SYSTEMATIC 4
subfamilies, three in South America and Stratiotoideae
(1/1, Europe, temperate Asia) unknown.
1.
SUBFAMILY HYDROCHARITOIDEAE (1/5)
A single
genus.
1. Hydrocharis L.
Freshwater; stems contracted, roots branched; leaves uniforme. 5 spp., three in
Old World, and two in American fresh waters, H. laevigata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Byng &
Christenh
in the Neotropics, from Mexico to tropical South America, other from SE USA
2.
SUBFAMILY ANACHARIDOIDEAE (7/51-52)
Outsiders Appertiella
(1, Madagascar), Blyxa (12, tropical Africa, Madagascar, tropical and
subtropical Asia to tropical Australia and islands in W Pacific) and Lagarosiphon
(9, tropical and S Africa, Madagascar).
2.
Elodea Michx. Freshwater,
roots unbranched; stems horizontal or stoloniferous; leaves uniforme, leaves
sometimes submerse. 9 spp., 3 in North America in Canada and USA, one from
Ecuador to Chile, one from Uruguay to Argentina, two from S Brazil to
Argentina, one up to Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, E. heterostemon (S.Koehler
& C.P.Bove) Byng & Christenh. occurs only in Araguaia Basin
center Brazil in Mato Grosso and Goiás states, and E. granatensis Humb. & Bonpl. from
Ecuador to French Guiana, Bolivia and Brazil up to Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo
states.
E.
densa (Planch.) Casp. is almost
cosmopolitan due to its invasive nature.
3. Ottelia
Persson. Freshwater; roots unbranched, stems contracted; leaves differentiable
in petiole and blade, linear at juvenile; stipules absent. 21 spp., 20 in Old
World and one in New World, O. brasiliensis (Planch.)
Walp., native to the fresh waters of the S South America, in over
Brazil, Paraguay and NE Argentina.
3.
SUBFAMILY HYDRILLOIDEAE (8/60–65)
Three
tribes, Vallisnerieae (3/16, tropical and subtropical regions on both
hemispheres, with their largest diversity in the Old World) does not occur in
South America.
3.1 HYDRILLOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE NAJADEAE (2/c.
40) - outsider Hydrilla (1; temperate regions in Europe, North
and E Africa, Asia and N and E Australia).
4. Najas L. Monoecious or rarely dioecious, perennial or rarely annual
herbs erect, caulescent, glabrous, entirely submersed; leaves uniforme. 39 spp.
in fresh waters worldwide, 10 spp. are native to the New World: N. marina
L. cosmopolitan, two disjuncts in Old World and areas in North America, N.
flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & W.L.E.Schmidt is Holartic up to Mexico, N.
filifolia R.R.Haynes endemic to SE USA, N. wrightiana A.Braun from Mexico
to Venezuela, NE Bolivia, Bahamas and Cuba, and four widely in tropical South
America: N. affinis Rendle disjunct in Africa, two also in America
Central and Caribbean, and N. guadalupensis (Spreng.) Magnus one up to S
USA. 5 spp. in Brazil, none endemic.
3.2 HYDRILLOIDEAE
▸TRIBE HALOPHILEAE (3/22)
‣ outsider Enhalus (1; tropical Asia to W
Pacific).
5. Halophila Thouars. Marine perennials; stems creeping or stoloniferous; leaves
differentiable in petiole and blade; stipules present. 17 spp., 3 in New World, one in
northern Caribbean Basin, and two in South America: H. baillonis Asch.
ex Dickie, from Costa Rica to N. Venezuela, Caribbean, NE Brazil (Paraíba,
Pernambuco and Piauí states), and H. decipiens Ostenf., the only
seagrass that can be considered to be pantropic.
Both species occur in normal seawater (3,5%), and are restricted to warmer waters and
were not found further south than Rio de Janeiro State, being especially common
on the NE coast at depths down to 62 m; Den
Hartog (1970a) refers to H. decipiens as a sciaphilous spp., occurring
down to a depth of 85 m. We have examined material collected at depths ranging
from 0 to 62 m below LWST level; when found among the extensive populations of Halodule
wrightii, the spp. forms very dense, but small, colonies.
6. Thalassia
Banks
ex König. Marine herbs, leaves uniforme, submerged, long but strait; marine
perennials dioecious. Two spp., T. hemprichii (Solms)
Aschers. in Indo-Pacific Ocean and T. testudinum Banks & Sol. ex
K.D.Koenig in to the salt waters of the Caribbean from Florida to Caribbean,
Colombia and Venezuela.
ALISMATACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 22, 2024
Genera/spp.
18/c. 90 Distribution almost cosmopolitan, with the highest diversity in
North and South America. Habit usually bisexual (sometimes unisexual: in
Sagittaria monoecious or polygamomonoecious, in Limnophyton
polygamomonoecious, in Burnatia dioecious), usually perennial (rarely
annual) herbs. Aquatic or helophytic. Tuberous stem, corm or stolons sometimes
present.
4 genera
and 37 spp. in Brazil. All marsh or aquatic plants, leaves erect or
floating. 8 genera in New World. The center of diversity of Echinodorus is the
Neotropical region. All spp. of this genus occur in the Neotropics. Helianthium
is a genus endemic to the Neotropics, occurring mainly in South America; Sagittaria
is a genus distributed predominantly in the western hemisphere, with about 12
species occurring in the Neotropics. Some North American species are cultivated
as pond ornamental plants.
Use
Ornamental plants, aquarium plants, vegetables (corms and roots of Sagittaria,
leaves of Limnocharis), forage plants. Some native
spp. includes aquarium and pond ornamental plants. Some spp. of Sagittaria have an edible
rhizomatous stem. Leaves of Echinodorus
grandiflorus (Cham
& Schltdl) Micheli are used in popular medicine. Pollen
collecting bees pollinate many spp. of Echinodorus.
Sagittaria and
some spp. of Echinodorus
present floral nectaries.
Key to
genera of Neotropical Alismataceae
1. Yellow or yellowish
flowers - 3
3. Leaves glaucous; carpels
numerous, semicircular; styles absent; seeds with transversal ribs. ------------ Limnocharis
3. Leaves light green;
carpels 3-8, linear-lanceolate; styles conspicuous; seeds glandular-pubescent ------------ Hydrocleys
1. White or more rarely pink
flowers - 4
4. Pseudostoloniferous herbs.
Inflorescence umbelliform with up to three whorls. ------------ Helanthium
4. Rhizomatous herbs.
Inflorescence a raceme-like or panicle-like cyme or a panicle-like cyme with
several whorls - 5
5. Flowers hermaphrodite or
pistillate (gynodioecious species) ------------ Aquarius/Echinodorus
5. Flowers unisexual
(monoecious plants), sepals without longitudinal ribs ------------ Sagittaria
SYSTEMATIC three
clades, all in South America.
A.
LIMNOCHARIS CLADE ‣ outsiders
are Burnatia (1; tropical to S Africa), Butomopsis (1; tropical
Africa, South Asia to N Australia), Albidella (1; tropical Africa,
coastal areas along the Indian Ocean to tropical Australia, Yucatán and Cuba), Ranalisma
(2; tropical Africa; India, SE Asia, S China), Caldesia (3; C, S and E
Europe, Africa, Asia to tropical Australia) and Limnophyton (7; tropical
Africa, Madagascar, S and SE Asia, Malesia, Australia).
1. Hydrocleys Rich. Plants submersed; stems short, stolons; leaves basal;
inflorescence few to many on long septate scape. 5 spp. from Mexico to South
America, two widely from Mexico or America Central to Brazil and Uruguay, and three
restricted to Brazil and adjacent Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Bolivia.
2. Limnocharis Humb. & Bonpl. Emersed herbs; stems short,
rhizomatous, often stoloniferous; inflorescence up to 10, on aseptate scapes,
occasionally proliferating. Two spp., both all widely distributed
from USA to S South America, both collected in Brazil.
B. TROPICAL
CLADE ‣ all genera in South America.
3. Aquarius Christenh. & Byng. Monoclinous emersed
herbs, perennials; leaves erect. 26 spp. from USA
to Chile and Uruguay, all in South America, 22 in Brazil, 7 endemic, some
amphi-tropical; three
spp.
are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
4.
Helianthium Benth & Hook. f. Monoclinous emersed herbs; leaves erect. Three
spp., one restricted to Jamaica and Guadaloupe and two from Mexico or USA to South
America, both in Brazil.
5. Sagittaria Rupp. ex L. Herbs perennial or rarely annual, submersed,
emerse or floating leaves; inflorescence erect, floating or submersed, flowers
imperfect. 43 spp., subcosmopolitan, 34 in New World: 24 in North America, two
of them up to Mexico, two up to Cuba, and one up to Panama, one endemic to
Mexico, remaining 10 in South America, some highly disjuncts, other scatterad.
6 spp. in Brazil, none endemic.
C. ALISMATEAE (5/20) ‣ outisiders
Luronium (1, western Europe to Scandinavia), Damasonium (6, West
and Central Europe, Mediterranean, Russia, W and Central Asia, India, N Africa,
SE Australia, Tasmania, W USA), Baldellia (3, Azores, Europe, the
Mediterranean to Turkey, Morocco) and Alisma (9, temperate regions on
the Northern Hemisphere).
6. Echinodorus
Rich. Annual herbs, with winged ribs
in achenes. Only one sp., E. berteroi (Spreng.) Fassett, from C USA to Bolivia, also in Argentina, Paraguay
and Guyana, but absemt in Brazil.
JUNCAGINACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
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IN POWO ON JUNE 22, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp. 3/35
Distribution cold-temperate regions in the Northern and Southern
Hemispheres. Habit bisexual, monoecious or polygamomonoecious (in Tetroncium
dioecious), usually perennial (rarely annual) herbs. Aquatic or helophytic, in
fresh or brackish water.
The
Juncaginaceae occupy a variety of habitats. Triglochin
usually occurs in marshes that are brackish or have high concentrations of
marl, and in high mountain meadows of the Andes. A
subcosmopolitan family of 5 genera and c. 13 spp.
SYSTEMATIC outsider only Cycnogeton (8, Australia and New Guinea).
1. Tetroncium
Willd.
Emeresed perennial with delicate, fibrous roots. Only one sp., T. magellanicum Willd., in
Tierra del Fuego, Patagonia, and the Falkland Islands.
2. Triglochin L. Emersed perennial, annual or perennial ‘grass-like’ herbs,
occasionally tuberous; stems short, leaves few, characterised by sheathing
leaves with ligules or auricles and spike-like inflorescences. 26 spp.,
cosmopolitan, six spp. native to the coastal marshes of the New World, in six
different patterns of distribution: E North America, Holartic, amphitropical
North/South America, Mexico, New World/Africa disjucnt, and widely in New
World, the two latters in Brazil: T. scilloides (Poir.)
Mering & Kadereit, native to temperate and tropical montane marshes, from
Canada to Chile, Argentina and S Rio Grande do Sul state in S Brazil, mainly in
high mountain meadows of the Andes, and T. striata Ruiz. &
Pavon from S Africa, Oceania, North America, Caribbean, Peru to Uruguay and S
Brazil.
Triglochin
is probably best known for its coastal salt marsh species found in most
temperate regions of the world; however, species of Triglochin occur in
a wide variety of wet to dry habitats such as estuaries, seasonal wetlands
(vernal pools, rock pools), and semi-desert inland habitats from sea level to
up to ca. 5,000 m altitude, extremely abundant in soils so heavily laden with
marl or salts that the soil surface is white, especially on highs.
RUPPIACEAE
§ SEA
GRASSES (Heterozostera –
Ruppia – Halodule -
Syringodium – Halophila – Thalassia)
§ REFERENCE:
AS IN POWO ON JUNE 22, 2024
Genera/spp.
1/11 Distribution cosmopolitan except polar areas. Mainly in coastal
marine environments. Habit bisexual, usually annual (rarely perennial)
herbs; Aquatic in salt or brackish (rarely fresh) water. Submersed. Shoot
apices usually not transformed into turions (present in Ruppia tuberosa J.S.Davis
& P.B.Tomlinson).
A subcosmopolitan family of 1 genus (Ruppia L.) and 11
species, in fresh and brackish waters of coastal as well as inland Neotropics,
up to 4,000m high in freshwater pounds in Andes. Ruppiaceae are useful in
stabilizing substrates and removing suspended particles from the water column.
SYSTEMATIC a
single genus.
1. Ruppia L. Annual or rarely perennial submersed glabrous herbs
growing in fresh and brackish waters; stems slender, often dimorphic. 11 spp.,
4 in New World, R. cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande, widely in northern
Hemisphere with populations in Argentina; R. didyma Sw. ex Wikstr. from
Mexico and Caribbean; R. filifolia (Phil.) Skottsb. from Peru to
Argentina and Falkland Is.; and R. maritima L., cosmopolitan on shores
of Lakes and Oceans, distibutelly over Brazilian coast, Piauí to Ceará, Pernambuco to
Alagoas, and Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul, in brackish water
ponds and lakes, with salinities varying from 0.3 to 28 ppm, and a
widely distributed species worldwide.
CYMODOCEACEAE
§ SEA
GRASSES (Heterozostera – Ruppia – Halodule -
Syringodium –
Halophila – Thalassia)
§ REFERENCE:
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IN POWO ON JUNE 22, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp. 6/18
Distribution tropical and subtropical coastal marine areas; some spp. in
warm-temperate seas (around Australia, in Mediterranean). Habit monoecious
or dioecious, perennial herbs. Marine. Submersed. Rhizome in Cymodocea, Halodule
and Syringodium herbaceous, monopodially branched, in Amphibolis
and Thalassodendron lignified, sympodially branched.
A sub
cosmopolitan family of 5 genera and c.16 spp. Two genera comprising 5 spp.
occur in the Neotropics. Submerged marine aquatics growing in shallow waters.
Leaves alternate (distichous), simple. Commonly known as sea-grasses or manatee
grasses. Cymodoceaceae occur in shallow, coastal, tropical or subtropical
waters. They can form extensive submarine meadows in shallow, clear waters with
minimal wave action. Some are important in the stabilization of shallow marine
sediments, nutrient recycling, and as food sources for grazing marine animals.
Monoecious or dioecious, perennial herbs. Marine. Submersed. Rhizome in Cymodocea,
Halodule and Syringodium herbaceous, monopodially branched, in Amphibolis
and Thalassodendron lignified, sympodially branched.
Commonly
known as sea-grasses or manatee grasses. Cymodoceaceae occur in shallow,
coastal, tropical or subtropical waters. They can form extensive submarine
meadows in shallow, clear waters with minimal wave action; some are important
in the stabilization of shallow marine sediments, nutrient recycling, and as
food sources for grazing marine animals.
Key to
genera of Neotropical Cymodoceaceae
1.
Leaf blade distinctly terete; many flowers in conspicuous cymose inflorescences
------------ Syringodium
1.
Leaf blade linear, flat; inflorescence 1-flowered or 2 flowers resembling a
single flower ------------ Halodule
SYSTEMATIC outsiders
Amphibolis (2, coastal marine waters along W and S Australia), Cymodocea
(4, coastal marine waters along Canary Islands, Mediterranean, W Africa,
tropical Asia to the Pacific) and Thalassodendron (3, coastal marine
waters along E Africa including the Red Sea, W Indian Ocean, East Malesia and W
and NE Australia).
1. Halodule
Endl. Rhizome monopodially branched, herbaceous
seagrasses; leaf blade narrow, linear with dentate apex. 7 spp., two in Old
World, and 5 in New World: Panamá and Bermuda one endemic each; H.
beaudettei (Hartog) Hartog, in the
Madagascar, Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean, and along the Pacific coast from
Panamá to Mexico, and 5,500 km distant population on NE Brazilian coast; H.
emarginata Hartog, endemic to SE Brazil (unique
sea-grass endemic to Brazil), from central
Piauí to the northern part of São Paulo states, on sheltered shores, on
fine sediment substrate, in salinities around 35 ppml; and H.
wrightii Asch., from W. trop. Africa,
SE. USA, Mexico to Venezuela and Colombia, Caribbean, E Brazil, and is the
only sea grass found in all continents except Antartida, occurring around
Atlantic Ocean, and only sea grass that occur in E, W Africa and Fernando de
Noronha Is., Brazil (discovery in 2020).
On the northeast coast of Brazil, H. wrightii forms extensive beds on large areas behind the reef edges, being
associated with several spp. of algae, particularly Siphonales, Dictyotales and
Ceramiales. In some places, such as Ilha de Itamaraca, drifted leaves of this
species pile on the beaches in large quantities.
2. Syringodium
Kutz.
Rhizome monopodially branched, herbaceous seagrasses;
leaf blade terete. Two spp., S. isoetifolium (Asch.) Dandy
in the Indo-West Pacific and S. filiforme Kütz. from USA to
Venezuela, Caribbean, common in Colombia coasts forming vast meadows.
ZOSTERACEAE
§ SEA
GRASSES (Heterozostera –
Ruppia – Halodule - Syringodium – Halophila – Thalassia)
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 22, 2024
Genera/spp. 2/21
Distribution temperate coastal marine areas in the Northern and Southern
Hemispheres; some spp. in subtropical and tropical seas; almost absent around
South America. Habit monoecious (Zostera) or dioecious (Phyllospadix),
usually perennial (rarely annual) herbs. Marine (sometimes in brackish water).
Submersed. Main stem with monopodial growth. Branches leaf-opposite.
The family
generally occur in shallow coastal waters of temperate to subtropical regions,
all three genera just reaching into the Neotropics; perennial plants can form
extensive stands (often called submarine meadows) in shallow brackish and
saltwater areas with clear water and minimal wave action. Zosteraceae play an
important role in stabilization of shallow marine sediments.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders
Nanozostera (7, marine coastal waters on both hemispheres) and Phyllospadix
(6, marine coastal waters from China, Korean Peninsula and Japan to W North
America and NW Mexico).
1. Zostera
L.
Monoecious perennials with monopodially branched
herbaceous rhizomes; two unbranched roots and a vegetative shoot with two to
five leaves at each node; leaves alternate, distichous; male flower with two
free bilocular anthers, female flower with ovary containing one ovule; fruit,
an achene, ovoid to ellipsoid with a scarious pericarp; seed ovoid to
ellipsoid. 15 spp., waters off Arctic up to NW Mexico, E USA (only Z. marina
in both coasts of North America), Mauritania and Taiwan, also in Honduras,
Angola to Kenya, Caspian Lake, Mediterranean Sea, Bangladesh to Vietnan, New
Guinea to New Zealand, and Chile (Z. nigricaulis (J.Kuo) S.W.L.Jacobs
& Les, found only in three bays: Herradura Bay, Salado Bay and Tongoy Bay,
also in Australia).
POTAMOGETONACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS IN POWO ON JUNE 22, 2024 +
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp. 5/114
Distribution cosmopolitan except polar areas,
western Europe, northern Africa, SW Asia; southern Australia, Tasmania, New
Zealand; SW South Africa. Habit aquatic freshwater or brackish herbs. A
family of 5 genera occurring in fresh and brackish waters worldwide.
Fruits
provide the most important features in separating species of this family;
consequently one should always collect fruiting specimens; some species are
important foods for waterfowl and are also grown in aquaria; environmentally
some species are very important in substrate stabilization and in removing
particles from the water column.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders
Althenia (10, Atlantic coasts of Morocco and SW
Europe northwards to France, Mediterranean coasts, Türkiye, C Siberia, coastal
waters in Namibia and SW South Africa to E Cape) and Groenlandia (1,
W Europe, N Africa, SW Asia).
1. Potamogeton L.
Submersed, emersed, or floating herbs, some in semiaquatic habits. 90 spp.
worldwide, 43 in New World, up to Argentina; 14 in South America, 10 in Brazil,
three endemic, some in high mountains of central to Brazil, e.g. P.
scerocarpus K. Schum from high mountains of E Brazil, known only four
collection by SW Bahia, NE Goiás and n Minas Gerais, and the only sp. of this
family in Serra do Cipó.
2. Stuckenia Borner. Scale-like leaves in long sheats. 7 spp., subcosmopolitan,
4 occur in the Neotropics up to Argentina, two in Brazil, each composedly of a
unique recent record: S. filiformis (Persoon) Borner, in Junco Lake,
Bahia state, and another of S. pectinata (L.) Börner, collected in
the state of Rio Grande do Sul, both in 2011.
3. Zannichellia L. Submersed
helophytes herbs in freshwaters and brackish pounds; leaves scale-like. 6 spp.
near cosmopolitan, with two spp. in the Neotropics up to Argentina: Z.
andina Holm-Niels. & R.R. Haynes from Ecuador and Bolivia, and Z.
palustris L. from Flora
N America, Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Cono Sur and Brazil (S region, Paraná
and Rio Grande do Sul states).
10. ACORALES
ACORALES DOES NOT OCCUR IN SOUTH AMERICA, AND
IS COMPOSED OF A SINGLE FAMILY, ACORACEAE (1/2), BY POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
11. PETROSAVIALES
PETROSAVIALES DOES NOT OCCUR IN SOUTH AMERICA, AND IS COMPOSED OF A SINGLE FAMILY, PETROSAVIACEAE (2/3), BY POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
12. DIOSCOREALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: AFROTHISMIACEAE (1/16).
Merckx and
Smets (2014) found that Afrothismia was sister to Tacca plus
other Thismiaceae, based on ML and Bayesian analyses of sequences of nrDNA 18S
and mitochondrial atp1. Thus, three families (Taccaceae, Thismiaceae, and an
undescribed one including Afrothismia) may ultimately need to be
segregated from Dioscoreaceae s.l., which would swell the number of monocot
families to 80.
LINEAGE 1 of
2: NARTHERCIACEAE
NARTHECIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 14, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3.
Genera/spp.
5/37 Distribution W and E USA, W Europe, E Himalaya, E Asia, parts of W
Malesia; Nietneria: Venezuela, Brazil and Guyana. Habit usually
bisexual (rarely polygamous), perennial herbs. In one sp. of Aletris
corm; in Lophiola stolons.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders Aletris (23, E
Himalayas, E Asia, W Malesia, Canada, USA), Lophiola (1, SE
USA), Metanarthecium (1, Japan, Korea, Russia) and Narthecium
(8, USA, Japan, Türkiye to the Caucasus, W and N Europe, Corsica, Balkan
Peninsula).
1. Nietneria Klotzsch ex
Benth. Herbs perennial and rhizomes short; leaves
distichous and unifacial, linear; inflorescence a loose terminal corymbe, six
petaloid tapals; fruit a loculicidal capsule. Two spp., N. corymbosa Klotzsch & M.R. Schomb. ex B.D. Jacks from S Venezuela and N. paniculata Steyerm.,
widely distributed in the Guiana Shield in Venezuela, Guyana, and Mount Aracá
in Amazonas state, Brazil, in savannas and elfin forests on top of table
mountains, at elevations of 1,000-2,800 m.
LINEAGE 2 of
2: BURMANNIA + MYCOHETEROTROPHS + TACCA + DIOSCOREA
DIOSCOREACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 20, 2024
Genera/spp. 3/639
Distribution pantropical; some spp. in subtropical and warm-temperate
regions (Stenomeris in W Malesia). Habit bisexual (the ‘Stenomeris
clade’), or monoecious or dioecious, usually perennial herbs (often twining,
creeping or climbing). Rhizome usually tuberous, starchy. Roots sometimes
transformed into spines.
Key
differences from similar families
ü from
Smilacaceae:
No tendrils
(tendrils from petiole in Smilacaceae).
Basal and
apical pulvini (none in Smilicaceae).
Inflorescence
a spike/raceme or derived form (not an umbel).
Dioecious
Ovary
inferior (not superior).
Fruit a
capsule or leathery/indehiscent (not a berry).
ü from
Menispermaceae:
Campylodromous
(not pinnate) venation.
Parts in
3s/6s, (Menispermaceae not so).
Closest
relative Burmanniaceae is morphologically very reduced and usually
heteromycotrophic.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders
Stenomeris (2, Malesia, Indonesia, Philippines) and Trichopus (2, Madagascar,
S and C India, Sri Lanka, peninsular Thailand, the Malay Peninsula).
1. Dioscorea L. All
geophytes with aereal short-lived branches, stem climbing, diecious. 635 spp.,
native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world, 400 in
New World, 291 spp. in South America, with Brazil has
the highest diversity (140, 93 endemic), follws by Mexico (75), China (48),
Chile (40) and Madagascar (37); species of open areas occurs in southern
Brazil and adjacent Argentina; D. dodecaneura Vell. has edible
tubercules, feature rare in Neotropics. By recent phylogenetic works, two
subgenera and 10 major clades.
§ subg. Dioscorea
‣ exclusive from Old World.
§ subg. Helmia
‣ 10 major clades, with New World members
falling in four of them:
§ New World
clade I ‣ former D. subg. Dioscorea,
restricted to the Neotropics, with three small clades: Epipetrum, Microdioscorea
and Nanarepenta. Whithin the species of NWI clade is possible to highlight D.
perdicum Taub., one of the dwarf species endemic from Brazil that does
not fit any specific infrageneric classification devotaded to this issue.
§ New World
clade II ‣ corresponding to D. subg. Helmia
restricted to the Neotropics; withn this group, sect. Dematostemon is
one of the biggest sections of the Neotropical region, comprising 45 taxons of
great morphological diversity and high distribution range, going from dwarf
species (eg.: D. anomala (Kunth) Griseb. and D.
maianthemoides Uline ex R. Knuth) endemic to the savannas of C Brazil
(cerrado) to typical Atlantic Forest species (D. campanulata Uline
ex R. Knuth and D. cinnamomifolia Hook.). D. basiclavicaulis Rizzini
& Mattos-Filho, within sect. Chondrocarpa for this clade, is endemic
to NE Brazil, and is the unique in this genus for
its thickened succulent perennial stems.
§ New World
clade III ‣ includes D. dodecaneura Vell., D.
stegelmanniana R.Knuth, possibly D. trifida
L.f., and species representatives of D. section Rajania
form Caribbean.
§ sect. Opsophyton
‣ group exclusive from Old World except by D.
mollis Kunth, endemic to forests of SE & S Brazil.
A multi-lineage group of smaller erect species, dwarf, usually less than 50cm,
entirely or occasionally missing a climbing stem, appearing as self-supported
or prostate herbs, are rare, with some spp. Mexico (2), Chile and mainly Africa
savannah, with no parallel evolution in Asia; in Brazil most of them occur in
high altitude open vegetation from central-northern to SE savannas of C Brazil
(cerrado); D. anomala
Griseb., D. maianthemoides
Uline ex. R. Knuth and D. stenophylla
Uline, in Goiás and Espinhaço Range of Minas Gerais state; D. perdicum
Taub. in the Serra do Mar highlands of Minas Gerais and Rio de; D. sphaeroidea
R. Couto & J. M. A. Braga, from high altitude grasslands in Rio de Janeiro;
and D.
compacta D.
Araujo from Jalapao region, Tocantins.
TACCACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 14, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3.
Genera/spp. 1/19 Distribution tropical
regions in the Old World east to Southwest Pacific islands, N South America.
Habit bisexual, perennial herbs. Rhizome usually tuberous, starchy.
Leaves basal.
SYSTEMATIC a
single genus.
1. Tacca Seem. Herbs,
perennials, from a solid, stemless, starchy, tuberous, globose, or elongate,
vertical or horizontal rhizome, inflorescence a cymose pseodo-umbel, large
foliaceous and pendent filiform bracts, flowers perfect and ovary 1-locular. 12
spp. intropical zone, only one, T. parkeri Seem. in New World, highly
variable in blade of leaf, widely distributed in the Guiana Shield region
and the Amazonian lowlands in Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Peru and shady
places of northern Brazil, reaching into central savannas, in sand soils from
lowlands; the anther
wall development in Tacca, according to the ‘Dicotyledon type’ is otherwise
known only in Acorus among the monocotyledons.
BURMANNIACEAE
§ MYCOHETEROTROPHICS
(Arachnitis – TRIURIDACEAE – BURMANNIACEAE – THISMIACEAE –
ORCHIDACEAE – Voyria - Voyriella - Monotropa)
§ REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON
JUNE 20, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp. 8/88 Distribution tropical and subtropical
regions, with the largest diversity in South America: SE North America,
Caribbean and America Central southwards to Peru and Uruguay, central and SE
Africa, Madagascar, E and SE Asia, Malesia to SE Australia. Habit bisexual,
perennial or annual herbs. Green autotrophs or hemiparasites (Burmannia)
or achlorophyllous holoparasites (mycoheterotrophic) on fungi. Roots often
tuberous, sometimes coral-like.
Small herbs,
mostly mycotrophics centered in N South America. From the southern USA and
Mexico in the North to S Brazil and N Paraguay in the South, also in Caribbean;
almost all genera are American. Could be confused with Triuridaceae, both
sharing alternate, scale-like leaves and being almost exclusively
myco-heterotrophic, but Triuridaceae have flowers with many, free carpels
(apocarpous) and flowers are often unisexual. All genera, except for most
species of Burmannia, are myco-heterotrophic herbs without chlorophyll;
reduced, scale-like leaves.
SYSTEMATIC outsider
only Marthella (1, Mount Tucuche on Trinidad).
1.
Apteria Nutt. Small
herb, leaves scale-like; cincinnus 1-5 flowered, flowers purple, funnel-shaped
to campanulate. Only one sp., A. aphylla (Nutt.)
Barnhart ex Small., S USA to Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay and SE Brazil, also
in Caribbean, mainly
in wet forests, highly variable, particularly in its flower shape and size.
2. Burmannia L. (exc. Campylosiphon p.p.)
Herb with ciccinus bifurcate, 1-27 flowered,
flowers bicolor, yellow, white or blue, tubular to salver-shaped. 60 spp., Asia
(29, 19 holomycots), Africa (11, 2 holomycots), New World (20, 1 holomycots)
and Australia (two autotrophic); all spp. are terrestrial, except for B. kalbreyeri Oliv. from Costa Rica to S Ecuador and Venezuela, growing epiphytically on various trees;
20 neotropical species, 19 in South America, 12 in Brazil, 3 endemic;
B. tenella Benth. from N South America up to Brazil and Bolivia is
the only entirely achlorophyllous member of its
genus in the New World; however, closely related species also show
remarkable reductions according to number and surface area of leaves,
representing a conclusive model of how evolution may have taken place; it is
very likely that many members of the New World species depend more on
their mycotrophy than on own photosynthetical activity.
3. Campylosiphon Benth. (inc. Burmannia p.p.) Small, pale blue to white herbs; ciccinnus
bifurcate, 1-14 flowered, salver-shaped, pale blue to white. 5 spp., C.
purpurascens Benth. in Venezuela, Colombia,
Guianas, Brazil, Peru, two in Africa, and two in
Asia; in rain forests, often on marshy spots.
4. Dictyostega Miers. Small
whitish herb with bifurcate flowers; ciccinnus bifurcate, 6-63 flowered,
flowers tubular, white, nodding. Only one sp., D. orobanchoides (Hook.)
Miers, from Mexico to Bolivia and SE Brazil, absent in Caribbean.
5. Gymnosiphon Blume. Small whitish herbs up to 30 cm, flowers salver-shaped,
white to yellowish. 17 spp. in Neotropics (16 in South America, 10 in Brazil,
one endemic), 10 in Africa (inc. Comores and Madagascar) and 10 in Asia; in
forests, often between the roots of large trees and close to streams; G.
capitatus (Benth.) Urb. from Uaupes riveside in Amazonas state, is a rare
species in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book; however, POWO
assignated this species also in Guianas and Colombia.
6. Hexapterella Urb. Small
herb with purplish stems; ciccinnus bifurcate, 1-8 flowered, salver-shaped to
tubular, white to purple. Two spp., H. gentianoides Urb. from
Trinidad, the Guianas, Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela, and H.
steyermarkii Maas & H. Maas endemic to Venezuela,
in rain forests, rarely in swampy savannas.
7. Miersiella Urb. Small
herb up to 20 cm, leaves scale-like, almost peltate; inflorescence umbel-like,
4-22, flowers tubular, white to purple. Only one sp., M. umbellata
(Miers) Urb., growing in dense rainforest in SE Brazil, and Amazon Guyana to
Peru.
THISMIACEAE
§ MYCOHETEROTROPHICS
(Arachnitis – TRIURIDACEAE
– BURMANNIACEAE – THISMIACEAE –
ORCHIDACEAE – Voyria - Voyriella - Monotropa)
§ REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON
JUNE 20, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp. 5/117
Distribution tropical West Africa, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Malesia,
southeastern Australia, New Zealand, locally in eastern North America, tropical
Central and South America to Bolivia, with their largest diversity in Brazil.
Habit bisexual, perennial or annual herbs. Achlorophyllous
mycoheterotrophic holoparasites.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders are Haplothismia (1, W
Ghats in S India), Oxygyne (6, Japan, Cameroon, Central
African Republic) and Relictithismia (1, Kyushu, Japan).
1. Thismia
Griff. Myco-heterotrophic small herbs, typically
growing among leaf litter on the shady wet forest floor; root system tuberous or rarely cylindrical, roots filiform; stems
unbranched; leaves (2-)4, alternate, scale-like, sometimes forming a rosette
just below the flower; flowers terminal, solitary, 5-20 mm long, bisexual,
actinomorphic to sometimes zygomorphic, fruit cup-shaped, fleshy; seeds many,
small and ‘dustlike’, (narrowly) ellipsoid to ovoid. 108 spp., 84 in tropical and temperate Asia, 24 in the New
World, 23 in South America, 20 in Brazil, 13 endemic; two subgenera.
§ subg. Ophiomeris ▸ Neotropical Thismia;
23 spp. in three sections; all species in Brazil except T. saulensis H.Maas & Maas from
French Guiana, T. paradisiaca Guzman & Toro and T. andicola Aguilar-Cano,
S. Guzman-Guzman & Lopera-Toro from Colombia.
§
sect.
Myostoma ▸ a single species, T. hyalina (Miers) Benth. &
Hook.f. ex F.Muell. in Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Mato
Grosso, Pará, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo states) and Peru.
§
sect.
Ophiomeris ▸ 15 spp., 12 in Brazil, 8
endemic: T. mantiqueirensis Engels & E.C.Smidt., T. janeirensis Warm., and T.
macahensis (Miers) F.Muell. are restricteds to SE Brazil, T. luetzelburgii Goebel & Suess. occur in
SE Brazil disjunct in Panamá and Costa Rica, T.
glaziovii Poulsen disjunct in SE Brazil and SE Colombia, T.
prataensis Mancinelli, C.T.Blum & E.C.Smidt and T.
cordata D.F.Silva & J.M.A.Braga endemic to Paraná state, SE Brazil, T.
variabilis D.F.Silva, Honório & J.M.A.Braga are endemic to Acre state, N
Brazil; T. calcarata D. F. Silva, Honorio & J. M. A. Braga in Acre
state in Brazil up to Peru; T. panamensis (Standl.) Jonker known in Brazil in Paraná state, also from Costa Rica to Bolivia, T. violacea D.F.Silva & J.M.A.Braga endemic to
Goiás state (Brazil); T. paradisiaca Guzman & Toro and T. andicola
Aguilar-Cano, S. Guzman-Guzman & Lopera-Toro endemic to Colombia, and T. saulensis H.Maas & Maas
endemic to center French Guiana.
§
sect.
Pyramidalis ▸ 7
spp. from Brazil, all but two endemic to Brazil: T. caudata Maas &
H.Maas and T. fungiformis (Taub. ex Warm.) Maas & H.Maas are rare
species in SE Brazil; T. melanomitra Maas & H.Maas known
from the Ecuador, Mato Grosso and Pará states in Brazil; T.
pseudomelanomitra D.F.Silva & J.M.A.Braga endemic to Mato Grosso state;
T. ribeiroi Engels, D. Ferreira-da-Silva & Soares-Lopes and T.
petasiformes D.F.Silva & J.M.A.Braga are endemic to N Mato Grosso state
in Brazil, in Amazon forest; and T. singeri (de la Sota) Maas &
H.Maas is known from Pará and N Mato Grosso in Brazil, Mamore Basin in Bolivia and Napo region
of Ecuador.
§
subg.
Thismia ▸ 85 spp., one
endemic to USA, T. americana N.Pfeiff. collected few times near
Chicago (latter in 1917), remaining 84 in tropical Asia to Australia and
Tasmania.
2. Tiputinia P.E. Berry
& C. Woodw. Herb with 2 cm tall, olive yellow; produces a foul,
rotten fish-like odor. Only one sp., T. foetida P.E. Berry & C.
Woodw., known from Amazonian forest of Ecuador and also disjunct in S Peru
(collected in 2020).
13. PANDANALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: PANDANACEAE (5/947), STEMONACEAE (4/39), AS IN POWO IN JUNE 21, 2024.
VELLOZIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS IN POWO ON JUNE 21, 2024 +
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp. 5/308
Distribution Panamá and NW South America, Peru to Argentina, Madagascar,
tropical and southern Africa, the SW Arabic Peninsula (one spp. from Yemen and
Saudi Arabia), with the largest diversity in SE Brazil; Acanthochlamys:
SE Tibet, W Sichuan (China). Habit usually bisexual (in Barbaceniopsis
unisexual), usually perennial herbs (sometimes shrubby or almost tree-like).
Xeromorphic. Stem more or less woody, covered with persistent leaves and leaf
sheaths usually intermingled with extensive adventitious roots.
This family
has six genera and 224 spp. in South America and America Central and only 29 in
Africa; more than 70% of the spp. (173) are concentrated in Minas Gerais, essentially
on the Diamantina Plateau and Serra do Cipó. The data presented by A. Giulietti
et al. (1987) show that among the 59 spp. of Velloziaceae found on the
Serra do Cipó, 46.5% are restricted to that range, and 91.5% are endemic to the
Espinhaço Range; 27 have been described in the last 23 years. In the Grão-Mogol
area, 19 spp. of Velloziaceae include nine endemic and three new taxa
(Mello-Silva 1989).
The
Velloziaceae form a phytogeographical link between E African and Malagasy
inselbergs and South American ones. Certain spp. show a broad range in
elevation. In Brazil, Vellozia plicata Mart. colonizes rocky substrates
from the sea-border up to more than 1,500 m. Altogether between 250 - 300 spp.
of desiccation-tolerant vascular plants out of 13 families (4 monocots) are
found on inselbergs; Velloziaceae contains more
desiccation-tolerant spp. than any other family, with over 200 spp.
These spp. occur mainly on rock outcrops, and almost all of them seem to be
desiccation-tolerant. The resinous stems of the larger spp. of Vellozia
(‘canela-de-ema’) were used as fuel for locomotives on the Curvelo-Diamantina
railway and these days are stacked to sell as an effective fire lighter for
wood stoves and to make torches.
The
Velloziaceae are quite distinct from every other family. The stem could
resemble that of some Agavaceae, Dracaenaceae or Pandanaceae, but in those
families it is not covered by adventitious roots along with either persistent
leaf sheaths or entire marcescent leaves. Some Bromeliaceae and few Cyperaceae
could present a stem like that of the Velloziaceae, but those families, as well
as the Agavaceae, Dracaenaceae and Pandanaceae, have conspicuous
inflorescences.
SYSTEMATIC
outsiders Acanthochlamys (1, SE Tibet, W Sichuan)
and Xerophyta (57, tropical Africa, Madagascar, SW Arabian
Peninsula).
Key
to genera of neotropical Velloziaceae
1.
Flowers diclinous, style shorter than stigmas ------------ Barbaceniopsis
1.
Flowers monoclinous, style longer than stigmas - 2
2.
Corona present; stamens 6; stigmas vertical, fused at apex or free, lateral ------------ Barbacenia
2.
Corona absent; stamens 6-76; stigmas horizontal, fused at center ------------ Vellozia
1. Barbacenia Vand. Plants of small or medium stature; caudex usually simple
or few-branched; leaf-blades longpersistent; flowers perfect; perianth forming
more or less of a tube above the ovary; coronoid appendages free from the
tepals but usually adnate to the filaments and making them appear broad and
flat, usually bilobed. 111 spp., 110 endemic to Brazilian Plateau,
highly centered in Espinhaço Range of Minas Gerais state (74 spp. in this
state, also in mountains and coast of Espírito Santo), only 6 reaching to NE
region (only in Bahia state), 10-12 into WC region, and one into S region
(Paraná state, endemic), three only in Tocantins state, and one only single
spp., B. celiae Maguire, restricted of south Venezuela (Cerro Yavi) and
W Roraima state, common on conglomerate outcrop, northwest escarpment of Serra
Tepequem, Roraima, Brazil, 860-960 m alt; all tested species in dry-resistence
studies are desiccation tolerants; 26 spp. are considered
rare in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
2. Barbaceniopsis L.B.Smith. Xerophytic shrubs; stems simple or few branched; flowers
solitary a long pedicels. 4 spp., Argentina and Peru
one endemic each, B. castillonii (Hauman) Ibisch and B. boliviensis (Baker)
L.B. Sm. from Bolivia/Argentina. The latter species is the highest known site in the family, in Andes of Cochabamba, Bolivia, at 2,900 m; all tested species
in dry-resistence studies are desiccation tolerants.
3.
Vellozia Vand. (inc. Nanuza) Stemless herbs from 6 cm to tree-like
up 6 m tall, mostly shrubs, some Agave-like and Dracaena-like (all tested species
in dry-resistence studies are desiccation tolerants), a half from
this ones from vascular diversity worldwide; leaves sometimes
persistent after dry; latex inflammable in some spp. 140 spp., 135 endemic to
Brazil (22
are considered rare in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), V. andina Ibisch,
Vasquez & Nowicki endemic to Bolivia, V. caruncularis Mart ex.
Seub.,
V. sellowii Seub and V. alutacea Pohl., known in Brazil
and Bolivia, mainly Noel Kempff National Park and vicinities; and V.
tubiflora
Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f., widely distributed from Panama to SE Brazil.
V. tubiflora occur in two
disjunct areas: N Brazil (Mount Neblina and
Mount Aracá), Colombia (only in Içana Valley), Guyana (westernmost point), Venezuela (Bolivar and Amazonas states) and N
Panamá (eastern flanks of the cerro
Chiriqui, where the vegetation is similar to that seen in the high mountains in
Colombia), near closed Costa Rica; Brazilian Shield in mountains in Goiás and in the Distrito Federal, mountains of W
Minas Gerais, reaching the region around Serrana and Cajuru, in north-central
São Paulo State, in the mountains which separate the states of Ceará and Piauí,
in center Diamantina Range, Bahia, in the Serra do Estrondo, in Tocantins, in
the Serra do Cachimbo and the waterfalls of the Juruena and Cururu rivers, both
along the border between the states of Mato Grosso and Pará, as well as in
Bolivia (Chiquitos sandstone mountain chains in the eastern lowlands), in the
lower elevations in the Paraguá River Basin).
V.
auriculata Mello Silva & N.L.Menezes
rather weak stems tend to collapse and, where there is ground contact, take
root and form a new tree - a rather unusual form of vegetative propagation for
the genus.
V. pyrantha A.A.Conc is a dominant species in extensive areas of rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres); this dominance is so great that the
name of one of the mountains where it occurs is called Serra do Candombá; these
shrublands are fire-prone, and the species is resistant to fire,
resprouting after only a few days, exhibiting mass flowering 30–50 days after
burning; the species has been collected with flowers only after fires, which is
a clear evidence of fire-dependent flowering; the rapid and abundant flowering
after fire has also been observed in other species of Vellozia, such as V.
peripherica Mello-Silva and V. gigantea N.L. Menezes &
Mello-Silva, but only in V. pyrantha the flowering seems to be
fire-dependent, as in V. alata L.B. Sm. and V. piresiana L.B.
Smith.
By
extrapolating year growth rates and measuring the height of individuals in the
field, Alves (1994) calculated an age of 551 years for a V. kolbekii Alves
specimen 3 m tall.
TRIURIDACEAE
§ MYCOHETEROTROPHICS
(Arachnitis – TRIURIDACEAE – BURMANNIACEAE – THISMIACEAE –
ORCHIDACEAE – Voyria - Voyriella - Monotropa)
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 21, 2024
Genera/spp.
8/64 Ditribution America Central, northern and central South America,
tropical W Africa, N Madagascar, E and SE Asia, Malesia, NE Australia, islands
in the SW Pacific. Habit usually monoecious, polygamomonoecious or
dioecious (in spp. of Sciaphila bisexual), usually perennial (rarely
annual) herbs. Achlorophyllous mycoheterotrophic holoparasites.
Peltophyllum
caudatum (Poulsen) R.Schmid & M.D.Turner and Triuridopsis peruviana
H.Maas & Maas are both only known from a single collection each!.
SYSTEMATIC
three tribes and three unplaced genera; tribe Kupeeae (2/4, both genera in Bakossi Mountains in W Cameroon and in Udzungwa
Mountains in Tanzania) does not occur in South America.
Key to genera of neotropical
Triuridaceae
1.
Flowers bisexual; stamens placed in the center of the flower within the carpels
------------ Lacandonia
1.
Flowers unisexual or rarely bisexual, but than the stamens always placed
outside and around the carpels - 2
2.
Plants monoecious; flowers unisexual (2 Sciaphila bisexual); tepals
bearded; fruit dehiscent or indehiscent - 3
3.
Staminate flowers with 2 stamens and 4 tepals; fruit an indehiscent achene
------------ Soridium
3.
(Staminate) flowers with 3 or 6 stamens, and 4 or 6 tepals; fruit a dehiscent
follicle ------------ Sciaphila
2.
Plants dioecious; flowers unisexual; tepals long-tailed; style apical; fruit
indehiscent - 4
4. Staminate flowers with anthers sessile on a conical androphore
------------ Triuris
4. Staminate flowers without conical androphore -
5
5.
Staminate flowers with 3 tepals, 6 filamented, monothecal anthers and a sterile
projection in the centre of the flower ------------ Triuridopsis
5.
