriana (Solanaceae, BR, 2021), Calibrachoa atropurpurea, C. synanthera (Solanaceae, BR, 2022), Doselia galilensis (Solanaceae, CL, 2022), Lycianthes amazonica (Solanaceae, BR, 2021), Nicotiana rupicola (Solanaceae, CH, 2022), Nicotiana gandarela (Solanaceae, BR, 2022), Schizanthus nutantiflorus (Solanaceae, CH, 2021), Solanum bohsii (Solanaceae, CL, 2022), Anemopaegma kawense (Bignoniaceae, GF, 2021), Handroanthus abayoy (Bignoniaceae, BL, 2022), Calceolaria flavida Lavandero (Calceolariaceae, CH, 2021), Besleria naquenensis (Gesneriaceae, CL, ?), Besleria azulensis, B. vanderwerffii (Gesneriaceae, PR, 2021), Besleria sp. (Gesneriaceae, CL, 2021), Columnea angulata, C. floribunda, C. tecta (Gesneriaceae, EC[1, 2, 3], CL[3], 2021), Columnea fluidifolia, C. pendens (Gesneriaceae, EC/CL, 2022), Drymonia intermedia, D. longiflora (Gesneriaceae, EC[1,2], CL[2], 2022), Drymonia peponifera (Gesneriaceae, EC, 2022), Glossoloma wiehleri (Gesneriaceae, EC, 2021), Glossoloma magenticristatum (Gesneriaceae, CL, 2023), Monopyle glutinosa (Gesneriaceae, EC, 2022), Paradrymonia vivianensis (Gesneriaceae, PR, 2021), Pearcea lutea (Gesneriaceae, EC, 2022), Sinningia ganevii, S. sulphurea (Gesneriaceae, BR, 2022), Cyanocephalus glocimarii (Lamiaceae, BR, 2021), Eriope orlandoi (Lamiaceae, BR, 2023), Hyptidendron cerradoense (Lamiaceae, BR, 2022), Hyptidendron pulcherrimum (Lamiaceae, BR, 2021), Hyptis melittiflora (Lamiaceae, BR, 2021), Hyptis spathulata Harley, H. cachimboensis (Lamiaceae, BR, 2021), Hyptis pastorei (Lamiaceae, BR, 2019), Oocephalus rhodocalyx (Lamiaceae, BR, 2021), Oocephalus viscaria (Lamiaceae, BR, 2019), Oocephalus griseus, O. campestris (Lamiaceae, BR, 2022), Salvia celendina (Lamiaceae, PR, 2021), Vitex pomerana (Lamiaceae, BR, 2022), Ameroglossum xukuruorum, A. asperifolium, A. intermedium, A. bicolor, A. fulniorum, A. alatum, A. genaroanum (Linderniaceae, BR, 2021), Agalinis marianae (Orobanchaceae, BR, 2022), Bacopa llanorum (Plantaginaceae, VZ, 2020), Plantago campestris (Plantaginaceae, BR, 2021), Lippia crucifera (Verbenaceae, BR, 2021), Lippia raoniana (Verbenaceae, BR, 2021), Stachytarpheta brevibracteata, S. longipedicellata, S. minasensis, S. ratteri (Verbenaceae, BR, 2022), Stachytarpheta flavovirescens, S. salimenae (Verbenaceae, BR, 2021), Stachytarpheta olearyana, S. vianae (Verbenaceae, BR, 2022), Dyschoriste eulinae, D. vinacea (Acanthaceae, BR, 2022), Harpochilus corrugatus (Acanthaceae, BR, 2022), Justicia montealegrensis, J. multiglandulosa, J. paraensis (Acanthaceae, BR, 2021), Justicia pusilla (Acanthaceae, BR, 2021), Justicia espiritosantensis (Acanthaceae, BR, 2022), Odontonema peruvianum (Acanthaceae, PR, 2019), Ruellia curupira, R. fulozinha, R. insurrecta, R. jiboia, R. taboleirana (Acanthaceae, BR, 2020), Ruellia umbrosa (Acanthaceae, BR, 2022), Ruellia whitneyana (Acanthaceae, BL, 2022), Sanchezia dubia (Acanthaceae, PR, 2021), Stenostephanus atrocalyx, S. densiflorus (Acanthaceae, PR, 2019), Stenostephanus borarum, S. brevistamineus(Acanthaceae, PR, 2022), Pinguicula chuquisacensis (Lentibulariaceae, BL, 2008), Utricularia amotape-huancabambensis (Lentibulariaceae, PR, 2021), Utricularia ariramba, U. jaramacaru (Lentibulariaceae, BR, 2020), Utricularia