Staminate flowers with 6 tepals, 3 sessile, dithecal anthers and no sterile
projection in the centre of the flower ------------ Peltophyllum
UNPLACED
GENERA
1. Peltophyllum Gardn.
Unbranched herbs with filiforme rhizomes, hyaline, flattened stems and
scale-like leaves, dioecious, inflorescence a simple raceme. Two spp., P. luteum Gardner in SE Brazil
and adjacent Argentina and Paraguay (possibly in Guyana), and P. caudatum (Poulsen) R.
Schmid & M.D. Turner very narrow endemic, possibly extinct, in Alto
do Macaeh, Rio de Janeiro, as a rare plant in Brazil by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book, known only the type collection made by
Glaziou.
2. Soridium Miers.
Unbranched or basally branched herbs with rhizomes and scale-like leaves,
monoecious; inflorescence a simple raceme. Only one sp., S. spruceanum Miers, from
Guatemala in the North to Brazil (Mato Grosso) in the South.
3. Triuridopsis H. Maas
& Maas. Unbranched dioecious herbs with white flowers in a raceme;
scalilike leaves. Two spp., Peru and Bolivia one endemic each.
1.1 TRIBE
TRIURIDEAE (2/6) ‣
all genera in South America.
4. Lacandonia E.Martínez
& Ramos. Hyaline herbs with rhizomes, simple stems, and scale-like leaves,
monoecious, flowers in a simple raceme, made unique
in the flowering plants by its stamens which are placed in the centre of the
flower, surrounded by the apocarpous carpels. Two
spp., L.
schismatica
E. Martínez & Ramos in lowland rainforsts in Chiapas state in
Mexico, and L. brasiliana A. Melo & M.
Alves in lowlands in Atlantic Forest in
Paraíba and W Ceará state in NE Brazil, with relatively few morphological
differences separate both spp.
Angios Bergianska: ‘Lacandonia, with two species described, represents a mutation in Triuris causing
shift of organ positions (heterotopy). The androecium is central and the
gynoecium peripheral, i.e. the carpels are extrastaminal. The carpellary and
staminal precursors in Lacandonia develop from a common
primordium. In Triuris, the precursors are formed from compound
primordia.’
5. Triuris
L. Unbranched herbs with short rhizomes, hyaline,
flattened stems and 0-2 scale-like leaves, dioecious, inflorescence a raceme;
mostly single (occasionally 2-3) mushroom-like, whitish flowers at the end of a
leafless hyaline stem; the most distinctive feature of the flowers is the three
long tails that hang down and spread out from the ‘cap’. 4 spp., T.
hyalina Miers is disjunct in Mexico, Amazon rainforest from
Colombia and Peru to C Brazil in Amazonas, Pará and Mato Grosso states, and
from Bahia to Paraná states; T. hexophthalma Maas
and T. alata Brade are only
known from the type locality in the Parakaima mountains in Guyana (possibly
populations in Peru) and Itatiaia Massif in SE Brazil (is a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, besides POWO records in
Mexico!), respectively; and T. brevistylis Donn.
Sm., restricted from Mexico to Guatemala.
1.2 TRIBE
SCIAPHILEAE (1/49) ‣
a single genus.
6. Sciaphila Blume. Simple
or rarely branched erect herbs with elongated and often reddish stem, rhizome
and scale-like leaves, up to 1.5 m, monoecious; bearing a spicate or narrow
racemose inflorescence of small multi-pistillate flowers, the fruits are
densely clustered minute, round, reddish follicles. 49 spp., 8 in New World,
all in South America, six in Brazil, with recent and abundant records of N Mato
Grosso state, Brazil; two spp. are known in W Africa, and remaining occurs in
Asia (inc. Fiji and New Caledonia).
S. purpurea Benth. (Peru
to French Guiana and Brazil) can reach a height of
almost 1.5 m, the tallest of all holomycotrophs;
it is often found growing on termites nests; the two endemic Brazilian
species are S.
oligantha Maas e S. rubra Maas, both rare plants
in Brazil, both highly restricted of Reserva Ducke, Manaus, Amazonas state,
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, besides
POWO records of latter species in Venezuela.
CYCLANTHACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 21, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp.
12/234. Distribution tropical Central and South America, Caribbean. Habit
monoecious, perennial herbs, suffrutices or lianas. Some spp. are epiphytes, leaves
bifid. Use ornamental plants, textile plants, carpets,
thatching, basketry, handicraft, medicinal plants (Asplundia). The
famous Panamá hat is made of leaf fibres of Carludovica palmata Ruiz & Pav. leaves.
Cyclanthaceae
is certainly monophyletic, despite considerable morphological and anatomical
differences between the subfamilies Cyclanthoideae (monotypic) and
Carludovicoideae, and well delimited from the closely related families in
Pandanales. Similarities with the unrelated Arecaceae and Araceae are only
superficial.
SYSTEMATIC two
subfamilies, both in South America.
Key
to genera of neotropical Cyclanthaceae
1.
Leaf blades not plicate; staminate and pistillate flowers in alternate cycles
(subfam. Cyclanthoideae) ------------ Cyclanthus
1.
Leaf blades plicate; staminate and pistillate flowers in spirally arranged
groups (subfam. Carludovicoideae) - 2
2.
Leaves arranged in 2 rows (distichous); petiole ± elliptic in c.s.;
placentation subapical or apical - 3
3.
Leaf blades entire ------------ Ludovia
3.
Leaf blades bifid - 4
4.
Pistillate flowers and fruits free; placentation subapical ------------ Chorigyne
4.
Pistillate flowers and fruits connate; placentation apical - 5
5.
Placenta one; seeds broadly ellipsoid to narrowly oblong ------------ Sphaeradenia
5.
Placentas four; seeds fusiform ------------ Stelestylis
2.
Leaves spirally arranged; petiole adaxially flattened; placentation parietal - 6
6.
Pistillate flowers and fruits free - 7
7.
Leaf blades tricostate, not scabrous; stamens with basal bulb ------------ Schultesiophytum
7.
Leaf blades unicostate or subtricostate, scabrous; stamens ± lacking basal bulb
- 8
8.
Staminate flowers with perianth lobes in two rows; tepals acute to shortly
acuminate; seeds strongly flattened ------------ Evodianthus
8.
Staminate flowers with perianth lobes in one row; tepals-acuminate; seeds
somewhat flattened ------------ Dianthoveus
6.
Pistillate flowers and fruits connate - 9
9.
Adult leaves with four segments; fruits in a layer irregularly splitting from
rachis ------------ Carludovica
9.
Adult leaves with two segments, each segment sometimes secondarily split;
fruits not in an irregularly splitting layer - 10
10.
Spathes clustered; seeds terete ------------ Dicranopygium
10.
Spathes dispersed; seeds strongly flattened - 11
11.
Spathes diminishing in size upwards; seed coat smooth ------------ Asplundia
11.
Spathes diminishing in size downwards; seed coat striated ------------ Thoracocarpus
1.
SUBFAMILY CARLUDOVICOIDEAE (11/230–235)
Outsider
Chorigyne (7, Costa Rica and Panama).
1. Asplundia Harling.
Roots climbing lianas or perennial herbs, with short to long stems. 102 spp., S
Mexico to Bolivia and SE Brazil, and the Lesser Antilles. 91 in South America,
22 in Brazil, 12 endemic.
2. Carludovica Ruiz &
Pav. Tall, terrestrial, and short stemmed plants;
leaves spiral; leaf blade flabelliform-parted, trichostate. 4 spp., S Mexico to
center Bolivia and Venezuela, also in Guianas, centered in America Central. Two
spp., C.
drudei
Mast. and C. palmata Ruiz & Pav. in South America, both
widely distributed, the latter in N Brazil.
3. Dianthoveus Hammel &
Wilder. Terrestrial, tall herbs with rather short stem; leaf blade bifid,
unicostate or indistinctly subtricostate. Only one sp., D. cremnophilus
Hammel & G.J. Wilder, SW Colombia to N Ecuador.
4. Dicranopygium Harling.
Usually small to medium sized terrestrial herbs, with more or less short,
fleshy stem. 64 spp. of S Mexico to S Peru and French Guiana, and the Lesser
Antilles. 50 spp. in South America, two in Brazil (Roraima, Amazonas and Acre),
one endemic.
5. Evodianthus Oerst. Roots
climbing lianas with slender, branched stem, or terrestrial plants, mostly
unbranched stem. Only one sp., E. funifer (Poit.) Lindm., from S Nicaragua to S Peru and E Brazil,
and the Lesser Antilles; disjunct populations occurs in S Bahia state, Brazil.
6. Ludovia Brongn. Root
climbing vines, epiphytes, or terrestrial herbs. Three spp., S Nicaragua to C
Peru and French Guiana, two only from America Central to Ecuador; L.
lancifolia Brongn. is only a
truly epiphytes in family, and occur in all genus range.
7. Schultesiophytum Harling.
Terrestrial plant, stem rather short; branching moopodial; leaf bifid,
tricostate. Only one sp., S. chorianthum Harling., S Colombia
and Ecuador to C Peru.
8. Sphaeradenia Harling.
Medium-sized to tall terrestrial or epiphytic herbs, rarely vines. 52 spp., S Nicaragua
to W Bolivia and Venezuela, and adjacent Brazil in Amazonas state (2,
none endemic), 41
spp. in South America.
9. Stelestylis Drude. Short
stemmed terrestrial, or epiphytic herbs; branching monopodial; leaf blade
bifid, monocostate. 4 spp., S. anomala Harling endemic to Venezuela, S.
coriacea Drude endemic to Roraima state in N Brazil, S. surinamensis
Harling restricted for Guianas, and S. stylaris (Gleason) Harling in all
three regions (in Brazil also only in Roraima state).
10. Thoracocarpus Harling. Root
climbing lianas, sometimes hemiepiphytes. Only one sp., T.
bissectus (Vell.) Harling, from Costa Rica to Bolivia and SE Brazil (so
far São Paulo state), and the Lesser Antilles; only true liana in family.
2.
SUBFAMILY CYCLANTHOIDEAE (1/1)
A single
genus and species.
11. Cyclanthus Pit. ex
A.Rich.
Tall, usually terrestrial herb with short stem, terrestrial; leaf deeply
bipartite. Only one sp., C. bipartitus Poit., S Mexico to
NW Bolivia and French Guiana, and the Lesser Antilles; in Brazil occurs mainly
in wet soils.
14. LILIALES
FAMILIES ABSENT IN SOUTH AMERICA: CAMPYNEMATACEAE
(2/4), COLCHICACEAE (15/281), LILIACEAE (15/860), PETERMANNIACEAE
(1/1), RIPOGONACEAE (1/6).
LINEAGE 1 of
3: CORSIIDS
CORSIACEAE
§ MYCOHETEROTROPHICS
(Arachnitis – TRIURIDACEAE – BURMANNIACEAE – THISMIACEAE –
ORCHIDACEAE – Voyria - Voyriella - Monotropa)
§ REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON
JUNE 12, 2024
Genera/spp.
2/27 Distribution S China (extinct), New Guinea, Solomon Islands,
northern Queensland (Australia), southern South America. Habit bisexual
(extremely protandrous), perennial herbs; achlorophyllous mycoheterotrophic
holoparasites.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders
Corsia (25, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, N Queensland) and Corsiopsis
(1, SE China, extinct).
1. Arachnitis
Phil. Herbs, mycoheterotrophic with short, tuberous
roots; leaves alternate, 4-6, reduced to closed sheaths; flowers bisexual,
zygomorphic, terminal, solitary; tepals 6, petaloid; fruits reflexed capsules,
opening with 1 terminal triangular aperture; seeds many, dust-like. Only one
sp., A. uniflora Phil., temperate forests of Patagonia in Andes and
Tierra del Fuego, only mycoheterotrophic in Chile, sandy areas of the Falkland
Is., and semi-humid and cloud forests of the Bolivian Andes, and in Peru; in
this country, it is only known from Machu Picchu, where two populations are
known, the presently recorded and another on the other margin of the Vilcanota
river close to the Wiñay Wayna locality.
LINEAGE 2 of
3: LILIIDS
SMILACACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS IN POWO ON JUNE 12, 2024 +
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3 FOR NEW SPECIES.
Genera/spp.:
1/267 Distribution tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate regions in
the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Habit usually dioecious, twining
evergreen shrubs, suffrutices or perennial herbs. Tuberous stem present in some
spp. Lateral ligules and/or spines or pairwise petiolar tendrils present.
Aerial roots absent. Rhizome woody.
Smilacaceae
is similar to Dioscoreaceae in comprising vines with net-veined leaves;
however, Smilacaceae has:
ü
Leaves with petiolar sheaths terminating in a pair of tendrils.
ü
Inflorescences an umbel or panicle of umbels.
ü
Fruit a berry with 1-3 seeds.
Whereas
family Dioscoreaceae has:
ü
Leaves without petiolar sheaths nor tendrils.
ü
Inflorescences mostly spicate, racemose, or paniculate.
ü Fruit a
3-winged loculicidal capsule.
SYSTEMATIC
a single genus worldwide.
1. Smilax L. Vines,
usually climbing by paired tendrils, or rarely erect herbs, often with rhizophores; stems rounded or sometimes
quadrangular, armed with spines or unarmed, the surface smooth, scabrous,
villose or setose; leaves simple, alternate, margin entir; inflorescences
pedunculate, axillary, an umbela or panicle of umbels; flowers unisexual (the
plants dioecious); fruit a fleshy and globose berry, indehiscent, smooth,
orange, yellow, or black when mature; seeds 1-3. 267 spp., tropical,
subtropical, and temperate areas of both hemispheres, with most spp.
concentrated in the New World - 93 spp. - and tropical Asia, throughout the
Neotropics, up to Argentina, occupying several habitats at elevations from 0 to
3,200 meters. 56 spp. in South America, 36 in Brazil, 16 endemic; in the
Neotropics the rhizomes of most spp. of Smilax
are used medicinally, but especially S. officinalis Kunth, S. longifolia Rich., S. siphilitica Humb. &
Bonpl. ex Willd., S.
aristolochiifolia Mill., S. moranensis M.Martens
& Galeotti and S.
domingensis Spreng. ex
A. DC; the stems of some spp. such as S. tomentosa Kunth are
used in basket-making.
MELANTHIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 12, 2024.
Genera/spp. 14/c.
170 Distribution temperate Eurasia, Mediterranean, Himalaya, NE India,
Burma, E Asia, Indochina, northern Andes. Habit bisexual,
andromonoecious, polygamous, dioecious, androdioecious, or gynodioecious,
evergreen or deciduous perennial herbs (rarely somewhat lignified at base).
Sometimes with a bulb without nutrient-storing scales (in some spp. of Schoenocaulon
a corm). Schoenocaulon (c 25) Northerly temperate regions southwards to
the northern Andes (one sp. in South America, disjunct from N Venezuela).
The seeds of
Schoenocaulon contain alkaloids which are used medicinally; they are
dissolved in acetic acid and frequently used as insecticides.
SYSTEMATIC groups
Helonias Clade (3/13, E USA, Himalayas, E Asia), Chionographideae (2/7,
E USA, E Asia), Xerophylleae (1/2, North America) and Parideae (3/c
73, temperate and mountainous regions on the Northern Hemisphere) do not occur
in South America. Among Melanthieae, outsiders are Amianthium (1,
E USA), Anticlea (11, Mongolia, China, Korean Peninsula, Japan, Russian
Far East, Canada, USA, Mexico, America Central to Guatemala), Melanthium
(4, C and E USA), Stenanthium (5, SE and E USA), Toxicoscordion
(9; S Canada, W and C USA), Veratrum (25–30, temperate regions on the
Northern Hemisphere) and Zigadenus (1, SE USA).
1. Schoenocaulon
A. Gray. Herbs, perennial, scapose, from tunicate bulb-rhizomes; leaves narrow,
grasslike; inflorescences racemose, simple; racemes spikelike; flowers with
tepals withering-persistent, 6, distinct, equal, leathery to slightly petaloid,
yellowish green, green, or greenish purple; fruits capsular, 1–3-locular; seeds
1–8 per locule. 26 spp., one endemic to SE USA, three up to S USA, and S.
officinale (Schltdl. & Cham.) A. Gray ex Benth. from Mexico and America
Central with disjunct populations in Venezuela (Aragua,
Distrito Capital, Miranda, and Trujillo states); this species seems to
originate from Mexico and was spread southward by native American Indians;
however, little is known about the geographical distribution of the plant which
is a prerequisite to undertake wild seed colection.
PHILESIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
Genera/spp.
2/2 Distribution southern Chile and adjacent Argentina. Habit bisexual,
suffrutex (Philesia) or liana (Lapageria); aerial roots absent ;
rhizome, when present, short, woody, sometimes branched. Use ornamental
plants.
SYSTEMATIC
both genera in South America.
1. Philesia
Comm. ex. Juss. Sufflutex. Only one sp., P. magellanica J.F.
Gmel, known only in Chile and Argentina.
2. Lapageria
Ruiz & Pav. Fragile lianas, tubular flowers (white to red),
succulent fruits. Only one sp., L. rosea Ruiz & Pav., endemic to
Chile.
LINEAGE 3 of
3: ALSTOEMERIIDS
ALSTROEMERIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 12, 2024.
Genera/spp.
4/237 Distribution Neotropics to Tierra del Fuego, Australia, Tasmania,
New Zealand. Habit bisexual, perennial (in Alstroemeria rarely
annual) herbs, often with more or less lignified stem. Twining, climbing or
epiphytic.
The family
is distributed in New World from Central Mexico and Antilles to Patagonia,
living in a wide range of habitats from cloud forests to swamps and desert
areas, and from high Andes to marsh lands. Some species of Bomarea and
several Alstroemeria species and hybrids have gained
world-wide importance as cut flower crops due to their attractive
flowers and the excellent keeping quality of them. Nevertheless, they are also
satisfactory for growing in pots and for garden and landscape uses. The
storage roots of some species of Bomarea and Alstroemeria are
edible. The recognized taxa have been morphologically studied in detail and
data focused on floral characters, the presence or absence of resupination in
the leaf, the plant height and the characteristics of the inflorescence.
Most of the floral characters have taxonomic importance. Several of them are
also of ornamental weight such as the basic colour (which varies from yellow,
orange through red-purple and violet to pink and white) the disposition, the
form of the tepals and the presence or absence of spots or streaks on them.
SYSTEMATIC
two tribes, both in South America.
1. TRIBE
ALSTROEMERIEAE (2/231) ‣
both genera in South America.
1. Alstroemeria L. Herbs,
mostly glabrous perennials with erect, foliate, sterile and fertile shoots;
flowers showy in lax umbel-like, usually zygomorphic with patterned tepals;
fleshy root tubers. 127 spp. from South America, from Peru (6) to Chile (35),
Brazil (61, 55 endemic) up Argentina (10) and Bolivia, with two in Guiana
Shield in Venezuela, both also Brazil.
In
Brazil common in high mountains, sometimes abundant, near weeds, some also very
narrow endemic, mainly in Minas Gerais state, at different habitats: forest,
savanna, high fields, marsh, rocky grasslands (campos rupestres) and dry
seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga), from a height of 300 m in
the Amazon rainforest up to 2,300 m at Serra do Itatiaia; 5 spp. from Pará,
Mato Grosso, Espirito Santo and Minas Gerais are rare in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
2. Bomarea Mirb. Stems
twining, erect or procubent, leafy. Inflorescences pendulous or nodose. 124
spp., 7 exclusively from Mesoamerica (Mexico only 2), three from America
Central to Ecuador, the last also in Caribbean, B. edulis (Tussac)
Herb. in
over range of genus, and unique species in Brazil, and 113 only in South
America; four
subgenera:
§
subg.
Baccata ‣ 3 spp., B. diffracta
Baker (Colombia), B. bracteolata Gereau (Panama) and B. carderi
Mast. (Panama to Ecuador; large twining lianas, up to 10 m long, growing in
lowland and montane forests.
§
subg.
Bomarea ‣ c.80 spp.; four
sections are recognized within this subgenus: Multiflorae, Edules,
Goniocaulon, and Pardinae; 16 spp. do not fit into any of these
sections; all range of genus.
§
subg.
Wichuraea ‣ 18 spp., distributed in
the high Andes ranging between 2,500 m to 5,000 m; in the north of Argentina
one species descends to 1,800 m; the most northern spe-cies is found in
Ecuador, in the south the subgenus reaches the north of Argentina and Chile.
§
subg.
Sphaerine ‣ erect or pendant, up to
1 m long, growing in cloud forests and páramo; 12 spp., Venezuela to Bolivia,
high diversity in Peru (9).
2. TRIBE
LUZURIAGEAE (2/5) ‣ outsider Drymophila (2, E & SE Australia,
Tasmania).
3. Luzuriaga Ruiz &
Pavon. Shrubs with a short rhizome, hemiepiphytic, scandent or pendant; leaves
oblong-ovate; inflorescence axillary cincinnus. 4 spp., one in New
Zealand and three in Atacama to Tierra del Fuego and Falklands, in moss covered
thunks and rockes, or in Empetrum heaths.
15. ASPARAGALES
FAMILIES ABSENT IN SOUTH AMERICA: BLANDFORDIACEAE
(1/4), BORYACEAE (2/13), DORYANTHACEAE (1/2), IXIOLIRIACEAE (1/4), LANARIACEAE
(1/1), XERONEMATACEAE (1/2).
LINEAGE 1: ORCHIDACEAE
ORCHIDACEAE
§ MYCOHETEROTROPHICS
(Arachnitis – TRIURIDACEAE – BURMANNIACEAE
– THISMIACEAE – ORCHIDACEAE –
Voyria - Voyriella - Monotropa)
§ REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON
JANUARY 21, 2025 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp. 704/22,000–23,000
Distribution cosmopolitan except polar regions, with the highest
diversity in tropical and subtropical Asia and tropical Central and South
America. Habit herbs or rarely vines, perennial, rarely annual, some
fully strongly mycotrophic, epiphytic, terrestrial, lithophytic, or rarely
aquatic or subterranean, usually green and photosynthetic, some without
chlorophyll and holomycotrophs. Many spp. have rhizome, root tubers or tuberous
stem. Numerous spp. (c. 70%) are epiphytes, often with internodes modified into
swollen water-storing pseudobulbs, often with contractile aerial roots covered
with a thick layer of dead water-absorbing tissue, velamen, formed from
epidermis; other spp. are climbing. Some genera consist of achlorophyllous
holoendoparasites on fungi (intracellular modified ectomycorrhiza with mostly
basidiomycetes).
Several
genera (especially within Vandeae, e.g. Campylocentrum) lack
photosynthesizing leaves, which are replaced by photosynthesizing roots. The
leaves of some epiphytic Epidendroideae-Vandeae may be very small and not
photosynthetic and/or soon deciduous. The vegetative plant then consists
largely of photosynthetic roots. These roots may be stout (ca 5 mm across) and
terete, as in Dendrophylax, while the roots of the aptly named Taeniophyllum
are distinctively flattened. There are over 200 species of leafless
Epidendroideae, all epiphytes, with an estimated 20 or more independent losses
of leaves. How carbon dioxide and water flux are controlled in leafless
epiphytes is unclear, especially because there are no stomata in the roots,
although the aeration units may be stomata analogues; roots of leafless orchids
like Campylocentrum tyrridion Garay & Dunst., which lack stomata,
also carry out CAM. Photosynthesis in orchid roots is poorly understood.
Orchids
range vegetatively from Lilliputian plants a few millimeters long (Bulbophyllum
and Platystele) to gigantic clusters weighing several hundred kilograms
(Grammatophyllum) to some as much as 13.4 m in height (Sobralia
altissima D. E. Bennett & Christenson from Peru); the world’s
smallest orchid is a Campylocentrum insulare C. E. Siquiera & E.M.
Pessoa, a rare aphyllous species restricted of a small
area in S Brazil, possibly extinct in wild; plants of species reaches to 10 mm
in maximous size. Nearly all temperate orchids are terrestrial. Likewise,
flowers vary in size from less than 1 mm and barely visible to the naked eye (Platystele,
Campylocentrum), to 15–20 cm diameter (some Paphiopedilum, Phragmipedium,
and Cattleya), and ultimately to 76 cm (Phragmipedium caudatum
(Lindley) Rolfe). Weight can vary from a fraction of a gram (many Pleurothallis)
to nearly 100 grams (Coryanthes).
North
American/America Central genera 60 genera in New World outside South
America; united, these genera has 319 spp. in New World.
SYSTEMATICS five
subfamilies, only Apostasioideae (2/16, Sri Lanka, NE India, Japan,
SE Asia, Malesia, NE Queensland, Melanesia.) does not
occurs in New World and South America.
1.
SUBFAMILY VANILOIDEAE (c 15/180–190)
Two tribes, both in
South America.
1.1 VANILLOIDEAE
▸TRIBE POGONIEAE
(5/75) - outsiders
Cleistesiopsis (3, E and SE USA), Isotria (2,
Canada to E and C USA), Pogonia (6, China, Korean
Peninsula, Japan, Moluccas Islands, 1 in E North America).
1. Cleistes
Rich. ex Lindl. Terrestrial, upright, perennial herbs; stem upright, glabrous,
terete, and hollow; leaves solitary and inserted halfway up the stem or
several; inflorescence a single, terminal flower or a terminal
raceme of 2-6 flowers in some tropical spp.; flowers showy, resupinate, and
subtended by a large, leafy bract. 59 spp., all in South America, 4 up to America
Central or Caribbean, 40 in Brazil, 31 endemic, growing in moist, welldrained,
sandy, acidic soils; the spp. are also most frequently found in open savannas
or at the edges of savannas and forests, collected at low elevations, but a few
spp. are native to the high-elevation tepuis of E Venezuelan.
2. Duckeella Porto &
Brade. Solid stems with basally linear leaves, lateral, ramified and
multi-flowered inflorescences, yellow flowers, and a lip poorly differentiated
from the petals. 8 spp., terrestrial from dense Amazon rain forest of N Brazil
(3, none endemic), Colombia, Venezuela and possibly Guyana, mainly in open
areas, on sandy soils of Amazonian white sand vegetation.
1.2 VANILLOIDEAE
▸TRIBE VANILLEAE
(9/c. 180) - outsiders Lecanorchis (c
20; tropical Asia, Japan), Clematepistephium (1; New
Caledonia), Eriaxis (1; New Caledonia); Erythrorchis
(2; SE Asia, Malesia, the Ryukyu Islands; Queensland, New South Wales), Pseudovanilla
(8; Malesia to tropical Australia and islands in the Pacific), Cyrtosia (5; India,
S China, SE Asia, Japan, Ryukyu Islands), Galeola (6; India
and Himalayas to China and SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea, Madagascar and the
Comoros).
3. Epistephium Kunth.
Terrestrial, sympodial, erect herbs, stem elongate,
robust, simple or branched; inflorescence a terminal raceme, rarely
axillary; flowers showy, resupinate, typically light pink to dark purple in
colour, short-lived. 28 spp. distributed
throughout much of N South America and Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay, two up
to Belize and Costa Rica, 100 – 1,200m. 12 spp. in Brazil, 5 endemic.
NE Brazil is a centre of diversity for the genus as a whole, but a
number of spp. are also found in Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and
Paraguay. E. amabile Schltr. extends the range of the genus westward to
Peru; the spp. are typically found growing in open, grassy areas, savannas or
thickets. In some cases they are found in the unique white sand ecosystems of
the Guiana Shield; some spp. (e.g. E. hernandii Garay) can grow
to heights of 5 m or more and scramble through neighbouring vegetation. In
contrast, E. ellipticum R.O. Williams
& Summerh. is a diminutive spp. only 20 cm tall.
4. Vanilla Plum ex.
Mill. Epiphytic, hemiepiphytic or
terrestrial, herbaceous vines; stems scandent, sparsely or profusely branched,
terete or quadrangular, sometimes sulcate; inflorescence axillary,
racemose to paniculate, rarely a complex cyme; flowers
usually showy, short-lived, sometimes strongly fragrant; pseudobulb absent. 126 spp. pantropical in over
tropical New World (64 from Florida to Argentina and Caribbean), SE Asia-New
Guinea (28) as in Africa-Madagascar (24). 53 spp. in South America, 36
in Brazil, 10 endemic, mainly in northern Amazon and Atlantic Forest; one sp.
in Brazil occurs only in small marsh in SE Brazil, and V. palmarum
(Salzm. ex Lindl.) Lindl. is found exclusively up in palms.
There
are no Vanilla spp. in montane habitats, and those that have been
collected at higher elevations usually have been found in savanna-like
vegetation, dry forest on intermountain valleys, and occasionally in lower
mountain rain forest; leafless spp. may be found in xeric formations, and at
least Mascarene and Caribbean groups are found in tropical deciduous forest,
thorn scrub, and coral buff vegetation; leafy spp. are usually found in more
mesic environments, although some of them may reach tropical deciduous forest and
coastal dune vegetation. spp. with membranaceous leaves are found in moister
habitats. Therefore, aromatic fruits are known or expected from 35 spp., some
of them cultivated locally or gathered from the wild, but they are not of
economic importance. In Mexico, Indian women hold the fruits of V. pompona
Schiede in great esteem and prepare them with oil before applying to the hair.
The fruits of widely distributed V. odorata
C. Presl are also collected in many American countries as a V. planifolia
Andrews substitute and give fragrance to rums.
2.
SUBFAMILY CYPRIPEDIOIDEAE (5/160–165)
Outsiders Cypripedium
(54, temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere up to Honduras, Algeria,
Pakistan and Vietnam), Paphiopedilum (109, India to S China and SE Asia,
Malesia to New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands) and Mexipedium
(1, Mexico).
5. Phragmipedium Rolfe. 18 spp. from SW Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil, eastwards
French Guiana, absent in Caribbean. 17 spp. in South America, 5 in Brazil, none
endemic.
6. Selenipedium Rchb.f. Herbs reaching some meters in height resembling in habit
grasses or bamboos, rather than orchids; slipper orchids, with a sac-like
labellum, unattractive and small flowers, huge size of the plants, and
difficulty in their cultivation; they are often overlooked in the field while
not in flower, as plants. 10 spp., disjunct: 4 spp. from Panama to N Peru (one
only in Panama), four in Trinidad & Tobago to along E Venezuela and French
Guiana up to Brazil (two of them, none endemic), and two endemic to C Brazil.
S.
chironianum Sambin. & Braem., endemic to French
Guiana, reported by Guy R. Chiron, Aurelien Sambin and Guido J. Braem. as Apedium
Chiron, Sambin & Braem, new genus, with Apedium chironianum
(Sambin & Braem) Chiron, Sambin & Braem
their single species, not is recognized within.
3.
SUBFAMILY ORCHIDIOIDEAE (194/4,925–5,000)
4 tribes, only Diurideae (35/c. 1,000,
Himalayas, China, Japan, tropical Asia, New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, New
Caledonia, New Zealand, Macquarie Island, Polynesia) absent in South America.
3.1 ORCHIDIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CODONORCHIDEAE (1/2) - a single
genus.
7. Codonorchis Lindl.
Perennial, terrestrial, sympodial herbs, reproducing from seed and also form
local colonies by the production of daughter tubers on the end of stolons; the
plants have distinct growth and dormancy phases, surviving extremes of cold as
fleshy tubers; leaves 2-4, small; inflorescence erect, terminal, one-flowered; flower resupinate, petals free, as long or shorter than the dorsal
sepal, erect. Two spp., C. canisioi Mansf. restricted S in Brazil, low
mountains near the Atlantic coast, around São Leopoldo municipality in Rio
Grande do Sul state (known only type collection), and C. lessonii
(Brongn.) Lindl. in Argentina, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), and Chile, occupying temperate to cold regions, along
the Andes to Tierra del Fuego and Malvinas (Falkland) Islands; in this latter
area, the habitats include the more humid areas in the sub-Antarctic rain
forest.
3.2 ORCHIDIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE ORCHIDEAE (61/c. 2,150) - 5 small lineages, Brownleeinae (2/86, Africa,
Madagascar, Mascarene Islands, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, China, Japan, Ryukyu
Islands, Philippines, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, New Guinea, Caroline
Islands), Coryciinae (3/40, S Africa to Malawi and southern
Tanzania, with their highest diversity in W Cape and the Drakensberg in
KwaZulu-Natal), Pachites clade (1/2, W Cape) and Disinae (2/175,
Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene Islands, Arabian Peninsula) do not occur in South
America.
Among Orchidinae
(53/c. 1,850), outsiders are all in Old World to Pacific (high diversity in
South Africa, Madagascar and China) except Coenoemersa (3, S USA to
Guatemala), Dactylorhiza (34, Europe, Macaronesia, Mediterranean,
temperate Asia, 2 in North America), Galearis (10, Himalaya to
Russian Far East, Subarctic America to NC. & E. USA), Platanthera (150,
temperate to tropical regions on the Northern Hemisphere south to mountains in
Malesia, 48 in New World from Canada to Costa Rica) and Pseudorchis (1,
Europe to Russian Far East, E. Canada to Greenland).
8. Habenaria Willd. Herbs perennial, terrestrial or
semiaquatic, often rather succulent; leaves basal, abruptly reduced to bracts
or scattered, gradually reduced toward inflorescence; inflorescences terminal;
flowers few to many, resupinate, sometimes showy and
nectar spur; petals 2-lobed, lateral lobe on abaxial margin; lip 3-lobed,
spurred at base; fruits capsules, ellipsoid. 897 spp., pantropical. temperate
and pantropical distribution (Canary Is., Africa, Madagascar, Middle East to
Japan and Pacific, USA to over coutries South America, Caribbean), and its main
centers of diversity are in Brazil, southern and central Africa, and E Asia.
345 spp. occurs in New World, 244 in South America, 179 in Brazil, 111 endemic,
centered in savannas of C Brazil (cerrado); Minas Gerais, with about 81
species, has been the state with the highest number of recorded species.
3.3 ORCHIDIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CRANICHIDEAE (99/c. 1850) - eight small
lineages, three absent in South America: Pterostylidinae (2/210, E
Malesia, Queensland to South Australia, Tasmania, New Caledonia, New Zealand), Galeottiellinae (1/2,
Galeottiella, Mexico and Guatemala) and Manniellinae (1/2,
tropical W Africa).
SUBTRIBE CHLORAEINAE ‣ all genera in South
America.
9. Bipinnula Comm.
ex Juss. Terrestrial herbs; leaves 2–6, green with light-green veins, erect or
prostrate; inflorescence terminal, 1-flowered or exceptionally 2-flowered,
predominantly greenish, with reticulate green veining and labellum differently
coloured with respect to other perianth segments; labellum clawed or sessile,
dark-coloured, articulated basally, entire to trilobed, ecalcarate; capsule
erect, ellipsoid, dehiscent via two dorsal sutures. 10 spp., Argentina, Chile,
Uruguay and S Brazil (4, none endemic).
10. Chloraea Lindl.
Roots thick, cylindrical, with evident absorptive hairs; leaves several in a
basal rosette; inflorescence few-to
many-flowered, slender to robust, acute, reticulate, sterile bracts, similar to
the leaves; floral bracts elliptic-lanceolate, acute, much longer than the flower at the base of the inflorescence, then
as long as the ovary; flowers white, greenish, yellow; orange, or reddish,
sessile. 52 spp., 51 in Andes from and S Argentina (inc. Tierra del Fuego),
Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and the Falkland Islands, except by and C. bella
Hauman endemic to Entre Rios, Argentina and neighbouring areas of Uruguay, and
C. membranacea Lindl. in SE South America up Paraná state in S Brazil.
11. Gavilea Poepp.
17 spp., Juan Fernandes, S Chile to Falkland Is in Argentina from Missiones to
Tierra del Fuego.
SUBTRIBE GOODYERINAE ‣ outsiders Goodyera (100,
Arctic to Spain, Iran, India, Indonesia, NW Australia, SE Africa, Panama and
Caribbean, 18 in New World), Aenhenrya (1; S
India), Anoectochilus (43; tropical Asia to Hawaii), Chamaegastrodia (3; Himalayas,
E Asia), Cheirostylis (53; tropical and subtropical regions of
the Old World), Cystorchis (c 20; Thailand and eastwards to
Micronesia), Danhatchia (1; New Zealand), Dossinia (1; Borneo), Erythrodes (26;
tropical Asia, New Caledonia to Samoa and Tonga), Eurycentrum (7; New
Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu), Gonatostylis (2; New
Caledonia), Halleorchis (1; Cameroon, Gabon), Herpysma (1; S
and SE Asia to Sumatra), Hetaeria (c 30; Sri Lanka, SE Asia,
Malesia to Tahiti), Hylophila (7; Thailand to Solomon
Islands), Kuhlhasseltia (10; Korean Peninsula, Japan to New
Guinea), Lepidogyne (1; Malesia), Ludisia (1; SE
Asia, W Malesia), Macodes (11; Japan, Vietnam, Malesia to
Vanuatu), Myrmechis (17; Himalayas, Tibet, SE Asia, Malesia to
New Guinea, Taiwan (China), Korean Islands, Japan, the Kuril Islands), Odontochilus (c
25; Himalayas, tropical Asia, Hawaii), Orchipedum (3; SE
Asia, Java, Philippines), Pachyplectron (2; New
Caledonia), Papuaea (1; New Guinea), Platylepis (17;
tropical and S Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene Islands, Seychelles, Moluccas,
Tahiti), Rhomboda (22; Himalayas, S China (inc. Taiwan), SE
Asia, Malesia to New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands, New
Caledonia, Queensland, Japan, the Ryukyu Islands), Schuitemania (1;
Philippines), Vrydagzynea (43; SE China (inc. Taiwan), SE
Asia, Nicobar Islands, Malesia to New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu,
Queensland, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga), Zeuxine (c 75; tropical and
subtropical regions in the Old World), Zeuxinella (1; Vietnam).
12. Microchilus C.
Presl. Terrestrial or occasionally lithophytic,
rarely epiphytic herbs; stem with few to many, scattered to subrosulate leaves;
leaves coloured green to brownish, sometimes with silver to greenish
maculation; inflorescence pubescent;
flowers resupinate, the outer surface of sepals glabrous to pubescent. 261 spp.
from Mexico to Bolivia, eastwards French Guiana, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil (39,
14 endemic), the Caribbean, and Galapagos Islands, in lowland to mid-elevation
evergreen forest from sea level to 2,000m. 225 spp. in South America. One species,
M.
pedicellatus (Cogn.) E.C.Smidt & M.W.Chase from Brazil
and Paraguay, has leaves reduced to bracts and may be mycoheterotrophic.
SUBTRIBE SPIRANTHINAE ‣ outsiders Aulosepalum (9, Mexico to Costa
Rica), Deiregyne (24, Mexico to
Honduras), Dichromanthus (4, SW Texas to Guatamala), Funkiella (7, Mexico to
Costa Rica), Greenwoodiella (3, Texas to America
Central, Cuba to Hispaniola), Kionophyton (3, Mexico to Guatemala),
Mesadenus (5, Florida to Caribbean, Mexico to Guatemala), Physogyne (3, SW &
C Mexico), Pseudogoodyera (1, Mexico to Guatemala and
Cuba),
Schiedeella
(19, Arizona to SW Texas and up to Costa Rica, Caribbean), Sotoa (1, W Texas,
N and C Mexico) and Svenkoeltzia (3, Mexico).
13. Aracamunia Carnevali
& I.Ramirez. Terrestrial herbs; rhizome creeping, slender;
roots fleshy, cylindrical, pubescent; stems short but conspicuous, to 15 mm
long; leaves 7-11, forming a loose rosette; inflorescence a loose raceme with 3-6 flowers; flowers white, ascending,
non-resupinate, narrowly tubular. Only
one sp., A. liesneri Carnevali & I. Ramírez, endemic to Pantepui
Life Zone, known so far only from the summit of the Cerro Aracamuni in
Venezuela, growing on mosses of stream banks in closed forest at 1,550m.
14. Beloglottis Schltr.
8 spp., Florida Mexico, Belize to Panamá, Lesser Antilles, Suriname, Venezuela,
Colombia to Bolivia, C Brazil (only the widely B. costaricensis
(Rchb. f.) Schltr., in Amazonas state) and W Argentina. 3 spp. in South
America.
15. Brachystele Schltr. Terrestrial,
acaulescent herbs; leaves one or several arranged into a loose rosette;
sometimes some 'cauline' leaves, or foliaceous bracts, are present on the lower
part of the inflorescence; inflorescence
inconspicuously many-flowered, all-sided to more or less onesided raceme;
flowers held horizontally, more or less tubular, fragrant in some spp., white,
yellowish or greenish, sometimes sepals and petals green and labellum white to
orange-yellow. 19 spp. distributed in Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Colombia,
Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana, Peru, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay,
Brazil (9, two endemic), and Argentina, absent in Ecuador; terrestrial,
thriving in open habitats including dry to marshy grasslands, savanna, rocky
fields, xerophilous scrub, tropical deciduous forest, dry pinelands, and grassy
openings in pine-oak forest, usually in clay, sandy or rocky ground and
sometimes in areas subject to periodic fires, from sea level to 2,300m. 14 spp. in South America.
16. Buchtienia Schltr.
4 spp., one sp. in Peru to Bolivia, N to C Brazil and
Paraguay, and Brazil, Peru and Ecuador one endemic each.
17. Coccineorchis Schltr. 8
spp., Mexico to Colombia, one up to Bolivia. 6 spp. in South America.
18. Cotylolabium Garay.
Terrestrial, acaulescent herbs; roots fleshy, flexuose; leaves few (3),
cauline, distantly spaced; inflorescence almost completely covered by the
leaf sheaths, above with tubular, acute, spaced bracts, apex condensed,
one-sided; flowers held horizontally, yellow. Only one sp., C. lutzii Garay,
known only from Serra do Caparaó, from 2,600 to 2,800m above sea level, in
shallow soil among high altitud grasslands (campos de altitude),
occupying an area less than 200 m2 and consisting of few tens of
individuals, on the bordering area between the states of Minas Gerais and
Espírito Santo, in SE Brazil.
19. Cybebus Garay. Only
one
sp., C. grandis Garay, Colombia and Ecuador.
20. Cyclopogon C
Presl. Terrestrial, lithophytic or epiphytic, acaulescent herbs; leaves
one or several forming a basal rosette, present or less commonly absent at
flowering time; Inflorescence with
flowers on all-sides to more or less onesided, few to many; flowers slightly
descending or nodding, less commonly held horizontally, fleshy, fragrant;
sepals and petals green, olive green, greyish green, bronzy green, greenish
white, or creamy, sometimes suffused with red, brown or purple, labellum white,
often with green, brown or reddish marks. 95 spp. SE USA (Florida), Mexico, America
Central, the Caribbean, and South America (88, excluding Chile); predominantly
terrestrial or lithophytic, but some spp., such as C. prasophyllus
(Rchb.f) Schltr. and C. epiphyticus (Dodson) Dodson, are usually,
perhaps exclusively, epiphytic.
Cyclopogon spp. thrive in
varied environmental conditions, including moist to wet tropical and
subtropical, cloud, and pine-oak forests, ravines, and riparian vegetation in
tropical deciduous and semi-deciduous forests, woody and shrub by savannas,
grasslands, rocky fields, marshy areas, and bogs from sea level to about 3,000m.
Brazil has 42 spp., 28 endemic.
21. Degranvillea Determann.
Terrestrial, rhizomatous, leafless herbs; roots apparendy absent;
inflorescence white, pubescente; flowers opening simultaneously, held
horizontally, more or less tubular, white. Only
one sp., D. dermaptera Determann, seems to be an obligate
mycoparasite; it has been found growing in humus soil in seasonally dry
tropical forest between 400 and 650m, endemic to French Guiana.
22. Eltroplectris Raf. 16
spp. from South America in Suriname, Venezuela, Colombia to Bolivia, over Brazil (11, 8 endemic), Argentina and
Paraguay,
one up to North America.
23. Espinhassoa Salazar
& J.A.N. Bat. Rosette of several iridescent, elliptic, shortly petiolate
leaves, flowers with a narrowly tubular base, flared perianth segment apices,
comparatively simple labellum, and short pollinarium with the viscidium located
at the center of its ventral surface. Two spp., both endemic to mountains of
Minas Gerais state, SE Brazil.
24. Eurystyles Wawra.
Obligate epiphytic, acaulescent herbs, growing on bare or
moss-covered branches, tree trunks, and vines up to a few metres above the
ground; leaves several, forming minute, often grouped rosettes, do not wither
at the end of the growing season; blades green, often greyish, glossy; inflorescence
erect to pendulous; capitate with numerous minute flowers; floral bracts larger
than the flowers, imbricating, ovate; flowers tubular, non-resupinate. 23 spp.
distributed from SE Mexico throughout America Central, the Greater Antilles,
and South America (18, except in Chile and Uruguay and Guianas). 11 spp. in
Brazil, 8 endemic.
25. Hapalorchis Schltr.
Terrestrial or epiphytic, rhizomatous herbs; leaves one or (more
commonly) several, forming a loose rosette; inflorescence several-flowered, one-sided; flowers
held horizontally, loosely tubular; coloration described as white or yellowish
green, often with sepals pale green sometimes suffused with pink, petals white
with a green or brownish green vein near the apex, and labellum white with
green veins. 13 spp. from South America, two up to Mexico and America Central,
also Caribbean. 5 spp. in Brazil, 4 endemic; delicate
terrestrials or humus epiphytes in shady, wet locations in tropical and
sub-tropical evergreen, cloud, and riparian forests and marshy areas, from near
sea level to about 2,350m; flowering occurs throughout the year.
26. Helonoma Garay. 4 spp., one in Colombia
to Peru, three from Venezuela, Guyana and Amazonas state in N Brazil (1, none
endemic).
27. Lankesterella Ames.
Epiphytic, acaulescent herbs, epiphytes growing with mosses and
lichens on trunks and branches of small trees and shrubs; leaves several,
forrning minute, often grouped rosettes; inflorescence ebracteate, densely
pilose (the hairs translucent); flowers held horizontally to descending,
tubular, large in proportion to the size of the plant; petals white,
translucent with darker veins, labellum white with green veins on the interior.
11
spp. distributed in Cuba, Hispaniola, Costa Rica, Panamá, Colombia, Venezuela,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil (8, 6 endemic), Paraguay, and Argentina – 9 in
South America, from near sea level to 2,700m.
28. Lyroglossa Schltr.
Two spp. in Mexico and America Central, one up to to Trinidad, Brazil, French
Guiana to Venezuela, Colombia.
29. Mesadenella Pabst.
& Garay. Terrestrial or lithophytic, usually in leaf mould or humus,
acaulescent herbs; leaves several, forming a basal rosette; Inflorescence glabrous
below, sparsely pubescent above, flowers on all sides; Flowers ascending,
scentless, white or greenish white, often with brownish suffusion near the base
of sepals and a yellow area on labellum. 10 spp., distributed from Mexico
through America Central to Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana,
Guyana, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil (4, two endemic), Paraguay, and
Argentina. 9 in South America, in the shade in tropical and subtropical,
evergreen or semi-deciduous forests, which are wet to seasonally dry, and often
in seasonally inundated areas or riparian vegetation, from near the sea level
to about 800m.
30. Microthelys Garay. 7
spp., 6 from New Mexico to C. America, and M.
intagana (Dodson & Dressler) Szlach. endemic to Ecuador.
31. Nothostele Garay. Terrestrial, caespitose herbs, acaulescent, roots
tuberous; leaves absent at anthesis; inflorescence terminal, elongate,
secund, several-flowered. Two spp., both found
on calcareous banks in a canyon at 1,400m, from savannah in center Brazil, one
in Minas Gerais, another in Distrito Federal and Goiás state.
32. Odontorrhynchus M.N.Correa. 5 spp., Peru and Bolivia to Chile and Argentina.
33. Pelexia Poit.
Ex. Rich. Terrestrial, lithophytic or
rarely epiphytic, sometimes humus epiphytes, acaulescent herbs; leaves several,
usually forming a basal rosette, rarely cauline; inflorescence glabrous below; flowers
ascending to held nearly horizontally, sepals and petals green, yellow or
greenish white, rarely reddish brown. 93 spp., Mexico, America Central, the
Antilles, and over South America (84, except in Chile); they live in a variety
of habitats, including tropical and subtropical evergreen and semi-deciduous,
cloud, oak, and tropical deciduous forests, wet to seasonally dry grassland and
scrub, marshy areas, and rocky fields from sea level to about 3,100m. Brazil
has 46 spp., 37 endemic.
34. Pteroglossa Schltr. 13 spp. from Mexico and Central and South America, 12 in South
America (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay). 6
spp. in Brazil, two endemic.
35. Quechua Salazar &
L.Jost. Only one sp., Q. glabrescens (T.Hashim.) Salazar &
L.Jost, Andean Ecuador and Peru, growing on steep rocky slopes and canyons of
limestone in foothill and mountain rain forest, from 1,100–1,700m elevation.
36. Sacoila Raf.
Terrestrial, acaulescent herbs; leaves several, forming a basal
rosette; Inflorescence glabrous
below, pubescent above, many-flowered, all-sided; flowers relatively showy,
fleshy, odourless, pale green, yellowish tan, pink, brick red or coral red. 8
spp. from South America, two up to SE USA (Florida) through Mexico, America
Central and the Antilles. 6 spp. in Brazil, 3 endemic; in general, Sacoila
inhabits areas of grassland, dry scrub, rocky fields, savannas, and oak,
pine-oak, and tropical deciduous to semi-evergreen forests from sea level to 2,200m.
In tropical Mexico and America Central, S. lanceolata is common in
abandoned fields, cattle pastures, roadsides, and gardens, and they have been
observed even in the middle of paths and dirt roads.
37. Sarcoglottis C.
Presl. Terrestrial, acaulescent herbs; leaves several, forming a basal
rosette; inflorescence many-flowered, rarely only 1-2 flowers or the flowers
densely arranged in a subcorymbose short raceme; flowers held horizontally or
slightly nodding to strongly ascending, fleshy, green, yellow, white, rosy,
bronze, brownish or often a combination of these colours, commonly with dark
green veins in labellum and sometimes petals. 55 spp. found from Mexico
throughout all of America Central, Trinidad and the Lesser Antilles to South
America (44, except in Chile); exclusively terrestrial, found in a variety of
habitats that include tropical and sub-tropical evergreen and semi-deciduous,
tropical deciduous, cloud, oak and oak-coniferous forests, dry or wet, marshy
grasslands, savannas, xerophilous scrub, and rocky fields from sea level to
about 2,700m. 26 spp. in Brazil, 16 endemic.
38. Sauroglossum Lindl.
Terrestrial, acaulescent herbs;
leaves several, forming a basal rosette; inflorescence glabrous below, glandular-pubescent
above, many-flowered, either all-sided or sub-secund; flowers erect to held
nearly horizontally, yellow, orange, brick red, or the sepals and petals green,
yellowish green or whitish, sometimes with a reddish tinge, and the labellum
white or yellow. 11 spp. restricted to South America, in two major areas: one
with 9 spp. includes the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile,
Argentina and W Brazil (one of these in W Brazil), and the other with two
species the region of the Serra do Mar in SE Brazil; this plants grow in leaf
litter in dense to open, moist to relatively dry and riparian forests,
grassland, sclerophyllous scrub, and open grassy, rocky or gravelly areas with
shallow soil from near sea level to about 3,700m.
39. Skeptrostachys Garay.
Terrestrial herbs; leaves several, forming a basal rosette or,
more commonly, distributed along the inflorescence;
inflorescence many-flowered, all-sided; floral bracts green, red or brownish;
flowers showily coloured, fleshy, slightly ascending, white, greenish yellow,
pale yellow, fleshcoloured, pale brown-orange, brick red or bright red. 10 spp.
distributed in the Brazilian Shield (8, two endemic) and adjacent areas of
Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina, with one record in Suriname; all
spp. grow in open areas, including moist or wet grasslands, marshy places,
rocky grasslands (campos rupestres), and savannas of C Brazil (cerrado), often in sandy soil and areas subject to periodic fires
from sea level to about 1,600m.
40. Spiranthes
Rich.
43 spp. from temperate regions on the Northern
Hemisphere, Malesia, Australia, Pacific islands, tropical America, 32 spp. in
New World, with S. torta (Thunb.) Garay & H.R. Sweet widely
distributed in North America, America Central and Caribbean, with dubious records
in French Guiana.
41. Stalkya Garay. Only
one
sp., S. muscicola (Garay & Dunst.) Garay, endemic to Andes of W
Venezuela.
42. Stenorrhynchos Rich. ex
Spreng. 5 spp. Mexico to Venezuela and Bolivia, 4 in South
America.
43. Thelyschista Garay.
Terrestrial, acaulescent herbs; roots numerous, fleshy,
cylindrical, pilose; leaves 4-7, forming a basal rosette; inflorescence pubescent, many-flowered on all sides;
flowers tubular, sepals pale green, petals and labellum white. Only one sp., T. ghillanyi (Pabst)
Garay, in rocky fields, growing in sandy places on conglomerate and sandstone
substrate, at 700 to 850m, in Diamantina Range, center Bahia state, Brazil.
44. Veyretia Szlach.
11 spp. Trinidad, French Guiana to Colombia, over Brazil (10,
4 endemic),
Argentina and Paraguay.
SUBTRIBE DISCYPHINAE ‣ a single genus.
45. Discyphus Schltr.
Acaulescent, deciduous geophytes with fasciculate roots; a single orbicular,
cordate leaf lying on the substrate and clasping the base of the scape;
inflorescence densely glandular-pubescent; flowers campanulate, resupinate,
petals free from the dorsal sepal but adnate to the proximal half of the
column, labellum free. Only one sp., D. scopulariae (Rchb.f.) Schltr., highly
disjunct, in Panamá, Trinidad, Venezuela and NE Brazil.
SUBTRIBE CRANICHIDINAE ‣ outsiders Fuertesiella (1, Cuba, Hispaniola) and Galeoglossum (3, Mexico
to Guatemala).
46. Aa Rchb.
f. Terrestrial, caespitose herbs; leaves basal, rosulate; inflorescence lateral, erect, elongate,
many-flowered, narrowly racemose; flowers small; petals narrower than sepals,
glabrous, free. 26 spp. from Andes, from Venezuela to Argentina, one sp. up to
Chile, also Costa Rica, open scrub and woodland, damp mountain meadows, paramo,
among scrub and grass between sandstone or limestone rocks, peaty areas between
rocks, peat swamps, and river gravel; 3,100-4,400m.
47. Altensteinia Kunth. 8
spp., Venezuela to Bolivia.
48. Baskervilla Lindl.
Terrestrial herbs in cloud and
elfin forest, less commonly in secondary forest; 1,000-3,300m, with a short
ascending rhizome and fleshy horizontal hairy roots; leaves ovate to
lanceolate, petiolate; inflorescence elongate,
many-flowered; peduncle remotely sheathed; bracts glabrous; sepals free,
spreading; petals with a claw adnate to the column and a spreading or reflexed
free blade. 11 spp., 10 native to Nicaragua to Bolivia and Guyana, and B.
paranaensis (Kraenzl.) Schltr. in S & SE Brazil and Bolivia.
49. Cranichis Sw.
Terrestrial or lithophytic in
primary and secondary lowland and montane woodland and forests, in humus and on
sphagnum tussocks, rarely in meadows; 360-3,000m, caespitose herbs; leaves
one-several, usually basal in a rosette, rarely cauline, fleshy, ovate to
lanceolate, often longly petiolate, present at anthesis; inflorescence terminal, elongate; peduncle and
rachis puberulent; bracts leafy, shorter than the flowers; sepals free; petals
free, much narrower than the sepals, often ciliolate on the margins,
sub-spreading. 92 spp. native from Florida, Mexico and Caribbean south to
Bolivia and Argentina, the greatest diversity in the Andes from Venezuela to
Peru, but only 5 in Brazil (3 endemic). 67 in South America.
50. Gomphichis Lindl. 34
spp. from Venezuela and Guyana to Bolivia, two up to America Central.
51. Myrosmodes
Rchb.f.
Small
terrestrial herbs with fleshy, fusiform, often pubescent, fasciculate roots;
leaves fasciculate, small, narrowly elliptic to ovate-elliptic, shortly
petiolate, often fleshy; inflorescence lateral, erect, many-flowered, racemose,
anthesis often before leaves emerge; peduncle completely enclosed by
infundibuliform, scarious, often ustulate, at first imbricating then spreading
sheaths; bracts scarious, often ustulate, shorter than flowers; flowers
non-resupinate, small, glabrous. 14 spp. native to Andean South America from
Venezuela to Bolivia and Argentina; plants are commonly seen among tussocks of Azorella
Lam., swampy ground near lakes and streams, in stream beds, and rocky areas; 3,800-4,600m,
the highest habitat known to support orchids in Earth (4,900m
in Andes).
52. Ponthieva R.
Br. Terrestrial, caespitose herbs;
leaves several, ovate to lanceolate, petiolate; inflorescence terminal, elongate; flowers delicate
in texture; sepals thin-textured; petals adnate in basal part to sides of
column, asymmetrical. Labellum fleshy, small, concave, entire to three-Iobed,
adnate in basal part to the column. 76 spp. widely distributed in the tropical
and subtropical Americas from Florida and Texas to northern Argentina, east up
to French Guiana, Caribbean. 57 in South America; plants grow on mossy trunks
and on the forest floor in cloud forest, along streams in dry forest, and moist
banks in oak and oak/ pine woodland from sea level to 3,000m. Only three spp.
in Brazil, one endemic.
53. Porphyrostachys Rchb.f. Two
spp., Ecuador to Peru.
54. Prescottia Lindl.
Erect, terrestrial herbs. Rhizome absent. Stems simple, erect,
pubescent distally; leaves non-articulate, basal, petioles sheathing at base,
lamina elliptic to ovate; inflorescences terminal, racemes many-flowered;
flowers non-resupinate; sepals thin, basally connate forming a short cup,
rarely free, erect; petals thin, narrow, adnate to the sepaline cup. 25 spp. of
Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico to Argentina, Uruguay, 23 in South America,
mainly in Brazil (13, 9 endemic); found from the subtropical regions. Prescottia
is more widely distributed and may be found from sea level to 3,000m; most
plants occur in the shade of shrubs, broadleaf forests or pine woodlands in
soil or leaf-litter.
55. Pseudocentrum Lindl. 17 spp., 14 from
Colombia to Bolivia, two in Caribbean and one in America Central.
56. Pterichis Lindl. 44 spp., two in Caribbean and 42 in South America
(Venezuela to Cono Sur), three up to America Central.
57. Solenocentrum Schltr. 4
spp., two in America Central, one in Colombia and Ecuador, and one in Bolivia.
58. Stenoptera C.
Presl. Terrestrial herbs with fleshy,
fibrous, fasciculate roots; leaves basal or cauline; inflorescence terminal, erect, many-flowered; flowers
non-resupinate, small; sepals subequal, basally connate into a rather slender
tube, wide opening, apices spreading; petals free, not connivent with dorsal
sepal, often linear, spreading. 6 spp. from Ecuador to Bolivia, possibly in
Colombia (not accepted here), and one up to N Brazil; found on open rocky
slopes and open woodland in paramo and cloud forests; 800-3,600m.
4.
SUBFAMILY EPIDENDROIDEAE (590–600/c
18,000)
16 tribes; Thaieae (1; Thailand),
Arethuseae (23/c 760; S Canada, E USA., Caribbean, India, S China, SE Asia,
Malesia to New Guinea, Australia and islands in W Pacific, Japan), Podochileae
(27/c. 1,300; tropical Africa, India, Himalayas, S China, SE Asia, Malesia to
New Guinea, Australia, Melanesia and islands in W Pacific) and Nervilieae
(3/84, Europe, temperate Asia to Himalayas and Kamchatka, tropical and S Africa,
Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula, tropical Asia to New Guinea and N Australia,
islands in the Indian and Pacific oceans) do not occur in South America. Two genera in New World, Arethusa (1, C & E
Canada to NC & E USA) and Calopogon (5, E Canada to C & E
USA, Bahamas to Cuba).
15 New World genera of
Epidendroideae also occur in Old World: Bulbophyllum, Calathe, Calypso,
Cephalanthera, Corallorhiza, Corymborchis, Epipactis,
Eulophia, Godyera, Hammarbya, Liparis, Malaxis,
Neottia, Polystachya, Tipularia and Tropidia.
EPIDENDOID
LINEAGE 1 of 4: NEOTTTIEAE
4.1 EPIDENDROIDEAE
▸ TRIBE NEOTTIEAE
(6/178) - outsiders Cephalanthera (20,
temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere, 1 from W Canada to W USA), Neottia (84,
Europe, temperate Asia, 7 in USA and Canada), Epipactis (54,
Europe, tropical Africa, temperate Asia, Himalayas, SE Asia, 1 from Canada to
Mexico), Aphyllorchis (22; Sri Lanka to Japan and E Queensland) and
Limodorum (3; Mediterranean to Iran).
59. Palmorchis Barb.
Rodr. Terrestrial herbs; roots fasciculate, slender. Stem erect,
reed-like, occasionally shrubby, leafy above; leaves plicate, elliptic to
ovate-elliptic, acute to acuminate, petiolate, spreading, usually few in
number; inflorescence axillary or
terminal, racemose or paniculate, several-flowered; floral bracts conduplicate;
flowers small for the size of the plant, resupinate; sepals and petals
subsimilar, free, connivent to spreading; petals shorter and narrower than
sepals. 38 spp. tropical regions of Central and South
America (French Guiana to Peru, N Brazil), including Trinidad, with the centre
of diversity in northern South America (34). 9 in Brazil, 4 endemic, in
shade in mixed lowland forests on lateritic- and ironstone-derivative soils as
well as in riverine, cloud, and ‘crabwood’ forests, from sea level to about 1,000m.
EPIDENDOID
LINEAGE 2 of 4: SOBRALIEAE
4.2 EPIDENDROIDEAE
▸ TRIBE SOBRALIEAE
(4/269) - all genera in South America.
60. Elleanthus C.
Presl. Epiphytic or terrestrial, caespitose herbs; roots fleshy. Stems
simple or branched; leaves distichous, plicate or occasionally conduplicate;
inflorescence terminal, racemose or subcapitate, spiral or distichous,
the floral bracts often conspicuous in size or colouring; flowers concave,
usually brightly coloured; sepals and petals free, similar. 152 spp., collectively
range from Mexico and Caribbean to Bolivia and S Brazil (13, one endemic),
eastwards to French Guiana, especially diverse in the Andes (125 in South
America). Elleanthus are
epiphytes or lithophytes in wet or cloud forests from close to sea level up to
about 3,000m.
61. Sertifera Lindl. ex Rchb.f. 11
spp., NW Venezuela
to Peru.
62. Sobralia Ruiz.
& Pavon. Terrestrial, lithophytic, or epiphytic
herbs; roots fleshy; stem unbranched or rarely branched, from a few centimetres
to 14m; leaves cauline with basal sheaths, plicate; inflorescence terminal
or axillary, racemose, often condensed; flowers resupinate; sepals and petals
free, similar. 191 spp. in mainland tropical America (111 in South America)
from Mexico to Peru, Bolivia, and S Brazil (20, 7 endemic),
up to French Guiana. S. altissima D.E. Benn. & Christenson, endemic
to Amazonian Peru, is tallest of all orchids,
reaching up to 13.4m tall.
EPIDENDOID
LINEAGE 3 of 4: HOLOMYCOTROPHICS VICINITY
4.3 EPIDENDROIDEAE
▸ TRIBE GASTRODIEAE
(6/91) - outsiders Auxopus (4; tropical
Africa, Madagascar), Didymoplexiella (8; SE Asia, W Malesia to
Japan and the Ryukyu Islands), Didymoplexiopsis (1; Thailand,
Laos, Vietnam, Hainan), Didymoplexis (17; tropical and SE
Africa, Madagascar, Himalayas, SE Asia, China (inc. Taiwan), Malesia to New
Guinea, northern Australia, Melanesia, and islands in western Pacific) and Gastrodia (c
65; tropical Africa, E Asia to Japan, the Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan (China),
Himalayas and SE Asia to New Guinea, Melanesia, Australia, Tasmania and New
Zealand).
63. Uleiorchis Hoehne.
Terrestrial, holomycotrophics,
achlorophyllous herbs. Stem erect, glabrous; leaves scale-like, membranous,
sessile; inflorescence erect, 1–6-flowered, glabrous; Flowers resupinate, patent,
glabrous, sepals and petals pale brownish white, sometimes also faintly tinged
with pale violet, labellum dull yellow with brown or sepia markings near base.
4 spp. known from America Central and tropical South America. U. ulei
(Cogn.) Handro, the more widely distributed, has been collected in Honduras,
Panamá, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, the Guianas, and SE Brazil (absent in
Ecuador); U. liesneri Carnevali & I.Ramírez is only known from a
single collection from Amazonian Venezuela; U. pratënsis M.E.Engels
& E.C.Smidt is known from few collections in the Atlantic Rain Forest of
Serra da Prata, S Brazil, growing from 30 to 400m; and U. longipedicellata A.Cardoso
& Ilk.-Borg is only known from tree sites in the Carajás Range, Pará state.
Plants occur in sheltered locations in humus-rich substrates, such
as leaf mould or forest hummocks; less commonly, they are found growing on
moss-covered stumps or decaying logs; plants are usually solitary or sometimes
occur in small groups; according to a note by Ule attached to one of his
herbarium collections at Brussels, some populations may persist at the same
location for many years.
4.4 EPIDENDROIDEAE
▸ TRIBE TRIPHOREAE
(4/30) - all genera in South America.
64. Monophyllorchis Schltr. Single-leaf
herbs. Six spp. from Nicaragua to Ecuador, 5 in South
America.
65. Pogoniopsis
Rchb.f. Terrestrial, achlorophyllous, mycoheterotrophic herbs; stem thick,
fleshy, pale yellow in colour, erect; leaves reduced to scale-like bracts,
brown; inflorescence a congested
raceme of a few flowers; flowers subtended by large, yellow bracts; sepals
yellow, oblong-lanceolate, 11-12 mm long; petals white, similar to the sepals
in shape and size; labellum lanceolate, equal in size to the sepals, white with
orange striations; it´s only genus of
mycoheterotrophic endemic to Brazil. Two spp., P.
nidus-avis Rchb.f. from Minas Gerais and the area around Rio de
Janeiro, and P. schenckii Cogn. from Pernambuco de Santa Catarina
states; collections have been made at elevations around 1,100m.
66. Psilochilus Barb.
Rodr. Terrestrial herb with a creeping rhizome; stem erect, purple; leaves
sheathing stem, petiolate, upper surface light or dark green sometimes with
light green or white markings, lower surface purple or purplegreen;
inflorescence terminal, racemose or paniculate; flowers erect; sepals
free, keeled; petals free, not keeled. 19 spp.
found throughout the Greater and Lesser Antilles, America Central, and tropical
South America (14) in Guyana to Peru and Brazil (5, 3 endemic). All spp.
are terrestrial, herbaceous plants of wet montane forests up to 1,600m and rare
or uncommon throughout their range.
67. Triphora Nutt.
Terrestrial herbs; leaves greenish purple, alternate, often reduced and
bract-like, ovate to cordate, convolute or plicate, the margins entire or
slightly serrate. Stems one or two, relatively thick, succulent; inflorescences
racemose to corymbose, lateral or terminal; flower resupinate or
non-resupinate. 25 spp. distributed in the eastern USA and southern
Ontario (Canada), Caribbean, and through Mesoamerica to Ecuador, east to French
Guiana, Brazil (8, 6 endemic). 17 in South America (absent in Peru). All
members of the genus are terrestrial, understorey herbaceous plants of mesic or
montane forests, found at elevations ranging from sea level to 3,000m.
They grow under generally low-light conditions in moist,
well-drained, rich soils among leaf litter. Because of their small size and
inconspicuous habit, field botanists often overlook them. As a consequence of
periodic dormancy with fluctuations in the number of individuals observed from
season to season, Triphora populations leave an impression of being
elusive or having an annual life cycle; the factors that cause Triphora
to enter and emerge from dormancy are not known, but at least in the temperate
regions of its distribution such factors may be related to the amount of
rainfall; flowering generally occurs in late summer, which may (at least in the
temperate regions) help to increase the chances of outcrossing because few
other flowering plants are blooming at that time, and therefore competition is
relatively low for pollinators.
4.5 EPIDENDROIDEAE
▸ TRIBE XERORCHIDEAE
(1/2) - a single genus.
68. Xerorchis Schltr.
Terrestrial herbs; roots fine, wiry; leaves distichous, delicate
and thin-textured, gradually becoming smaller toward the apex of the stem;
inflorescence terminal;
flowers not opening widely, white to greenish yellow. Two spp., Colombia,
Brazil, the Guyanas, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru, in forest-floor
terrestrials, growing in humus or on fallen trees in deep shade in dense
lowland and lower montane forests, from sea level to 700m.
4.6 EPIDENDROIDEAE
▸ TRIBE TROPIDIEAE (3/39)
- outsider Kalimantanorchis (1; W Borneo)
69. Corymborkis Thouars.
Terrestrial, rhizomatous herbs; stem reedlike, usually unbranched,
to several metres tall; leaves several; inflorescence an axillary raceme or panicle, much
shorter than the leaves, fewto many-flowered; flowers sometimes showy and
fragrant; sepals and petals approximately subequal, connivent or connate at
base. 8 spp., pantropical, 2 from Guinea to South
Africa, the Comoro Islands, Madagascar, and Mascarenes, 1 from tropical Asia to
NE Australia and the South Pacific islands (to Samoa), and 5, all in South
America, are distributed in New World, C. flava (SW.)
Kuntze in Brazil, no endemic. All spp. are grow in shaded
localities in evergreen tropical forests.
70. Tropidia Lindl.
Terricolous herbs, green or holomycotrophic; with erect stem, often branched;
two or many plicate leaves; inflorescences axillary or terminal, few- to
manyflowered; flowers resupinate or non-resupinate, sometimes with a spur; and
column with prominent rostellum, and a dorsal and erect anther with two
elongated sectile pollinia. 34 spp., tropical & subtropical Asia to SW
Pacific, T. polystachia (Swartz) Ames in Florida to tropical America,
from Mexico to Ecuador, Venezuela, Caribbean, and a single contacted population
in W Mato Grosso state, in center Brazil.
4.7 EPIDENDROIDEAE
▸ TRIBE WULLSCHLAEGELIEAEE
(1/2) - a single genus.
71. Wullschlaegelia Rchb.
f. Leafless, terrestrial herbs; roots fusiform (arising from the stem
base) or filiform; stem ascending; inflorescence elongate, subtended by scale-like
bracts, pubescent; flowers white, pubescent, resupinate or not, subtended by
bracts; dorsal sepal and petals similar in shape, elliptic to ovate to broadly
lanceolate, acute; petals falcate-basally expanded, rounded. Two spp. from
Caribbean and Mexico/America Central through tropical South America (except
Bolivia and Chile), both in Brazil. It
is uncertain which fungal groups are associated with Wullschlaegelia.
EPIDENDROID
LINEAGE 4 of 4: CORE EPIDENDROID
4.8 EPIDENDROIDEAE
▸ TRIBE MALAXIDEAE (17/c. 4,800)
- three lineages, all in South America.
SUBTRIBE VARGASIELLINAE
(1/3) ▸ a single
genus in South America.
72. Vargasiella C.Schweinf. Three
spp., S Venezuela, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia, absent in Ecuador.
SUBTRIBE MALAXIINAE
(14/c. 1,400) ▸ outsiders Hammarbya (1, Arctic
to N USA, Italy, Kazakhstan and Japan), Tamayorkis (4, SW
USA to Guatemala), Alatiliparis (5; Sumatra, Java), Crepidium (c
260; islands in the Indian Ocean, India, China, SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea,
northern Australia, islands in the Pacific), Dienia (2; India,
S China, SE Asia, Malesia to northern Australia and Melanesia, Japan), Hippeophyllum (c
10; Malesia), Oberonia (c 325; tropical and S Africa, Madagascar,
Mascarene Islands, India, SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea and northern
Australia), Oberonioides (2; China, Thailand), Orestias (4; tropical
Africa) and Stichorkis (8; islands in the Indian Ocean, India,
SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea, islands in the Pacific).
73. Crossoglossa Dressler
& Dodson. 51 spp., from Nicaragua southward into Colombia and Bolivia along
the Andes, 41 in South America, in extremely humid forests, at elevations of
(500-)1,500-2,500(-2,850) m where they can be epiphytic or terrestrial; in
South America, the majority of the species occurs in Colombia and Ecuador,
fewer species occur in Peru and Bolivia, and one is known from Venezuela.
74. Crossoliparis
Marg.
Only one sp., C. wendlandii (Rchb.f.) Marg., from Mexico to Honduras,
Costa Rica to Colombia, and Venezuela.
75. Liparis
Rich. Terrestrial in fens, marshes, wet grassland, and among rocks,
usually in light to deep shade, or epiphytic on tree trunks and branches in
shade in lowland, hill, lower, and upper montane foress, occasionally on rocks,
from sea level to 3,600m; rhizomatous herbs, rarely mycotrophic and leaves
reduced to scales; stem pseudobulbous, clustered or not, covered when young by
sterile bracts; leaves one to several; inflorescence erect, racemose; flower yellow, green, orange, or purple,
often translucent, usually resupinate. 440 spp., mainly in Asia to SW Pacific
islands, subtropical and tropical New World (43, 30 in South America, 3 in
Brazil, one endemic), except Chile and Uruguay, with a single spp. in Europe
and two in North America. L. alpina P.Royen was recorded on wet,
moss-covered slopes in alpine grasslands between 3,350 and 3,600m.
76. Malaxis
Sol. ex. Sw. Terrestrial or rarely epiphytic, occasionally holomycotrophic
herbs; roots hairy. Stem cylindrical to pseudobulbous, fleshy, often creeping
and rooting in basal part; leaves, if present, thin-textured to fleshy, usually
pleated, petiole sheathing at base; inflorescence erect, racemose, unbranched; flowers
green, brown, yellow, pink, or purple. 169 spp., found throughout the tropics
and subtropics of the Old and New World - 138, Mexico to Argentina, Paraguay,
Brazil (11, six endemic), eastwards French Guiana, Caribbean, with a few in
temperate regions of Europe, Asia. 51 spp. in South America; species are
terrestrial in marshes, grassland, woods, and forests, usually in shade, or wet
paludiculous areas (e.g. M. cipoensis fron C Brazil) from sea level to 3,000m.
SUBTRIBE DENDROBIINAE (3/3376) ▸ outsiders Genyorchis (10,
tropical W and C Africa) and Dendrobium (1593,
Sri Lanka throughout tropical Asia and the Pacific region, north to Japan, east
to Tahiti, and south to New Zealand, the largest flowering
genus absent in New World).
77. Bulbophyllum
Thouars. Epiphytic, occasionally lithophytic, or rarely terrestrial herbs;
leaves usually persistent, sometimes deciduous, duplicate, inarticulate,
usually petiolate, thinly herbaceous to coriaceous, usually glabrous;
inflorescences one- to many-flowered, apical or along distal part of rhizome. 2,181 spp. (5th
largest worldwide) and is widely distributed
from continental tropical Africa, the Comoros, Madagascar, Seychelles, Reunion
and Mauritius (approx. 200), India to New Zealand and the tropical Pacific
islands as far east as Tahiti (approx. 1,600) to the Neotropics (95, 91 in
South America). 69 spp. in Brazil, 53 endemic. Six sections among Neotropical
species based on floral characters of species:
§
sect. Bulbophyllaria ▸ three
spp., B. aristatum (Rchb.f.) Hemsl., the
largest range for any spp. of Bulbophylum in New World,
from Cuba, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,
Mexico (1 endemic), Nicaragua, Panamá, and Venezuela; a third from over
northern South America.
§
sect. Didactyle ▸ 7
spp., occurring in Paraguay (1), Brazil (5, 3 endemic), Colombia (1 endemic),
up to Guyana and Venezuela, Peru and Ecuador.
§
sect. Furvescens ▸ 5
spp., Mexico to N Bolivia, east to French Guiana, 2 over northern South
America, ramaining in Mexico (1 endemic), Venezuela (1 endemic) and Suriname
and French Guiana (1 endemic).
§
sect. Micranthae ▸ 12
spp., 11 occurring in C & SE Brazil (8 endemic), Bolivia (3, 1 endemic) and
Paraguay (1, also in Brazil).
§
sect. Napelli ▸ 12
spp., one endemic Venezuela, remaining in Brazil, one of then reaching into
Argentina.
§
sect. Xiphizusa ▸ 56
spp., Mexico to Venezuela and Ecuador, Jamaica, and S Peru to Bahia, southwards
to NE Argentina. 39 spp. endemic to Brazil.
4.9 EPIDENDROIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CYMBIDIEAE (154/c. 3,800)
▸ 10 subtribes, nine in South America (three small, three medium,
three larges), Cymbidiinae (11/c. 130, tropical and S Africa,
Madagascar, SE Asia to Solomon Islands, Japan and Australia) absent.
SUBTRIBE CYRTOPODIINAE (1/51) ‣ a single genus.
78. Cyrtopodium R.
Br. Mostly terrestrial or lithophytic, rarely epiphytic, caespitose
herbs; pseudobulb when young entirely concealed by distichous, scarious
sheaths, eventually naked; leaves several, coriaceous; inflorescence lateral, arising from near base of pseudobulb, erect,
racemose to paniculate, many-flowered; flowers resupinate, often showy; sepals
and petals membranous, spreading, often conspicuously undulate. 51 spp. is
distributed from Florida (North America), Caribbean and Mexico through all of America
Central to S Brazil (39, 20 endemic) and Argentina but is well represented in
central Brazil. 49 spp. in South America. Most spp. are terrestrial or
lithophytic, and these are rarely found established on trees; relatively few
spp. are epiphytic; the terrestrial spp. occupy a broad range of habitats,
including open grasslands, savannas of C Brazil (cerrado), dry rocky slopes, and seasonally-to-permanently wet
areas; plants in the genus have a marked seasonal growth; pseudobulbs of
terrestrial spp. can be entirely above ground, but those of many others are
partially or completely underground.
SUBTRIBE EULOPHIINAE
(3/288) ‣ outsiders Grammangis (2; Madagascar)
and Orthochilus (c 35; tropical Africa, Madagascar, tropical
and subtropical America).
79. Eulophia R.Br. 281 spp., mainly Old World, 4 in New World, from USA to
Panama and Caribbean, French Guiana to Venezuela, Colombia to Bolivia, over
Brazil (two, E. ruwenzoriensis Rendle disjunct in tropical Africa,
both unique in South America), Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay.
SUBTRIBE CATASETINAE (8/c. 354) ‣ all genera in South
America.
80. Catasetum Rich.
ex Kunth. Epiphytic (often on rotten tree trunks), lithophytic, or sometimes
terrestrial herbs. Pseudobulb of several internodes, slenderovoid or fusiform,
when young entirely concealed by distichous, scarious sheaths, eventually
naked; leaves several, distichous, convolute, plicate, articulate, deciduous at
end of growing season; inflorescences one to several, lateral, arising from
base of pseudobulb, erect, arching or pendent, racemose; flowers unisexual,
often sexually dimorphic, rarely also intermediate; floral bracts lanceolate,
funnel-shaped.
196 spp. and several documented natural hybrids
is distributed from Mexico to S Brazil and Argentina, Paraguay, up to French
Guiana, and in Caribbean (Cuba and Trinidad) but is best represented in Brazil
(131, 92 endemic). 200 in South America, 9 in Caribbean. Most spp.
of Catasetum are found on trees or palms, but some grow on sand (e.g. C.
discolor) or on thin organic soils on granite (e.g. C. bergoldianum
Foldats) or sandstone outcrops (e.g. C. discolor). Their range extends
from sea level (e.g. C. macrocarpum Rich. ex Kunth along the coast of
Brazil, the Guianas, and Venezuela) up to 2,200m (e.g. C. discolor,
growing on tepui summits in the Guiana Shield). Natural hybridization is
relatively common in the genus. Epiphytic spp. are often found in rotten wood,
and it is apparent that some plants first grow mycotrophically for a period of
time, developing an extensive root system, and then produce pseudobulbs that
can increase in size rapidly within a few years. Plants can bear either
male or female flowers, usually in separate inflorescences. Male (staminate)
flowers tend to be colourful, resupinate or not, with a saccate or open
labellum, and they forcibly attach a relatively large pollinarium onto their
pollinators. Female (pistillate) flowers, on the other hand, are always green
and non-resupinate (Romero 1990); inflorescences with both male and female
flowers are rarely found in nature; it is not known why they are encountered
more frequently in cultivated plants. Intermediate flowers, ranging variously
from the typical morphology of male and female flowers, are rarer in nature,
and even bilaterally half male-half female flowers have been documented; these
intermediate flowers are, however, reproductively non-functional.
81. Clowesia Lindl.
Epiphytic herbs on trees or palms in tropical rain forests at 60–1,700m.
Pseudobulb of several internodes; ovoid to slender-ovoid, when young entirely
concealed by distichous, scarious sheaths, eventually naked; leaves several,
distichous, convolute, plicate, articulate; deciduous at end of growing season;
inflorescence one to several,
lateral, arising from base of pseudobulb, arching or pendent, racemose; flowers
resupinate, bisexual, protandrous, fragrant, often showy; bracts lanceolate,
funnel-shaped; sepals and petals membranous. 8
spp., seven distributed from Mexico to Panama, two up to South America, C.
warczewitzii (Lindl. & Paxton) Dodson up to Brazil, and one endemic to Ecuador,
but it is particularly well represented in Mexico, where at least five spp.
have been reported (4 endemic).
82. Cyanaeorchis Barb.Rodr.
Three spp. from S Brazil, one up to NE Argentina.
83. Cycnoches Lindl.
Epiphytic or rarely terrestrial herbs; leaves several, distichous,
convolute, plicate, articulate, deciduous at end of growing season;
inflorescences one to several, lateral, arising from base of apical internodes,
arching or pendent; flowers non-resupinate, unisexual, staminate and pistillate
ones often sexually dimorphic, rarely also with polymorphic intermediate ones;
bracts lanceolate, funnel-shaped. Staminate flowers whitish green or various
colours, spotted or not; sepals and petals membranous, lateral sepals strongly
refl exed or not. 33 spp. is distributed from Mexico to
S Brazil (6, one endemic) and northern Argentina, east up to French Guiana, but
it is well represented in Mesoamerica and the northern Andes. 22 spp. in South America.
84. Dressleria Dodson. 13 spp.,
Nicaragua to Peru, absent in Venezuela, 8 in South America.
85. Galeandra Lindl.
Caespitose epiphytic or terrestrial herbs; leaves several, distichous,
coriaceous; inflorescence terminal,
erect or arching to pendent, racemose or paniculate, with 1–20 flowers; flowers
resupinate, often showy; bracts concave to cymbiform, linear to narrowly ovate,
acuminate, not as long as ovary; sepals and petals membranous, erect to
spreading; sepals narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, lateral sepals
sometimes oblique; petals similar to sepals, oblique. 41 spp. from Florida,
Caribbean and Mexico to S Brazil and Argentina, 36 in South America, 25 in Brazil
(11 endemic), mainly in two main areas, but only four endemic: equatorial
Amazon region (mainly epiphytic, mostly on palms (Arecaceae) in gallery forests
and permanently flooded places) and the South American savannas (mainly
terrestrial, at umid grasslands and sandy areas). G. montana Barb.Rodr.
occurs in sandy soils in montane habitats on the Brazilian Shield and in sand
dunes near the sea in Bahia and Espírito Santo. Among terrestrials, G.
beyrichii Rchb. f. grows in thick rain forests and seasonal forests; many
populations of this spp. appear to be holomycotrophics
and flower over many years without producing leaves.
86. Grobya Lindl. Epiphytic,
sympodial herbs; leaves 3–7, linear, with 1–3 prominent veins on abaxial
surface, base sheathing; inflorescence lateral, raceme, few to
many-flowered; peduncle with numerous bracts, basal ones tubular, apical ones
laminar; flowers resupinate, generally yellow to pale yellow with brownish
dots; sepals and petals membranaceous. 5 spp., epiphytes in wet forests of E
Brazil, mainly in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest; G. cipoensis F. Barros
& Lourenco is an epiphyte exclusively on Vellozia gigantea, which
grows on rocky grasslands (campos rupestres).
87. Mormodes Lindl.
Epiphytic, rarely terrestrial, saprolignophilous herbs; leaves
several; inflorescences 1–several, lateral, erect, Flowers showy, fragrant,
perfect but always dichogamous, resupinate or non-resupinate. 85 spp. that are widely distributed in tropical America,
from Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil (27, 19 endemic) east to French Guiana, but
excluding the Caribbean; 53 spp. in South America. All spp. of Mormodes,
as for most other members of subtribe Catasetinae, are saprolignophilous,
that is, they live on the rotting wood of stumps and fallen trees or branches,
as well as other substrates that provide them with a continuous supply of
nutrients and moisture, as in the humus trap formed by the leaf bases of some
palms; these plants are mycotrophic, and seedlings are always found associated
with fungal hyphae that spread on and into the rotting wood. The
mycoheterotrophic phase of at least some of the spp. seems to be relatively
long; large masses of achlorophyllous rhizomes and roots can apparently live
for years embedded in the wood before an aerial shoot is visible, which then
usually grows rapidly and is able to produce flowers and seeds within only a
couple of years; Mormodes occur in evergreen and semi-deciduous tropical
forests and cloud forests from sea level to about 2,200m elevation.
SUBTRIBE ONCIDIINAE (64/c. 1,610)
‣ outsiders Hintonella (1, Mexico).
88. Aspasia Lindl.
Up to 30 cm tall, epiphytic, caespitose, sympodial herbs; leaves
bifacial, conduplicate, articulate, eventually deciduous, epetiolate;
inflorescences one or two, lateral, glabrous, never branched, shorter than
leaves, 1–6-flowered, bracts shorter than pedicel; flowers resupinate,
spurless, cream to pinkish or brownish with darker spots; sepals and petals
free, similar in size and shape, but sepals immaculate and petals usually with
spots or bars of dark brown. 7 spp. known from Guatemala and Belize south to
Panamá in America Central and from Venezuela and Colombia south to Brazil (4,
one endemic) and Paraguay, growing epiphytically at lower elevations (800m or
less), often in seasonally dry forests.
89. Brassia R.
Br. Moderate to large (15–70cm tall), epiphytic, caespitose, sympodial
herbs; leaves bifacial, conduplicate, articulate, eventually deciduous,
epetiolate; inflorescences one or two, lateral, glabrous, rarely branched,
often longer than leaves, 5–30-flowered, bracts usually shorter than pedicels,
rarely covering part of flower bases;
flowers resupinate, spurless, cream, yellow, orange-yellow or greenish yellow;
sepals and petals free, similar in shape but petals often shorter than sepals,
often both ‘spidery’ and elongate-curving, usually with dark brown to reddish
brown spots concentrated on their basal halves. 69 spp. from Florida (North America)
through the Caribbean, Mexico, and all of America Central through South America
to Brazil (16, 3 endemic) and Bolivia, east up to French Guiana, growing
epiphytically at a wide range of elevations, from sea level in seasonally dry
forests up to 2,500m or more in cloud forests. 60 spp. in South America.
90. Caluera Dodson
& Determann. 5 spp., scattered in Venezuela,
Ecuador, French Guiana, N Brazil (two spp., both in Pará
state, none endemic) and Suriname.
91. Capanemia Barb.Rodr.
Small (less than 8 cm tall), epiphytic always on small branches, caespitose,
sympodial herbs. Pseudobulb, when present, abbreviated, with a single terminal
leaf and 1–3 leaf-bearing bracts. Leaf conduplicate or terete, articulate,
eventually deciduous, epetiolate; inflorescences one or two, lateral, glabrous,
rarely branched, shorter than leaves, 1–2-flowered, bracts shorter than
pedicels; flowers resupinate, spurless, white to cream with a bright yellow
spot in the centre of the labellum; sepals and petals free or lateral sepals
fused up to 3/4 their length, similar in size, shape, and colour. 8 spp. in
Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil (all, 5 endemic), and Uruguay but centred
in SE Brazil, growing epiphytically at low elevations (ca. 300m) in seasonally
dry forests; they occur on introduced spp. of genera such as Citrus L.
(Rutaceae) and Hibiscus L. (Malvaceae), as well as in primary forests.
92. Caucaea Schltr. 17
spp., Venezuela to Peru.
93. Chytroglossa Rchb.f.
Small (up to 3 cm), epiphytic, caespitose, sympodial herbs; leaves duplicate,
bifacial, articulate, eventually deciduous, epetiolate; inflorescences 1–3,
lateral, glabrous, unbranched, usually longer than leaves, 1–8-flowered, bracts
nearly as long as pedicels; flowers usually resupinate, spurless, yellow-green
to yellow, often with reddish purple spots on labellum, lateral lobes white or
yellow with reddish purple spots. Three spp., restricted
to the Atlantic Forest of E Brazil in the states of Paraná, São Paulo, Rio de
Janeiro, Espírito Santo, and Minas Gerais, (ca. 600–1,800m) in wet forests.
94. Cischweinfia Dressler
& N.H.Williams. 11 spp., Costa Rica to Bolivia,
absent in Venezuela. Nine spp. in South America.
95. Comparettia Poepp. &
Endl. Small to moderate (up to 20 cm), epiphytic, caespitose, sometimes
partially psygmoid, sympodial herbs. Pseudobulb elongate to orbicular; leaves
1–4, mostly bifacial, conduplicate, but some unifacial, articulated, sometimes
darkly (red) pigmented; inflorescences one or two, lateral, glabrous, mostly
unbranched, usually exceed- ing length of leaves, 5–25-flowered, bracts shorter
than pedicels; flowers resupinate, red, orange, yellow, pink, carmine, greenish
yellow, often with red and white markings on labellum; sepals and petals free,
except for lateral sepals that are at least basally fused to form a nectar
spur, the others similar in size, shape, and colour, lanceolate. 79 spp.
collectively occur from Caribbean through Mexico (only two) south through America
Central to Brazil (5, none endemic), Bolivia, and Peru. 78
spp. in South America. Only one species, C. falcata, is widely
distributed. Most species grow on the smallest branches of their host trees in
wet montane forests up to 2,700m, but C. falcata and others can grow as
low as 100m. In certain areas, they move onto cultivated plants, and most occur
in sites in which there are often mosses and lichens.
96. Cuitlauzina Lex. 8 spp. Mexico to Panama, one up to Colombia.
97. Cypholoron Dodson &
Dressler. Two spp., Venezuela and Ecuador one endemic each.
98. Cyrtochiloides N.H.Williams
& M.W.Chase. Three spp., SE Mexico to Peru, one endemic to America Central.
99. Cyrtochilum
Kunth. Large (up to 2 m), epiphytic to terrestrial,
caespitose to longscandent, sympodial herbs; pseudobulb ovoid, usually round in
cross-section, with 2–4 terminal leaves and 2–6 leaf-bearing bracts; leaves
conduplicate, bifacial, articulate, eventually deciduous, epetiolate;
inflorescences one or two, lateral, glabrous, usually branched and often
thigmatropic (actively vining) or lax, longer than leaves, 10–60-flowered,
bracts shorter than pedicels; flowers resupinate, spurless, white, yellow,
pink, brown or purple, often in unusual mixtures of colours with brown or
pinkish spots or bars; sepals and petals free, similar in size and shape or
petals much wider, reflexed in some spp. 205 spp. ranging in the high Andes of
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru, with one sp. also occurring
outside of this area on Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico (the
Caribbean); these spp. grow in wet forests throughout the Andes at middle to
high elevations (1,200m and up); many of them grow on or near the ground, and
their long, vining inflorescences climb up through the vegetation to reach
brighter areas. Some of the smaller spp. grow on small branches or twigs (e.g. C.
meirax (Rchb.f.) Dalström) and approach being twig epiphytes; there are a
number of spp. that grow in high-elevation grasslands or páramos.