chapadensis, U. lunaris, U. pantaneira (Lentibulariaceae, BR, 2022), Burmeistera chrysothrix, B. crocodila, B. erosa, B. lingulata, B. sierrazulensis, B. valdiviana (Campanulaceae, EC, 2021), Siphocampylus flavescens (Campanulaceae, BR, 2022), Calea arachnoidea (Asteraceae, BR, 2021), Calea funkiana (Asteraceae, BR, 2021), Calea pruskiana, C. subintegerrima (Asteraceae, BR, 2022), Calea repanda (Asteraceae, BR, 2022), Calea sessilifolia (Asteraceae, BR, 2022), Calea grandiflora (Asteraceae, BR, 2023), Cololobus ruschianus (Asteraceae, BR, 2021), Diplostephium paposanum (Asteraceae, CH, 2022), Eremanthus tomentosus, Lychnophora goiana, L. planaltina (Asteraceae, BR, 2022), Espeletia ocetana (Asteraceae, CL, 2021), Espeletia saboyana (Asteraceae, CL, 2022), Heterocondylus penninervius (Asteraceae, BR, 2021), Heterocypsela brachylepis (Asteraceae, BR, 2020), Leucheria cantillanensis (Asteraceae, CH, 2020), Lepidaploa restingae (Asteraceae, BR, 2021), Lepidaploa campirupestris, Lessingianthus petraeus (Asteraceae, BR, 2021), Lychnocephalus cipoensis, L. grazielae, L. jolyanus (Asteraceae, BR, 2021), Lychnophora osanyiniana (Asteraceae, BR, 2021), Lychnophora pseudovillosissima (Asteraceae, BR, 2022), Lychnocephalus canus (Asteraceae, BR, 2022), Mikania mellosilvae (Asteraceae, BR, 2021), Mikania semirii, M. funkiae (Asteraceae, BR 2022), Pectis loiolae (Asteraceae, BR, 2021), Pentacalia atrovinosa (Asteraceae, EC, 2023), Piptolepis rosmariniifolia (Asteraceae, BR, 2019), Piptolepis corymbosa, P. pilosa, P. procumbens (Asteraceae, BR, 2021), Porophyllum woodii (Asteraceae, BL, 2020), Praxelis scaturicola (Asteraceae, BR, 2021), Rockhausenia [Werneria] huascarana, Rockhausenia [W.] rockhauseniana (Asteraceae, PR, 2020), Rockhausenia [Werneria] praetermissa (Asteraceae, AR/BL, 2021), Senecio sp. 1, Senecio sp. 2 (Asteraceae, PR, 2021), Senecio ephemerus (Asteraceae, CH, 2022), Senecio scapioides (Asteraceae, CL, 2020), Valeriana praecipitis (Caprifoliaceae, CH, 2022), Valeriana plateadensis, V. yacuriensis, V. xenophylloides (Caprifoliaceae, EC, 2023), Sciodaphyllum basiorevolutum, S. chachapoyense, S. rufilanceolatum (Araliaceae, EC; PR; EC/CL, 2021), S. montanum, S. undulatum (Araliaceae, CL, 2021), S. merinoi, S. purocafeanum, S. recaldiorum, S. zunacense (Araliaceae, EC, 2021), Eryngium absconditum (Apiaceae, PAR, 2022).



NOTES ABOUT VPA REVISION IN APRIL 3, 2023


List of 720 notes made comparing the original VPA list with other sources for editing the 1st version of the text.




  • ORDERS WITHOUT NOTES: Acorales, AUSTROBAYLEIACEAE, BERBERIDOPSIDALES, CANELLALES, CARDIOPTERIDALES, CHLORANTHALES, CROSSOSSOMATALES, DILLENIALES, ESCALLONIALES, GARRYALES, GUNNERALES, HUERTALES, ICACINALES, METTENIUSALES, ONCOTHECALES, PARACRIPHIALES, Petrosaviales, Picramniales, Proteales, Trochondrales, Vahliales.




    • ■ SPECIES EXCLUDEDS IN GENERA ALSO EXCLUDEDS:

    1. Typhonium blumei (by POWO), Cocus nucifera (by POWO), Tribulus longipetalus (Flora of Pakistan), T. zeyheri (Flora of Zimbabue).



    ■ SOLANALES

    1. Hydrolea zeylanica, cited for Peru in VPA, is excluded based on Flora of China).



    ■ MALPIGHIALES

    1. Goupia glabra is referred here also in Guatemala, Phytologia).