100. Eloyella P.Ortiz. (inc. Dunstevillea) 11 spp., from Colombia to Peru, one
of them up to Panama, Venezuela and Guyana, French Guiana, one in Roraima and
Pará states in N Brazil.
101. Erycina Lindl.
Small (2–10 cm), epiphytic, caespitose, psygmoid monopodial or
sympodial herbs; leaves 2–9; inflorescences 1–5, lateral, glabrous, unbranched
or branched, usually longer than leaves, sometimes successively flowering,
1–25-flowered, bracts shorter than pedicels; flower orientation irregular but mostly
resupinate, unspurred, uniformly bright yellow; sepals and petals free or
lateral sepals fused basally, otherwise similar in size and shape or petals
much wider. 7 spp. occurs widely throughout the American tropics, up to Brazil
(3, all wider), absent only from the Antilles and Florida, although it does
occur on Trinidad. 5 spp. in South America in wet, lower elevation forests from
200–600m on smaller axes of their host trees, except for E. hyalinobulbon,
these spp. grow in. E. hyalinobulbon (La Llave & Lex. ) N.H.Williams
& M.W.Chase, which grows in oak-pine forests at 1,200–2,000m on the Pacific
slopes of Mexico; it is usually found on trunks and other larger axes.
102. Fernandezia Ruiz & Pav. 89 spp., 87 only South America (Venezuela to Bolivia), two
of this continent to America Central, and two only America Central and Mexico.
103. Gomesa R.Br.
Small to large (up to 70 cm tall), epiphytic or terrestrial, sympodial herbs,
usually caespitose but in some cases with an elongated rhizome or erect stem;
leaves three or four; inflorescences one or two, lateral, glabrous, unbranched
to branched, usually exceeding length of leaves, 3–60-flowered; flowers usually
resupinate, spurless, yellow, green or white, often with brown markings. 125
spp. with a centre of distribution in Brazil (117, 95
endemic), particularly in the Atlantic Forest, but extending to
Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, with two outliers in Colombia and
Venezuela and one in both areas; most are epiphytes, but several grow
terrestrially in swampy areas in full sun (e. g. G. montana Barb.Rodr.).
Most grow at moderate elevations, rarely at sea level, and some come from cloud
forest conditions.
104. Hofmeisterella Rchb.f. Two
spp., Venezuela to Bolivia.
105. Ionopsis Kunth. Six
spp., two very widely in tropical America (both in Brazil), plus Colombia,
Brazil and Ecuador one endemic each.
106. Leochilus Knowles
& Westc. 12 spp., S Florida, Mexico, Belize to
Panama, Caribbean, Venezuela to Ecuador and Brazil (1, wider).
Only two in South America.
107. Lockhartia Hook.
Small to moderate (10–35 cm), epiphytic, caespitose, sympodial
(appearing at times monopodial) herbs. Stem erect to pendulous, covered in
short leaves (pseudobulbs present only in L. genegeorgei D.E.Benn.
& Christenson, elongate with conduplicate, articulate
leaves); leaves 5–50, unifacial, non-articulate (except in L. genegeorgei),
overlapping, imbricate; inflorescences 1–25, lateral or terminal, glabrous,
sometimes branched, usually not exceeding leaves, 1–4-flowered, bracts shorter
than pedicels, open, orbicular; flowers greenish yellow, yellow or white with
darker red or red-brown markings; sepals and petals free, similar in size and
shape, obovate. 33 spp., which occur throughout much of the Neotropics, from
Mexico through America Central to Panamá and from Venezuela and French Guiana
to Bolivia, Brazil (8, 3 endemic), Peru and Trinidad. 27 spp. in South America,
found over a wide range of elevations from sea level to 2,000m in relatively
shaded sites with high humidity. They flower repeatedly from the same sympodia over a period of 2–3
years.
108. Macradenia R.Br. 13 spp. from
South America (French Guiana to Venezuela, Colombia to Peru, over Brazil,
Paraguay), two up to Florida and Mexico. Nine spp. in Brazil, 5 endemic.
109. Macroclinium Barb.Rodr. 49 spp., Mexico, Belize to Panamá, French Guiana to
Venezuela, Ecuador to Bolivia, N to SE Brazil (9, six endemic).
33 in South America;
absent in Colombia.
110. Miltonia Lindl.
Moderate to large (25–85 cm tall without the infl orescence),
epiphytic, mostly caespitose but sometimes long-rhizomatous (e.g. M.
spectabilis), sympodial herbs; pseudobulb laterally compressed, ancipitous;
leaves 2–6, bifacial, conduplicate, articulate; inflorescences 1–3, lateral,
glabrous, unbranched to branched, arching-erect, usually longer than leaves,
1–150-flowered, bracts shorter than pedicels; flowers resupinate, cream,
yellow, orange, purple, pink or brown with darker pink to reddish brown or
white markings; sepals and petals free, similar in size and shape or petals
broader, oblanceolate to lanceolate and spidery. 12 spp. endemic to Brazil
except one up to Argentina and Paraguay and one
disjunct in Venezuela, at lower elevations (200–1,000m) in relatively
shaded sites with high humidity.
111. Miltoniopsis God.-Leb. 6
spp. from Venezuela to Bolivia, two up to Guatemala.
112. Nohawilliamsia M.W.Chase
& Whitten. Small to medium-sized (up to 25 cm tall) epiphytic, sympodial
herbs with obovoid, longitudinally furrowed pseudobulbs subtended by 1–3
foliaceous bracts; leaves one or two apically plus 1–3 basally per sympodium; inflorescence one or two, lateral, unbranched to sparsely branched,
erect, much longer than leaves, 5–35- flowered; flowers resupinate, spurless,
sepals and petals reddish purple with a yellow margin, labellum bright yellow
with a few reddish purple spots on the callus; sepals and petals free,
oblanceolate, similar in size and shape. Only
one sp., N. pirarensis (Rchb. f.) M.W.
Chase & Whitten, known only from southern Venezuela (Amazonas
and Bolivar), W Guyana and NW Brazil in Roraima state, an unusual distribution
for a member of Oncidiinae; occurs more or less terrestrially or
lithophytically in the mountains (tepuis) of the Guiana Shield and the Amazon
basin at about 300–1,600m.
113. Notylia Lindl.
Small (5–20 cm tall), epiphytic, caespitose, sympodial herbs;
leaves 2–8; inflorescences 1–3, lateral, glabrous, unbranched, pendent, usually
longer than leaves, 10–70-flowered, bracts shorter than pedicels; flowers
resupinate, cream, white, yellow or green with rose and yellow markings in some
spp.; labellum often white; sepals and petals lanceolate, free except lateral
sepals fused in many spp., otherwise similar in size. 55
spp. found from Mexico south through America Central to Panamá, and from
Colombia and Venezuela to Brazil (24, 11 endemic), Bolivia, Paraguay, and
Peru. 45 spp. in South America, from nearly sea level to about 900m in
relatively shaded sites with high humidity; they are twig epiphytes and occur
on the smallest axes of their hosts.
114. Notyliopsis P.Ortiz. Only one sp., N. beatricis P.Ortiz, endemic to
Colombia.
115. Oliveriana Rchb.f. 15 spp. from Guyana to Peru.
116. Oncidium Sw. Small
to large (5–120 cm) epiphytic, mostly caespitose, sympodial herbs; leaves 2–4,
bifacial, articulate; inflorescences 1–3, lateral, glabrous, branched or
unbranched, erect to pendent, usually longer than leaves, 2–120-flowered,
bracts shorter than pedicels, some spp; flowering repeatedly from the same inflorescence (e. g. some spp. of the former genus Sigmatostalix);
flowers resupinate, cream, white, yellow or pink with reddish brown, rose and
yellow markings in some spp. 336 spp. found from Mexico
and Florida (North America) through America Central and the Caribbean to
Bolivia, and Peru. 276 spp. in South America, 13 in Brazil (six endemic); there
are two centres of diversity, Mexico and the Andes, from sea level to 2,500;
some occur in exposed sites, whereas others grow in highly shaded places;
nearly all are epiphytic, but some spp. grows in soil (e.g. O. graminifolium
Lindl. in heavy clay soils in Mexico).
117. Ornithocephalus Hook.
Small (up to 10 cm) epiphytic, monopodial, sometimes elongate,
psygmoid herbs without pseudobulbs; leaves 4–30, unifacial, laterally
flattened, usually articulate, eventually deciduous, epetiolate; inflorescences
1–5, lateral, sometimes hairy, unbranched, usually shorter than leaves,
8–50-flowered, bracts shorter than or same length as pedicels; flower orientation variable, usually
resupinate, spurless, white, yellow-green to yellow, often with orange-brown
spot(s) on labellum; sepals and petals free, petals usually wider and falcate
with a minutely erose or papillate margin, sometimes with a papillate reverse.
56 spp., collectively ranging from Mexico through America Central and the
Caribbean to Brazil (8, three endemic), Bolivia, and Peru, east up to Caribbean.
37 spp. in South America; some spp., such as O. gladiatus, occur over
most of this distribution; Ornithocephalus grow epiphytically at low to
middle elevations, ca. sea level to 2,000m in wet forests; flowering has been
reported throughout the year.
118. Otoglossum (Schltr.)
Garay & Dunst. 25 spp., Costa Rica, Panamá, Venezuela,
Colombia to Bolivia, Amazonas state in N Brazil (3, none endemic). 24 spp. in South
America, centered in Ecuador.
119. Phymatidium Lindl.
Small (up to 10 cm tall), epiphytic, caespitose, monopodial herbs
without pseudobulbs; leaves 5–30, spirally arranged, bilaterally flattened,
unifacial, terete to triquetrous, unarticulate, epetiolate, except in P.
falcifolium Lindl. with bifacial leaves; inflorescences 1–5, lateral,
unbranched, longer than leaves, 1–10-flowered, bracts shorter than pedicels;
flowers mostly resupinate but variable, spurless, green, greenish yellow or
white; sepals and petals free, obovate, similar in size and shape. Nine spp.
found in SE Brazil, one into Uruguay and Argentina and
Paraguay, growing epiphytically at 150–1,850m in humid forests.
120. Platyrhiza Barb.Rodr.
Small (up to 8 cm tall), epiphytic, caespitose, sympodial herbs; leaves 3–5,
distichous, conduplicate, bifacial, articulate, epetiolate; inflorescences 1–3,
lateral, unbranched, longer than leaves, 1–10-flowered, bracts shorter than
pedicels; flowers mostly resupinate but variable, spurless, greenish yellow to
greenish white with a yellow spot in middle of the labellum callus; sepals and
petals free, oblanceolate, similar in size and shape. Only one spp., P.
quadricolor Barb. Rodr., found only in SE Brazil in the
wet Atlantic
Forest, growing epiphytically in shady sites at 150–1,000m in humid
forests just a few metres off the ground.
121. Plectrophora H.Focke. 10 spp.,
from French Guiana to Venezuela, Colombia to Bolivia, N to C Brazil (5, two endemic), one up to Guatemala.
122. Polyotidium
Garay. Small (up to 18 cm tall), epiphytic, caespitose, sympodial herbs.
Pseudobulb unifoliate, cylindrical. Leaf bifacial but nearly terete,
articulate, eventually deciduous; inflorescence one (rarely two), lateral,
unbranched to weakly branched, longer than leaves, 5–25-flowered, bracts
shorter than pedicels; flowers resupinate, spurless, red to red-orange; sepals
and petals free, but lateral sepals fused most of their length, obovate. Only
one sp., P.
huebneri
(Mansf.) Garay, reported from the Guiana Shield from Amazonian
and Orinocan regions of Colombia, Venezuela, and Amazonas state in Brazil,
growing epiphytically in shady sites at 100–200m in wet forests.
123. Psychopsiella
Lückel & Braem. Only one sp., P. limminghei (É.Morren
ex Lindl.) Lückel & Braem, endemic to SE Brazil.
124. Psychopsis Raf. 4
spp., Costa Rica to French Guiana and Trinidad, Colombia to Peru, Roraima state
in N Brazil (two, none endemic).
125. Pterostemma Kraenzl. 4 spp.,
Colombia to Ecuador.
126. Quekettia Lindl. 7 spp.,
northern South America up to Peru and Brazil (3, none endemic).
127. Rauhiella Pabst
& Braga. Small (up to 3 cm tall) epiphytic, caespitose, sympodial herbs;
leaves duplicate, bifacial; inflorescences 1–3, lateral, glabrous, unbranched,
pendent, usually longer than leaves, 1–10-flowered; bracts nearly as long as
pedicels; flowers usually resupinate or variously arranged, asymmetrical,
spurless, yellow-green to yellow, often with reddish purple spots on labellum;
sepals and petals free, lanceolate, similar in size and shape except for longer
lateral sepals, which are also falcate. Three spp. restricted to the Atlantic
Forest rain forest of E Brazil in the States of Bahia and Rio de Janeiro,
growing epiphytically at low to middle elevations, ca. sea level to 1,300metres,
in wet forests. Where they grow in the littoral zone, conditions are much
drier.
128. Rhynchostele Rchb.f. 17 spp., Mexico
to Panamá, two disjuncts in NW Venezuela.
129. Rodriguezia Ruiz
& Pav. Moderate (up to 25 cm high), epiphytic, caespitose to scandent,
sympodial herbs, sometimes partially psygmoid; leaves 1–4, mostly bifacial;
inflorescences 1–4, lateral, 5–30- flowered, bracts shorter than pedicels;
flowers resupinate or of irrgular symmetry, yellow, pink, carmine, greenish
yellow or white, often with red and yellow markings on all parts, particularly
yellow on labellum callus. 46 spp. from Mexico south through America Central
and from Colombia and Venezuela south to Argentina, Brazil (22, 13 endemic),
Bolivia, and Peru, east up to French Guiana. R. lanceolata Ruiz &
Pav. is widely distributed throughout this range and also found in many parts
of the Caribbean. 44 spp. in South America; most spp. grow on smaller branches
of their host trees, in wet forests, from sea level up to 1,500m.
130. Rossioglossum (Schltr.)
Garay & G.C.Kenn. 12 spp., Mexico to Peru and Venezuela, two in South
America.
131. Sanderella Kuntze.
Small (5–8 cm tall), epiphytic, caespitose, sympodial herbs. Leaf
bifacial, articulate, and eventually deciduous; inflorescences one or two,
lateral, glabrous, unbranched, roughly length of leaves, 5–10- flowered, bracts
shorter than pedicels; flowers mostly resupinate (although orientation often
irregular), yellow-green with a few reddish brown markings on labellum; dorsal
sepal and petals free, often similar in size and shape, lateral sepals fused to
one-half their length, lanceolate. Two spp., in a restricted area of S Brazil
(both, none endemic) and Misiones Province in Argentina up to Minas Gerais and
Bolivia, growing at low to middle elevations (200–900m), generally on small
branches near water.
132. Schunkea Senghas.
Small (4–8 cm tall), epiphytic, caespitose, sympodial herbs; pseudobulb nearly
terete, unifoliate; leaf conduplicate, bifacial, coriaceous, articulate, and
eventually deciduous; inflorescences one or two, lateral, glabrous, unbranched,
shorter than leaves, 2–8-flowered, bracts shorter than pedicels; flowers
resupinate, white to cream with red-pink central stripes on perianth; sepals
and petals free, similar in size and shape, oblanceolate. Only one sp., S.
vierlingii Senghas has only been collected once, in Espírito Santo State in
SE Brazil, around 600m in open, wet forests.
133. Seegeriella Senghas. Three
spp., Ecuador to Bolivia.
134. Solenidium Lindl.
Small (8–15 cm tall), epiphytic, caespitose, sympodial herbs;
leaves one or two, bifacial, articulate and eventually deciduous;
inflorescences one or two, lateral, glabrous, unbranched, longer than leaves,
5–30-flowered, bracts shorter than pedicels; flowers resupinate, yellow-green,
yellow to white, with reddish brown markings on sepals and petals; sepals and
petals free, similar in size and shape, oblanceolate. Three
spp. occurring in Amazonian/Orinocan South America, from Colombia to Peru and
Bolivia and Venezuela and Guyana to Brazil (two, none endemic), in wet forests
at elevations of 500– 2,000m.
135. Suarezia Dodson. Only
one
sp., S. ecuadorana Dodson, Ecuador.
136. Sutrina Lindl. Two spp., Peru
and Bolivia one endemic each.
137. Systeloglossum Schltr. 5
spp., three in Costa Rica to Panamá, and two in Colombia, Ecuador to Peru.
138. Telipogon
Kunth. Small to medium (4–25 cm tall), epiphytic, rarely
terrestrial, caespitose, sympodial herbs without pseudobulbs; leaves 2–15;
inflorescences one or two, lateral (sometimes appearing terminal), unbranched,
arching to erect, longer than leaves, 1–10-flowered, but often with single
flowers opening successively; flowers resupinate, yellow-green to yellow, often
suffused with red-purple and with dark veins, nearly always with a series of
spots, hairs, and other markings particularly on labellum; sepal and petals
similar in size and shape or petals larger, oblanceolate to nearly triangular. 252 spp. from Costa
Rica and Panamá in America Central to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia,
and Peru in South America (192). The greatest species
diversity is found in the Andes of Colombia and Ecuador, with fewer
than 4 species are widely distributed in distribution, e.g., Venezuela to Peru;
only one America Centraln species occur in South America; these
species occur on all axes of trees and shrubs and occasionally in nearly
terrestrial conditions in mossy areas at 1,400–3,000m in perpetually wet
forests, often in near-páramo conditions; flowers having the
appearance of an insect in the center of the usually roundish flower; many
species are brightly colored with yellow, brown and red spots, blotches,
vein-lining and reticulations.
139. Thysanoglossa Porto
& Brade. Epiphytic, sympodial herbs; pseudobulb petiole-like, unifoliate.
Leaf dorsiventrally flattened, bifacial, V-shaped or semi-terete, articulate,
epetiolate; inflorescences one or two, lateral, unbranched, longer than leaves,
1–6-flowered, bracts shorter than pedicels; flowers mostly resupinate but
variable, spurless, greenish yellow to bright yellow; sepals and petals free,
oblanceolate, similar in size and shape. Three spp. found only in SE Brazil in Atlantic
Forest, growing epiphytically in shady sites at 150–1,500m in humid
forests.
140. Tolumnia Raf. 27 spp.
from Caribbean, one up to Florida, another up to Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana
and disjunct in French Guiana.
141. Trichocentrum Poepp.
& Endl. (inc. Grandiphyllum,
Saundersia) Small to
large (up to 70 cm tall), epiphytic (rarely lithophytic), sympodial herbs;
leaves one or rarely two per sympodium, coriaceous, dorsiventrally flattened or
terete, articulate, epetiolate; inflorescences one or two, lateral,
1–80-flowered, sometimes weakly branched; bracts shorter than pedicels; flowers
resupinate, spurless to long-spurred, pink, purple, yellow, white, dark brown,
reddish brown, pale cream with brown to reddish brown spots; sepals and petals
free, oblanceolate, similar in size and shape or petals in some spp. much
larger and broader. 100 spp. found throughout the Neotropics, from Florida
and Mexico through America Central, the Caribbean to northern Argentina,
Uruguay, S Brazil (30, 15 endemic), Paraguay, and Peru, 57 in South America. In
spite of their seemingly xerophytic habits, Trichocentrum s.l. mostly
grow in relatively shady and humid sites from sea level to 2,800m, often
growing on trunks and other larger axes, in many cases found in deep shade and
nearly completely buried in moss.
142. Trichoceros Kunth. 10
spp., Colombia to Bolivia.
143. Trichopilia Lindl. 46 spp., Mexico, Belize to Panamá, Caribbean, Venezuela to
Suriname, Colombia to Bolivia, N to SE Brazil (5, two endemic). 30 spp. in South
America.
144. Trizeuxis Lindl. Only one sp., T. falcata
Lindl., Trinidad, Costa Rica to Guyana, Colombia to Bolivia, Brazil.
145. Vitekorchis Romowicz
& Szlach. 4 spp., Venezuela to Bolivia.
146. Warmingia Rchb.f.
4 spp. very disjunct, one from Costa Rica to Ecuador, one
in Bolivia and two in Brazil, one of then up to Argentina.
147. Zelenkoa M.W.Chase
& N.H.Williams. Only one sp., Z. onusta
(Lindl.) M.W. Chase & N.H. Williams, Colombia to Peru.
148. Zygostates Lindl.
Small (up to 10 cm tall), epiphytic, sympodial herbs. Pseudobulb
globose, subtended by 1–15 foliaceous bracts on a leafy stem, sometimes
branched; roots glabrous or pilose; leaves one or two per sympodium,
coriaceous, bifacial, articulate, usually petiolate; inflorescences 1–5,
lateral, generally unbranched, equal to or longer than leaves, 1–15-flowered;
bracts shorter than pedicels; flowers resupinate or not, sometimes
asymmetrical, spurless, some parts green, others white to cream, orange or
yellowish green with green to orange spots on the labellum callus; sepals and
petals free, similar in size and shape or petals broader. 30 spp. found
from Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Guyana to S Brazil (21, 19 endemic),
Argentina (Misiones), and Paraguay, especially rich in spp. in SE Brazil, occasionally
seen in some specialist collections, grown for their floriferousness (in spite
of their small size).
SUBTRIBE ZYGOPETALINAE
(35/c. 430) ‣ outsider Stenotyla (9,S Mexico to Panama).
149. Aetheorhyncha Dressler.Only
one
sp., A. andreettae (Jenny) Dressler, endemic to Ecuador.
150. Aganisia Lindl. Epiphytic or terrestrial; leaves
plicate, weakly coriaceous, narrowed at base into a conduplicate, channeled
petiole, clear to dark green, shiny on upper surface; inflorescence lateral, a
few(2)- to many(10)-flowered raceme; Flowers resupinate, sepals white to pale
bluelavender or blue-mauve with adaxial surfaces flushed pink, petals white to
pale blue-lavender or bluish mauve, pale pink-flushed white within; labellum
white with yellow centre or blue-lavender with dark purple-lavender margins or
gold-bronze with a mauve red or bluish purple centre. Three spp. from Trinidad and tropical South
America, where it has been recorded from Venezuela to central Brazil in Mato
Grosso state (all, none endemic), and
from the Amazonian regions of Frech Guiana to Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. Species
of the genus occur as epiphytes in hot, tropical to premontane rain forests,
usually at elevations of 100–500m, rarely up to 1,000m.
151. Batemannia Lindl.
Epiphytic, caespitose herbs; leaves membranaceous to subcoriaceous;
inflorescence lateral, a 1–7-flowered raceme; flowers resupinate, sepals
and petals greenish yellow or olive green, often suffused with brown, or with
purple-brown blotches, labellum white or pale yellow, often finely spotted with
purple, column white, spotted purple underneath. Three
spp. from tropical South America, ranging from Trinidad to northern Brazil (one,
no endemic) and from Venezuela to the Amazonian regions of Colombia, Ecuador,
Peru, and Bolivia; epiphytes in hot, tropical wet forests at elevations of
100–600m.
152. Benzingia Dodson. 11
spp. from Colombia to Peru, one up to Costa Rica.
153. Chaubardia Rchb.f.
Three spp.,
French Guiana to Venezuela, Colombia to Bolivia, N to SE Brazil (two, none
endemic).
154. Chaubardiella Garay. 8
spp., 7 from Colombia to Peru, two up to America Central, C. tigrina
(Garay & Dunst.) Garay up to French Guiana, and one only in South America.
155. Cheiradenia Lindl.
Only one sp., C. cuspidata Lindl., endemic to Guiana Shield, in
elevation ranges 100 – 900m, French Guiana to Venezuela, and Amapá state in N
Brazil (only one record, never found in live form).
156. Chondrorhyncha Lindl. 5 spp., Venezuela
to Ecuador.
157. Chondroscaphe (Dressler)
Senghas & G.Gerlach. 15 spp., Costa Rica to Peru and Venezuela, 11 in South
America.
158. Cochleanthes Raf. 4 spp., one wider in Mexico to Panama, Caribbean, Venezuela
to Ecuador and Brazil, one restricted in Costa Rica and Panama, and Trinidad
& Tobago and Colombia one endemic each.
159. Cryptarrhena R.Br. Three spp.,
all wider, Mexico to Panama, Jamaica, Trinidad, French Guiana to Venezuela,
Colombia to Bolivia, Brazil (two, none endemic).
160. Daiotyla Dressler. 5 spp., 3 in Costa Rica
and Panamá and two endemic to Colombia.
161. Dichaea Lindl.
Epiphytic, caespitose or scandent herbs without pseudobulbs;
inflorescences lateral, single-flowered, supraaxillary, produced sequentially
or rarely simultaneously; flowers resupinate, ringent to spreading, often
scented, sepals and petals ivory white to greenish white or orange-grey, sepals
mostly flecked with purple-violet toward base, petals commonly heavily spotted
or blotched with purpleviolet. 127 spp., distributed
from Mexico through America Central and Caribbean to Bolivia and Brazil (28, 13
endemic), with greatest diversity in Andean South America (93). Epiphytes (rarely
terrestrials), mostly restricted to shady places in the understorey of wet
forests from 0–2,500m. With a few exceptions, spp. of Dichaea are
shade-loving plants, invariably growing in subdued light on the main trunk
(often near the soil) and large, shaded branches. Most spp. are not exposed to
direct sunlight, and plants usually establish themselves among thick layers of
mosses, which ultimately cover large portions of stems and leaves.
162. Echinorhyncha Dressler. 5 spp.,
Colombia to Ecuador.
163. Euryblema Dressler. Two spp.,
Panamá and Colombia one endemic each.
164. Galeottia Ness.
Epiphytic, pseudobulbous, caespitose herbs; leaves
subplicate-venose, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, lanceolate-elliptic to
oblanceolate, acute, abruptly acuminate, abaxially obscurely carinate along
nerves, narrowed at base into a distinct, conduplicate petiole, clear to dark
green, shiny on upper surface; inflorescence lateral, one or two per shoot, a 2–8- flowered raceme;
flowers showy, resupinate, sepals and petals yellowish green to cream, mostly
longitudinally striped with reddish brown or with purple-brown stripes and
blotches, rarely suffused with chestnut brown, labellum usually creamy white,
rarely almost solid red or with yellow lateral lobes, midlobe often striped
with purple, callus red or variously striped with purple, column white, striped
purple on the underside. 12 spp. from South America, one ranging up to S Mexico
through America Central, with highest diversity on the western slopes of the
Peruvian and Colombian Andes also in Guianas. Epiphytes or terrestrials in wet
forests at elevations of 150–2,500m in shady to partially exposed spots. 5 spp.
in Brazil, none endemic.
165. Hoehneella Ruschi.
Epiphytic, caespitose, pseudobulbous herbs; leaves conduplicate, articulate,
membranaceous, dark velvety green, paler abaxially; inflorescence lateral, single-flowered, produced from axils of lower
sheaths; flowers resupinate, parts not completely spreading, sepals and petals
greenish yellow, labellum white with a violet callus. Two spp., one in São
Paulo, another in Espírito Santo state, as shade-epiphytes on mossy branches in
evergreen, wet forests at 600–1,100m; flowering has been recorded in January,
but may occur at other times.
166. Huntleya Bateman
ex. Lindl. Epiphytic, often large caespitose herbs without pseudobulbs; roots
terete, produced from rhizome; stem enclosed by 7–16 imbricating sheaths, upper
ones foliaceous; leaves conduplicate, articulate, membranaceous to coriaceous,
oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, acute to acuminate, abaxially carinate,
narrowed at base into an indistinct, conduplicate petiole, grass green to dark
green; inflorescence one or more
per shoot, lateral, single-flowered, produced from axils of lower sheaths,
peduncle terete, erect, provided with 1–3 conduplicate, clasping bracts; floral
bract double, conduplicate, membranaceous, shorter than ovary, the external one
loose, widely ovate, acute, the subopposite internal bractlet narrowly
lanceolate to ligulate; flowers resupinate, usually scented, sepals and petals
glossy cream to yellow, frequently white in basal third. 17 spp. from South America (centre of
diversity in the northern Andean regions of Colombia and Ecuador), three
ranging from Nicaragua; mostly restricted to extremely wet forests, usually at
medium and low elevations (from sea level to 800–1,000m); Huntleya
mostly grow as large epiphytes on trunks and large branches, where the thick
rhizome often assumes a creeping habit. Two spp. in Brazil, none endemic.
167. Ixyophora Dressler. 8
spp. Colombia to Bolivia.
168. Kefersteinia Rchb.
f. Epiphytic, caespitose herbs without pseudobulbs. Stem abbreviated,
Leaves membranaceous; inflorescence lateral, 1–20
per shoot, single-flowered, produced from axils of lower sheaths, peduncle
terete, arching or pendent, provided with one or two basal, triangular,
membranaceous to scarious bracts; flowers resupinate, spreading or campanulate,
sepals and petals pure white or yellow to cream white or pale green, rarely
pale pink to pale purple, often spotted with purple to dark red-brown or tan-
brown, heavily marked with orange-red or finely spotted purple toward base,
rarely covered with large purple- brown blotches, labellum white or pinkish
white to cream or yellow, spotted and flecked with purple to almost solid
purple, rarely with a large, central, purple blotch, callus white to yellow,
mostly finely spotted with purple, rarely solid purple or pink.
63 spp. collectively ranging from S Mexico through Panama and
Venezuela and Colombia to French Guiana and Bolivia in South America (48), K.
mystacina Rchb. f. up to Brazil (by a single non academic collection, with a unknown range), most
diverse along the Andes of Ecuador and Peru (with 21 and 17 spp. recorded,
respectively), and it is particularly well represented in the mountainous areas
of America Central up to Costa Rica, where 11 spp. have been recorded so far;
diversity rapidly diminishes toward the north, with a single spp. (K.
tinschertiana Pupulin) known from Guatemala and S Mexico; epiphytes in
shady habitats, often growing on the trunks and mossy oldest branches of trees
alongside streams; the habitat of Kefersteinia ranges from tropical warm to
evergreen and wet forests at elevations of 100–2,500m, although most spp. are
found in premontane forests at mid-elevations (900–1,500m). Some spp. (namely K.
bengasahra D.E.Benn. & Christenson, K. expansa Rchb.f., K.
retanae G.Gerlach, K. stevensonii Dressler) are restricted to warm,
tropical forests under 500m, whereas K. guacamayoana Dodson & Hirtz,
K. aurorae D.E.Benn. & Christenson, K. pusilla (C.Schweinf.)
C.Schweinf., K. pellita, and K. tolimensis Schltr. have been
exclusively recorded from forests at elevations of 1,700–2,500m; flowering has
been recorded throughout the year, although some spp. seem to flower consistently during the dry season and others during the
rainy months.
169. Koellensteinia Rchb.
f. Terrestrial, rarely epiphytic, caespitose, mostly pseudobulbous herbs;
leaves membranaceous to subcoriaceous; inflorescence a lateral,
few-flowered; flowers resupinate, sepals pale cream to pale green or clear
light yellow, sometimes flushed with pink or transversely marked with rose,
violet or red-brown toward base, petals pale cream to pale green or clear light
yellow, sometimes sparsely dotted or transversely striped with purple, labellum
white, mostly with transverse, purple stripes or with purple spots toward base,
often flushed with yellow around callus. 11 spp. distributed in Puerto
Rico and Trinidad, America Central (Belize and Panamá), and tropical South
America (all species) from Venezuela to Brazil (9, 3 endemic)
and from Colombia to Peru and Bolivia along the Amazonian
watershed of the Andes; the centre of diversity is NE Brazil; terrestrials in
humid soils and among mossy rocks on the floor of bright, open forests and
grasslands and less frequently epiphytes on shaded tree trunks in evergreen
forests at 100–2,300m.
170. Neogardneria Schltr.
ex Garay. Epiphytic, caespitose, pseudobulbous herbs; leaves medium to dark
green, shiny on upper surface; inflorescence lateral, one
or two per shoot, a 2–6-flowered raceme produced from base of developing
pseudobulb and emerging from axils of lower sheaths, peduncle terete, suberect
to erect, rachis fractiflex; floral bracts lanceolate, conduplicate-cymbiform,
loose, shorter than ovary; flowers resupinate, spreading, greenish to light
yellow, labellum white to greenish white, marked with red-purple freckles,
callus and column yellow. Only one sp., N. murrayana (Gardner
ex Hook.) Schltr. ex Garay, from SE Brazil, recorded
from Espírito Santo and Río de Janeiro states. Epiphytes in
the shade on mossy old tree trunks in evergreen cloud forests at 1200–1,600m,
mostly along welldrained ridges of the Atlantic chains of central and S Brazil;
flowering has been recorded from December through March. (FP).
171. Otostylis Schltr.
Terrestrial, caespitose, pseudobulbous herbs; leaves
membranaceous; inflorescence lateral,
emerging from axils of lower sheaths, a successively flowered raceme, rarely
branching at base, with 5–20 flowers open simultaneously; flowers resupinate,
with sepals and petals white to pale cream, sometimes flushed with pale pink
toward the apex, labellum white to pale cream, disc pale yellow to yellow,
sometimes spotted purple toward base, column white, variously marked with
purple-violet at base. Two spp. ranging from Trinidad to Venezuela and Brazil (only O. brachystalix (Rchb.f.)
Schltr., no endemic) and from Colombia to Peru, with
most taxa recorded from the Guiana Shield; terrestrial in moist and swampy
peaty soils in open areas of evergreen, damp rain forests and semi-dwarf
forests at 100–1,700m; flowering has been recorded at least from April to June.
172. Pabstia Garay.
Epiphytic, lithophytic (occasionaly terrestrial), caespitose,
pseudobulbous herbs; leaves subcoriaceous; inflorescence lateral, 1–4 per shoot, one few – flowered; flowers
scented, fleshy, sepals creamy white to green, rarely striped with red-brown,
lateral sepals sometimes sparsely spotted with red-purple, petals creamy white
to green, heavily spotted/blotched or striped with purple red, labellum white,
blotched/striped with purple to solid violet apically, sometimes flushed with
green toward apical margins, disc and callus greenish white to pale violet,
column white flecked with purple to pale violet. 5 spp. endemic to the coastal
regions of SE Brazil (Espírito Santo, Río de Janeiro, Santa Catarina) in South
America; epiphytes and lithophytes in shady and humid locations in forests
along the coastal mountains of SE Brazil at 200–1,500m; flowering occurs from
July to December.
173. Paradisanthus Rchb.f. Terrestrial, caespitose, pseudobulbous herbs; leaves
plicate, submembranaceous; inflorescence lateral, a successively few-flowered, rarely branching
raceme; flowers resupinate, with creamy white to pale green sepals and petals,
mostly transversely striped with brownish red toward base, labellum white,
sometimes spotted violet along margins of lateral lobes, column white, with
ventral surface blotched red to dark purple-brown. Only
one sp., P. bahiensis Rchb.f., from the states of Bahia to Rio
Grande do Sul; terrestrial plants in the open shade of tropical and
subtropical, low-elevation rain forests, where they are usually found in dry
soils with the roots growing among surface detritus.
174. Pescatoria Rchb.f.
Epiphytic, caespitose herbs without pseudobulbs; leaves
membranaceous to coriaceous, erect to erect-spreading; inflorescence one or more per shoot, lateral, single-flowered; flowers
resupinate, fleshy, sepals and petals white to creamy yellow, greenish cream or
pink to solid purpleviolet, mostly flushed with lavender toward apex, rarely
striped with lavender or purple in basal half, labellum white to pink or
yellow, midlobe often flushed lavender or purple apically, rarely solid violet,
callus yellow (rarely white) to dark purple, ribs of callus usually purple. 21
spp. and two named natural hybrids, ranging from Costa Rica to Brazil (two,
none endemic) and Peru, up French Guiana, centred in NW South America, mainly
diverse along the Andes of Colombia and Ecuador, with 16 and 9 spp.,
respectively. Diversity rapidly diminishes toward the north (a single spp.
recorded for Costa Rica) as well as toward the southern end of the Andes (only
one sp. in Peru) and in E South America (2, wider); two spp. are recorded from
Venezuela and the Guyanas to N Brazil. Most spp. of Pescatoria are
native to wet forests at medium elevations (around 800–1,500m), but P.
hemixantha (Rchb.f.) Dressler is found in the warmer forests of the
tropical belt at 200–500m; Pescatoria are large epiphytes, usually
restricted to trunks and large branches of their hosts.
175. Pridgeonia Pupulin. Epiphytic,
caespitose herbs without pseudobulbs; roots terete, thick, 2.5–3.0 mm in diam.,
produced from the short rhizome. Only one sp., P. insignis Pupulin,
endemic to SE Ecuador, near Peruvian border.
176. Promenaea Lindl.
Epiphytic, caespitose, pseudobulbous herbs; leaves subplicate-venose,
grey-green to medium green, paler abaxially; inflorescence lateral,
1–4 per shoot, 1-(rarely 2-)flowered, flowers resupinate, large for plant,
spreading, sepals and petals creamy white to pale greenish yellow to bright
yellow, immaculate or variously spotted or transversely striped with red-purple
to violet-brown, labellum white to cream with yellow apex, greenish yellow to
bright yellow, or solid black-purple, often heavily spotted with red purple,
mostly in basal portion. Only one sp., P.
stapelioides (Link & Otto) Lindl., endemic to E Brazil, Bahia to Rio
Grande do Sul. Epiphytes in shady and humid forests, mostly along the Atlantic
slopes of Serra do Mar in SE Brazil, at 1,000–2,000m.
177. Stenia Lindl. 22 spp.,
Trinidad, Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia to Bolivia and Brazil (two, one endemic).
178. Warczewiczella Rchb.f. 11 spp.,
from French Guiana to Venezuela, Colombia to Bolivia, N to SE Brazil, two up to
Honduras and Panama. 3 spp. in Brazil, two endemic.
179. Warrea Lindl.
Terrestrial, rarely epiphytic, caespitose, pseudobulbous herbs;
leaves plicate, membranaceous; inflorescence lateral, a 4–14-flowered raceme; flowers resupinate,
usually nodding, subglobose, sepals white to pale orange-yellow on inner
surface, sometimes blotched with rose toward base, abaxially cream to orange,
flushed purple, petals white to yellowish cream, often flecked with rose or
pale purple, labellum white to yellow, with an orange to purple basal blotch or
blotch restricted to disc, or flushed rose-purple and striped with purple at
apex, the callus white to yellow, apically purple or solid purple. 4 spp., one
wider in tropical South America, two only in Mexico and America Central and one
endemic to Peru. Terrestrials (rarely epiphytes) in decaying leaf matter,
mostly in the shaded understorey of dense, wet forests and occasionally on
drier slopes and in more exposed conditions. Records of Warrea
distribution indicate that plants are mostly restricted to premontane forests,
occasionally ranging to the tropical belt of moist to wet forests at 600–1,500m.
180. Warreella Schltr. Two
spp., Colombia and Venezuela one endemic each.
181. Warreopsis Garay. Only
one sp., W. colorata (Linden & Rchb.f.) Garay, Costa Rica to Ecuador
and Venezuela.
182. Zygopetalum Hook.
Terrestrial, epiphytic or lithophytic, pseudobulbous (rarely without, in which
case with a prostrate, indeterminate rhizome becoming erect apically),
caespitose to scrambling herbs; leaves plicate-venose, membranaceous to
subcoriaceous; inflorescence lateral, one or two per shoot, a 3–10-
flowered racem; flowers resupinate, showy, fragrant, sepals and petals
yellowish green to green, heavily blotched or spotted with crimson or chestnut
brown, rarely solid reddish brown, labellum white to purplish violet, heavily
striped along veins with purple, violet or red, callus white to purple-violet. Six
spp. from Brazil, two also ranging to Paraguay, northern Argentina, Bolivia,
and Peru; terrestrial or epiphytic (facultatively terrestrial and lithophytic)
in wet forests, mostly at elevations of 1,000–1,800m in shady to partially
exposed situations. Z. maxillare Lodd. is almost exclusively restricted
to tree-ferns in wet and shady conditions.
183. Zygosepalum Rchb.
f. Terrestrial or epiphytic, pseudobulbous, rhizomatous-creeping or
caespitose herbs; leaves membranaceous to subcoriaceous; inflorescence lateral, a 1–7-flowered raceme produced from base of
immature or mature pseudobulb; flowers resupinate, showy, sepals and petals
pink or pale reddish brown to deep purple with cream margins, or yellowish
green to green blotched with red-brown, labellum white to cream with a few
purple lines at base to striped with purple-violet, or blotched purple at base,
callus white striped purple to solid purple-violet, column white or yellowish
to pale green, variously flecked with purple on ventral surface. Three spp., mostly native to the Amazon and Orinoco
basins and the Guiana Shield, which range from Venezuela to northern Brazil (two,
none endemic) and from Colombia to Ecuador and Peru, in the Amazonian watershed
of the Andes. Epiphytic or terrestrial (facultatively epiphytic) plants in
tropical warm to montane wet forests at elevations of 200–2,500m in shady to
partially exposed situations. Z. labiosum (Rich.) C. Schweinf. and
closely related spp. are almost exclusively restricted to lower portions of
trees, close to the water along streams and rivers in shady conditions. spp. of
tepuis, such as Z. tatei and Z. angustilabium, grow as
terrestrials or epiphytes in dense, tangled, dwarf, wet forests, often in open
conditions.
SUBTRIBE ERIOPSIDINAE
(1/6) ‣ a single
genus.
184. Eriopsis Lindl.
Epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestrial, erect herbs; leaves to 1 m
long, usually with several light green, conspicuous veins on the lower surface;
inflorescence lateral, erect or
arching, racemose, multiflorous (sometimes more than 50 flowers); flowers
resupinate, 3–4 cm in diameter; sepals and petals free, similar, spreading,
dull yellow to orange with brownish flush and maroon margins, elliptic–ovate. 4 spp. distributed from Guatemala and Belize in America
Central south to the W Andes of Peru and also in the lowlands of Amazonia in
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil (2, none endemic), all
in South America, between sea level and 2,400m.
E. biloba Lindl.
and E. rutidobulbon Hook.
mostly grow as lithophytes or terrestrials in
savannas, preferring open places in direct sun; in Ecuador, they are often
terrestrial on steep roadbanks. Plants of E. biloba are adapted to
seasonally burned habitats in the Gran Sabana in southern Venezuela; here they
survive fi res with their pseudobulbs partly buried in the sand. E. biloba
is a dominant orchid on the summit of Auyan-tepui in southern Venezuela. E.
rutidobulbon occurs in W Colombia and Ecuador at elevations from 1200–1,700m.
E. sceptrum Rchb. f. & Warsz. occurs in lowland Amazonia of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and
Peru; it often forms large specimens close to the water and is also found in
inundated forests just above the water-line.
SUBTRIBE MAXILLARIINAE (12/c. 820)
‣ all genera in South
America.
185. Anguloa Ruiz & Pav. 9 spp.,
Venezuela to Bolivia.
186. Bifrenaria Lindl.
(inc. Guanchezia,
Horvatia, Rudolfiella,
Scuticaria, Teuscheria)
Epiphytic, lithophytic or rarely terrestrial, sympodial herbs to
60 cm tall, caespitose to long-rhizomatous; leaves membranaceous to coriaceous;
inflorescence racemose, lateral, erect or pendent, 1–10-flowered; flowers
resupinate, zygomorphic, fragrant or not, of various colours, often long-lived;
sepals concave, ovate, rarely lanceolate or oblong, rarely attenuate or
mucronate, lateral sepals parallel to column or divergent, sometimes basally
prolonged into a spur that is fused to the column foot; petals obovate, rarely
rhombic or lanceolate, asymmetric and always smaller than sepals. 55 spp.
occuring in Brazil (34, 26 endemic), Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, and
Venezuela as well as the islands of Trinidad and Tobago, and from Panama to
Mexico. The centre of diversity is the coastal Atlantic rain forest in SE
Brazil, typically epiphytes from 50–1,500m, but some spp. are facultative
terrestrials (B. atropurpurea Lindl. and B.
longicornis Lindl.) or lithophytes (B. harrisoniae (Hook.)
Rchb.f., B. inodora Lindl.). B.
tyrianthina (Loudon) Rchb. f. is the only spp. that is
exclusively lithophytic; most spp. are epiphytes in the coastal Atlantic forest
of Brazil or less frequently as lithophytes in rocky grasslands (campos
rupestres). 51 spp. in South America.
187. Ida A.Ryan &
Oakeley. 45 spp., Caribbean, Venezuela to Peru, one, I. rossyi (Hoehne) Campacci
& Batista, disjunct spp. from SE Brazil. 43 in South America
188. Lycaste Lindl.
Epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestrial, caespitose, erect,
sympodial herbs; leaves distichous, plicate, elliptic, with 3–5 pairs of
prominent veins plus midvein, basally attenuate forming a variously developed
pseudopetiole, in some spp. deciduous after maturation of the pseudobulb and
vascular bundles of abscission layer forming sharp spines on the apex of
pseudobulb; inflorescences lateral, 1-(rarely, 2-) flowered; flowers showy,
resupinate, fleshy, spreading, usually long-lived; bracts hooded, partially or
completely concealing the terete ovary. 36 spp. from Mexico to South America (12,
only two in Brazil, none endemic). Epiphytic plants of Lycaste occur in
light woodland, usually on trees with rough bark where the roots can run in the
moist crevices occupied by coexisting mosses. Terrestrial or lithophytic plants
are found in leaf litter and shade on the forest floor, often associated with
limestone boulders or cliffs. They flower better at woodland margins, light woodland or in coppiced
areas.
189. Maxillaria Ruiz.
& Pav. Epiphytic, lithophytic, or terrestrial, sympodial herbs,
caespitose or rhizomatous, erect to (rarely) pendent; inflorescence single-flowered;
flowers inconspicuous to showy, campanulate to spreading, resupinate or
non-resupinate, usually long-lived, occasionally fragrant; bracts shorter or
longer than the pedicel plus ovary; sepals and petals free, submembranous to
fleshy, fibres evident when torn; possibly nectar
spur species occur South America.
652 spp., ranging from northern Mexico, America Central, and the
Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe, Dominica) south to S Brazil (107, 41 endemic),
Bolivia, and northern Argentina; 545 spp. in South America, mainly Colombia and Ecuador. Most Maxillaria spp. are
epiphytes in montane forests with highest diversity in the Andes of Colombia,
Ecuador, and Peru. In these habitats, the distinction between epiphytes and
terrestrials is often vague because the same spp. may occur in tree branches as
well as on steep slopes or roadbanks. Some spp. inhabit dry tropical forests or
forests with a strong dry season, but we are unaware of any deciduous spp. spp.
of Maxillaria can be found from near sea level up to 3,500m in subpáramo
vegetation in the Andes (e.g., M. rotundilabia C.Schweinf.).
190. Neomoorea Rolfe. Only
one
sp., N. wallisii (Rchb. f.) Schltr., Panamá to Colombia.
191. Xylobium Lindl. 17 spp., Mexico, Belize to Panamá, Caribbean French Guiana
to Venezuela, 15 in South America, Colombia to Bolivia, over Brazil (3, none endemic).
SUBTRIBE COELIOPSIDINAE
(3/19) ‣ three
genera, all in South America.
192. Coeliopsis Rchb.f. Only
one sp., C. hyacinthosma Rchb. f., Costa Rica to Colombia and Ecuador.
193. Lycomormium Rchb.f. 5
spp., Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
194. Peristeria Hook.
Terrestrial or epiphytic herbs; roots tomentose, lanate; pseudobulbs
clustered, 2–5 leaved; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, plicate, often deciduous;
inflorescence basal, erect or pendent racemes; flowers fleshy,
subglobose, fragrant, pure white to yellowish green. 13 spp. from northern South America to
the Amazonian lowlands of Peru, Bolivia and Brazil (4, one
endemic) up to Trinidad and Tobago, 12 in South
America. P. elata Hook. is terrestrial with large, round pseudobulbs
up to 17 cm in diameter, growing mostly in full sunlight; other spp. are mainly
epiphytic in the shady, humid conditions of the lower canopy but are also found
in loose humus on the ground.
SUBTRIBE STANHOPEINAE (20/c. 300)
‣ outsider
Horichia (1, Panama).
195. Acineta Lindl. 14 spp.,
Mexico to Suriname, Colombia to Peru, N Brazil (1, no endemic). 8 in South America.
196. Archivea Christenson
& Jenny. Only one sp., A. kewensis Christenson & Jenny, cited by
author as a single species from Brazil, but without indication of locality.
Possibly placed hare in Stanhopienae, Archivea
was proposed by Christenson & Jenny in Orchids 65 : 497 in 1996, named in reference
to the fact this has been described only based on a watercolor found in the
archives at Kew; it is doubtful genus until now because they never matched the
plant illustrated here in his description have been collected. The species of
this genus are supposed epiphytes; the authors; we observed that this species
may not be Brazilian or even that it was a mistake for illustration.
Vegetatively
closely resembles some species of Coryanthes and Cirrhaea, but
its flowers are presented in upright basal inflorescences; we note that the
upright position of the inflorescence in the illustration looks more like a
freedom that the illustrator took portraying the plant and it is possible that
this is pending; the inflorescence holds about ten pale yellow flowers with
sepals and petals narrow and acuminate; the flowers resemble those of Horichia,
which differ primarily by the lip with two lateral claws, whose lateral lobes
fuse together forming a keel in the center of the lip, but much shorter and
curved spine.
197. Braemia Jenny. Only
one
sp., B. vittata (Lindl.) Jenny, French Guiana to Venezuela, Colombia to
Peru, N Brazil.
198. Cirrhaea Lindl. Lithophytic or epiphytic herbs; leaf plicate,
elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, petiole canaliculated; inflorescence wiry, glabrous, angular with some triangular, amplexicaul
bracts; flowers variously coloured (even within a species), pedicel bent 90° so
that flowers face away from inflorescence axis; sepals free, ovate-lanceolate,
much longer than broad, concave, reflexed, lateral sepals sigmoid, asymmetric;
petals smaller than sepals, narrowly spathulate, sigmoid with their broadest
part above the middle. 7 spp., distributed in SE Brazil (Atlantic
Forest) in the states Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São
Paulo, Espírito Santo, and southern Bahia, as lithophytes or less frequently
epiphytes on bases of tree trunks in humid evergreen or semi-deciduous forests
of Atlantic
Forest; they prefer sites that are semishaded with high humidity.
199. Coryanthes Hook.
Epiphytic herbs, often in ant nests; leaves lanceolate or
elliptic-lanceolate, plicate, conspicuously veined, subcoriaceous, acute or
acuminate; inflorescence 1–10-
flowered, mostly pendent but in some spp. spreading or erect (often depending
on number of flowers), with some triangular, clasping bracts bearing reddish
brown-bordered extrafl oral nectaries along their midvein; flowers fleshy,
heavy (the heaviest orchid flower is Coryanthes bruchmuelleri
Rchb.f. at more than 100 g), fragrant, often brightly
coloured, with a complex morphology; flower: Sepals membranaceous, free,
spreading then reflexed and inrolled distally, dorsal sepal broadly triangular,
lateral sepals two or three times larger than dorsal, obliquely subfalcate;
petals membranaceous, smaller than sepals, linear-lanceolate to ligulate,
margins undulate. Labellum fleshy with a terete or compressed basal claw
(except for Coryanthes macrocorys Rolfe), tripartite: hypochile
helmet-like, entire-flat or bilobed-flat, often with hairy patches, these
sometimes annulate or banded, with or without one or more horn-shaped
osmophores below; mesochile canaliculate or terete, glabrous in C. sect.
Coryanthes, warty or with transversely orientated lamellae in C.
sect. Lamellunguis; epichile bucket-shaped, oval in longitudinal
section, high at base tapering abruptly lower to tip, filled with liquid
covering the callosity, apex tridentate with a larger, broader, obtuse central
tooth and falcate, incurved lateral teeth, each of these with fleshy tooth-like
projection at the base, inner surface slippery because of imbricate cell
layers. Column ventrally flattened, without a foot, basally with two prominent,
subquadrate to long-falcate, liquid-secreting glands (pleuridia), apex reflexed-clavate,
with wings closely nestled next to vertical margins of epichile, clinandrium
also bearing two lateral, curved, long-triangular wings; anther terminal,
pollinarium consisting of two yellow, flat, incompletely fused, ovoid pollinia,
a ligulate, sigmoid stipe, and a laterally tailed viscidium; stigma transverse,
slit-like; rostellum ligulate, stiff.
70 spp. collectively ranging from Mexico (Oaxaca and Veracruz)
through America Central southward to Bolivia (Cochabamba) and Brazil (28, 18 endemic)
in South America (54). Coryanthes plants grow as
obligate epiphytes in humid evergreen forests from sea level up to 1,200m; in
lowland forests they often grow on branches hanging over water or close to
rivers, but this could be an observation artefact because they are easier to
see there; near the seashore in Colombia they are frequently found in mangrove
swamps. Coryanthes plants are dependent on ants of several genera (e.g. Azteca,
Campanotus, Crematogaster) and form a mutualistic relationship in so-called
ant gardens with other plants (myrmecophites), such as Codonanthe (Gesneriaceae), Epidendrum
(Orchidaceae), Anthurium (Araceae), and some Cactaceae and Piperaceae.
Ants construct a constantly growing nest, which can easily reach the size of 1
m in diameter, with a special substrate containing humus, ground, and chewed
plant material. They can favour plants they want in their ‘garden’ by pruning
unwanted plants with their mandibles and feeding desired plants with vertebrate
feces collected on the ground. Abundant provision of nutrients allows plants to
grow rapidly. In return, ants benefit from sugar solutions offered in the
extra-floral nectaries of Coryanthes plants and fiercely defend them
from herbivores. One negative effect on the growth of Coryanthes plants
is caused by scale insects and aphids, which are milked for nutrients by ants.
The damage is caused not so much by sucking actions of insects but by
associated transmission of bacteria (Erwinia) in the process. Also, in
their natural habitat Coryanthes plants
often attract weevils (Curculionidae). Larvae of these insects live inside
pseudobulbs, well protected against the omnipresent ants. Here, too, secondary
infection by bacteria is more dangerous for the plant. Seed maturation in Coryanthes
plants is rapid. All spp. investigated needed 60 to 70 days to produce about
600,000 seeds per capsule. Seldom are seedlings or young Coryanthes
plants found without ants, indicating that normally Coryanthes seeds
reach an ant nest and then begin to germinate. On the other hand, ant nests
without Coryanthes are common. Quick seed-ripening, together with high
growth rates and frequent observation of dying plants in abandoned ant nests,
indicate a short life cycle in Coryanthes. In cultivation, within two
years one can obtain plants of flowering size, and in nature similar conditions
hold because of maintenance by ants. Brief life cycles in orchids are otherwise
known only in twig epiphytes, but they produce less biomass and smaller
flowers. (GG).
200. Embreea Dodson. Two spp.,
Colombia to Ecuador.
201. Gongora Ruiz
& Pav. Epiphytic herbs; leaves plicate,
elliptic-lanceolate, shortly petiolate; inflorescence lateral, pendent (except G. erecta Whitten &
D.E.Benn.); sepals free; petals partially adnate to column. Labellum fleshy and
above column, bi- or tripartite. 79 spp., ranges from Mexico throughout America
Central to Bolivia and SE Brazil (11, 7 endemic) and also in Trinidad and
Tobago. 60 spp. in South America. Gongora spp. are epiphytes in wet and
hot evergreen forests; the plants mostly occupy lower regions of their host
trees, growing in deep shade, but they may also be found more exposed to direct
sunlight. Frequently they grow in ant gardens, but this is not obligate as in Coryanthes
spp. Although they often develop an ample root system nurtured by ants, they do
not offer extra-floral nectar.
202. Houlletia Brongn.
10 spp. from over tropical South America. Two species in Brazil, one endemic.
203. Lacaena Lindl. Two spp., Mexico to Colombia (1).
204. Lueckelia Jenny.
One sp., L. breviloba (Summerh.) Jenny, Bolivia, N Brazil and
Peru.
205. Lueddemannia Linden &
Rchb.f. Three spp., NW Venezuela to Peru.
206. Kegeliella Mansf. Three
spp., one in Mexico and two in N South America, one in Brazil, none endemic.
207. Paphinia Lindl. 16 spp. from Cost Rica to French Guiana and to
Peru and N Brazil (3, one endemic), one up to Trinidad, 14 in South
America.
208. Polycycnis Rchb.f.
15 spp., Venezuela to Suriname, Colombia to Bolivia,
Brazil (one, no endemic, collected in Bahia), 12 in South America.
209. Schlimia Planch. &
Linden. Six spp., Costa Rica to Venezuela and Peru, all in South
America.
210. Sievekingia Rchb.f. 14 spp., 12 in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, one in Bolivia
and one in Venezuela to French Guiana.
211. Soterosanthus F.Lehm. ex
Jenny. Only one sp., S. shepheardii (Rolfe) Jenny, Colombia to
Ecuador.
212. Stanhopea Fros
ex Hook. Epiphytic or, less frequently, terrestrial herbs; leaves broadly
elliptical with prominent veins, plicate, distinctly petiolate; inflorescence pendent, with some papery, clinging sheaths, thick and
fleshy, 2–15-flowered; flowers facing downward, heavily perfumed; sepals and
petals patent or reflexed (petals close to labellum only in S. tricornis
Lindl.), dorsal sepal free, lateral sepals united at their base, dorsal sepal
and petals smaller than lateral sepals. 78 spp. is similar to that of the
subtribe, from Mexico through America Central to northern Argentina and S
Brazil (8, 5 endemic), 41 in South America; subg. Stanhopeastrum range
from the W Andes of Ecuador and Colombia to Guatemala; subg. Candida
occur only in the Amazon basin; subg. Stanhopea extends over the entire
range of the genus. There are two ‘hot spots’ of spp. richness, one in Mexico
and another in Colombia. Large epiphytes in lower parts of the canopy from sea
level up to 700m for members of S. subgen. Stanhopeastrum and S.
subgen. Candida. spp. of S. subgen. Stanhopea prefer higher
elevations, up to 1,800m. Habitats are usually wet, but in some cases there is
a pronounced dry period, as in the pine and oak forests of Mexico. If there is
enough light, they can also occur on moss-covered rocks or loose humus layers;
infl orescences then occur on the substrate. It is questionable if those plants
can reproduce because pollinators then cannot fall through the exit formed by
lip and column.
213. Trevoria F.Lehm. 5 spp. from
Colombia and Ecuador, one also in Bolivia.
214. Vasqueziella Dodson. Only
one
sp., V. boliviana Dodson, Peru to Bolivia.
10. EPIDENDROIDEAE
▸ TRIBE EPIDENDREAE
(97/c. 7590) - six subtribes, only Agrostophyllinae (2/107,
Seychelles to islands in W Pacific) absent in South America.
SUBTRIBE CALYPSOINAE
(13/78) ▸ outsiders Aplectrum (1, Canada, USA), Calypso (1, temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere up to
S USA and China), Coelia (5, S
Mexico to Panama and Caribbean), Corallorhiza (12, Arctic to
Nicaragua, Caribbean, Spain, Turkyie, Pakistan and S China), Tipularia (5, Assam, Himalayas, Burma, Tibet, China, Korean
Peninsula, Japan, 1 in E USA), Dactylostalix (1; Japan), Ephippianthus
(2; Korean Peninsula, Japan, Sakhalin), Changnienia (1; C and
E China), Yoania (4; NE India, Himalayas, China, Vietnam,
Japan), Cremastra (5; Himalayas, Tibet, China, Korean
Peninsula, Japan, Russian Far East), Danxiaorchis (1; Danxiashan
in Guangdong) and Oreorchis (16; W
Himalayas to Japan and China).
215. Govenia Lindl.
Terrestrial herbs; leaves 1–3,
oblanceolate to broadly oblanceolate, acute, plicate, arising from the base of
the stem or corm; inflorescence lateral,
subcapitate to elongate, manyflowered; flowers variously coloured; dorsal sepal
concave, hooded over column, broadly lanceolate; lateral sepals falcate,
down-curved, acute; petals falcate, arching over column. 29 spp., ranging from
Florida, Mexico, and Caribbean south to over South America (8, except Chile).
spp. occur in montane, pine-oak, tropical, and second-growth forests and
jungles. Only one in Brazil, in Panama and South America.
SUBTRIBE BLETIINAE
(4/60) ▸ only one
genus.
216. Bletia Ruiz
& Pav. Terrestrial herbs; roots
few, fleshy; leaves plicate, basal, 1–4 (6) present or absent during flowering,
the base tapering into the petiole; inflorescence lateral on the corm, one or rarely
two, 2–50 flowers per inflorescence; flowers open or tubular, variously
coloured, orange, yellow, greenish, magenta, lilac, or pale-pink to whitish. 54 spp., from northern Mexico, Florida,
and Caribbean to NW Argentina, French Guiana to Venezuela. 8 spp. in South
America, two in Brazil, both wider. Commonly grow among grasses on
steep hillsides at low to middle elevations, pinelands, pine-oak forests or
even in cloud forests, from sea level to 2,700m. A few spp. occur in tropical
forests or xerophytic shrubby vegetation.
217. Chysis Lindl. 13 spp., 10 only
from Mexico and America Central, one from Mexico to Bolivia, one only in
Colombia and Venezuela, and C. guimaraensis Benelli & E. Pessoa
endemic to Mato Grosso state, WC Brazil.
SUBTRIBE PONERINAE (4/23) ▸ outsiders Helleriella (2, Mexico to Panama) and Ponera (2, Mexico to El Salvador).
218. Isochilus R.
Br. Epiphytic or lithophytic, caespitose or creeping sympodial herbs;
leaves numerous; inflorescence apical, sessile,
raceme usually several-flowered; flowers tubular - campanulate, odourless;
sepals and petals concolorous in tones of white, pink, lilac, magenta, or
orange, labellum white below middle and coloured as other parts above. 14 spp. found in Mexico (center of diversity), America
Central and the Antilles, 3 in South America up to Argentina,
only the very wider I. linearis
(Jacq.) R. Br. in Brazil. Evergreen and semi-deciduous
tropical forests, mangrove swamp, pine-oak and various types of cloud forest
from sea level to 2,900m elevation.
219. Nemaconia Knowles
& Westc. Six spp., Mexico to Panama, N. striata
(Lindl.) Van den Berg, Salazar & Soto Arenas up to tropical South America
until Brazil.
SUBTRIBE LAELIINAE (38/c. 2340) ▸ outsiders Acrorchis (1,
Costa Rica and Panama), Alamania (1, Mexico), Amoana (2,
SW Mexico), Artorima (1, SW Mexico), Barkeria (18, NW Mexico
to Panama), Broughtonia (6, Caribbean), Dinema (1, Mexico
to Panama, Cuba, Jamaica), Domingoa (4, Mexico to Nicaragua and
Caribbean), Hagsatera (2, Mexico to Guatemala), Meiracyllium (2, Mexico
to Honduras), Microepidendrum (1, SW Mexico), Psychilis (15,
Caribbean), Quisqueya (4, Hispaniola), Rhyncholaelia (2, Mexico
to Honduras) and Tetramicra (10, SE Florida to Caribbean).
220. Adamantinia Van
den Berg & C.N.Gonç. Epiphytic herbs, pseudobulb
fusiform to ellipsoid, erect, green suffused of brownish purple; leaves one or
seldom two, fleshy; inflorescence a
raceme with up to eight sequential flowers, spathe lacking; flowers resupinate,
6–7 cm in diameter; sepals dark pink, membranaceous, lanceolate; petals the
same colour and texture as the sepals, with the median portion larger than
sepals, elliptical-ovate; labellum also dark pink. Only one sp., A.
miltonioides van den Berg & C.N.Gonç., recorded only twice, only from a
restricted mountain range in the Diamantina Range, in the central portion of
Bahia State, NE Brazil; the first was a photographic record of it growing in
the sun on a small tree of a rock cliff at about 1,400m; the second record was
from where the plant was described, growing on an isolated tree in full sun at
about 950m in a mountain pass; both locations were windy and wet montane
habitats with a distinct dry season in the winter.
221. Arpophyllum Lex. Three spp. from
Mexico and America Central, one up to Venezuela, Colombia and Jamaica.
222. Brassavola R. Br.
Epiphytic or rupicolous herbs, commonly erect, more rarely pendulous,
caespitose or shortly creeping; leaves fleshy; inflorescence terminal, racemose
with 2–7 flowers; flowers generally showy, the sepals and petals white or
creamy white to pale green or yellow, with strong nocturnal fragrance. 19
spp. from Caribbean and Mexico into South America (14) as far south as northern
Argentina and S Brazil. Many spp. occur in Brazil (9, 5 endemic)
with
fewer in America Central and the Andean countries.
Brassavola
appears to have two centres of diversity, with little sympatry, and only a few
spp. have broad ranges. A group of spp. including B. cucullata (L.) R.
Br. and all spp. of the Cuneilabia complex occur in a
wide arc around the Caribbean and on the Pacific coast of America Central but
are virtually absent from Caribbean, with the exception of the Jamaican
endemic, B. subulifolia Lindl. and the widely distributed B.
cucullata. A second centre occurs in South America, where at least 10 of
the spp. grow in and around the Amazon Basin; Brazilian spp. tend to be
Amazonian in distribution (B. angustata Lindl., B. martiana Lindl.,
and B. gardneri Cogn.) or occur in SE Brazil
or the combined Paraguay–Bolivia–northern Argentina–S Brazil area (where up to
seven spp. occur).
223. Cattleya Lindl.
Epiphytic herbs, more rarely rupicolous or terrestrial; leaf one,
two, or rarely three, green, sometimes suffused with dark pink, terminal on
pseudobulb; inflorescence generally a few-flowered raceme, more rarely
multiflorous (up to 25 flowers); flowers resupinate, fragrant; sepals pink,
yellow to golden, brown to dark red or green, sometimes spotted; petals of the
same colour, texture, and shape as the sepals. 134 spp., 133
in South America, one only America Central. 118 spp. in Brazil, 109 endemic. 4 subgenera:
§ subg. Cattleya ▸ 91 spp. in
three sections:
§ sect.
Cattleya ▸ 17 spp., 7 in Colombia (5 endemic), one
reaching to Peru, one to Panamá, another to Venezuela; one endemic to Peru and
Venezuela each; two endemic to Brazil; 1 from Ecuador and Peru, 1 from
Venezuela to Guyana; 3 more widely distributed.
§ sect.
Crispae ▸ 72 spp., includes Microlaelia, Hoffmansegella,
Sophronitis.
§ sect.
Lawrenceanae ▸ 3 spp.,
plants from low elevation in the Amazon of northern Brazil and Venezuela, or
from lowland, dry habitats in Venezuela.
§ subg. Cattleyella ▸
only one sp., C. araguaiensis Pabst, from S Pará to Tocantins state, in
center Brazil.
§ subg. Intermediae
▸ 21 spp. all endemic to Brazil except by C.
intermedia Graham ex Lindl. (Brazil to Uruguay and Paraguay), C.
loddigesii Lindl. (Brazil to Argentina), C. nobilior Rchb.f. (Brazil
to Bolivia) and C. violacea (Kunth) Rolfe (over South America).
§ subg. Maximae
▸ only one sp., C. maxima Lindl., from
Venezuela to Peru.
224. Caularthron Raf.
Epiphytic herbs of wet and seasonally dry forests, more rarely
rupicolous; leaves at the upper nodes of the pseudobulb, generally 2–5,
conduplicate; inflorescence terminal
on pseudobulbs, a many-flowered raceme of up to 15 flowers, the peduncle
covered with bracts, flowers opening successively; flowers up to 5 cm diameter;
sepals and petals similar, elliptic to obovate, white or light pinkish. 4 spp., one in Lesser Antilles, and 3 in Amazon and
northern South America to coastal Ecuador and the Caribbean, all in Brazil,
with C. bilamellatum (Rchb.f.) R. E. Schultes extending northward
throughout America Central to the Mexican state of Chiapas, and provides one of
the classical examples of myrmecophily in orchids,
along with spp. of Myrmecophila.
225. Constantia Barb.
Rodr. Epiphytic or rupicolous herbs; leaves two, green with white ridges,
fleshy; flowers resupinate, up to 3 cm in diameter; sepals and petals white,
pinkish or brownish red, fleshy. Six spp., SE & S Brazil, all
restrcited of only one state: 4 in Minas Gerais, in Rio de Janeiro and Santa
Catarina states one each. C. cipoensis Porto & Brade occurs in
Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, but as an specialized epiphyte on V. piresiana
L. B. Smith and V. compacta Mart. ex. Schult. f.
226. Dimerandra Schltr. 7 spp.
from South America, in French Guiana to Venezuela, Colombia to Peru, Brazil,
two up to Mexico, America Central and Jamaica. 4 spp.
in Brazil, none endemic.
227. Encyclia Hook.Epiphytic or rupicolous, rarely
subterrestrial herbs; leaves generally two, more rarely one or three or four,
green to purple, terminal on pseudobulb; inflorescence most commonly a panicle but sometimes
a raceme, 1 to more than 50 flowers, spathe lacking, scape variable but most
often erect or suberect, rarely subpendent, smooth or verruculose to warty,
scape bracts generally present, commonly much shorter than the internodes;
floral bracts usually inconspicuous; flowers resupinate, fragrant,
inconspicuous to showy. 173 spp. occurring throughout the Neotropics, from
Mexico through America Central, Caribbean, and the Andean range to S Brazil (45,
28 endemic), Paraguay, and northern Argentina. 78 spp. in South America. The
southern limit of occurrence of Encyclia is around 29º S in Rio Grande
do Sul State, Brazil, and the northern limit around 29º N in Sonora State,
Mexico.
228. Epidendrum L. Epiphytic,
lithophytic, or rarely terrestrial herbs, caespitose, sympodial or rarely
monopodial; stem usually cane-like, simple or branching, rarely pseudobulbous;
leaves one to numerous per stem, green to variously blotched, lined or tinged
with purple; inflorescence apical, lateral, or rarely basal,
single-flowered, racemose to paniculate; flowers mostly greenish yellow to
white, sometimes brightly coloured yellow to red or pink to purple or black,
often fragrant during a few hours of the day or night. 1,878
spp., the largest genera endemic to New World in Angiosperms; distributed
from SE USA (North Carolina) to northern Argentina and Caribbean, Paraguay and
Galapagos; 1,483 spp. in South America, 160 in Brazil, 92 endemic. Highly
diverse in Colombia (562) and Ecuador (600). Ubiquitous
in the forests of tropical America, some even found in treeless areas such as
sand dunes, scrub, and páramos. E. magnoliae Muhlenberg is the only
epiphytic orchid that occurs in the warm temperate, deciduous forests of SE
North America; many spp. are entirely terrestrials; plants of E. radicans
Lindl. and E. secundum Jacq. are known to produce flowers when they are
only one year old, and their seeds are among the largest in the
orchid family.
229. Guarianthe Dressler
& W.E.Higgins. 4
spp. from Mexico and America Central, one up to Venezuela, Colombia and
Trinidad.
230. Homalopetalum Rolfe. 10
spp., mainly Mexico to Panamá. 5 spp. in South America, in Ecuador (1), Brazil
(2, both endemic, from Rio de Janeiro to Santa Catarina states) and Venezuela
(1).
231. Isabelia Barb. Rdr. Epiphytic, more rarely
rupicolous herbs; leaf one, acicular or linear; inflorescence 1–2-flowered; sepals white, pink, or
dark magenta, widely elliptical to ovate; petals the same colour as the sepals,
narrower and oblong, or broader and elliptic. Three spp., broadly distributed
in E Brazil (Bahia from Rio Grande do Sul states), with I. virginalis
also in Paraguay and northern Argentina. One natural hybrid, I. x
pabstii, is known from Paraná State, Brazil, where both parents (I.
pulchella (Kränzl.) van den Berg & M.W. Chase and I. violacea
(Lindl.) van den Berg and M.W. Chase) occur. Grows on Podocarpus lambertii
(Podocarpaceae), as an epiphyte in the Atlantic forest at sea level, drier
forests in the Brazilian Shield, as epiphyte in small trees along streams in
rocky grasslands (campos rupestres) and in higher montane areas, where
it grows directly on rocks.
232. Jacquiniella Schltr. 12 spp., Mexico, Belize to Panamá, Caribbean, French
Guiana to Venezuela, Colombia to Peru, N to SE Brazil (2, none endemic). Six spp. in South
America.
233. Laelia Lindl. Epiphytic
or rupicolous, caespitose to scandent herbs; leaves 1–3, coriaceous to
chartaceous, frequently fleshy and stiff, green and tinged with purple; inflorescence apical, racemose, the flowers arranged
in a helical; flowers showy, resupinate or not, white, yellow, lilac-magenta,
bronzy brown to chocolate-purple, sometimes with a varnished appearance,
whitish mottled with purplish brown in L. lyonsii (Lindl.) L.O.
Williams; a capsule of L. speciosa has 250,000–1,000,000 seeds.
24 spp., northern Mexico to Brazil (3, one endemic) and Bolivia, and the
Caribbean (Cuba and Jamaica), 12 in South America.
234. Leptotes Lindl.
Epiphytic herbs; stem abbreviated, cylindrical; leaf one, rarely
two, terete, channeled; inflorescence a
raceme up to 7 flowers, but generally 2–3, spathe lacking; sepals white to
pinkish, oblong; petals the same colour as sepals and narrower. 10 spp., all from Brazil, L.
bicolor Lindl. extends to Paraguay and L. unicolor Barb.Rodr. to
Argentina and Paraguay, mainly in the Atlantic forest of SE Brazil, from Bahia
to Rio Grande do Sul State.
235. Loefgrenianthus Hoehne.
Epiphytic herbs; rhizome pendent; stem abbreviated; leaf one, fleshy and flat;
inflorescence uniflorous; flowers with sepals and petals white and
yellowish lip. Only one sp., rare L. blanche-amesiae (Loefgr.)
Hoehne,
SE
Brazil,
from Rio de Janeiro to Paraná, in Podocarpus and Araucaria
forests.
236. Myrmecophila Rolfe. Epiphytic, myrmecophilous.
9 spp., 7 from Mexico to Panama, one of then up to Venezuela and Colombia,
another only in Venezuela and Colombia, and one restricted for W & S
Caribbean.
237. Nidema Britton
& Millsp. Two spp., Mexico to Panamá, Caribbean, Guyana, Venezuela,
Colombia to Bolivia and N Brazil (1, N. ottonis (Reichb.) Britton &
Millsp, in W Acre, and in Manaus region, Amazonas state).
238. Oestlundia W.E.Higgins.
4 spp., Mexico to Costa Rica, one up to Venezuela and Peru in South America,
absent in Ecuador.
239. Orleanesia Barb. Rodr. Epiphytes or lithophytic
herbs, several times on granite outcrops; leaves conduplicate; inflorescence erect or rarely arching, panicles or
racemes; flowers usually green or yellowish green, variously tinged or spotted
with purple, brown, maroon, or orange, with spreading perianth or the petals
subparallel to the column. Six spp. distributed in Colombia, Venezuela, the
Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil (5, two endemic).
240. Prosthechea Knowles & Westc. Epiphytic or
lithophytic herbs. Pseudobulbs fusiform, often flattened; leaves 1–5; inflorescence racemose, often with a prominent
spathe; flowers usually non-resupinate. 125 spp. from
Florida (USA) to Caribbean, and Mexico southward through tropical South America
to French Guiana and Paraguay, Brazil (43, 31 endemic). Members of this genus
are epiphytic or lithophytic and prefer a moist habitat in woodlands including swamps and
forests from sea level to 2,600m. 73 spp. in South America.
241. Pseudolaelia Porto
& Brade. Epiphytic herbs, some specialized epiphytes on Velloziaceae, or terrestrial, mainly in rocky grasslands and also in
large rocky outcrops; pseudobulb erect; leaves two or more; inflorescence a raceme of up to 15 flowers with
sequential flowering, spathe absent; flowers resupinate, 2–5 cm in diameter;
sepals and petals pink or yellowish. 14 spp. in E
Brazil, from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro states.
242. Pygmaeorchis Brade.
Epiphytic herbs. Rhizome inconspicuous; leaves two, terminal on pseudobulbs,
conduplicate, linear, oblong; inflorescence one-flowered, from half to the
same length of the leaves, spathe absent; flowers resupinate, purple or
greenish. Two spp., found at about 1,500m elevation in Serra dos Órgãos
and Serra do Mar or as an epiphyte on Velloziaceae among rocky grasslands (campos rupestres) of Minas
Gerais (as for spp. of Constantia and Pseudolaelia).
243. Scaphyglottis Piftzer.
Epiphytic, caespitose herbs; leaves 1–3, apical on stems, papery,
chartaceous to coriaceous or fleshy; inflorescence fasciculate or racemose, often
successive; sepals similar, free, porrect or spreading; petals usually wider
than sepals; labellum articulate to column foot or rarely firmly united, simple
or trilobed, with or without calli. 78 spp., ranging from tropical Mexico and
Caribbean to Peru, east up to French Guiana, Bolivia, and S Brazil (12, one
endemic), 45 in South America.
SUBTRIBE PLEUROTHALLIDINAE
(44/c. 5,100) ▸ nine
lineages, Dilolimis group (3/8, Dilomilis, Neocogniauxia,
Tomzanonia, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico) not occur in South
America.
UNDEFINED
GROUP
244. Pupulinia
Karremans
& Bogarín. Only one sp., P. shuarii (Luer) Karremans &
Bogarín, endemic to Ecuador.
OCTOMERIA GROUP ▸ all genera
in South America.
245. Brachionidium Lindl.
Epiphytic, lithophytic, or terrestrial, erect or repent herbs; rhizome
sometimes branched, entirely covered by glabrous to scurfy sheaths; stem
abbreviated, erect, sheathed at base, lacking an annulus; leaf coriaceous,
elliptical, acute to obtuse, petiolate; inflorescence solitary-flowered; floral bract infundibular, acuminate;
flower usually non-resupinate;
sepals membranous. 82 spp.
distributed throughout the Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico,
Martinique, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Dominica, St Kitts, Montserrat, St Lucia, and
St Vincent) as well as in Guatemala and Costa Rica south to Venezuela and
Guyana, S Brazil (6, one endemic), and Bolivia, Epiphytic, lithophytic, or
terrestrial in humid, cloud, or elfin forests up to an astonishing 3,900m,
often growing among bryophytes and leaf litter. Many spp. are common on
embankments of road cuts. 64 spp. in South America.
246. Madisonia Lindl.
Small, epiphytic or rupicolous, long-repent; rhizome slender,
segmented between the ramicauls, nodes with ribbed, slightly ciliate sheaths. 10
spp., 7 endemic to E Brazil, two collected in N Brazil, Bolivia,
Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Jamaica, Suriname, Trinidad and
Tobago and Venezuela, and one endemic to Ecuador.
247. Octomeria R. Br.
Epiphytic or lithophytic, caespitose, scandent or repent herbs; stem enclosed
by one or more tubular, imbricating, glabrous sheaths, without an annulus; leaf
coriaceous; inflorescence fasciculate; floral bracts infundibular; flower
resupinate. 160 spp., mainly epiphyte, lithophytes, or terrestrials from
lowland scrub to cloud forests and elfin forests, up to 3,000m in elevation
from Cuba and the Lesser Antilles and from Belize and Nicaragua south to
Argentina, French Guiana and Brazil (117, 78 endemic), most occur in the states
of Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, and
Espírito Santo. 166 spp. in South America.
RESTREPIA GROUP ▸ all genera in South America.
248. Barbosella Schltr.
Epiphytic, lithophytic, or terrestrial, caespitose to long-repent
herbs, sometimes forming dense, cushion-like colonies; stem erect, enclosed by
one or more sheaths, lacking an annulus. Leaf coriaceous, elliptical to
suborbicular or semiterete to terete, acute to obtuse, sessile or petiolate;
inflorescence solitary-flowered
on an erect peduncle; floral bract oblique, acute, enclosing pedicel; flower resupinate; sepals membranous. Dorsal
sepal linear to triangular, acute or caudate, free; lateral sepals ovate to
triangular, acute to obtuse, connate at base into a synsepal; petals elliptical
to linear-ovate, acute. 19 spp.,
occurs in Caribbean (Hispaniola, Guadeloupe, and Martinique) and also from
Guatemala to S Brazil (10, 8 endemic) and northern Argentina, east up to French
Guiana. Epiphytic, lithophytic, or terrestrial from lowland forests (down to 100m
in Paraná, Brazil) to wet elfin forests (up to 3,500m elevation in the
Colombian Andes). A few spp. such as B. miersii form dense, moss-like
colonies. 17 spp. in South America.
249. Chamelophyton Garay. Only
one
sp., C. kegelii (Rchb.f.) Garay, disjunct in Venezuela, Suriname and
French Guiana.
250. Dresslerella Luer. 14
spp., Guatemala to Peru, 9 in South America, absent in Venezuela.
251. Echinosepala Pridgeon &
M.W.Chase. 17 spp., 7 in South America, Belize to Suriname, Jamaica, Colombia
to Bolivia, N Brazil (2, both wider).
252. Myoxanthus Poepp.
& Endl. Epiphytic, lithophytic, or terrestrial, caespitose, repent or
scandent herbs; rhizome usually enclosed by scurfy sheaths. Stem erect,
enclosed by several tubular, usually scurfy to pubescent sheaths, lacking an
annulus. Leaf coriaceous, linear to elliptical, acute to obtuse, sessile or
petiolate; inflorescence fasciculate,
flowers produced successively or simultaneously; floral bracts tubular; flower resupinate. 54 spp. comprise this genus, which
ranges from S Mexico (Chiapas) and Belize to Bolivia, Venezuela through
Suriname, and Brazil (8, 4 endemic); some Myoxanthus are epiphytes,
lithophytes, or terrestrials from lowland scrub to cloud forests and from 3 m
(Brazil) to 3,200m (Colombia), one of the largest elevational ranges of any
genus in Pleurothallidinae. 49 spp. in South America.
253. Pleurothallopsis Porto
& Brade. 20 spp., 19 from Costa Rica to Venezuela, Colombia to Bolivia, and
one, P. nemorosa (Barb. Rodr.) Porto & Brade, endemic from SE
Brazil.
254. Restrepia Kunth.
Epiphytic, caespitose herbs. Stem erect, enclosed by infundibular,
imbricating, distichous, often speckled sheaths, without an annulus. Leaf
coriaceous, elliptical to ovate, acute to obtuse, petiolate; inflorescence a fascicle of successive, solitary
flowers appearing along the lower (abaxial) leaf surface; floral bracts
tubular; flower resupinate. 68
spp. ranging from S Mexico (Chiapas) to Bolivia and Venezuela, 60 in South
America; epiphytes from rain forests at 350m through cloud forest to paramo at
3,500m in elevation; highest diversity in the Andes of Colombia and Ecuador.
255. Restrepiella Garay &
Dunst. Three spp., one wider from S Florida and Mexico to
Colombia, one in Colombia and R. ovatipetala (Chiron & Xim.Bols.)
Rojas-Alv. & Karremans is endemic to Espírito Santo state, SE Brazil.
ACIANTHERA GROUP ▸ all genera in South America.
256. Acianthera Scheidw.
Epiphytic or lithophytic (rarely terrestrial), caespitose or
repent, rarely pendent herbs. Stem terete or laterally compressed with two or
three edges, lacking an annulus, enclosed by one or more glabrous or pubescent
sheaths. Leaf coriaceous, round to elliptical and obovate, acute to obtuse,
sessile or petiolate, decurrent on stem in some spp; inflorescence racemose or single-flowered, from apex
of stem or (rarely) directly from rhizome, emerging from a spathe in many spp.,
peduncles sometimes triquetrous; sepals generally fleshy and pubescent on outer
surfaces. 301 spp. from the Antilles and Mexico to Argentina and Uruguay but is
particularly well represented in Brazil (134, 108 endemic),
245 in South America. A. unguicallosa, endemic to Socorro Island in the
Revillagigedo Archipelago, is probably the westernmost spp. of
Pleurothallidinae. Generally humid-forest or cloud-forest epiphytes from 250 to
2,600m, frequently along the banks of rivers or streams. Some spp. occur in
evergreen or dry forests on plains as in Bolivia. Others are common on trees in
plantations of cacao, citrus, etc., and also on quartzite rocks in rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres) of Brazil.
LEPANTHES GROUP
257. Anathallis Barb.Rodr.
Epiphytic, lithophytic, or
terrestrial, caespitose or repent herbs; leaf coriaceous, elliptical to obovate
or oblanceolate, acute to obtuse, petiolate; inflorescence racemose (rarely solitary flowered),
often arising from within a small spathe; floral bracts tubular or infundibular
and oblique, acute to apiculate; sepals membranous or fleshy, often pubescent
or papillose on adaxial (inner) surfaces. 118 spp. (107 in South America) from
the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico) and S Mexico to
Brazil (76, 65 endemic), Bolivia, and Argentina, up
eastwards to French Guiana, generally humid-forest or cloud-forest epiphytes
from 200 to 2,700m (rarely to 3,000m). Some spp. such as A. rubens are
terrestrial in leaf litter.
258. Draconanthes (Luer) Luer. Nine spp.,
NW Venezuela to Bolivia.
259. Frondaria Luer. Three spp., Colombia to Bolivia.
260. Gravendeelia
Bogarín
& Karremans. Long-prolific, pendent habit, the few-flowered inflorescence,
the cupped flower with extremely long sepals, the elongate lip with two central
keels, the elongate column with a distinct foot, the incumbent anther and
ventral, entire stigma. Only one spp., G. chamaelepanthes (Rchb.f.)
Bogarín & Karremans, from Colombia to Bolivia.
261. Karma Karremans. 74
spp. from Mexico and Caribbean to Bolivia and SE Brazil, 60 in South America, 4
in Brazil (one endemic).
262. Lankesteriana Karremans. 21
spp., Mexico to Bolivia and S Brazil, 14 in South America, 4 in Brazil, two endemic.
263. Lepanthes Sw. Epiphytic,
lithophytic, or terrestrial, caespitose, repent or scandent herbs; stem erect
or pendent, sometimes proliferating, leaf coriaceous; inflorescence racemose,
fasciculate or solitary-flowered; flower resupinate or nonresupinate; sepals
membranous; petals membranous or fleshy, triangular to transversely ovate to
elongate or bilobed. 1,203 spp.
ranging from Caribbean (Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Dominica,
Guadeloupe, St Lucia, St Vincent) and S Mexico to Bolivia and N Brazil (six,
Pará, Amazonas, Maranhão, Amapá, two endemic), 812 in South America, highly
centered in Colombia (344) and Ecuador (396). Mainly
epiphytes, lithophytes, or terrestrials in moss and leaf-mould, principally in
middle to high elevations, from wet to cloud and elfin forests with a high
degree of endemism; many are twig epiphytes; vertical distribution ranges from
100 to over 3,300m.
264. Lepanthopsis (Cogn.)
Ames. Epiphytic or lithophytic,
caespitose or scandent herbs; leaf coriaceous, suborbicular to elliptical,
acute to obtuse, petiolate; inflorescence racemose, occasionally solitary-flowered; Flower resupinate or nonresupinate; sepals membranous, ovate,
obtuse to long-acuminate, dorsal sepal free or only basally connate to lateral
sepals, lateral sepals variously connate; petals membranous, suborbicular to
elliptical, obtuse to acuminate. 50
spp., ranges from SW Florida, throughout the Greater Antilles, and S Mexico to
Venezuela, Bolivia, and S Brazil (6, 3 endemic), a exact half in South America.
Many spp. are endemic to Hispaniola. Epiphytes,
sometimes twig epiphytes, in moist lowland to cloud forests (occasionally
semi-dry, scrub forests), generally between 1,000 and 2,000m elevation.
However, L. melanantha grows at only 3 m in the Fahkahatchee Swamp in Florida,
whereas L. peniculus (Schltr.) Garay and L. farrago (Luer &
Hirtz) Luer are reported from up to 3,200m in Colombia and Ecuador,
respectively.
265. Opilionanthe Karremans & Bogarín.
Two spp., endemic to Peru.
266. Pendusalpinx Karremans &
Mel.Fernández. Six spp. Colombia and Venezuela to
Bolivia and Peru, also in French Guiana.
267. Stellamaris
Mel.Fernández & Bogarín. Only one sp., S. pergrata
(Ames) Mel.Fernández & Bogarín, from Costa Rica to Colombia.
268. Trichosalpinx Luer.
Epiphytic, lithophytic, or
terrestrial, caespitose, repent or pendent herbs; stem erect or descending,
often proliferating, enclosed by several sclerotic, tubular or infundibular
(‘lepanthiform’) sheaths, ridges and margins pubescent, with an annulus; leaf
coriaceous, elliptical, oblanceolate to obovate, acute to obtuse, petiolate;
inflorescence racemose or rarely solitary-flowered; floral bracts tubular or
infundibular, often spiculate. 38 spp., Caribbean
(Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Grenada, St Kitts, Martinique,
Guadeloupe) and from Mexico to Bolivia, Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago to
French Guiana, and Brazil (5, one endemic). 28 spp. in South America.
Epiphytes, lithophytes, or terrestrials in wet or cloud forests to elfin
forests and subpáramo, from near sea level to 4,000m in elevation.
269. Zootrophion Luer. 32
spp., Nicaragua to Panamá, Caribbean, Colombia to Bolivia, Brazil (1,
non endemic).
27 spp. in South America.
MASDEVALLIA GROUP ▸ 5 genera,
all in South America.
270. Diodonopsis Pridgeon
& M.W.Chase. Six spp. from Colombia to Bolivia, two up to Costa Rica.
271. Dracula Luer.
Epiphytic or terrestrial,
caespitose to repent or ascending herbs; stem enclosed by tubular sheaths, with
an annulus. Leaf thincoriaceous, carinate or subplicate, linear to elliptical,
acute or subacute, petiolate; inflorescence racemose,
usually successive, or rarely solitary-flowered; floral bracts tubular; flower resupinate; sepals ovate, acuminate to
obtuse, caudate, variously connate; petals cartilaginous, oblong, apex
bivalvate, verrucose between valves. 146 spp. from America Central to Ecuador,
one up to Peru, another up to state of Chiapas in S Mexico (1). Most occur in
the Andes of Colombia and Ecuador; as yet, no spp. of Dracula have been
found in Bolivia, Brazil, or Venezuela; generally epiphytic, occasionally
terrestrial, in mossy humus of humid, wet or cloud forests at elevations of
300–2,800m but mostly between 1,500 and 2,500m. 136 in South America.
272. Masdevallia Ruiz & Pav. Epiphytic,
lithophytic, or terrestrial, caespitose to repent herbs. Stem erect or rarely
descending, enclosed at base by imbricating sheaths, with an annulus. Leaf
coriaceous, elliptical to obovate, acute to rounded, petiolate; inflorescence solitary-flowered or racemose, the
peduncle terete or triquetrous; floral bracts tubular to cucullate; flower resupinate;
sepals membranous or fleshy, showy, triangular to obovate, acuminate to obtuse,
often caudate, free or variously connate; petals reduced, elliptical to oblong,
acute to rounded or dentate, usually with a longitudinal callus and a rounded
projection (‘tooth’) at the base.
651 spp. in New World, 606 in South
America primarily Andean spp., ranging from S Mexico and Belize to Bolivia,
Venezuela to French Guiana and Brazil (14, six endemic), highly centered in
Colombia (166) and Ecuador (267). Masdevallia are epiphytes,
lithophytes, or terrestrials, principally in cloud forests and subparamo up to
4,000m, but a few occur in warm humid forests as low as 10 m in elevation (e.g.
M. lata Rchb.f.).
273. Porroglossum Schltr.
Epiphytic or terrestrial, caespitose or repent herbs; stem erect,
enclosed at base by imbricating, tubular sheaths, with an annulus; leaf
coriaceous, sometimes rugose, elliptical to obovate, acute to obtuse,
petiolate; inflorescence racemose,
peduncle sometimes hirsute; floral bracts tubular; flower resupinate or non-resupinate; sepals
connate up to middle, forming a cup, the apices usually contracted into caudae;
dorsal sepal elliptical to obovate, rounded to acuminate; lateral sepals ovate,
oblique, acute, often forming a mentum below column foot; petals ovate to
oblong, obtuse to rounded. 56
spp., ranging from Colombia to Venezuela and Bolivia, mainly epiphytes or
terrestrials in cloud forests at elevations of 1,000–3,200m.
274. Trisetella Luer. 29
spp., Costa Rica to French Guiana, Colombia to Bolivia, N Brazil (1,
non endemic). 26
spp. in South America.
PHLOEOPHILA GROUP - a
single genus.
275. Ophidion
Luer. 16 spp., Panamá, Venezuela to Ecuador, disjunct in Bolivia, 9 in South America.
276. Phloeophila Hoehne
& Schltr. Six spp., Belize to Panamá,
Ecuador, Cuba, Brazil (1, none endemic), and Bolivia.
Three spp. in South America.
SPECKLINIA GROUP
277. Andinia (Luer) Luer. 79 spp.,
Venezuela to Bolivia, where they are found in very humid forests, at elevations
from 1,200 to 3,825 m, growing mostly under shady conditions.
278. Andreettaea
Luer. 58 spp., tropical America, 44 in
South America, 4 in Brazil, one endemic.
279. Dryadella Luer.
Epiphytic, caespitose herbs. Leaf coriaceous, linear-oblong or obovate, acute
to obtuse, petiolate; inflorescence racemose or solitaryflowered; floral bracts
imbricating; flower resupinate; sepals fleshy; species of this genus occur
as epiphytes, sometimes in large populations, in cloud forests up to 2,600m but
often at much lower elevations in humid forests. 62 spp. ranging from S Mexico,
Belize, and Guatemala to Venezuela, Peru, and S Brazil (21, 17 endemic). 55 spp. in South
America.
280. Platystele Schltr.
Epiphytic, lithophytic, or terrestrial in wet, cloud, or subpáramo
forests, some possibly two species, from Ecuador, among
smallest orchidaceae worldwide, caespitose to repent herbs, from
almost sea level in Belize (P. stenostachya (Rchb.f.) Garay) up to
3,200m in Ecuador (P. altarica Luer); stems erect, enclosed by
imbricating, tubular to infundibular (but not sclerotic) sheaths, with an
annulus; inflorescence racemose,
sometimes prominently fractiflex; flower resupinate;
sepals membranous, elliptic to ovate, rounded to long-acuminate, sometimes
caudate, one-veined (or none), dorsal sepal free, lateral sepals free or
basally connate only; petals membranous, filiform to ovate, rounded to
acuminate. 123 spp. from
Cuba and S Mexico (Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas) to French Guiana and Trinidad and
Tobago, S Brazil (5, two endemic), and Bolivia. 97 in South America.
281. Scaphosepalum Pfitzer.
Epiphytic, lithophytic, or terrestrial, caespitose or repent herbs; stem erect,
enclosed by two or three imbricating sheaths, with an annulus; leaf coriaceous;
inflorescence racemose, secund or distichous, often flexuous; flower
non-resupinate; sepals fleshy, glabrous to pubescent; petals ovate or
ventricose, acute to obtuse; labellum oblong to pandurate; column semiterete,
winged, hooded, with a foot; anther apical, incumbent; pollinia two; stigma
entire. 60 spp., ranging in 4 well defined areas: Mexico to Panama, NW
Venezuela to S Ecuador, N Venezuela to N Guiana, and S Peru to C Bolivia, as
epiphytic, lithophytic, or terrestrial in wet or cloud forests at elevations of
500–3,200m. Two spp. in Brazil, both in summit of Mount
Roraima, northern Roraima state. 57 spp. in South America.
282. Specklinia
Lindl. Epiphytic, lithophytic, or terrestrial,
caespitose or repent herbs in humid, wet, cloud, or elfin forests and from sea
level to 3,000m in elevation; stem erect, enclosed by one or more tubular,
imbricating sheaths, with an annulus; leaf coriaceous, orbicular to obovate,
acute to obtuse, usually petiolate; inflorescence racemose (rarely solitaryflowered);
flower resupinate (rarely
non-resupinate). 108 spp. ranging from Caribbean (both
Greater and Lesser Antilles) and Mexico to Bolivia, Venezuela to French Guiana,
and Brazil (10, 5 endemic). 46 spp. in South America.
283. Teagueia (Luer) Luer. 18 spp., 14
in Ecuador, 3 in Colombia and one in Peru.
PLEUROTHALLIS
GROUP
284. Pabstiella Brieger
& Senghas. Epiphytic, caespitose or creeping herbs;
stem erect, with 1–3 tubular or infundibular sheaths and an annulus; leaf
coriaceous, elliptical, acute to obtuse; inflorescence solitary-flowered or
racemose; floral bracts infundibular, acute to acuminate; flower non-resupinate
or resupinate. Dorsal sepal ovate, rounded to acuminate, shortly connate to
lateral sepals; lateral sepals connate (rarely free), ovate to tubular, obtuse
to acuminate, often forming a conspicuous mentum with column foot; petals
oblong to obovate, obtuse to acuminate. 133 spp., ranging from southern
Colombia to Peru, Venezuela, Suriname, Brazil (127, 118 endemic), and Argentina
(Misiones), two of then up to America Central (one exclusive), 132 in South
America. Species of Pabstiella are cloud-forest epiphytes from 1,000–2,500m,
although P. yauaperyensis and P. determannii occur at lower
elevations on trees in scrub or grasslands. 10 sections, mainly endemic to E
Brazil forests.
285. Pleurothallis R. Br. Epiphytic, lithophytic, or
terrestrial, caespitose to repent (rarely scandent) herbs; stem erect (rarely
pendent), sometimes laterally or apically compressed, enclosed by tubular
sheaths, with or without a conspicuous annulus; leaf coriaceous, linear to
ovate (rarely semi-terete), acute to acuminate, base often cordate or rounded,
sessile or petiolate, petiole sometimes twisted, sometimes decurrent on stem;
inflorescence racemose,
fasciculate or solitaryflowered, usually arising within a foliaceous spathe;
floral bracts tubular or infundibular; flower resupinate
or non-resupinate.
582 spp., 494 in South America; this vast genus ranges throughout the Neotropics, from the whole
of Caribbean and Mexico to Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia (220), Ecuador (286), Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana and also to Brazil (16, 11 endemic), Paraguay and
Argentina. P. ruscifolia (the type) is probably the most widely
distributed spp. in the subtribe, extending virtually over the entire range of
the genus; epiphytes, lithophytes, or terrestrials in a wide variety of
habitats, from scrub near sea level to cloud forests and subpáramo at 3,000m
and above.
286. Stelis Sw.
Epiphytic, lithophytic, or terrestrial, caespitose to repent herbs; stem erect,
enclosed by tubular or infundibular sheaths, with an annulus; leaf coriaceous;
inflorescence racemose or (rarely) solitary-flowered, sometimes arising from a
conspicuous spathe; flower usually resupinate. 1,339
spp. distributed from SW Florida (Collier County), both the Greater and Lesser
Antilles, and S Mexico to Bolivia, Venezuela to French Guiana, and to S Brazil
(49, 33 endemic). 1,168 in South America, 550 in Ecuador and 492 in
Colombia. Plants from swamps and warm, lowland scrub or broad-leaved
forests close to sea level up to cloud forests and páramo (over 4,000m).
§
subg.
Stelis ▸ 1,030 spp.,
over range of genus
§
subg.
Crocodeilanthe ▸ 84 spp. in two groups:
o
sect.
Crocodeilanthe ▸ of 84 spp. of which 90%
are found at high elevations in the Andes of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
and Venezuela, many local endemic. A few species are known from Costa Rica and
Panamá, and a single species is reported from the Greater Antilles, another
from the Lesser Antilles and yet another from Brazil.
o
sect.
Pseudostelis ▸ only one species, the common and widespread S.
deregularis Barb. Rodr. which is found at mid elevations from Mexico to
Brazil, through America Central.
§
subg.
Physothallis ▸ 31 spp., mostly found at high elevations in
the Andes of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela; three sections:
sect. Acuminatae (27, that generally have rather narrow distributions in
the Andean countries, especially Bolivia and Peru, a single species from America
Central, and a couple are reported from Mexico, Guyana and Brazil; sect. Physothallis
(3, endemic to Ecuador); sect. Rubens (a sole member, widely distributed
from Colombia to Bolivia and Brazil).
§
subg.
Niphantha ▸ includes two species of whitish, hirsute
flowers. S. gelida (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase is a common species
with the widest distribution in the genus, it is found from Florida and Mexico,
through America Central and the Antilles, down to Peru, Bolivia and Brazil. S.
pidax (Luer) Karremans is only known from Ecuador.
§
subg.
Physosiphon ▸ six spp., distributed from Mexico and
Guatemala, where the highest diversity is found, through America Central, and
down to Bolivia; absent in Brazil.
§
subg.
Dracontia ▸ 40 spp., c. 30 are endemic to Costa Rica and
Panamá; a few species extend northwards into Mexico and Guatemala, a couple are
known from the Antilles, and three make it downwards into the Andes; absent in
Brazil.
§
subg.
Uncifera ▸ 42 spp., from Mexico to Bolivia and Peru, they
are especially diverse in Middle America and no records exist for the Antilles
or Brazil.
§
subg.
Condylago ▸ two spp., Panamá and Colombia.
§
subg.
Umbralia ▸ 5 spp., mostly found from Costa Rica to
Ecuador, with the highest diversity in Colombia; this subgenus includes the
very variable S. imraei (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, which is most
like a species complex distributed from Costa Rica to Peru and Bolivia, the
Guyanas, Brazil and the Lesser Antilles.
4.11 EPIDENDROIDEAE
▸ TRIBE VANDEAE
(137/c. 2,300) – four subtribes, Adrorhizinae (3/33, Sri
Lanka and Burma to E Queensland) and Aeridinae (83/c.
1325, tropical Africa to Asia and Pacific) do not occur in South America.
SUBTRIBE POLYSTACHIINAE (3/c.
240) ▸ outsiders Hederorkis (2; Mascarene
Islands, Seychelles) and Imerinaea (1; Madagascar).
287. Polystachya Hook.
Epiphytic, lithophytic or occasionally terrestrial herbs, absent
from drier regions, particularly deserts and semi-deserts; leaves coriaceous to
thin-textured; Inflorescence terminal, racemose, simple or branching, one- to
many-flowered; peduncle glabrous or pubescent, often bearing one or more
sterile bracts; flowers usually non-resupinate, pubescent or glabrous on outer
surface. 243 spp., pantropical,
centered in Africa and Madagascar, some in Asia, few spp. are found in the
tropical Americas – 15, from Florida, Mexico, Belize to Panamá, Caribbean,
Lesser Antilles, French Guiana to Venezuela, Colombia to Bolivia, over Brazil (8,
one endemic), Argentina and Paraguay. 11 spp. in South America.
SUBTRIBE ANGRAECINAE (47/c. 744) ▸ outsiders
mainly in Africa and Madagascar up to Mascarenes except by two up to Sri Lanka
and Dendrophylax (15, Florida, Mexico to El
Salvador and Caribbean).
288. Campylocentrum Benth.
Epiphytic herbs; roots photosynthetic in all spp., forming the
main plant body in most leafless spp.; stem erect to pendent, sprawling in
leafy spp., erect and less than 1 cm in most leafless spp; leaves articulate,
reduced to nonphotosynthetic scales in most leafless spp.; inflorescence axillary, unbranched, usually congested with many open
flowers; flowers white, occasionally tinged with orange; sepals and petals
connivent, free, lanceolate, equal in size. 77
spp., from Florida and the Caribbean throughout most of Central and South
America (68) as far south as Argentina. More than half of the spp. diversity is
in Brazil (43, 25 endemic), from sea level to about 2,940m.
Many are found in shaded sites with high humidity but may also be found in
xeric habitats on twigs of shrubs or small trees or on limestone rocks. 5
sections.
§
sect. Campylocentrum ▸ 42 spp., over
range of genus.
§
sect. Dendrophylopsis ▸ 13 spp.,
over range of genus; in this section, C. insulare
C. E. Siquiera & E.M. Pessoa from Santa Catarina, S Brazil, is
the world smallest species of orchids in flower size. This
species was found growing as an epiphyte in remnants of the Atlantic Forest; it
probably occurs in adjacent areas but due to the extremely reduced size of the
plant, it is difficult to find.
§
sect. Laevigatum ▸ 15 spp.,
almost restricted to eastern South America, except for C. jamaicense from
the Antilles.
§
sect. Pseudocampylocentrum ▸ only one
sp., C. poeppigii (Rchb.f.) Rolfe, from Antilles, America Central
and northern South America up to C Brazil.
§
sect. Teretifolium ▸ six spp.,
endemic to E Brazil.
4.12 EPIDENDROIDEAE
▸ TRIBE COLLABIEAE (20/443) ▸ outsiders
all in Old World.
289. Calanthe
R.Br.
275 spp., Tropical & Subtropical Old World to Pacific, only one in New
World, C. calanthoides (A. Rich. & Galeotti) Hamer & Garay, from
Mexico to Colombia, Caribbean.
LINEAGE
2: HYPOXIDIOIDS
ASTELIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 23, 2024
Genera/spp. 3/37 Distribution
Mascarene Islands, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa, the Society Islands,
the Marquesas Islands, the Hawaiian Islands, temperate regions in southeastern
Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Auckland, Campbell and Chatham Islands,
southern Chile and Argentina, the Falkland Islands. Habit bisexual
(Milligania), dioecious or gynodioecious, perennial herbs, rarely
epiphytic.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders
Neoastelia (1, NE New South Wales)
and Milligania (5, Tasmania).
1. Astelia
Banks & Sol. ex R.Br. Herbs, sometimes epiphytic and cushions.
31 spp., 30 in Mascarene Islands, New Guinea, New
Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa, Society Islands, Marquesas Islands, Hawaii, temperate
parts of SE Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Auckland, Campbell and Chatham
Islands, and A. pumila (G. Forst.)Gaudich.
in S Chile, Argentina and the Falkland Islands.
HYPOXIDACEAE
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Genera/spp. 5/163
Distribution Africa, Mascarene Islands, Seychelles, tropical and
subtropical regions in Asia northwards to E Himalaya, SW China and Japan, New
Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, E USA to Caribbean and South America
southwards to Uruguay, with the largest diversity in South Africa. Habit
usually bisexual (in Curculigo rarely unisexual), perennial herbs.
Tuberous rhizome or corm. The largest genus of the family is Hypoxis L., but this
has many taxonomic problems with delimitation of its spp., as they have a high
degree of apomixy.
SYSTEMATIC all
outsiders are from Africa except Empodium (9–10, South Africa,
Swaziland, Lesotho), Hypoxidia (2, Seychelles), Molineria (7,
tropical Asia) and Pauridia (c. 55, Namibia, South Africa, Lesotho,
Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand).
1. Curculigo Gaertn. Medium-sized
robust plants, which has a flower that appears
at ground level and subterranean fruits, characterized by the umbel with a sessile or almost sessile flower. 30 spp.,
subcosmopitan, only one in New World, C. scorzonerifolia (Lam.)
Baker, from Mexico,
America Central, Caribbean, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela, Guianas,
Colombia, Bolivia, Brazil and Cono Sur.
Ravenna created genus Heliacme
Ravenna (based on C.
scorzonerifolia
Lam.) for the Neotropics, on the basis of a unilocular ovary and dry fruit (as compared with the rest of
Curculigo Gaertn.
which is otherwise African).
2. Hypoxis L. Small to medium-sized robust plants with aerial
flower scape and dry fruit. 90 spp.,
pantropical, 17 in New World, 4 spp. in South America: H. decubens L. widely
distributed, H.
humilis Kunth known
only rocky outcrops and grasslands in high mountains in Andes from Venezuela to
Argentina, H. catamarcensis Brackett endemic to Argentina, and H. atlantica Funez,
Hassemer & J.P.R. Ferreira, known only two sites (one in Bahia state,
another in Santa Catarina), only in sea level sand soils near coast, in humid
depressions.
LINEAGE
3: TECOPHILIDS
TECOPHILEACEAE
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Genera/spp. 9/27
Distribution tropical and S Africa, Madagascar, Chile, California. Habit
bisexual, perennial herbs. Rhizome developed into a tuber or a corm (with basal
innovation).
SYSTEMATIC outsiders
Cyanastrum (3, Central and tropical E
Africa), Eremolirion (1, Angola to
Namibia), Kabuyea (1, Tanzania to
Mozambique); Odontostomum (1, California), Cyanella (9,
Namibia, South Africa, with their highest diversity in W Cape) and Walleria (3, tropical
and S Africa, Madagascar).
1. Conanthera
Ruiz & Pav. 5 spp., all endemic to N Chile.
2. Tecophilaea
Bertero & Colla. Two spp., T. cyanocrocus
Leyb. endemic to Chile, and T. violiflora Bertero ex Colla from N Chile
and S Peru.
3. Zephyra
D. Don. Two spp., endemic to Chile.
LINEAGE
4: HIGH TEPALOIDES
IRIDACEAE
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Genera/spp. 69/c. 1,750 Distribution
tropical, subtropical and temperate regions in the Southern and Northern
Hemispheres, with the largest diversity in S Africa, the eastern Mediterranean
area, SW and E Asia, and parts of Central and South America. Habit bisexual,
usually perennial (some spp. of Sisyrinchium annual) herbs (Klattia,
Nivenia and Witsenia are suffruticose with a more or less
lignified stem base). Usually with a rhizome (often tuberous) or a tunicated
corm (with basal innovation; rarely bulb). Geosiris aphylla Baill. in
Madagascar is an achlorophyllous mycotrophic holoparasite with scale-like
membranous leaves. Several genera in South America.
The Iridaceae are a
prominent family, forming characteristic components of several ecoregions such
as fynbos. Genera such as Crocus and Iris are significant
components of the floras of parts of Eurasia, and Iris also is
well-represented in North America. Gladiolus and Moraea are large
genera and major constituents of the flora of sub-Saharan and S Africa. Crocosmia
crocosmiiflora (Lemoine ex Morren) N.E.Br. native in South Africa and
naturalized in Brazil. Sisyrinchium,
with more than 140 spp., is the most diversified Iridaceae genus in the
Americas; the family occur in a variety of habitats from savannas, seasonally
dry forests, to high altitude paramo and rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres); many neotropical Iridaceae genera are adapted
for seasonally dry habitats and some prefer truly xeric environments in which
their underground systems may remain dormant for a long period; the lack of
flowering material in herbaria (flowers often being destroyed in
the process of herborization), creates a problem for floral studies
as often only materials with fruits are available in herbaria; many species of
Iridaceae are endemic with small populations and/or few occurences, which
make them very vulnerable to extinction.
SYSTEMATIC subfamilies Isophysidoideae (1/1,
Tasmania), Patersonioideae (1/25, Sumatra, Philippines, northern
Borneo, New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, New Caledonia), Geosiridoideae (1/3,
Madagascar, Mayotte in the Comoros, Queensland), Aristeoideae (1/60,
South Africa to Senegal and Ethiopia, Madagascar, with their highest diversity
in the Cape Provinces), Nivenioideae (3/15, W Cape) and Crocoideae (31/1,260–1,305,
Europe, Mediterranean, Africa, Madagascar, Socotra, SW Asia to W China) do not
occur in South America.
Among the
only New World subfamily, Iridoideae, tribes Diplarrheneae (1/2, New
South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania) and Irideae (4/c. 550, temperate regions
on the Northern Hemisphere, Mediterranean, southern tropical Africa to South
Africa) do not occur in South America.
Key to genera of
Neotropical Iridaceae
1. Plicate
leaves, underground systems covered by membranaceous cataphylls - 2
2. Subequal tepals - 3
3.Stamens opposite to
the styles ------------ Itysa
3. Stamens alternate to
the styles - 4
4. Styles branches
deeply divided into 2 or 3 arms ------------ Nemastylis
4. Styles undivided - 5
5.Stems terminated by a
large foliaceous cauline bract subtending the inflorescence ------------
Eleutherine
5. Stems terminated by a
linear cauline bract subtending the inflorescence ------------
Calydorea
2. Unequal tepals - 6
6. Panduriform anthers
with broad connective ------------ Alophia
6. Linear anthers with
slender connective - 7
7. Large foliaceous
cauline bract subtending the inflorescence ------------
Cipura
7. Terminal
inflorescence, not as described above - 8
8. Stamens and styles
being held erect in a long tube at the center of the flower ------------
Tigridia
8. Styles deeply divided
not forming a tube with the stamens at the center of the flower - 9
9. Inner tepals shorter
than the outer but never less than half the size of them ------------
Cypella
9. Inner tepals smaller
than half the size of the outer, to minute in size ------------
Mastigostyla
1. Linear or
cylinndrical leaves, underground systems covered by fibrous cataphylls or
absent, in this case in form of a rhizome - 10
10. Linear leaves,
stamens alternating with the styles - 11
11. Tepals united at
least basally and sometimes for a considerable distance, secretion of sugar
nectar from the filaments ------------ Olsynium
11. Tepals free,
secretion of oils from the filaments or rarely sugar nectar - 12
12. Ovary and capsules
borne on slender pedicels, well exserted from the subtending bracts, tepals
blue, lilac, white or yellow ------------ Sisyrinchium
12. Sessile or
subsessile ovary and capsule not exserted from the subtending bracts - 13
13. Ovary hairy, tepals
subequal, always blue ------------ Orthrosanthus
13. Ovary never hairy,
tepals desequal, outer tepals smaller than the inner, flowers white, only one
species with blue flowers ------------ Libertia
10. Linear or
cylindrical leaves, stamens opposite the styles - 14
14;
flowering stems winged, rarely inconspicuously so, leaf-like; often growing in
forested habitats, never amongst rocks ------------
Neomarica
14;
flowering stems wingless, rarely inconspicuously winged [only in Deluciris
rupestris], never leaflike; often growing in open habitats, sometimes
amongst rocks - 15
15; leaves
cylindrical or plicate, sometimes absent during anthesis ------------
Pseudotrimezia
15; leaves
dorsiventrally flattened, often present during anthesis - 16
16. First
proximal node on the flowering stem ebracteate or with two bracts similar in
length or one at most twice as long as the other - 17
17; flowers
yellow to orange ------------ Pseudotrimezia
17; flowers
blue to purple ------------ Deluciris
16. First
proximal node on the flowering stem with one bract or rarely with two, one at
least three times longer than the other - 18
18.
Pseudo-midrib present, flowers yellow, style apex entire or with non-petaloid
crests ------------ Trimezia
18.
Pseudo-midrib absent, flowers blue to purple, style apex with petaloid crests ------------
Pseudiris
1.1 IRIDOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE SISYRINCHIEAE (6/238) -
all genera occur in South America.
1. Libertia
Sprengel.
Small to medium evergreens rhizomatous perennials. 17 spp., one from
Colombia to Bolivia, one in Araucania to Falklands also Juan Fernandez, 5
Chilean endemic, and 10 in New Guinea, Australia (one endemic), and New Zealand
(7 endemic).
2. Olsynium
Rafinesque.
Leaves linear to terete; flowering stems aerial or subterranean, flowers pink,
orange, white, yellow or red; seasonal or evergreen herbs. 14 spp., 13 in South
America, from Venezuela to Falkland Islands (9 confined in Cono Sur), only O.
acaule (Klatt) Goldblatt at Peru northwards, and O. douglasii (A.
Dietr.) E.P. Bicknell in W North America.
3. Orthrosanthus
Sweet.
Perennials herbs. 9 spp., 4 in Australia, and 5 in over region from Mexico to
Argentina and Bolivia, also Venezuela (4 IN South America), none a national endemic,
mainly mainly at high elevations.
4. Sisyrinchium L. Small to medium herbs; flowers usually yellow or blue to
purple with yellow centre. 212 spp., S. acre H. Mann. in Hawaii, remaining 211
in South,
Central and North America, with one sp. in Greenland, highly centered in S
Brazil, Chile and Argentina. 141 in South America, 65 spp. in Brazil, 33 endemic.
Nine sections:
§
sect.
Cephalanthum ▸ c. 20 spp., Brazil, Bolivia and Cono Sur.
§
sect.
Echthronema ▸ 7 spp., W North to Colombia, Peru and Bolivia,
absent in Brazil.
§
sect.
Hydastylus ▸ 6 spp., North America, America Central,
western South America and Hawaii, absent in Brazil.
§
sect.
Morphanthus ▸ two spp., North America to Argentina inc.
Brazil.
§
sect.
Rhizilineum ▸ 3 spp., widely in New World, inc. Brazil.
§
sect.
Segetia ▸ 6 spp., America
Central to Cono Sur, absent in Brazil.
§
sect.
Sisyrinchium ▸ c. 60 spp., North and S South America, inc.
Brazil.
§
sect.
Spathirhachis ▸ 9 spp., Peru, Chile and Argentina.
§
sect.
Trichoparcus ▸ 6 spp., Brazil, Bolivia and Cono Sur.
§
sect.
Viperella ▸ c. 27 spp., Brazil, Bolivia and Cono Sur.
Sisyrinchium
plants are usually found in open areas, grasslands, rocky
formations, or wet environments and are sometimes found in ruderal habitats;
some spp., such as S. micranthum Cav. are
widely distributed in S Brazil, whereas others, such as S. rambonis
R.C. Foster, occur only in environments with specific
ranges of humidity and altitude.
5. Solenomelus
Miers.
Seasonal perennials with short rhizomes; leaves lanceolate to linear; flowers
second, yellow or blue. Two spp. from Chile and Argentina.
6. Tapeinia
Comm.
ex. Juss. Small, evergreen cushions rhizomatous
perennial; flowering stems axillary, with a single terminal flower, pale-pink,
greenish externally. Only one sp., T. pumila (G. Forst.) Baill., from
S Chile and Argentina.
1.2 IRIDOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE TRIMEZIEAE (5/79) - all
genera occur in South America; high diverse in Brazil
(69 spp., 67 endemic).
7. Deluciris A.Gil & Lovo. Underground stem vertical, corm-like with short internodes
wrapped in a fibrous tunic; leaves, 1 to multiple, always present
(non-hysteranthous), dorsiventrally flattened, flowers predominantly bluish to
violet, always with various spots and transverse stripes; style apex with
non-petaloid crests, stigma transverse. Two spp., along the Espinhaço Range in
the Brazilian states of Bahia and Minas Gerais, mostly associated with rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres), in open, dry meadowsor marshy
environments.
8. Neomarica Sprague.
Medium to large, occ. small, evergreen perennial with a creeping rhizome; stems
erect to inclined; flowers crem, yellow to blue; compressed (leaf-like)
flowering stem (peduncle + first bract) and a creeping or erect rhizome not
covered by persistent fibrous tunic-like leaf bases. 31 spp., 29 endemic to
forested coast of Brazil, N. candida (Hassl.) Sprague
reaching into Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay, and N. variegata (M.Martens &
Galeotti) Henrich & Goldblatt, restricted to Mexico and America Central.
9. Pseudiris Chukr and A.
Gil. Perennial herbs, rhizome corm-like, compact, erect, globose to
cylindrical; leaves plane, linear-ensiforme to ensiforme, light-green;
flowering stems simple or 2-3 branched, erect; flowers showy, lilac to blue,
fugacious; capsules green, ovoid to oblong. Only one sp., P. speciosa
Chukr & Gil, known only from the Diamantina Range on rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres) in the municipalities of Lençois, Mucugê
and road from Palmeiras to Capão, center Bahia state, Brazil.
10. Pseudotrimezia R. Foster.
Small seasonal perennials herbs, with a bulb or bulb-like rootstock comprising
a thick erect rhizome surrounded by leaf basis; leaves (one to many)
cylindrical (shaped in a single), erect or strongly recurved; flowers yellow,
very gold in one sp. 26 spp. mainly to the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais
State, Brazil, from Serra de Grão-Mogol, in the north, to Serra do Cipó, in the
south, mainly in the savannas of C Brazil (cerrado), the Espinhaço Range
is covered by typical xeromophorphic vegetation, growing on rocky outcrops and
shallow white sands, in altitudes above 900; many spp. restricted to single
locations with particular environmental conditions, mostly in the Diamantina highs
(central region of Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais); a few species are more
broadly distributed (e.g., P. cathartica (Klatt) Ravenna, P.
juncifolia (Klatt) Lovo & A.Gil).
11. Trimezia Salisb. Ex
Herb. Medium to large herbs. 19 spp., two only Mexico/America Central, 16 only
South America (12 endemic to Brazil, and 4 restricted from E Venezuela to
Guianas),
and the widely distributed T. martinicensis (Jacq.) Herb. in Mexico, America Central,
Caribbean, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela, Guianas, Colombia, Bolivia and
Brazil.
1.3 IRIDOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE TIGRIDIEAE (20/191) -
outsiders Nemastylis (6; SE USA, Mexico, N America
Central) and Cobana (1; Guatemala, Honduras).
12. Alophia Herb. Small to medium seasonal perennial with bulbs with dark
brown papyraceous tunics. 6 spp., three from Mexico and America Central, two endemic
to Brazil, and A. drummondii (Graham) R.C.Foster disjunct in S USA to
Mexico, Guyana, Brazil and Bolivia.
13. Calydorea Herb. Small
seasonals perennials with bulbs with dark brown, papyraceous tunics; flowers
pale to dark blue to purple with yellow marks. 21 spp., C. venezolensis
(Ravenna) Goldblatt & Henrich in Venezuela, remaining 18 from Bolivia (3)
to Chile and Uruguay, more than half from Brazil (10, 6 endemic) and adjacent
Platine Basin; in S Brazil, the genus presents an interesting distribution,
with typical spp. belonging to different biomes: C. basaltica Ravenna, C.
crocoides Ravenna, and C. longipes Ravenna occur mainly in
the Atlantic Forest biome, whereas C. alba Roitman & A.
Castillo and its allies are endemic of the Pampa biome.
Goldblatt and Manning
(2008) proposed that Calydorea includes
provisionally Catila, Itysa, Lethia Ravenna,
and Tamia Ravenna; the most recent study of Iridaceae
phylogeny included only two Calydorea species, which did not
group together in the phylogenetic trees (Goldblatt et al., 2008);
considering the number of species involved in the analysis, phylogenetic
relationships still need to be clarified.
14. Cipura Aubl.
Cypella-like; flowers yellow to blue, white or red. 8 spp., two only in
Colombia and Venezuela, one in Cuba, 4 in Brazil (two endemic), and C.
campanulata Ravenna from Mexico to Venezuela.
15. Cypella Herbert. Small or medium-sized plants perennials with 1–2 flowered
spathes, often yellow or blue to purple and orange flowers with broadly clawed
tepals. 37 spp., endemic in Peru (1), Bolivia (2), C. linearis (Kunth)
Baker scattered in over South America, and remaining 33 restricted from S
Brazil (21, 9 endemic) to Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Chile.
In the most recent and
most complete phylogenetic overview of Iridaceae, Goldblatt et al. (2008)
analyzed three species of Cypella and the genus appeared as
polyphyletic, including Cipura Aubl., Nemastylis Nutt., Herbertia,
Onira, and Calydorea; the relationships among Cypella, Phalocallis,
and the monotypic genera Kelissa and Onira remain to be
determined using molecular data.
16. Eleutherine Herb. Small perennial seasonal; leaves few, plicate; flowering
stem branches; flowers white. Three spp., E. angusta Ravenna from Brazil
(Mato Grosso do Sul) to Paraguay, E. bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. from Caribbean
and tropical South America up to Brazil and Argentina, and E. latifolia
(Standl. & L.O.Williams) Ravenna from Mexico to America Central, Bolivia to
NW Argentina.
17. Ennealophus N.E.Br.
Cypella-like, but flowers only shadeds of blue to purple with contrasting
markings. 6 spp., 5 only in Andean region of Bolivia and Argentina, and E. foliosus (Kunth)
Ravenna up to Amazonian rainforest of Brazil and Ecuador.
18. Gelasine Herbert. Cypella-like but
flowers blue to purple, often with white or darker margins. 8 spp., one
endemic to Bolivia, remaining 7 from C & S Brazil (4 endemic), three of
then also into NE Argentina, Uruguay.
19. Herbertia Sweet. Small seasonal perennial perennials with bulbs
with dark brown papyraceous tunics; leaves few, ensiform to linear, flowers
blue to purple with dark or white markings. 12 spp., H. tigridioides (Hicken)
Goldblatt in Bolivia and Argentina, one endemic to Uruguay, and remaining 10 in
Brazil, 7 up to adjacent Cono
Sur (Argentina,
Uruguay and Paraguay, one also in Texas, Louisiana, another also in Colombia
and Venezuela),
and three endemic.
20. Hesperoxiphion
Sweet.
Cypella-like. 5 spp., H. huilense Ravenna endemic to
Colombia, and all remaining restricted of Peru except H. peruvianum
(Baker) Baker up to Bolivia.
21. Larentia Klatt. Three spp., two endemic to
Mexico, and L. linearis (Kunth) Klatt) from Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia
and Paraguay to southern Brazil.
22. Lethia Ravenna. Only
one sp., L. umbellata (Klatt) Ravenna, disjunct in Bolivia and E Brazil,
in Minas Gerais, Bahia and Paraíba states.
23. Mastigostyla
I.M. Johnston. Bulbous caulescent or
sub-acaulescent herbs, producing flowers with a short basal perianth tube
tepals different in size and shape. 28 spp., M. cardenasii R.C. Foster
in Peru and Bolivia, M. cyrtophylla I.M. Johnst. in Peru and Argentina,
remaining endemic from Argentina (8), Bolivia (9) or Peru (9).
Based
on molecular evidence, Goldblatt and Manning (2008) included Cardenanthus
in Mastigostyla, a synonymy further supported by later molecular
phylogenies (Chauveau et al. 2012), which also suggested that T. philippiana
I. M. Johnston should be included in Mastigostyla.
24. Phalocallis Herb. Only
one sp., P. coelestis (Lehm.) Ravenna, native from S Brazil to NE
Argentina.
25. Tigridia
Juss.
Small to medium seasonal perennial with bulbs with
darkery papery tunics. 62 spp., 53 from Mexico to El Salvador, 8
endemic to Peru and T. philippiana I.M. Johnst. restricted of N Chile.
ASPHODELACEAE
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Genera/spp. 41/c.
895-910 Distribution Central, southern and E Europe, Africa, Madagascar,
Mascarene Islands, W and C Asia eastwards to Japan and China,
Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Polynesia (including Hawaii),
Fiji, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Norfolk Island, northern Andes and the Guiana
Shield. with the largest diversity in South Africa. Habit bisexual,
usually perennial herbs (some spp. of Aloe and Kniphofia are
pachycaul shrubs or trees), often evergreen, arborescent with aerial stem, or
fruticose with subterranean stem. Stem thick, often tuberous, with leaves
concentrated at apex. Rarely with bulb. Many representatives are leaf
succulents; roots often somewhat succulent, sometimes contractile, sometimes
swollen.
SYSTEMATIC three
subfamilies, two of these, Xanthorroeoideae (1/30, Australia,
Tasmania) and Asphodeloideae (18–19/790–830, S and E Europe,
Mediterranean, Africa, Madagascar, Socotra, Arabian Peninsula, Mascarene
Islands, W and C Asia, Australia, New Zealand, with their largest diversity in
South Africa), do not occur in South America. Among Hemerocalloideae, the only
South American subfamily, tribes Hemerocallidoideae (2/20,
Eurasia) and Johnsonioideae (7/c 40, South Africa, Madagascar, New
Guinea, Australia, with their highest diversity in SW W Australia) do not occur
in South America.
Among the
unique South American tribe, Phormioideae, outsiders are all from E Asia
to New Zealand and Pacific except Dianella (40, E Africa,
Madagascar, E Asia to Japan, tropical Asia from India to Malesia, Australia,
New Zealand, islands in SW Pacific, Hawaii, with their highest diversity in
Australia).
1. Ecrremis
Willd. Ex Bak. Rhizomatous or short-stemmed perennials to 1 m tall; leaves
basal; leaves bases strongly keeled; inflorescence a loose corymbose panicle.
Only one sp., E. coarctata (Ruiz & Pav) Baker, across highr
elevations of South America including the middle and northern Andes, the
Cordillera de la costa (Venezuela), and the summits of several tepuis in the Guiana
Shield of Venezuela (in Amazonas and Bolivar states) and adjacent Brazil (only
in Mount Neblina, at 2,500m, in a small field in Bacia do Gelo trail, Amazonas
state)
2. Pasithea
D. Don. Shortly rhizomatous perennial herbs to 15 cm tall; stem
unbranched; leaves narrow-linear, mostly basal, bases sheating; inflorescence a
racemose panicle terminating a leafless scape, bract short. Only one sp., P.
caerulea (Ruiz & Pav) D. Don, from lower elevations and drier habitatas
in N Chile and S Peru.
AMARYLLIDACEAE
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Genera/species 71/700–820
Distribution tropical and subtropical regions in the N and S Hemispheres
northwards to W Europe and eastwards to E Asia, with the largest diversity in
South America, Mediterranean area and S Africa. Habit bisexual,
perennial or biennial herbs, usually with a bulb surrounded by membranous
scales (rarely a bulb-like corm; in Tulbaghia a tuberous rhizome) rich
in polysaccharides (in Clivia, Cryptostephanus and Scadoxus
corm or rhizome). Rarely epiphytic or aquatic. Often with a strong
characteristic odour (‘onion smell’). New bulb developing in axile of uppermost
leaf.
SYSTEMATIC
three subfamilies, Agapanthoideae
(1/7, S and SE South Africa from W Cape northwards to just south of
Limpopo River, S Mozambique) not occur in New World.
1.
SUBFAMILY ALLIOIDEAE (12/800)
Three tribes,
of these Allieae (1/750–780, temperate regions on the Northern
Hemisphere, N, NE and S Africa, S Asia southwards to Sri Lanka, Mexico, with
their highest diversity in Mediterranean area, Central Asia and SW North
America) and Tulbaghieae (1/20, tropical and S Africa) do not occur in
South America. The two others tribes are highly centered in South America.
1.1 ALLIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE LEUCOCORYNEAE (7/152)
- all genera occur in South America.
1. Atacamalium
R. Pinto & Nic. García. Bulbous hebrs, flowers minute,
greenishs. Only one sp., A. minutiflorum R. Pinto & Nic. García, coastal
Atacama desert of N Chile.
2. Ipheion Raf. Alliaceous odour absent or present. Three spp. from
Argentina and Uruguay, I.
recurvifolium (C.H.Wright) up to S Brazil.
3. Latace Philippi. Two
spp. from
C & S Argentina and coast of Chile.
4. Leucocoryne
Lindl. Herbs; leaves linear, scape slender; absent of alliaceous
odor; inflorescence 1-12 flowers, mainly blusih. 48 spp. endemic to Chile.
5. Nothoscordum
Kunth. Geophytes; alliaceous odour absent or present. 91 spp., Argentina,
Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, and Brazil (34, 24 endemic), only N.
bivalve (L.) Britton, N. gracile (Aiton) Stearn and N. gramineum
(Sims) P. Beauv. Peru northwards. N. bahiense Ravenna from Bahia state
is a is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
6. Tristagma
Poeppig. Geophytes; inflorescence 1-8 flowers, alliaceous odour
absent. 17
spp., S Peru, Argentina and Chile.
1.2
ALLIOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE GILLESIEAE (4/23) - all genera occur in South America; the latest revision of Gilliesiinae (Escobar, 2012) accepted
the genera Ancrumia Harv. ex Baker, Gethyum Phil., Gilliesia Lindl., Miersia Lindl., Schickendantziella Speg., Solaria Phil., Speea Loes. and Trichlora Baker, but POWO from Kew not recognizes Ancrumia, Gethyum, Solaria and Speea.
7. Gilliesia
Lindl. Leaves usually 2, slender towards at base; scape slender,
longer than the leaves; flowers very strongly
zygomorphic; alliaceous odor recorded. 13 spp. from Chile, two up to and
Argentina.
8. Miersia
Lindl. Leaves 3-5 linear; inflorescence 3 – 7 flowers, zygomorphic;
tepals 6, free, acuminate; corona of 6 narrow scapes. 10 spp., 9 endemic to
from Chile and one endemic to Bolivia.
9. Schickendantziella
Speg. Only one sp., S. trichosepala (Speg.)
Speg., from S Bolivia to NW Argentina.
10. Trichlora
Baker.
Bulb narrow, tunicated; leaves 1-3, linear; scape slender; spathe bract 2, free
from each other; inflorescence with 5 flowers. 4 spp., endemic to Peru.
2.
SUBFAMILY AMARYLLOIDEAE (c 80/870–900)
12 clades,
of them Cyrtantheae (1/c 50, tropical and S Africa,
especially South Africa), Calostemmateae (2/7, Malesia, tropical and E
Australia), Gethyllideae (6/c 84, tropical and S Africa (with their
largest diversity in South Africa)), Lycorideae (2/25–32, temperate
to subtropical E Asia to Iran, Central Asia and Burma), Pancratieae (2/28–29,
SE Europe, Canary Islands, Mediterranean, W Africa, Namibia, SW and S Asia) and
Narcisseae (7/c 72, Europe, Mediterranean, NW Africa, Crimea, the
Caucasus, W Asia to Iran) do not occur in South America.
In the Neotropics, the
family occurs from Canada through America Central and Caribbean to Chile and
Argentina in South America; notable areas of diversity throughout this range
include E Brazil, N & C Chile, and the central Andes of Ecuador and Peru; Hippeastrum Herb. is
primarily found in the Andes and E Brazil, Hymenocallis
occurs mostly in Mesoamerica, Clinanthus
Herb. is largely
endemic to Peru, and Zephyranthes
Herb. is broadly
distributed.
The greatest generic
diversity is found in Peru. The Neotropical genera of Amaryllidaceae are
chiefly adapted for seasonally dry habitats and some prefer truly xeric
environments in which their bulbs may remain dormant for a period longer than
they are in active growth (e.g., Leptochiton,
Paramongaia, some Eucrosia); at the other
extreme, species have colonized the understory of rain forests (Urceolina, Griffinia) and aquatic
habitats (a number of Hymenocallis,
Hippeastrum angustifolium Phil., Crinum). The family has also
adapted to the high montane tropical climates of the Andes, with certain genera
are primarily found at elevations in excess of 2,000m; Clinanthus humilis (Herb.) Meerow is
found above 4,000m. This species has adapted to high elevations by retaining
the scape (and developing fruit) inside the bulb until the seeds are ripe; only
11 spp. of Amaryllidaceae are epiphytic, three
in southern Africa, three of Pamianthe in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia one
each, and 5 spp. of Hippeastrum endemic to S Brazil.
2.1 AMARYLLOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE AMARYLLIDEAE (11/c. 160)
- outsiders Amaryllis (2; N and W Cape), Nerine (c 23; S
Africa), Brunsvigia (c 20; S Africa), Crossyne (2;
N and W Cape), Hessea (14; Namibia, N and W Cape), Namaquanula (2;
Namibia, N Cape), Strumaria (28; S Africa, especially Namibia
and SW South Africa), Boophone (2; E to S Africa), Ammocharis (7; tropical
and S Africa).
11. Crinum L. Leaves often perennial, sometimes forming a pseudostem;
flowers zygomorph to actinomorph; perigone tube long, cylindrical. 115 spp., 15
in New World, in terrestrial or shady places: restricteds in Cuba (1),
Haiti (1), America Central to Ecuador and Venezuela (4), Peru (1), Suriname
(1), Brazil (3), Paraguay (1), C. americanum L. from SE USA to Mexico,
Cuba and Jamaica, C. erubescens L.f. ex Aiton from Mexico to Paraguay
and Brazil, and C. undulatum Hook. in Brazil and Peru. 10 spp. in South
America.
2.2 AMARYLLOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE GRIFFINEAE (3/23)
- tribe endemic to Brazil; this species, along with Lycoris Herb. (E
& SE Asia, tribe Lycorideae), the only members of Amarylloideae to develop
blue flowers.
12. Cearanthes Ravenna. Small
herb, rounded dark-green leaves, blue flowers. Only one sp., C.
fuscoviolacea Ravenna, known only four populations in forested
environments of Ibiapaba Massif, NW Ceará and NE Piauí state, Brazil.
13. Griffinia Ker Gawl. Herbs, bulbous; inflorescence is 2–20-flowered, flowers
with a true hypanthium in some species, feature
unique among New World Amarylloideae, formed
by the continuation of the perigonal tube over the ovary in some of the
species, and white to bluish. 23 spp., two subgenera:
§ subg. Griffinia ▸
inflorescence is 4–20-flowered; flowers diurnal, unscented, lilac and/or white
(only in G.
alba
K.D. Preuss & Meerow). 21 spp. from SE and NE Brazil
(Bahia to Rio de Janeiro states, two of them, in Bahia and Pernambuco states,
are rare plantd in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book), mainly in forests of Atlantic Forest and its inland extensions.
§ subg. Hyline ▸ inflorescence
is 2–3-flowered, flowers large, nocturnal, scented, and white. Two spp., G. nocturna Ravenna and G.
gardneriana
(Herb.) Ravenna, in seasonally dry regions, from NE Brazil, the former reaching
into central savannas in W.C. region up to N Mato Grosso state.
14. Worsleya Traub. Large
herbs with falcate leaves; roots thick, with velamen; bulb mostly exposed. Only
one sp., W.
rainieri (Hook.)
Traub & Moldenke, very narrow endemic to 12 inselbergs of Petropolis
and region, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, above 1,200m in high humidity
forests.
2.3 AMARYLLOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE HIPPEASTREAE
(13/185-200) - two subtribes, all genera of both occur in South America.
∎ SUBTRIBE
TRAUBIINAE ▸ all genera occur in South America.
15. Paposoa Nic.García. Herbs
usually over 10 cm tal; bulb ovoid; leaves annual, present while blooming,
lorate, 30–60 cm long, 5–9 mm wide, flat and slightly fistulous; inflorescence
pseudo-umbellate, 2–5-flowered, each flower subtended by a lanceolate
bracteole; flowers slightly zygomorphic, nodding. Only one sp., P. laeta (Phil.) Nic.García, the
single species within this new genus, inhabits fog oases or loma vegetation in
the coastal desert of N Chile, between the Antofagasta and Atacama Regions.
16. Phycella Lindley. Plants 20–100 cm tal;
bulb ovoid; leaves annual, parallel venation, 30–60 cm long; inflorescence
usually pseudo-umbellate, 1–9-flowered, each flower subtended by a
linear-lanceolate bracteole; flowers slightly to strongly zygomorphic, various
tones of red, dark pink, white, cream, or rarely yellow, either with red to
magenta longitudinal stripes or the basal half green yellowish. ca. 13 spp. and
mostly restricted to central Chile, in various habitat types such as desert
scrub, sclerophyllous scrub and forest, high-Andean vegetation, including bogs
and creeks, with a single population known from Neuquén, Argentina.
17. Rhodolirium
Phil.
Herbs usually
15 to 25 cm tal; bulb ovoid; leaves annual, absent or emerging while flowering,
linear, parallel venation, 15–30 cm long, 2–5 mm wide, flat, canaliculate,
sometimes pruinose, apex obtuse. Two spp., inhabits high-Andean to Patagonian steppe
habitats from C & S Chile and adjacent Argentina.
18. Traubia
Moldenke. Leaves linear, hysteranthous; cape hollow,
spathe bracts two; flowers zygomorphic, funnelform, tube very short. Only one sp., T. modesta (Phil.) Ravenna,
inhabits hilly areas close to the coast of central Chile, between the
localities of Huentelauquén and Salamanca (Coquimbo Region), and Rapel
(Metropolitan Region).
∎ SUBTRIBE HIPPEASTRINAE ▸ both
genera occur in South America.
19. Hippeastrum Herb. Terrestrial or
epiphityc bulbous
herbs,
roots often with velamen; leaves usually anual; flowers 2-23, large,
zygomorphic, funnelform. 116 spp. from South America, all countries of
South America except Chile, centered in E Brazil (59, 48 endemic) and Andean of
Peru to Argentina. Two subgenera:
§
subg.
Hippeastrum ▸ scape multi-flowered; flowers pedicellate;
perigone variously colored, mostly without fragrance, in many vegetation types
and habitats, mostly from Argentina to Colombia, very diverse in E Brazil in Atlantic Forest and savannas of C
Brazil (cerrado)
and central Andes
of Peru and Bolivia; includes 5 epiphytes, inc. H. aulicum Herb.; H. calyptratum (Ker Gawl.)
Herb.,
pollinated
by bats, which grows as epiphytes attached to mossy trees, or grow as
lithophytes on rock surfaces in bright light at around 1,200m elevation in
Organ Mountains within the highly endangered eco-region of the Atlantic
Forest of
Brazil; ocasionally they are also found growing in shade; H. papilio (Ravenna) Van
Scheepen, native at Santa Catarina state, S Brazil, and was considered
extinct in its natural habitat until the 1990s, when Fred Meyer, observed it
growing in tall trees in Rio Grande do Sul state; this species survives now as
a population of approximately 50 plants within a 4-square-mile patch of
Atlantic Forest habitat, fragmented by roads and drains.
§
subg.
Tocantinia ▸ scape single-flowered; flower sessile; perigone
white, sweet-scented nocturnally; three spp., plants in savannas of C
Brazil (cerrado) in
Bahia, Minas Gerais and Tocantins states, on sandy soils, within semideciduous
dry forests.
20. Zephyranthes Herb. Bulb
generally small, single flowered, flower suberect, actinomorphic. 191 spp. of
tropical and subtropical America, from USA to Argentina and Caribbean, 127 in
South America; in Brazil (42, 30 endemic, one of them, from Bahia
state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book) occurs mainly in sourhern region; some species known as
rain lilies because the flowers appear in through fall after the first rain;
five subgenera:
§
subg.
Habranthus ▸ three spp. found in northern Argentina,
Uruguay, and S Brazil; in Argentina, Z. jamesonii (Baker) Nic.García
& S.C.Arroyo inhabits sand dunes at sea level to high-Andean scrubs at 3,000m
altitude range.
§
subg.
Eithea ▸ two spp., Z. blumenavia (K.Koch
& C.D.Bouché ex Carrière) Nic.García & Dutilh. inhabits the Brazilian
Atlantic forest in the states of São Paulo, Paraná, and Santa Catarina, in very
humid conditions within the forest, such as along rocky banks of small rivers
or among large plants, while Z. lagopaivae (Campos-Rocha & Dutilh)
Nic. García & Dutilh is known from only two semideciduous forest
fragments within areas with well-defined seasonality in the state of São Paulo.
§
subg.
Zephyranthes ▸ 139 spp., distributed widely in the Neotropics, but also
occurs in subtropical to temperate regions, from central Argentina to the S
USA, also in the Caribbean islands; 80 in South America, 34 in Brazil, 23 endemic;
Z.
americana (Hoffmanns.)
Herter, from NE Argentina, Uruguay and S Brazil, is a geophyte geocarpic herbs,
unique among this quality in South American
Amaryllidaceae.
§
subg.
Neorhodophiala ▸ only the polymorphic Z.
bifida (Herb.) Nic. García & Meerow from Uruguay, NE Argentina, S
Brazil, and Paraguay (Itapúa); it is a component of the Pampas ecoregion,
inhabiting open environments such as grasslands, savannahs, and between rocks
in low hilly areas.
§
subg.
Myostemma ▸ ca. 17 spp. from Chile
and Argentina between, inhabiting a range of habitats including desert,
sclerophyllous mediterranean-type scrub, deciduous nothofagid forests, and
high-Andean scrubs, rarely in Patagonian steppe.
2.4 AMARYLLOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE EUSTEPHIEAE (3/20)
- all genera occur in South America.
21. Chlidanthus Herb. Herbs;
leaves with scabrous margins; flowers suberect to decliante; funnelform or
funnelform to tubular; actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic. 4 spp. from Peru
and Bolivia.
22. Eustephia Cav. Herbs tuberous, with
lowers declinate to pendent; perigone tubular, variously colored, but usually
tipped green; tube short. 6 spp., 5 endemic to Peru and one to Bolivia.
23. Hieronymiella Pax. Herbs; flowers suberect
to declinate; perigone funnelforme or tubular, white, yellow, rose or purple,
often fragrant. 10 spp., from Argentina (9, 8 endemic), H. marginata (Pax) Hunz. reaching to Bolivia, and H. bedelarii R. Lara
& Huaylla
endemic to Bolivia, chefly to high elevation.
2.5 AMARYLLOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CLINANTHEAE (3/15)
- all genera occur in South America.
24. Clinanthus Herb. Stenomesson-like.
24 spp., mainly Peru, one up to Bolivia, Argentina and Chile, C. incarnatus (Kunth) Meerow also in Ecuador and Bolivia, and one Bolivian endemic.
25. Pamianthe Stapf. Epiphytic; roots with
velamen, leaves persistent; flower large and shortly pedicellate, fragrant;
bulbs mostly aerial, prolonged above to a long neck. Three spp., one Peru and
Bolivia, and Colombia and Ecuador one endemic each.
26. Paramongaia Velarde. Herbs; leaves anual,
narrowly lorate, keeled, deeply glaucous, somewhat succulent. Two spp. from W
Andes from Peru (both) and Bolivia; this plant has very short season of growth.
2.6 AMARYLLOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE HYMENOCALLIDEAE (11/159)
- all genera occur in South America.
27. Eucrosia Ker Gaul. Herbs; leaves hysteranthous; flowers without fragrance,
petiolate; perigone showy, zygomorphic. 6 spp., W Ecuador and NW Peru (two endemic).
28. Hymenocallis Salisb. Herbs, leaves annual or persistent, white fragrant
flowers, crateriform, actinomorphic, fragrant, white. 66 spp., mainly center
Mexico (33, 31 endemic), from Caribbean to Peru and Amazon rainforest of
Brazil, also in coastal mangroves. Only 9 up to South America, national endemic
in Venezuela (3), Peru (3) and Brazil (1, H. schizostephana Worsley), H.
littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb. and H.tubiflora Salisb. in coasts from
Mexico to Peru and N Brazil (both), the first common in mangroves, the two
lasts occurs in Amazonian rainforest.
29. Ismene Salisb. Herbs; scape
ancipitous; leaves annual, forming a long pseudostem, appearing before the
flowers, sometimes succulent. 11 spp., all from Peru, one up to Ecuador.
30. Leptochiton Sealy. Herbs, ephemeral geophytes; leaves anual, linear, lax, fragile,
keeled, appearing before the flowers; flowers large, fragrant, sessily, yellow
or white. Two spp. inhabiting seasonally very dry lowlands dioecious forests
from SW Ecuador and NW Peru (both).
31. Mathieua Klotzch. Herbs; leaves long petiolate, lamina ovate. Only one sp., M.
galanthoides Klotzsch, from a fragmantary type, the remains of a collection from
dry forests of Piura, Peru, presumed extinct.
32. Phaedranassa Herb. Herbs, leaves mostly hysteranthous;
flowers mostly tubular. 10 spp., America Central to Peru (9 in South America),
mainly in Ecuador; large but local populations, along roadsides.
33. Plagiolirion Baker. Herbs; leaves persistente; flowers white, non fragrant, 10-40,
perigone zygomorphic, small. Only one sp., P. horsmannii Baker, endemic to the slopes
of the Cauca Valley in Andean Colombia.
34. Pyrolirion Herb. Herbs,
leaves annual, linear or linear to lanceolate; scape hollow, single flowered,
sometimes retained inside in the bulb. 8 spp. in Peru (6, one to Chile) and
Bolivia (two endemic).
35. Rauhia Traub. Herbis with bulbs
large, leaves annual, shortly or widely petiolate, succulent, unique among this family in New World. 5 spp. from
seasonaly dry, open woods or rock slopes of the middle Maranon and Utcumbamba
Valleys in N Peru.
36. Stenomesson Herb. Herbs,
leaves annual; flowers actinomorphic, funnelform-tubular, tubular, campanulate
or ventricose. 19 spp., almost all in Peru, three up to Bolivia, one up to
Colombia, and one a Ecuador endemic.
37. Urceolina Reichb. Herbs with leaves hysteranthous; flowers yellow to orange
tipped green, not fragrant; perigone actinomorphic, urceolate. 29 spp., U. bouchei (Woodson &
P.Allen) Traub. in Guatemala, Panamá and Costa Rica, and
remaining 28 from Colombia to Bolivia and N Brazil (3, U. ulei (Kraenzl.) Traub., U. cyaneosperma (Meerow) Christenh. & Byng. and U. castelnaeana (Baill.) Christenh. & Byng., none endemic), absent in Venezuela,
mainly are endemic to western Amazon rainforest and adjacent lower slopes of E
Andes, mainly in Peru (10 endemic) and Colombia (7 endemic).
ASPARAGACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 23, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp.
121/2,500 Distribution worldwide except Arctic Habit bisexual,
perennial herbs. Rhizome developed into a tuber or a corm (with basal
innovation).
SYSTEMATIC seven
subfamilies, 3 in South America and 4 uknown in continent, viz Aphyllanthoideae
(= Aphyllanthoideae, 1/1, Mediterranean Basin), Asparagoideae
(= Asparagaceae s.s., 2/211, Eurasia, Africa, Australia, Mexico) and Brodiaeoideae
(= Themidaceae, 12/62, from Canada to Guatemala). 668 spp. in New World.
1.
SUBFAMILY LOMANDROIDEAE (14/175–180)
Three
tribes, Lomandreae (5/65–70, New Guinea, Australia, New
Caledonia) does not occur in South America.
1.1 LOMANDROIDEAE
▸TRIBE LAXMANNIOIDEAE (8/c
95) - outsiders Arthropodium (14; Madagascar, Australia, New
Caledonia, New Zealand), Murchisonia (2; Australia), Thysanotus
(50; China to New Guinea, Australia), Eustrephus (1; New Guinea,
Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, New Caledonia), Laxmannia (14;
Australia), Sowerbaea (5; Australia), Chamaescilla (4; Australia,
Victoria, Tasmania).
1. Trichopetalum
Lindl.
Herbs with erect rhizomes and somewhat fleshy roots; flowers in loose racemes
panicles. Two spp. from SW Argentina (in Neuquen) and center Chile, one endemic
each.
1.2 LOMANDROIDEAE
▸TRIBE CORDYLINEAE
(1/17) - a single genus.
2. Cordyline Comm. Ex R. Br. Woody shrubs
or trees to 10 m with thick rhizomes thick, somewhat fleshy roots. 24 spp.,
Mascarenes, to Pacífico, South America, and C. sellowiana Kunth from
Bolivia, S & SE Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina and Uruguay.
2.
SUBFAMILY SCILLOIDEAE (38/805–845)
Tribes Urgineoideae
(2/c 60, Mediterranean, Africa, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula to Sri Lanka and
Burma), Ornithogaloideae (1/270–300, Europe, Mediterranean to the
Caucasus, subtropical and S Africa, Madagascar, S Arabian Peninsula, Socotra,
SW Asia to India and Sri Lanka, with their largest diversity in South Africa)
and Hyacinthoideae (34/470–480, Europe to SW Asia, North Africa,
tropical and S Africa, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula, S India, Sri Lanka, E
Asia) do not occur in South America. The single tribe in continent, Oziroideae,
is monotypic and endemic.
3. Oziroe Raf.
Herbs, bulbous, bulb leaves imbricate, cauline leaves few, thick and gloved,
synanthous, few white flowers. 5 spp. in W South America, Peru to Paraguay and
Chile, Bolivia, Argentina, with O. argentinense (Lillo &
Hauman) Speta collected recently in S Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil.
3.
SUBFAMILY AGAVOIDEAE (23/637)
Three
tribes, one in South America; the remaining two occur only in China, Korea
(1/1, Anemanrrhena) and S Africa (1/1, Behnia).
3.1 AGAVOIDEAE
▸TRIBE AGAVEAE
(10–13/350–360) - outsiders Hesperocallis (1;
California, Arizona); Hosta (23; China, Korean Peninsula,
Japan, Russian Far East); Hesperoyucca (2; Arizona;
California, Baja California), Schoenolirion (3; Texas, SE
USA), Hesperaloe (8; SW USA, NW Mexico); Hastingsia (4; California
and SW Oregon), Camassia (6; Canada, USA), Chlorogalum (5;
California, Baja California); Yucca (c 50; C and W USA, California,
Mexico, America Central, Caribbean), Beschorneria (8; C and S
Mexico, N America Central).
4. Agave
L. Small to gigant; acaulescent or with
short trunk, perennial, poly-or monocarpic. 299 spp. from Caribbean, SW USA to
N Venezuela and Colombia, mainly in montane areas; 6 spp. in South America, two
from Caribbean to Colombia, and 4 endemic to Colombia.
5. Furcraea
Vent. Rosettes, massive, acaulescent or with trunk to 6 m
tall; leaves stiff or flexible. 26 spp. from C Mexico to Bolivia
and French Guiana (9 in South America, some endemic to Andean Colombia), with F.
foetida (L.) Haw. up to N Amapá state, Brazil.
3.2 AGAVOIDEAE
▸TRIBE ANTHERICEAE (8/280–290)
- outsiders Anthericum s.s. (c 65;
Europe, North and E Africa to Tanzania, SW Asia), Paradisea (2;
mountains in southern Europe), Chlorophytum (190–200; Africa,
Madagascar, India to northern and E Australia), Leucocrinum (1;
SW USA) and Eremocrinum (1; Utah, N Arizona).
6. Diamena
Ravenna.
Herbs with a short vertical rhizome and tuberous roots. Only one sp., D.
stenantha (Ravenna) Ravenna, endemic to upper Cerro de las Cabras near
Trujillo, Peru, and may be extinct in wild.
7. Diora
Ravenna.
Herbs with a short vertical rhizome and tuberous roots. Only one sp., D.
cajamarcaensis (Poelln.) Ravenna, Cajamarca and Junin regions in Peru.
8. Echeandia
Ortega.
Herbs with short rhizomes and tuberous roots; flowers
in racemes or thyrses. 84 spp. from Texas to Argentina; 10 spp. in South
America, 5 national endemic in Venezuela (1), Peru (2) and Ecuador (1), four
from USA/Mexico/America Central to NW South America, and two widely in W South
America up to Argentina.
9. Hagenbachia Ness &
Mart.
Herbs with a horizontal rhizome and thick, fleshy but non tuberous roots;
flowers on loose racemes and panicles. 6 spp., three from Costa Rica to
Ecuador, H. matogrossensis (Poelln.) Ravenna from Brazil, Paraguay and
Bolivia, H. hassleriana (Baker) Cruden from Bolivia and Paraguay, and H.
brasiliensis Nees & Mart. from Bolivia and E Brazil, in below 400m in
dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga), evergreen forest, and
disturbed sites.
10. Trihesperus
Herb.
Two disjunct spp., T. latifolius (Kunth) Herb. from Colombia to Peru, T.
glaucus (Ruiz & Pav.) Herb. from Peru to Bolivia, Argentina.
3.3 AGAVOIDEAE
▸TRIBE HERRERIEAE (2/9)
- outsider Herreriopsis (1, Madagascar).
11. Clara Kunth.
Stemless rosette herbs (non-scadent); leaves filiforme
to linear; inflorescences in raceme simple or double composed. Three spp. of
grasslands, one endemic to Paraguay and two in Brazil, with C. gracilis R.
C. Lopes & Andreata a narrow endemic, recorded in the grasslands of the ‘campanha
gaucha’, in Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguay, Paraguay and NE Argentina.
12. Herreria Ruiz
and Pavon. Climber herbs; leaves clustered in short
lateral shots, ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; inflorescence raceme or
paniculate. 8 spp., one in Chile, one from Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, and
six in Brazil (Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas), dry xeric seasonal
of NE Brazil (caatinga), and forest formations), 3 endemic, two up to
Bolivia, and H. montevidensis Klotzsch ex Griseb. widely in Platine Basin.
4.
NOLINIOIDEAE (= Ruscaceae,
24/740–765)
Temperate to
tropical regions on the Northern Hemisphere south to W Malesia and America
Central, with their largest diversity in E and SE Asia, North America, Mexico
and South Africa). Outsiders unvailable.
13. Dracaena
Vand. ex L. 198 spp., Old World tropics, and two in New World, D.
cubensis Vict from Cuba and D. ghiesbreghtii W.Bull ex J.J.Blandy,
from S Mexico to Costa Rica, and SW Colombia, in the Reserva NaturalLa Planada,
Nariño, was established in 1990 by a specimen collected.
16. ARECALES
FAMILIES ABSENT IN SOUTH AMERICA: DASYPOGONACEAE
(4/20), AS IN POWO IN JUNE 19, 2024.
ARECACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 19, 2024
Genera/species 182/c.
2,440 Distribution chiefly pantropical, some species in subtropical
regions and a few species in warm-temperate areas. Habit usually
monoecious, polygamomonoecious or dioecious; male and female flowers isomorphic
or heteromorphic (sometimes bisexual); evergreen, woody (trees, shrubs or
lianas), usually with monopodial growth (rarely branched). Roots or leaflets
sometimes modified into spines (spine roots). Aerial roots (stilt roots, prop
roots or pneumatophores) present in many species. Nypa consists of
mangrove plants. Hyphaene has
dichotomous branching.
Palms are
among the best known and most extensively cultivated plant families. They have
been important to humans throughout much of history. Many common products and
foods are derived from palms, and palms are also widely used in landscaping for
their exotic appearance, making them one of the most economically important
plants. In many historical cultures, palms were symbols for such ideas as
victory, peace, and fertility. Today, palms remain a popular symbol for the
tropics and vacations.
MORPHOLOGY Whether
as shrubs, trees, or vines, palms have two methods of growth: solitary or
clustered. Palms have large, evergreen leaves that are either palmately
('fan-leaved') or pinnately ('feather-leaved') compound and spirally arranged
at the top of the stem. The inflorescence is a panicle or spike surrounded by
one or more bracts or spathes that become woody at maturity. Most palms are
distinguished by their large, compound, evergreen leaves arranged at the top of
an unbranched stem. However, many palms are exceptions, and in fact exhibit an
enormous diversity in physical characteristics. As well as being
morphologically diverse, palms also inhabit nearly every type of habitat within
their range, from rainforests to deserts. The
morphological diversity of palms is greater than that of any other
monocotyledoneous family; indeed, the may represent one the most diverse of
seed plants as a whole.
The raffia
palm (Raphia regalis Becc.) of tropical Africa has huge pinnate leaves
up to 80 feet (24 m) long. The leaves of the Amazonian palm (Manicaria
saccifera Burret.) are nearly 30 feet (8 m) long, and have been listed by
some authors as the longest undivided leaf of any plant. However, according to
Chuck Hubbuch of Fairchild Tropical Garden, Coral Gables, Florida, the leaf is
typically divided shallowly at the tip and is not truly entire. The golf
ball-sized fruits of Manicaria palms, called ‘sea coconuts’, commonly
wash ashore on beaches throughout the Caribbean and southern Florida. There are
two additional palm candidates for the record of longest undivided leaf: Marojejya darianii J.Dransf.
& N.W.Uhl, a palm native to Madagascar with a leaf up to 5 meters in length
that is divided only once at the tip; and joey palm (Johannesteijsmannia
altifrons (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) H.E.Moore), a palm native to Thailand with
a leaf up to 4 meters long that is completely undivided.
Arecaceae
are notable among monocots for their height and for the size of their seeds,
leaves, and inflorescences; The coco de mer (Lodoicea maldivica
(J.F.Gmel.) Pers.) has the largest seed of any plant,
40–50 cm in diameter and weighing 15–30 kilograms each. Endemic to Seychelles;
The Corypha species have the largest inflorescence of any plant, up to
7.5 meters tall and containing millions of small flowers.
Key
differences from similar families
Rarely
confused with other families except Cyclanthaceae.
ü palms are
never root climbers (some Cyclanthaceae are root climbers).
ü palms do not
have perianth parts in fours (Cyclanthaceae perianth parts, where present, in
fours).
ü Cyclanthaceae
leaves do not develop like palm leaves.
ü Cyclanthaceae
have distinctive inflorescence structure/organization (spicate, alternating
male and female flowers) not found in palms.
RANGE AND
HABITAT They are abundant throughout the tropics, and thrive in almost
every habitat therein. Their diversity is highest in wet, lowland tropical
forests, especially in ecological ‘hotspots’ such as Madagascar, which has more
endemic palms than all of Africa. Only an estimated 130 palm species grow
naturally beyond the tropics, mostly in the subtropics. The northernmost native
palm is Chamaerops humilis L., which reaches 44°N latitude in southern
France. The southernmost palm is the Rhopalostylis sapida H.Wendl. &
Drude, which reaches 44°S on the Chatham Islands where an oceanic climate
prevails. More than two-thirds of palm species live in tropical forests, where
some species grow tall enough to form part of the canopy and shorter ones form
part of the understory; the rarest palm known
is the Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. The only living individual that
remains is at the Botanic Gardens of Curepipe in Mauritius.
MAINLY USES in
economic importance palms are second only
the grassesand possibly legumes. Species in the five genera Acrocomia,
Astrocaryum, Attalea (including Maximiliana and Orbignya, mainly
A. speciosa Mart. ex Spreng., known as
babaçu), Elaeis and Oenocarpus comprise the most important
oil-bearing palms of the region. Indigenous peoples depended upon these palms
as a source of vegetable oil and subsistence utilization continues to this day.
These palms produce high quality oil; Oenocarpus oil has been compared
to olive oil. But the quantity of oil-bearing fruit in these wild palms is low.
In Brazil, palm leaf base fibers are collected from Attalea funifera
Mart. (Bahia piassava) and Leopoldinia piassaba Mart. (Pará) and
primarily used to manufacture brushes and brooms. Palm wood from the genera
Bactris, Iriartea, Socratea and Wettinia is reported to be the
highest quality. There are many abundant palms species in these four genera
which could be exploited for specialized wood products.
USEFUL TIPS
FOR GENERIC IDENTIFICATION
Spiny/armed
palms:
§
Acoelorraphe (petiole only)
§
Acrocomia
§
Aiphanes
§
Astrocaryum
§
Bactris
§
Brahea (teeth on petiole)
§
Copernicia (petiole)
§
Cryosophila (root spines on stem)
§
Desmoncus
§
Elaeis (petiole)
§
Mauritiella (root spines on stem)
§
Rhapidophyllum (leaf sheath spines)
§
Serenoa (teeth on petiole)
§
Trithrinax (leaflet tips, sheath fibre spines)
§
Washingtonia (teeth on petiole)
§
Zombia (sheath fibre spines).
Fan-leaved
palms:
§
Acoelorraphe
§
Brahea
§
Chelyocarpus
§
Coccothrinax
§
Colpothrinax
§
Copernicia
§
Cryosophila
§
Hemithrinax
§
Itaya
§
Lepidocaryum
§
Leucothrinax
§
Mauritia
§
Mauritiella
§
Rhapidophyllum
§
Sabal
§
Schippia
§
Serenoa
§
Thrinax
§
Trithrinax
§
Washingtonia
§
Zombia
Climbing
palms:
§
Desmoncus
§
Chamaedorea elatior
Stilt rooted
palms:
§
Iriartella
§
Dictyocaryum
§
Iriartea
§
Socratea
§
Wettinia
Vegetable
ivory palms:
§
Ammandra
§
Aphandra
§
Phytelephas
Flowers
emerging from pits:
§
Welfia
§
Pholidostachys
§
Calyptrogyne
§
Calyptronoma
§
Asterogyne
§
Geonoma
Fruit scaly (like
reptile scales):
§
Mauritia
§
Mauritiella
§
Lepidocaryum
§
Raphia
SYSTEMATIC 5 families, 4 in New World, and subfamily Nypoideae (1/1,
Sri Lanka, Bengal, SE Asia, Malesia, Melanesia to New Guinea, N Queensland and
Melanesia) does not occur in New World.
831 spp. in
New World. 532 spp. in South America in 52 genera, 16 of then absent in Brazil,
all except two in Colombia. Only 102 spp. in Mexico. Colombia has
(44/)259 spp., and Brazil has (37/)272 spp. 14 genera (39 spp.) of Arecaceae in
New World does not occur in South America, in six range patterns: only in SE
USA (Rhapidophyllum, Serenoa), SW USA and NW Mexico (Washingtonia),
Mexico to America Central (Brahea), exclusive Caribbean (Calyptronoma,
Hemithrinax, Zombia), exclusive America Central (Neonicholsonia,
Schippia), and Florida and/or Mexico to America Central and/or
Caribbean (Pseudophoenix, Thrinax, Colpothrinax, Gaussia,
Leucothrinax).
1.
SUBFAMILY CALAMOIDEAE (17/540)
Three
tribes, Eugeissoneae (1/6, Thailand, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo) and Calameae
(9/485, tropical Africa, tropical Asia to Samoa, with their largest diversity
in W Malesia) do not occur in South America. Among South American Lepidocaryeae,
subtribe Ancistrophyllinae (3/22, tropical W and C Africa) not occur in
South America.
TRIBE
LEPIDOCARIEAE
∎ SUBTRIBE
RAPHIINAE (1/22) - a single genus.
1.
Raphia P.Beauv. Solitary or
caespitose. 22 spp. of Africa, one in Madagascar, and one in New World: R.
taedigera (Mart.)
Mart., why exibes bizarre distribution: Nigeria to Cameroon, inundated
riverine habitats of America Central (Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panamá) as well as
in the estuaries of the Atrato and Amazon rivers of Colombia and Brazil.
Raphia
spp. have the largest leaves of any plant,
up to 25 meters long and 3 meters wide.
∎ SUBTRIBE
MAURITIINAE ‣ all genera in South America.
2. Lepidocaryum
Mart. Slender, ceaspitose, unarmed, spreading slender rhizomes. Only one sp., L. tenue
Mart., from Guyana to Peru and N Brazil.
3. Mauritia L.f.
Massive, unarmed, solitary fan-leaved tree palm, often forming dominant stands
in swampy areas. Moriche, buriti palms. Two spp. from tropical South America, M. carana Wallace
restricted in Amazon region, and M. flexuosa L. f. in over
continent.
M. flexuosa L. is the
Neotropical most abundant palm, forming population with million on individues in center
Brazil, mainly in wet places, seasonal soils and riversides; known as
buriti occurring as dense stands in permanently swampy areas, particularly in
the Amazon rainforest; management of natural stands could enhance fruit and
leaf production to provide food items and fiber.
4. Mauritiella Burret.
Moderate, ceaspitose; stems bearing spinelike adventitious roots. 5 spp. in
northern South America, 4 in Colombia, 3 in Brazil, one endemic.
2.
SUBFAMILY CORYPHOIDEAE (47/480–490)
Tribes
Chuniophoeniceae (4/6, Arabian Peninsula to
Vietnam), Corypheae (1/5, India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Andaman Islands,
SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea and tropical Australia), Caryoteae (2/c
40, tropical Asia, tropical Australia, Melanesia), Borasseae (8/22,
tropical regions in the Old World) and Phoeniceae (1/14, Canary
Islands, Mediterranean, tropical and subtropical regions in northern and
central Africa and Asia east to S China, the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra) do
not occur in South America.
2.1 CORYPHOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE SABALEAE (1/14)
- a single genus.
5. Sabal Adans.
17 spp. in C USA to Panama, Caribbean, with S. mauritiiformis (H. Karst.)
Griseb. & H. Wendl. also in northern coasts of Colombia
and Venezuela.
2.2 CORYPHOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CRYOSOPHILEAE (11/80)
- outsiders
are Thrinax (4; Cuba; Jamaica; America Central, Caribbean), Schippia
(1; Belize), Zombia (1; Hispaniola), Hemithrinax (3; Cuba), Leucothrinax
(1; Florida Keys, Caribbean).
6. Chelyocarpus Dammer.
Solitary or clustering, unarmed; leaves palmate, or costapalmate; flowers
solitary, petals like sepals. 4 spp. from over Amazon rainforest up to America
Central, two in Brazil, none endemic.
7.
Coccothrinax Sarg.
Slender to moderate palms with leaves unarmed and petiole base not cleft. 61
spp. in Caribbean Basin, incl. Florida, Mexico and America Central, two
up to South America in Colombia and Venezuela; most species rich fan-leaved
genus in Neotropics, largely restricted to Caribbean islands and America
Central.
8. Cryosophila Blume.
Solitary palms, hermaphroditic; stem bearing root spine; leaves palmate,
sheaths splitting basally; flowers solitary. 10 spp., six from Mexico to
Panamá, one endemic to Colombia, and one in Colombia and Panamá.
9. Itaya
H.E.Moore. Moderate, solitary, unarmed, leaves palmate,
flowers solitary. Only one rare sp., I. amicorum Moore, found only in
Amazon valleys in Colombia, Ecuador, Amazonas state in N Brazil, and Peru.
10. Sabinaria
Galeano & R. Bernal. Leaf blades with a single deep, medial,
abaxial split, and short abaxial splits in each segment, mostly unisexual
flowers with biseriate perianth, calyx connate with the corolla at a single
place on its margin, large, tightly appressed, persistent rachis bracts that
hide the pistillate flowers, and fruits tightly packed and hidden among leaf
bases, often covered by litter. Only one sp., S. magnifica Galeano &
R. Bernal., restricted to rainforests from NW Colombia,
in wet low elevations.
11. Trithrinax
Mart. Solitary or clustering, hermaphroditic; leaves palmate or costapalmate;
flowers solitary. Three spp. in Bolivia to N. Argentina and Brazil (two, none endemic);
T. campestris (Burmeist.) Drude & Griseb. is only in Argentina and
Uruguay. T. schizophylla Drude occur in Porto Murtinho
municipality, SW Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil.
2.3 CORYPHOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE TRACHYCARPEAE (19/300–310)
- outsiders
are Colpothrinax (3; America Central; W Cuba, Isla de la Juventud), Washingtonia
(2; SW USA, NW Mexico), Pritchardia (25–35; Solomon Islands, Fiji,
Samoa, Tonga, the Cook Islands, the Tuamotu Islands, Hawaii), Brahea
(11; Mexico, America Central), Rhapidophyllum (1; SE USA), Maxburretia
(3; peninsular Thailand, the Malay Peninsula), Chamaerops (1; W
Mediterranean), Trachycarpus (11; Himalayas, China, northern Thailand), Guihaia
(3; southern China, northern Vietnam), Rhapis (10; S China, SE Asia), Serenoa
(1; SE USA), Livistona (c 30; NE Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Ryukyu
Islands, tropical and E Asia to tropical Australia), Johannesteijsmannia
(4; Hainan, Vietnam, Thailand, the Malay Peninsula, northern Sumatra, Borneo), Lanonia
(8; Indochina), Pholidocarpus (6; peninsular Thailand, the Malay
Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Moluccas), Saribus (9; Philippines, Raja
Ampat Islands, Banggi Island, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Nggela in Solomon
Islands, southernmost New Caledonia), Licuala (c 150; Himalayas,
southern China, SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea and tropical Australia,
Vanuatu).
12. Acoelorraphe H.L.Wendl.
Moderate, clustered, leaves briefly costapalmate. Only one sp., A. wrightii
(Griseb. & H. Wendl.) H. Wendl. ex Becc., in S Florida,
Caribbean, Mexico to Colombia.
13. Copernicia Mart.
Solitary trees; leaves palmate to shortly costapalmate.
22 spp., Hispaniola (2), Cuba (17), C. prunifera (Mill.) H.E.
Moore endemic to NE Brazil, C. alba Morong Bolivia,
Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay, and C. tectorum (Kunth)
Mart. in Venezuela and Colombia.
The
carnaúba palm C. prunifera represents the regions chief commercial
source of hard vegetable wax, constitute almost pure stands in seasonally-
flooded river valleys in NE Brazil. Leaves of this fan palm have a coating of
hard wax which is obtained by cutting and drying the leaves and then
mechanically chopping them into small pieces to dislodge the wax particles; C.
alba in Paraguay and adjoining parts of Brazil, Argentina and Bolivia forms
huge stands on areas subject to periodic flooding and periodic drought; the
largest populations have been estimated to contain half
a billion individuals.
3.
SUBFAMILY CEROXYLOIDEAE (8/46)
Three
tribes, Cyclospatheae (1/4, SE Florida, E Mexico, Caribbean)
does not occur in South America.
3.1 CEROXYLOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CEROXYLAE (4/34)
- outsiders are Oraniopsis (1; NE Queensland), Ravenea
(20; Madagascar, the Comoros).
14. Ceroxylon
Humb. & Bonpl. Tall; inflorescences solitary; the Andean wax
palms - conspicuous in Andean forests, pinnate -leaved, often very tall, stems
waxy. 13 andean spp. from coastal Venezuela to Bolivia, centered in Colombia
(7), Ecuador (6) and Peru (7) - conspicuous in Andean forests, often very tall,
stems waxy.
C.
quindiuense (H. Karst.) H. Wendl.,
Colombia's national tree, is the tallest monocot of
the world, reaching up to 60 meters tall; for
palm trees, C. parvifrons (Engel) H. Wendl., grows up to 3,500 m
(altitude in Ecuador) from Venezuela to Bolivia, the
highest place for palms worldwide.
15. Juania
Drude. Leaflets discolorous; inflorescence solitary. Only one sp.,
J.
australis
(Mart.) Drude ex Hook. f., endemic to Juan Fernandez Islands,
in Pacific Chile.
3.2 CEROXYLOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE PHYTELEPHATHEAE (3/8) -
all genera in South America; the vegetable ivory palms, tagua.
Dioecious with short-lived inflorescences, the males elongate and
comprising numerous reduced flowers with up to 1,000+ stamens, the females
congested and consisting of the largest of all palm flowers (up to c. 20 cm
long); fruits warty containing numerous seeds with hard
ivory-like endosperm.
16. Ammandra
O.F.Cook. Solitary or caespitose; stem prostrate or decumbent.
Only one sp., A.
decasperma
O.F. Cook, in Colombia and Ecuador.
17. Aphandra
Barfod. Stem erect; petiole less than 2 m; leaflets
regularly arranged. Only one sp., A. natalia (Balslev & A.J. Hend.) Barfod, in
Ecuador, Peru and Acre state in W Brazil.
18. Phytelephas Ruiz
& Pav. Stem erect or procubent; petiole less than 2m. 4 spp., from Colombia to Bolivia and N Brazil (only P.
macrocarpa Ruiz & Pav., non endemic); vegetable
ivory is the hardened endosperm of palms in this genus.
4.
SUBFAMILY ARECOIDEAE (111/1.260–1.310)
Largest
subfamily, 14 tribes and more 100 genera; all tribes have pinnate or bipinnate
leaves and flowers arranged in groups of three, with a central pistillate and
two staminate flowers. Tribes Podococceae (1/1, central
Africa), Oranieae (1/28, Madagascar, S Thailand to New Guinea), Sclerospermateae (1/3,
tropical W Africa), Pelagodoxeae (2/2, New Guinea, Melanesia, Marquesas
Islands) and Areceae (61/595–600) do not occur in South America.
4.1 ARECOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE IRIARTEEAE (5/31–35)
- all genera occur in South America.
19. Dictyocaryum H.Wendl.
Solitary, rarely clustered; leaves plumose. Three spp.,
Colombia to Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
Guyana, Venezuela
and Acre state in N Brazil (only the Amazon widely
distributed D. ptarianum (Steyerm.) H.E. Moore &
Steyerm.), from low elevations up to 1,800 m, mainly in montane forests.
20. Iriartea Ruiz
& Pav. Solitary, robust. Only one sp., I. deltoidea Ruiz
& Pav., which is found from Nicaragua
south into Bolivia and a great portion of western Amazon
rainforest.
21. Iriartella H.Wendl.
Caespitose, slender; inflorescence solitary, bissexual, branching to 1
order. Two spp., from Amazon rainforests of Guyana to Colombia, Bolivia, Brazil
(both spp., none endemic).
22. Socratea Karst.
Solitary, inflorescence solitary, branching 1 order. 5 spp. from Nicaragua to
South America, four
in smaller ranges, two in Brazil, none endemic.
23. Wettinia Poepp.
ex Endl. Solitary or clustered, moderate to robust. 22 spp., one
in Panamá, an the 20 remaining in Amazon rainforests of South
America, only two in Brazil, none endemic.
4.2 ARECOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CHAMAEDOREEAE (5/110–120)
- outsiders Hyophorbe (5; Réunion
and Rodrigues), Gaussia (5, S Mexico, America Central, the
Greater Antilles).
24. Chamaedorea
Willd. Small, erect, procubent, climbing, or acaulescent, solitary, or
clustered; most species rich palm genus in the Neotropics, most diverse in America
Central, mostly slender understorey dioecious palms, pinnate- or entire-leaved,
with flowers solitary (not in clusters) on the inflorescence branches. 106
spp., most species rich palm genus in the Neotropics, most diverse in America
Central and Mexico (51, 20 endemic); only 18 species in South America, three in
Brazil, none endemic, absent in Guianas and Caribbean; the smallest
leaves of palms are the C.tenella W. Endl. and C. tuerckheimii
(Dammer) Burret, both Mexico (Veracruz, Oaxaca) to Honduras, wiht blades
sometimes less 15 cm long.
25. Synechanthus H.Wendl.
Slender solitary or clustered, monoecious. Three spp., two in from
Mexico and America Central, and S. warscewiczianus H. Wendl. from Mexico
to Colombia and Ecuador.
26. Wendlandiella
Dammer. Dwarf, slender clustering, dioecious. Only one sp., W.
gracilis Dammer,
with three varieties, in Peru to Bolivia and Acre state in N
Brazil.
4.3 ARECOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE ROYSTONEEAE (1/11)
- a single
genus.
27. Roystonea
O.F.Cook. 10 spp., 7 endemic to Caribbean, one only in
Mesoamerica, one in Florida to America Central and Caribbean, and R. oleracea (Jacq.) O.F. Cook,
from Lesser Antilles to NE Colombia and Venezuela.
4.4 ARECOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE REINHARDTIEAE (1/6) - a single
genus.
28. Reinhardtia
Liebm. 6 spp., Mexico, America Central and Caribbean, three of
then from Mexico or America Central to NW Colombia.
4.5 ARECOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE EUTERPEAE (5/31)
- outsider Neonicholsonia (1; N.
watsonii; America Central).
29. Euterpe
Mart. Tall, moderate to robust, solitary or clustered pinnate-leaved tree
palms, assai palms; leaf sheaths tubular and forming a cylinder (crownshaft);
inflorescence resembles a horse's tail. 7 spp., Central and South
America (6), from Belize southward to Brazil (5, none endemic), Peru and
Argentina; these palms grow mainly in swamps and floodplains.
E. edulis Mart., known
as palmito juçara is a single-stemmed palm restricted to the Atlantic Forest in
South America, with high exploitation for commercial palm heart production in
Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay.
30. Hyospathe
Mart. Small, rarely moderate, solitary or clustered. 6 spp. from Costa Rica to
Brazil in Amazon region in Brazil (only the widely distributed
H. elegans Mart.), highly centered in Colombia to Peru.
31. Oenocarpus
Mart. Solitary or clustered, moderate to very large pinnate -leaved palms with
inflorescences similar to a horse's tail. 9 spp. all
in South America (all in Brazil, none endemic), also in
Trinidad, one up to southern America Central.
32. Prestoea Hook.f.
Small to moderate, clustered. 10 spp. from Costa Rica to Bolivia and Brazil,
also Caribbean; all in South America, only two in Brazil,
none endemic.
4.6 ARECOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE LEOPOLDINIEAE (1/3) - a single
genus.
33. Leopoldinia
Mart. Solitary or clustered; inflorescence interfoliar, solitary. Three spp., endemic to
the Guiana Shield from NW Brazil, SE Colombia and S
Venezuela, one extends to C Brazil (all spp., none endemic).
4.7 ARECOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE MANICARIEAE (1/1) - a single
genus.
34. Manicaria
Gaertn. Solitary or caespitose, leaves undivided or variously divided. Two
spp., M. saccifera Gaertn. found in
Trinidad, Central and South America, and M. martiana Burret only
from Brazil and Colombia; it has one of the largest
known leaves in the plant kingdom (up to 8 meters in length).
4.8 ARECOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE GEONOMATEAE (6/c 100)
- outsider Calyptronoma (3; Jamaica; Cuba,
Hispaniola; Puerto Rico).
35. Asterogyne H.Wendl.
ex Benth. & Hook.f. Small to medium-sized, solitary, unarmed,
pleonanthic, monoecious palm; stem smooth, brown to brownish cream, erect,
sometimes basally decumbent, occasionally with basal and/or lateral vegetative
branches, unarmed; inflorescence interfoliar, solitary, branched to one
order, rarely spicate or forked, erect at anthesis, becoming pendente in fruit,
protandrous. 5 spp., one from Belize to Ecuador, three endemic to Venezuela,
and A. guianensis Granv. & A.J. Hend. endemic to a single locality
in the E French Guiana, close to Brazilian frontier; Henderson and Balick
(1987) suggested that this species, at that time not yet described, may occur
also in N Brazil.
36. Calyptrogyne
H.Wendl. 18 spp., 7 from Mexico to Panamá, one from Panamá and
Colombia, another endemic to Colombia.
37. Geonoma
Willd. Small, solitary or clustered; inflorescence spicate or branched with
flowers emerging from pits., most frequently encountered understorey palm genus
in South America, mostly rather small, leaves pinnate or often entire; easily
confused with related genera (e.g. Calyptrogyne, Calyptronoma, Asterogyne).
68 spp., distributed from Mexico to C Bolivia and NE Paraguay and Haiti,
56 in South America; the country with the highest diversity are Colombia (40),
Ecuador (29) and Brazil (22, only 3 endemic).
The areas with the highest number of species are situated along
the mountain regions and adjacent areas of C and W South America, in Costa Rica
(Alajuela), Panamá (Chiriquí, Coclé), Colombia (Antioquia, Chocó, Valle,
Caquetá, Putumayo), Ecuador (Sucumbios), and Peru (Amazonas, Pasco); no species
of Geonoma occurs in areas with less 1,000 mm annual precipitation;
barely in savannas of C Brazil (cerrado) and dry seasonal scrubland of
NE Brazil (caatinga), and in Llanos region.
38. Pholidostachys
H.Wendl. ex Benth. & Hook.f. Solitary, inflorescences spicate or branched
to 1(-3) orders. 8 spp., P. pulchra H. Wendl. ex Burret from Costa Rica
to Colombia, remaining all in northern South America, including the only
Brazilian species, the over widely distributed P.
synanthera (Mart.) H.E. Moore.
39. Welfia
H.Wendl. Solitary tree; inflorescences branched to 1(-2) orders.
Two spp., from Costa Rica to Peru (one endemic).
4.9 ARECOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE COCOSEAE (20/340–350)
- three
subtribes, all in South America.
∎ SUBTRIBE
ELAEIDINAE (2/3) ‣ both genera in South America.
40. Barcella
Drude. Solitary, acaulescente, unarmed; petiles margun shaped. Only one sp., B.
odora (Trail)
Drude, confined a small area of the banks of the Rio
Negro and tributaries, Amazonas state in north Brazil, recently collected in SW
Roraima state, also in Brazil.
41. Elaeis
Jacq. Solitary, erect; petioles armed with fiber spines and
spinelike eroded leaflet basis. Two spp., E. guineensis Jacq. in Africa
and E. oleifera (Kunth) Cortes in Neotropics, from Costa Rica to N
Brazil up Ecuador, Peru and Guianas, in rainforests.
Being one of only two genera which occurs in both hemispheres;
internationally, the most significant contribution of the American oil palms
thus far concerns E. oleifera, which is being used as a source of
germplasm for a breeding program to improve disease resistance in E.
guineensis.
∎ SUBTRIBE
BACTRIDINAE ‣ outsider Hexopetion (2; Mexico to Panamá).
42. Acrocomia
Mart. Acaulescent ot erect, solitary; spines present,
reaching up to 20 cm. 8 spp., one in Cuba, two from Brazil, Bolivia and
adjacent Cono Sur, A. aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart.
widely distributed, and four endemic to Brazil.
43. Aiphanes Willd.
Solitary or caespitose, acaulescent to erect. 37 spp. from Costa Rica to Amazon
rainforest of Bolivia and W Brazil (only Acre state, 3 spp., none endemic) and
Caribbean, 35 in South America (one restricted for Caribbean), mainly Colombia
(28, 18 endemic).
44. Astrocaryum
G.Mey. Acaulescent to erect, solitary or clustered; inflorescence branching to
1 order; leaflets single-fold; viciously spiny stemless to canopy
pinnate-leaved tree palms, leaf undersurface white. 39 spp. over neotropics, 37
in South America; some spp., are many thorned. 24 spp. in Brazil, 5 endemic.
45. Bactris Jacq.
ex Scop. Solitary or caestipose, acaulescent or erect; most species rich
of the spiny genera, undergrowth to canopy pinnate-leaved palms (sometimes
entire-leaved), includes the peach palm B. gasipaes Kunth (pejibaye,
chonta, pupunha). 79 spp., from Mexico and Caribbean south to
Paraguay, with the greatest diversity in Brazil (46, 13 endemic); 46 in
South America; two species from coast Bahia and Amazonas state are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
46. Desmoncus
Mart. Slender, caespitose, erect or climbers, New
World counterpart to the true rattans of the Old World; spiny climbing palm
with pinnate leaves, rattan-like. 24 spp. distributed from Mexico to Paraguay
and Brazil, 18 in South America, highest diversity in Colombia, with 11
species, followed by Brazil with 10 (one endemic).
Not all
Desmoncus species are climbers, and not all Neotropical climbers are Desmoncus.
One other genus, Chamaedorea Willdenow contains a single species with
climbing stems, C. elatior Mart. Stems are mostly clustered.
Only one species, D. giganteus A.J. Hend. has
solitary stems, although this is recorded from only two specimens; stems in all
but one species, D. stans Grayum & de Nevers, are not free-standing,
and climb by means of acanthophylls. However, D.
mitis Mart. subsp. ecirratus is
recorded on several specimen labels as being non-climbing; despite the climbing
habit of most species, stems of Desmoncus seldom reach great heights;
the mean plant height of all climbers is only 6.2 m.
∎ SUBTRIBE
ATTALEINAE ‣ outsider Beccariophoenix (1; E Madagascar), Jubaeopsis
(1; Pondoland in E Cape), Voanioala (1; Madagascar), Paschalococos
(1; Easter Island, extinct), Cocos (1; tropical and subtropical coastal
areas).
47. Allagoptera
Nees. Ceaspitose, acaulescent or very short stems, stems also branching
aerially by forking. 6 spp. in Brazil (all species, 4 endemic),
Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina (Missiones), in sandy and rocke well-drained
soils.
48. Attalea Kunth.
Small to massive, solitary, acaulescent or erect. American oil palms, often
massive tree palms with huge pinnate leaves, visible in agricultural lanscapes.
34 spp., from Mexico (2), America Central (4) to South America (33)
up Bolivia, Paraguay,
and southern Brazil (23, 8 endemic, one a rare palm, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book, endemic to northern Diamantina Range, Bahia state), also
Caribbean (3, two in Trinidad and Tobago, along the
southern edge of the region, and one in Haiti).
A variety of species in Attalea remain important sources of
edible oil, thatch, edible seeds and fibre; the leaves of A. butyracea (Mutis ex L. f.)
Wess. Boer and A. maripa (Aubl.) Mart.are used extensively for thatching; several species are oil palms, with A. speciosa Mart. ex Spreng. among the most important economically. Piassava fibres, extracted from the
leaf bases of A. funifera Mart., are commercially important. A. cuatrecasasiana (Dugand)
A.J. Hend., Galeano & R. Bernal, endemic to
Bajo Calima region in Choco from W Colombia, is third largest fruit among all palms, exceeded in fruit size among palms only by coconut (Cocos)
and double coconut (Lodoicea); the fruits are up to 14cm ✕ 10 cm in diameter,
besides some sources take Brazilian A. speciosa Mart. as the largest fruit in this genus (12cm ✕ 10cm).
49. Butia
Becc. Solitary, acaulescent or erect, petiole usually
armed; inflorescences branched 1 order. 24 spp., cooler, dry areas of southern
Brazil (20 in Brazil, 12 endemic), Paraguay (inc. 2 endemic), Uruguay and
Argentina (inc. 2 endemic).
B. lallemantii Deble &
Marchiori, also known as ‘butiá-anão’ due to
its reduced height, is among the species that stand out in sandy patches; the
species occur only in the sandy grasslands of SW Rio Grande do Sul, where it
usually constitutes populations with large number of individuals, standing out
in the landscape.
50. Jubaea Kunth.
Solitary, massive tree; petiole unarmed. Only one sp., J. chilensis
(Molina) Baill., central Chile; a rare non tropical genus of Arecaceae.
51. Parajubaea Burret.
Solitary trees; petiole unarmed; inflorescence branched to 1(-2) orders. Three spp.,
one in Ecuador and two in Bolivia.
52. Syagrus Mart.
Solitary or clustered, acaulescent to trees; petiole rarely armed;
inflorescence branched to 1 order, rarely spicate. 70 spp., 74 in South
American (the exception is one endemic to Caribbean; only this and
S.
romanzoffiana
(Cham.) Glassman make outside continent - both in Caribbean),
mainly in Brazil (64, 51 endemic). S. wedermanii Burret from Diamantina
Range in Bahia state, and S. leptospatha (non recognized by VPA) from
center Mato Grosso do Sul state are rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
17. COMMELINALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: HANGUANACEAE (1/22), PHYLIDRACEAE (3/6), AS IN POWO IN 22 JUNE, 2024.
PONTEDERIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 22, 2024
Genera/spp.
2/47 Distribution pantropical, with the largest diversity in tropical
America, some spp. in subtropical and warm-temperate regions in both
Hemispheres. Habit bisexual, usually perennial (sometimes annual) herbs.
Aquatic (sometimes freely floating) or helophytes. Vegetative stems with
indeterminate growth. It is a small family of
heterostylous aquatic plants, occurring in tropical and subtropical waters.
Common in
over Brazil, notably in Pantanal, Amazon rainforest, and lagoons in center
Brazil; some wartergarden ornamentals, including Pontederia (water
hyacinth) which is a devastating weed of warm waterways. Charles Darwin was
interested in the specialized form of heterostyly found in the family, known as
tristyly. It is best known for the water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes Mart.),
which is an invasive spp. in many waterways.
SYSTEMATIC Two
genera, both genera in South America.
1. Heteranthera Ruiz &
Pav.
Submerged, floating or emergente, annual or perennial; inflorescence a spike or
paired, often solitary. 20 spp., two in tropical Africa to Madagascar, and 18
in New World, two in USA, one from S USA to Mexico, one in S Mexico, one from
Mexico to Honduras, one from Mexico to Guatemala and Cuba, and remaining 13 in
South America, all in Brazil, 4 endemic.
2. Pontederia L. Floating,
submersed or rooted, creeping or ascending perennial with long rhizomes or
stolons; stems trailing to erect, delicate to spongy, branching at the base,
rarely branching at the upper half, rooting at the basal nodes or along the
whole stem; internodes reduced to elongate, producing stolons or not; some
species commonly found as free -floating in watercourses throughout the topics,
has leaves with inflated petioles. 27 spp., over Neotropics, 16 in New World,
all in Brazil, P. gigantea D.J.Sousa endemic.
Almost all Paleotropical species belong
to Pontederia subg. Monochoria except for P. natans
P.Beauv., which is restricted to Africa and is a member of Pontederia
subg. Eichhornia (Kunth) M.Pell. & C.N.Horn. Some species in Pontederia
can range from paludal to free-floating plants, thus occurring in a wide range
of water bodies, from perennial to temporary, but most commonly in slow or
stagnated water.
§ subg. Oshunae ‣ herbs
erect emergent or free-floating, stems inconspicuous; sessile leaves early
deciduous, petioles generally inflated. Only one sp., P.
crassipes Mart.,
over and restricted for South America; this species is probably
the most aggressive aquatic weed ever
known in the tropics.
§ subg. Monochoria ‣ flowers pedicellate,
enantiostylous, perianth only basally connate, campanulate. 10 spp., Old World.
§ subg. Eichhornia ‣ herbs
procumbent-emergent, stems elongate; sessile leaves late deciduous. 4 spp., 3
Neotropical (all in Brazil) and P. natans P.Beauv. restricted to
continental Africa and Madagascar.
§ subg. Pontederia ‣ flowers sessile,
non-enantiostylous; ovary 1-locular by abortion, fertile locule 1-ovulate,
placentation pendulous; fruit an achene; 8 spp., Neotropical (all in Brazil).
§ subg. Cabanisia ‣ herbs erect emergent or
free-floating, stems inconspicuous; petioles never inflated; 3 spp., Brazil (all)
to Argentina, scatered from NW South America, America Central and Mexico.
COMMELINACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 22, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp.
36/650-660; Distribution tropical and subtropical regions, with the
largest diversity in Africa, South Asia, Mexico and northern America Central;
some spp. in temperate E Asia, E and S North America and Australia. Habit
usually bisexual (often monoecious or andromonoecious, rarely
polygamomonoecious), usually perennial (rarely annual) herbs. Usually somewhat
succulent, sometimes twining, very rarely epiphytic. Bulb rarely present. Nodes
swollen.
Most genera
cited here are native to the Neotropics. Only Murdannia has spp. introduced from the Old
World. Spp. of Dichorisandra,
Tradescantia and Gibasis
geniculata (Jacq.) Rohweder are used as ornamentals. Several spp.
of Commelina are
weedy; leaves of Siderasis fuscata are a rich green with a lighter green
mid-rib vein. Upon close
inspection, you will notice the leaves are covered with tiny brownish hairs.
This family
has two subfamilies: one occurs from in Zimbabue and Australia; another is
cosmopolitan. Faden and Hunt (1991) accepted 2 subfamilies: Cartonematoideae
(raphide canals absent or next to the leaf veins), which was divided into 2
tribes: Cartonemateae and Tricerateleeae; and Commelinoideae (raphide canals
present and mostly between leaf veins, etc), also comprising 2 tribes:
Tradescantieae and Commelineae; to identify the genera it is important to
observe flower characters in the field, e.g.the colour and shape of the petals,
and the number of stamens, their disposition and the dehiscence of the anthers;
the plant habit is also important and may vary between rosulate, rhizomatous or
stoloniferous, trailing plants, and erect or semi-scandent herbs to 4 m tall.
Commelinaceae
comprises 42 genera and ca. 720 species; diversity centers for the family can
be recognized in Brazil with 46 of 50 species of Dichorisandra Mikan, in
India with 27 of 54 species of Murdannia Royle, in Africa with 57 of 62
species of Aneilema R. Brown and Asia with 170 species of Commelina;
277 spp. in New World, 146 in South America.
Key
differences from similar families - differs
from:
ü Pontederiaceae,
which are aquatic and floating or immersed and have inflated petioles.
ü Haemodoraceae,
where perianth whorls are fused basally and septal nectaries are present.
SYSTEMATIC
three subfamilies, one in New World and two outside, viz Cartonematoideae
(1/1, Zimbabue and Mozambique, known only two collections) and Tricellateroideae
(2/12, Australia). Among Commelinoideae, three tribes, two in South
America and Palisoteae (1/30, tropical Africa) absent, and some
genera unplaced within.
Only 5 New World genera does not occur in South America: Matudanthus
(1, Mexico), Pollia (Old World,
1 in Panama), Sauvallia (1, Cuba), Thyrsanthemum
(4, Mexico) and Weldenia (2, Mexico to Guatemala).
1.1 COMMELINOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE COMMELINEAE (11/c.
340) ‣ outsiders Anthericopsis (1; tropical E
Africa), Dictyospermum (5; India, Sri Lanka to New Guinea), Pollia
(19, tropical regions in the Old World, tropical Australia; one species in
Panamá), Polyspatha (3; tropical W Africa), Pseudoparis (3;
Madagascar), Tricarpelema (8; tropical Asia, Cameroon, Gabon and
Equatorial Guinea).
1.
Aneilema R.Br.
Perennial or annual herbs; inflorescences terminal and axillary (rarely all
axillary) thyrses (sometimes reduced to a single cincinnus); flowers strongly
zygomorphic. 65 spp., pantropical, but mainly in Africa; widely
distributed in tropics, only two in New World, A. brasiliense C.B. Clarke from Brazil and Venezuela, and A. umbrosum (Vahl) Kunth widely
distributed in
Central and South America.
2. Buforrestia
C.B.Clarke. Herbs, perennials; roots fibrous; leaves spirally arranged; inflorescence
axillary, perforating the sheaths, contracted or elongate, composed of 1-5,
sessile contracted cincinni; floers zygomorphic. Three spp., in forest
understory, two in
W Africa and B. candolleana C.B. Clarke in Amazon rainforest
in Guyana, French Guiana, N Brazil and Suriname.
3. Commelina L. Perennial or annual herbs; roots usually fibrous;
inflorescence terminal or leaf-opposed, composed of 1-2 cincinni enclosed
spathe; flowers strongly zygomorphic. 204 spp., cosmopolitan, 36 in New World,
some a weeds, others very narrow endemic. 16 spp. in South America, 8 in Brazil,
two endemic.
The cream-yellowish
petals of C. catharinensis Hassemer, J.P.R. Ferreira,
Funez & J.D. Medeiros is by far the most striking and unique feature
of this species, as no other species in South America present this character;
this spp. is somewhat similar to C. rufipes Seub., which
nevertheless has white flowers (instead of cream-yellowish) and whitish-silvery
indehiscent fruits (instead of light brown dehiscent fruits); all other species
of Commelina in South America have fully white, blue, or purple petals.
4.
Floscopa Lour. Herbs, perennial
or annual; leaves spirally arranged; inflorescence terminal and axillary thyrses,
commonly forming compound inflorescences; flowers zygomorphic. 21 spp.,
pantropical, mainly in aquatic situations, either in forests or open habitat. 5
spp. in New World, from Honduras to Uruguay, all in South America, three in
Brazil, none endemic.
5. Murdannia
Royle. Herbs, perennial or annual, rhizomatous or not,
with a definite or indefinite base, terrestrial to paludal to rooted emergent
aquatics; roots thin and fibrous or tuberous and fusiform; rhizomes short to
elongate; stems trailing and ascending at the apex or erect, unbranched to
densely branched, rooting in the rhizome and at the basal nodes, rarely at the
distal ones when they touch the substrate. 61 spp.,
pantropical, 6 native in New World, all in Brazil (two endemic) and adjacent
Bolivia, Venezuela, Paraguay and Guyana. Although few in number, the
Neotropical species of Murdannia exhibit all the extremes in
inflorescence morphology found in Murdannia as a whole.
1.2 COMMELINOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE TRADESCANTINAE (15/C.
280) - outsiders tribes Cyanotinae (1/ 50; tropical and
subtropical regions of the Old World, from Africa to N Australia), Coleotrypinae
(3/27, tropical regions in the Old World, Madagascar), unplaced tribe Spatholirion
(6; S China, SE Asia), Belosynapsis (6; Madagascar, tropical Asia from
India to New Guinea), Aetheolirion (1; Thailand), Sauvallea (1,
Cuba), Streptolirion (1; E Himalayas to SE Asia and Korean Peninsula), Stanfieldiella
(4; tropical Africa).
∎ UNPLACED
GENUS
6. Tripogandra Raf. Herbs,
annual or perennial, often succulents; roots
fibrous; inflorescences composed of pairs of sessile cincinni subtended by
small bracts; flowers moderately zygomorphic. 22 spp., Mexico to Uruguay and Caribbean, a exact
half in South America, 7 in Brazil, 4 endemic. T. elata D.R. Hunt endemic to
Distrito Federal and Goiás, and T. warmingiana (Seub.) Handlos endemic to
Minas Gerais state are rare species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s
book; however, the latter was collected also in Rio de Janeiro and Bahia
recently.
∎ SUBTRIBE DICHORISANDRINAE ‣ all genera in
South America.
7. Cochliostema Lem. Tank or creeping epiphytes, unique
among New World Commelinaceae, rarely terrestrial; inflorescence
axillary thyrses with cincinni subtended by large, colored bracts; flowers
zygomorphic, fragrant. Two spp. in forests from Nicaragua to Ecuador and Colombia (one
endemic).
8. Dichorisandra J.C.Mikan.
Herbs, perennials up to 1.5 m tall, with diverse habits; inflorescence
terminal, axillary or basal, thyrsiform or reduced; flowers slightly
zygomorphic, showy, mainly blue or purple. 57 spp., one in Mexico and America
Central, three from Colombia to Bolivia, one in Venezuela to Guyana; three in
Brazil and widely in South America (D. hexandra (Aubl.) C.B.Clarke, D.
pubescens Mart. and D. villosula Mart.), and remaining 49 endemic to
Brazil. Four species, one in each SE Brazilian state, are rare species in
Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
9. Geogenanthus Ule. Herbs, perennials, dracaenoid; roots with distal tubers;
shoots produced by subterranean rhizomes; inflorescence basal, perforating
bladeless sheats, consisting of 1-2(-4) cincinni; flowers slightly zygomorphic.
Three spp. from forests understory from Peru, one up to Ecuador,
one up to Colombia, and G. poeppigii (Miq.) Faden in Brazil (Acre and
Amazonas states), Colombia, Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador.
10. Plowmanianthus Faden &
C.R. Hardy. Herbs, rosettes, decumbent, perennial
ornamental up to 40 cm tall; roots thin, fibrous, lacking tubers, the younger
with indument of root hairs initially white or yellow but soon turning
orange-brown; inflorescences axillary, borne among the lower (older) leaves,
consisting of 1 (-3) 1- many flowered cincinnus subtended by a small lanceolate
bract; flowers bisexual, cleistogamous or chasmogamous, monosymmetric. 5 spp., two
endemic to Panamá, ywo endemic to Peru, and P. grandifolius Faden &
C.R.Hardy from Colombia to Peru and N Brazil.
P. grandifolius
Faden & C. R. Hardy is known from the Peruvian
departments of Amazonas and Loreto, and the Brazilian states of Amazonas and
Acre, in spatially diffuse, poorly defined populations, shallowly rooted in
humus-rich and leaf-litter layers in well-shaded understories and streamsides
of primary rainforest between 100–300 m elevation.
11. Siderasis Raf. Herbs
or vines, perennial, with a definite base, terrestrial or rupicolous; roots
thin, fibrous, sometimes forming terminal, small, fusiform to oblongoid tubers;
rhizomes present or not; subterraneous stems present or not, when present
buried deep in the soil, unbranched, produced directly from the short rhizome;
internodes moderately elongate to elongate; inflorescence terminal, consisting
of a simple cincinnus or thyrsiform. 6 spp., all endemic by state: Espírito Santo (3),
Rio de Janeiro (2) and Bahia (1). S. fuscata (Lodd.) H.E. Moore, from Rio de
Janeiro, is a
rare species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, known only Rio de
Janeiro and Niteroi cities.
∎ SUBTRIBE THYSANTHEMINAE ‣ outsiders Matudanthus (1,
Mexico), Thyrsanthemum (4, Mexico) and Weldenia (2,
Mexico to Guatemala).
12. Elasis D.R.Hunt.
Procumbent or scadent perennial herbs rooting at the nodes; inflorescence
consisting of up to 5 simple cincinni, terminal, and solitary from the upper
axils, forming a loose cluster; flowers actinomorphic. Two spp., E. hirsuta
(Kunth) D.R. Hunt, endemic to high mountains in Ecuador, and E.
guatemalensis (C.B.Clarke
ex Donn.Sm.) M.Pell. from Mexico to Nicaragua.
13. Tinantia Scheidw.
Annual herbs; inflorescence paniculiforme or umbeliforme thyrses or composed of
1-2 cincinni, elongate; flowers zygomorphic. 13 spp., USA to Argentina,
Caribbean, 6 in South America, 3 in Brazil, none endemic.
∎ SUBTRIBE TRADESCANTIINAE ‣ all genera in
South America.
14. Callisia
Loefl. Herbs, perennial or annual,
often succulent; roots thin, rarely
tuberous; inflorescence terminal and/or axillary, composed of pairs of sessile
sinsinni subtended by small bracts usually less than 1 cm long, often
aggregated into compound inflorescences; flowers actinomorphic. 19 spp., S USA
to Paraguay and Caribbean, 5 in South America, 3 in Brazil, none endemic.
15. Gibasis Raf. Annual or perennial herbs; roots fibrous or tuberous;
inflorescences terminal, composed of pairs or pseudo-umbels of stipitate
cincinni; flowers zygomorphic. 14 spp. from Mexico (high diversity) to Paraguay
and Caribbean, only two in South America, G. geniculata (Jacq.) Rohweder
widely in New World tropics, and G. pulchella (Kunth) Raf. disjunct in
Mexico and Colombia.
16. Tradescantia
L. Herbs chamaephytes or geophytes, base definite or indefinite,
perennial, frequently succulent,
terrestrial, rupicolous or epiphytes; rhizomes absent; stems prostrate with
ascending apex or erect, herbaceous to succulent, rarely fibrous, unbranched to
branched only at base or little to densely branched, rooting at the basal nodes
or at the distal ones when they touch the substrate. 86 spp., all American; the
genus is currently circumscribed into 12 taxonomic sections and four series,
and native to the Neotropics, but with a center of diversity in Mexico and S
USA 26 spp. in South America. 5 subgenera in this genera:
§ subg. Austrotradescantia
‣ 18 spp., Bolivia, Brazil (17, 10
endemic), Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina.
§ subg. Campelia ‣ c. 15 spp.,
Mexico to N South America; only one sp. in Brazil, T. zanonia (L.)
Sw., geographically disjunct between the Amazon rainforest and the
Atlantic Forest domains. T. zebrina Heynh. ex Bosse, an
aggressive invasive species widely distributed in Brazil, belongs this
subgenus.
§ subg. Mandonia ‣ c. 20 spp., disjunctively
distributed across the American continent, with species occurring in North
America, America Central, and South America; only one sp. in
Brazil, T. ambigua Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f., which is
restricted to dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga) and
savannas of C Brazil (cerrado) domains.
§ subg. Setcreasea ‣ c. 10 spp.,
USA and Mexico.
§ subg. Tradescantia
‣ c. 30 spp.,
Canada to Mexico.
HAEMODORACEAE
§
REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON JUNE 22, 2024
Genera/spp.
15/c. 100 Distribution South Africa, New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, E
and SE North America, America Central, and northern South America,
with the largest diversity in Australia. Habit bisexual, perennial
herbs. Tuberous stem (Pyrrhorhiza, Tribonanthes) or bulb (Haemodorum)
and often stolons. Roots and subterranean stems often intensely red to reddish-brown.
All over the Neotropics, but also in the USA and Canada (Lachnanthes). The
red-coloured pigment often present in the underground parts of 10 spp. in 8
genera (inc. Xiphidium caeruleum in New World) - arylphenalenone
haemocorin - is unique in the flowering plants.
SYSTEMATIC
two subfamilies, Conostylidoideae (6/62–70) occur only Australia, mainly
southwestern tip. Among Haemodoroideae, outsiders are Barberetta
(1, E Cape, KwaZulu-Natal), Cubanicola (1, Cuba), Dilatris (4, W
Cape), Haemodorum (20, SW, N and E Australia, Tasmania), Lachnanthes
(1, Nova Scotia and Massachusetts to Louisiana and Florida, Cuba) and Wachendorfia
(4, Western and E Cape).
1. Pyrrorhiza
Maguire
& Wurdack. Herbs to 1,5m tall with orange red corms aggregated in clusters.
Only one sp., P. neblinae Maguire & Wurdack, endemic to Pantepui
Life Zone, in venezuelan siade of Mount Neblina and adjacent areas in extreme
south Venezuela; cloud forests, at elevations of 1,800 – 2,100 m.
2. Schiekia Meisn.
Rhizomatous herbs to ca. 1 m tall; flowers cream white. Three spp. from
Colombia to French Guiana, N Brazil (all of them, none endemic) and Bolivia;
mountain savannas and woodlands.
3. Xiphidium Aubl.
Rhizomatous or stoloniferous herbs to 0.5 m tall; white tepals. Two spp., X.
caeruleum Aubl. in Mexico to Brazil, Bolivia up to French Guiana, and X.
pontederiiflorum M. Pell., Hopper & Rhian J. Sm. from Panamá to
Ecuador, in moist soils, often along watercourses.
18. POALES
FAMILIES ABSENT IN SOUTH AMERICA: ECDEIOCOLEACEAE
(2/3), FLAGELLARIACEAE (1/5), JOINVILLEACEAE (1/4), AS
POWO IN JUNE 26, 2024.
LINEAGE
1 of 6: BROMELIACEAE
BROMELIACEAE
§ CARNIVOROUS
(Brocchnia - Catopsis -
Paepalanthus - Drosera -
Heliamphora - Philcoxia -
Genlisea - Utricularia -
Pinguincula)
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JULY 04, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp. 76/3,492
Distribution tropical and subtropical regions of America from Virginia
in the U.S.A. to Patagonia in South America; one sp. of Pitcairnia in
tropical West Africa. A few spp. are found on islands in the Pacific
(Racinaea insularis (Mez) M.A.Spencer & L.B.Sm. of the
Galápagos Islands, and Greigia berteroi Skottsb. and Ochagavia
elegans Phil. of the Juan Fernandez Islands, in Chile).
All of the
large genera have broad Neotropical distributions with the exception of Puya,
which is largely restricted to the Andes, and Dyckia, which is mostly
found in southern South America (mainly Brazil). Atlantic
Forest is a well-known center of diversity for the family and holds ca. 900
spp., mainly Vriesea (166), Aechmea (136) and Neoregelia
(96)), followed by high-altitude grasslands (campos de altitude)
vegetation distributed along the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais and Bahia,
sandy coastal plains, grasslands on rocky soils, dry seasonal scrubland of NE
Brazil (caatinga) and certain parts of the Amazonian forest; other
ecosystems such as the mangrove swamps and the Pantanal wetlands have a more
modest presence of bromeliads. Bromeliaceae occupy a wide range of habitats and
are one of the most characteristic elements of Neotropical forests. They occur
from arid to very wet regions, from sea level to above 4,000 m in the Andes,
and from rich volcanic soils to nutrient-poor white-sand savannas.
1,387 species in Brazil, of which 1,218 are endemic.
Herbaceous
and evergreen, or rarely shrubby perennials (some Dyckia);
terrestrial, saxicolous, or epiphytic; three patterns of
growth, sympodial branching with determinant ramets, monocarpy, or
monopodial with axillary flowering; stem usually very
short and hidden by sheaths, sometimes long (many Tillandsia species)
or rarely columnar, gigantic; there are species that live in isolation, or form
extensive colonies, dense or sparse clumps, most grow towards the light, but
others turn towards the ground (Tillandsia reclinata E.Pereira
& Martinelli); roots functional but serving merely as
holdfasts in many epiphytic species, reduced both structurally and
functionally, or completely lacking; leaves spirally arranged, usually
rosulate or distributed along a stem, distichous in few species,
in a wide variety of colours (maroon, through shades of green, to
gold; varieties may have leaves with red, yellow, white, and cream variations;
others may be spotted with purple, red, or cream, while others have different
colors on the tops and bottoms of the leaves), shapes, sizes, and
textures, simple, with margins entire or
spinose-serrate or serrulate, rarely deciduous and
heterophyllous (some Pitcairnia species), generally
leaf sheath wider than the blade; almost always bearing minute
multicellular structures consisting of a stalk and a shield
called peltate scales or trichomes, serving to absorb moisture and
nutrients, sometimes hairy, or appear to be covered with an epicuticular powder
wax; inflorescence terminal, rarely lateral or pseudo-lateral,
scapose or sessile, simple or compound, panicles, racemes,
spikes, head-like, or solitary pseudo-lateral flowers, usually
bearing brightly coloured conspicuous bracts, coloration
of inflorescence may fade in a few days, or last for months;
flowers diurnal or nocturnal, sessile, or pedicellate, perfect or
sometimes functionally unisexual, regular or nearly so, normally trimerous;
perianth heterochlamydeous, 3 sepals are twisted left (sinistrorse)
and 3 petals twisted right
(dextrorse), free or connate forming a basal tube
of varying length; sometimes inner surface has double longitudinal ridges,
or double strap-shaped appendages (ligules), located at the base of petals,
generally membranaceous, or fleshy, and takes a number of
shapes; androecium 6 in 2 series, inner facing petals
and outer facing sepals; filaments rounded, flattened or
thin, free, or joined to petals or to each other; anthers dorsifixed
or basifixed, with 2 locules and 4 pollen sacs that
open through a longitudinal slit to release pollen; gynoecium a
single pistil of a trilocular ovary, trifurcate stigma usually
spiral-conduplicate; ovary superior to inferior, 3-carpellate
and 3-locular; ovules obtuse to long caudate;
placentation axile, extending length of cell or variously
reduced. Fruit capsular, septicidal,
or indehiscent but then hard and never pulpy
or baccate, berries flaccid and often sweet. Seeds winged
with entire appendage, plumose with an appendage at base
or apex (or both) or naked; embryo small, situated at base
of copious mealy endosperm; seeds generally abundant, as well as offshoots
(underground rhizomes, aerial stolons); some
bromeliads are faintly scented, while others are heavily perfumed.
PSEUDOVIVIPARY is
documented for some species of Orthophytum subg. Orthophytum and
rarely for Rokautskyia, being always related to taxa with well developed
peduncles; this type of propagation is comparatively rare and described for
approximately 50 species of aquatic or terrestrial angiosperms, covering
families like Agavaceae, Alliaceae, Bromeliaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Poaceae,
Polygonaceae, Posidoniaceae, and Saxifragaceae, just to name few; in
Bromeliaceae, pseudovivipary is reported for genera like Alcantarea, Ananas,
Orthophytum, Tillandsia and Vriesea.
CARNIVORY three
spp. of bromeliads belonging to two genera are currently seen to be carnivorous;
Brocchinia hechtioides Mez, B. reducta Baker and Catopsis
berteroniana (Schult. & Schult. f.) Mez); in both cases, each genus
consists of around 20 spp., the overwhelming majority of which are
non-carnivorous regular tank bromeliads.
This in
itself is unusual since all other genera (except possibly Philcoxia) of
carnivorous plants consist exclusively of carnivorous spp. - perhaps this is an
indication of a the recent evolution of carnivory among bromeliads; perhaps
mistaking the foliage for flowers, visiting insects explore the interior of the
plants' rosetes perhaps in search of nectarines. The surface of the leaves of B.
hechtioides, B. reducta and C. berteroniana is extremely waxy
and very slippery. The UV-reflective white powder that coats the leaves is
crumbly and loose and greatly hinders the ability of insects in securing a firm
footing; the slightest movement of the plants in the wind or any falter on the
part of the insect, causes it to flip and fall into the water filled leaf axils
of the bromeliad; trapped by the surface tension of the liquid contained
within, the trapped prey is unable to climb up the slippery leaf exists, and
eventually drowns. It is not clear the degree to which enzymes are secreted by B.
hechtioides, B. reducta and C. berteroniana however at least simple
enzymes such as phosphatases are produced directly in the case of B. reducta.
Bacteria and various microorganisms assist the digestion process and break down
the soft remains of trapped prey releasing nutrients into the liquid contained
within the bromeliads' reservoirs; the resultant nutrient soup is absorbed
directly by the bromeliads leaves.
USE several
bromeliads, particularly spp. of Aechmea, Bromelia, and Greigia,
have edible fruits but are consumed only locally. Bromelia spp. are
known macambira in Brazil. Aechmea magdalenae (André) André ex Baker, Ananas
lucidus Mill., Neoglaziovia variegata (caroá) Mez, and several Bromelia
spp., are, or have been, cultivated for the long, strong fibers in their leaves
that are used to make hammocks, fishing nets, and twine.
SYSTEMATIC eight
subfamilies, Hechtioideae (1/65–70;
Texas, Mexico, America Central, with Mesoamerantha and Bakerantha
inside the broadest Hechtia) does not occur in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
BROCCHINIOIDEAE (1/17) ‣ a
single genus.
1. Brocchinia Schult.
& Schult.f. (inc. Ayensua).
Rosulate herbs
in many adaptations traits, including carnivorous species (B. reducta Baker
and B. hechtioides Mez), ant-fed myrmecophytes (B. acuminata L.B.
Sm.), tank epiphytes, impounding treelets (B. micrantha (Baker) Mez), N2-fixers
(heterocystous cyanobacteria in its tanks of one terrestrial population of B.
tatei L.B.Sm.), and terrestrial forms that absorb nutrients primarily
through their roots (mainly). 20 spp., endemic to Guiana Shield, at elevations
of 100-2,800
m, from Colombia to Guyana and N Brazil (3, one endemic), almost all species
occurring on sand or sandstone on the tepuis or sand plains at low elevations;
a few species also occur on granite outcrops at the edge of the Shield. B.
tatei L.B. Sm., which can reach enormous dimensions (about 1.5 m in
diameter) may be carnivorous; inflorescences of B. micrantha (Baker) Mez
(Venezuela and Guyana) is the largest in Guiana
Shield, up to 10m tall.
2.
SUBAFAMILY LINDMANIOIDEAE (2/41) ‣ both
genera endemic to South America.
2. Connellia
N.E.Br. Stemless or short-caulescent; leaves rosulate, coriaceous; blades
spine-serrate to entire. 6 spp., with larger and more brightly colored petals
restricted to Guiana Shield from the tepuis of SE Venezuela and adjacent
Guyana, at
elevations of 1,300 – 2,800 m, four collected in
Roraima state, Brazil, none endemic.
3. Lindmania
Mez. Small to large heliophytic herbs; leaves rosulate; flowers white to
greenish. 36 spp., endemic to Guiana Shield from Venezuela (35, 28 endemic),
Amazonas state in N Brazil (5, none endemic, mainly in Mount Neblina) and
Guyana (3, one endemic), mainly in open areas, at elevations of 1,000-2,800 m.
3.
SUBAFAMILY TILLANDSIOIDEAE (21/1362) ‣
four tribes, all in South America.
3.1 TILLANDSIOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE CATOPSIDINAE (1/22)
- a single genus.
4. Catopsis Griseb. Xeric canopy epiphitics; leaves densely
utriculose-rosulate, often cretaceous-coated; scape compiscuous; populations in some taxa are diecious. 22 spp.,
Florida, Mexico, Caribbean, Belize, Guatemala and south into Peru, Guyana,
Venezuela, and Brazil (2, both very widely, in Bahia, Paraná, Santa Catarina
states). 5 spp. in South America.
3.2 TILLANDSIOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE GLOMEROPITCAIRNIEAE (1/2)
– a single genus.
5. Glomeropitcairnia
Mez. Stemless, leaves rosulate; scape erect; petals free. Two
spp., heliophytic habitats, Lesser Antilles, Trinidad, one in adjacent
Venezuela.
3.3 TILLANDSIOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE TILLANDSIEAE (8/942)
- outsider Pseudalcantarea (3; Mexico to Nicaragua).
6. Barfussia
Manzan & W. Till. Usually
epiphytic, rarely terrestrial herbs, acaulescent, forming impounding rosettes;
leaves mesomorphic; leaf sheaths distinct; leaf blades lingulate, acute;
inflorescence pink, compound, once or twice branched, rhachis usually alate; floral
bracts glabrous; flowers distichously arranged. 5 spp., Andes from Colombia to
Bolivia.
7. Gregbrownia
W. Till & Barfuss. Epiphytic or
terrestrial herbs, large sized, forming impounding rosettes; leaves
mesomorphic; leaf blades lingulate; inflorescence compound, twice or rarely
triple branched, a laxly flowered panicle; flowers distichously, rarely
spirally arranged. 4 spp., Andes of Peru (1) and Ecuador (3).
8. Guzmania
Ruiz & Pav. Stemless or rarely caulescent; leaves
densely polystichous. 213 spp., 185 in South America, mainly mesophytic habits,
from Florida to Bolivia, Brazil to Mexico, few spp. in E South America. 10 spp.
in Brazil, almost all only in northern Amazon rainforest, G. lingulata
(L.) Mez widely distributed in northern country, none endemic.
9. Lemeltonia Barfuss & W. Till. Plants
epiphytic herbs, acaulescent or rarely caulescent, forming non-impounding
rosettes; leaves usually semi-xeromorphic, rarely mesomorphic or xeromorphic
and densely lepidote; leaf blades very narrowly triangular. 7 spp. from
Colombia to Ecuador, one up to Peru and L. monadelpha (E. Morren)
Barfuss W. & Till in America Central, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela,
Guianas, Colombia, Ecuador and N Brazil.
10. Racinaea
M.A. Spencer & L.B. Sm. Plants usually epiphytic or
rarely terrestrial herbs, acaulescent or rarely caulescent, forming impounding,
or non-impounding, often pseudobulbous rosettes; inflorescence usually
compound, once or twice branched, occasionally triple branched, or simple. 84
spp., Andean, mainly Ecuador, extending to America Central, Bolivia, the
Greater Antilles and the Guianas, and SE Brazil (4, two endemic). 81 spp. in
South America.
11. Tillandsia L. Plants epiphytic or epilithic,
rarely terrestrial herbs, much variable in size and habit, caulescent or
acaulescent, forming mostly non-impounding to occasionally impounding,
sometimes pseudobulbous rosettes; some species in E
Brazil grows towards the ground. 676
spp., from Virginia in U.S.A. to Uruguay and Caribbean, highly centered from NW
South America and Mexico (244). Some spp. has long stems, anothers is rootless,
mainly epiphytic, some terrestrial. 406 spp. in South America, 99 in Brazil, 62
endemic, 7 of them, from several states, are rare plants in Brazil,
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book. Some species in South America are myrmecophytes, unique among this family in
continent.
12. Wallisia (Regel) E.
Morren. Epiphytic or terrestrial herbs, usually
acaulescent, rarely caulescent, forming impounding or rarely non-impounding
rosettes; leaf sheaths often silvery grey when dry; leaf blades ligulate to
linear-triangular; inflorescence simple or compound, once or rarely twice
branched, usually with reduced spikes. 4 spp., Belize to Guainas, Peru and
Brazil (only W. anceps (G.Lodd.) Barfuss & W.Till), all in South
America, very rarely in Brazil (3, one endemic).
3.4 TILLANDSIOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE VRIESEAE (11/398) -
two subtribes, both in South America.
■ SUBTRIBE
CIPUROPSIDINAE (7/115) ‣ outsider Zizkaea
(1-5; Greater Antilles).
13. Cipuropsis Ule. Plants epiphytic or terrestrial herbs, acaulescent,
forming impounding rosettes; leaves mesomorphic; leaf blades lingulate;
inflorescence usually compound, once or twice branched, rarely simple; floral
bracts carinate, 1.5–2.5(–3) cm long. 16 spp., northern Andes from Venezuela to
Peru, three up Trinidad, America Central and Caribbean, C. rubra (Ruiz
& Pav.) Kessous & A.F.Costa up to N Brazil. 12 spp. in South America.
14. Goudaea
W. Till & Barfuss. Epiphytic or terrestrial herbs, usually medium sized,
forming impounding rosettes; leaves mesomorphic; leaf blades lingulate,
appearing glabrous; inflorescence simple or compound, once branched; floral
bracts imbricate, ecarinate, concealing the sepals completely. Two spp., disjunct
in Trinidad
& Tobago, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia.
15. Jagrantia
Barfuss
& W. Till. Epiphytic herbs, medium sized, forming impounding rosettes;
leaves mesomorphic; leaf blades lingulate; inflorescence simple; floral bracts
imbricate, 3 times the length of the sepals, laterally strongly compressed and
sharply carinate, deciduous along a basal transversal line after anthesis when
dry. Only one sp., J. monstrum (Mez) Barfuss & W. Till, from Nicaragua
to Ecuador.
16. Lutheria Barfuss &
W. Till. Epiphytic or terrestrial herbs, medium to large sized, forming
impounding rosettes; leaf blades lingulate, cross-banded or uniformly colored,
appearing glabrous; inflorescence simple or compound, once branched; flowers
distichously arranged, often second, appearing at one side of the
inflorescence. 4 spp., Colombia to French Guiana, Trinidad & Tobago, and N
Brazil in Roraima and Pará states.
17. Werauhia J.R. Grant. Epiphytic or terrestrial herbs, usually acaulescent,
rarely caulescent, forming impounding or rarely non-impounding rosettes; leaf
sheaths often silvery grey when dry; leaf blades ligulate to linear-triangular;
inflorescence simple or compound, once or rarely twice branched, usually with
reduced spikes. 97 spp., America Central and Antilles extending to Ecuador and
Bolivia, 28 in South America, very rarely in N Brazil (3, one endemic).
■ SUBTRIBE
VRIESEINAE (4/283) ‣ all genera
in South America.
18. Alcantarea (E. Morren)
Harms. Very large saxicolous rosettes (often reddish leaves), usually
reaching 2-5 m high while flowering, mainly in open places and mountains areas. 46 spp. near
sea level up to 1,900 m, mainly on gneiss-granitic inselbergs inside the Atlantic rainforest habitats of E Brazil, from Bahia to
S. Paulo states, and in on quartzite outcrops in the Espinhaço Range, in the
states of Bahia and Minas Gerais; inflorescences
of A. imperialis (Carrière) Harms. is the largest in Brazil, up to 5 m
tall; 4 spp., in Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states, are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
19. Stigmatodon
Leme, G.K. Br. & Barfuss.
Epilithic herbs in vertical, bare granitic surfaces, usually forming
inconspicuously impounding or rarely non-impounding rosettes, vegetatively
propagating by short basal axillary shoots, or sometimes regular-leaved
adventitious offsets produced at the old portion of the stem not covered by
leaves and monocarpic, occasionally never forming any shoots or offsets. 35
spp., endemic to SE Brazil, mainly in rock outcrops.
20. Waltillia Leme,
Barfuss & Halbritter. Plants terrestrial (including
saxicolous) growing along the margins of running streams or in periodically
soaked terrains; leaves coriaceous, forming non-impounding
rosetes. Two spp., both endemic to Minas Gerais state, with few subpopulations,
in an ecologically similar micro-habitat.
21. Vriesea Lindl. Acaulescent, usually
epiphytic, leaves rosulate, usually reddish. 234 spp., 230 in South
America, E Brazil (196, 185 endemic) extending to NW Argentina, SE Bolivia,
Peru, Venezuela and the Greater Antilles, some in America Central. 5 spp., from
several states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
4.
SUBAFAMILY PITCAIRNIOIDEAE (3/850–855)
‣ all genera occur in South America.
22. Dyckia Schult. f. (inc.
Encholirium, Deuterocohnia)
Rosette terrestrial spp., leaves spinose serrate,
rigid, sometimes ring formations or forming cushions
or pollsters; leaves densely rosulate, spinose-serrate, sometimes
silvery, highly xeropmorphic, Hechtia-like or Agave-like; some species dioecious. 237 spp., C, E & S
Brazil (206, 194 endemic, highly endemic in southern Brazil and Espinhaço
Range), N Peru, northern Chile, and center Bolivia to center Argentina, SE
Bolivia, over
Paraguay and Uruguay, and vast area in N Argentina, mainly xeric in dry areas,
some found only in wet areas, in inundated riverisdes and lagoons. 21 spp.,
from several states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
23. Fosterella
L.B.Sm. Mesophytic terrestrial herbs,
stemless or near so; leaves rosulate; blade entire or weakly serrulate. 34
spp., one Mexico to El Salvador, and 33 from center Peru to N Argentina and
Paraguay (the bulk of genus endemic to Bolivia) and Brazil (9, 5 endemic); Brazilian
species are mostly from Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul states, but F. batistana
Ibisch, Leme & J. Peters occurs in high dense forest in Amazonas and Pará
states and F. atlantica Leme & Forzza is endemic to Minas
Gerais state.
24. Pitcairnia
L'Hér. Mostly terrestrial herbs but sometimes
saxicolous or epiphytic; mostly stemless to long-caulescent; leaves usually
strongly dimorphic, sometimes deciduous and petiolate (unique
among some Bromelia, Disteganthus and Cryptanthus
in family); inflorescences raceme to panicle. 410 spp., 409 IN high diverse
habitats, from Mexico and Caribbean to Brazil (54, 44 endemic), and one in Africa
(1), 326 in South America; one sp., from Minas Gerais state, is a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
P. feliciana (A. Chev.) Harms & Mildbr in center Guiné, Africa, one the most remarkable disjuncions in PLANT KINGDOM, found in some 100 km from the coast, at the base
of Mt. Gangan near Kindia, in a few square km in size, near the side of the
primary slope, grouped in two subpopulation, one a few km from Kindia, on the
edge of the road to Telimele, the other in the gorges of the Samou River.
P. azouryi Martinelli & Forzza can be
differentiated from all other Brazilian species of the genus by possessing
large flowers (10-18 cm long), pale green, thus cryptic, however. P. encholirioides L.B. Sm. of SE Brazil has the unique bulb (succulent leaves under dry leaves
in basal part of plant) of family.
5.
SUBAFAMILY NAVIOIDEAE (4/c 105)
‣ capsular fruits; seeds winged to naked; petals
minute; sepals cochlear, with the two adaxial overlapping the abaxial; stellate
chlorenchyma absent; leaves entire, serrulate, or spinose, but not succulent;
inflorescence paniculate to capitate. Included genera: Brewcaria,
Cottendorfia, Navia, Sequencia, Steyerbromelia
25. Cottendorfia
Schult.f. Heliophytic herbs; leaves rosulate; blades entire,
pungent; inflorescence tripinatelly paniculate, lax; dioecious.
Only one sp., C. florida Schult. f., restricted of xeric habitats in
Bahia, Piauí and Paraíba states, Brazil.
26. Navia
Schult. & Schult.f. 99 spp., the largest
genus endemic to Guiana Shield, 94 ranging from Colombia to
Suriname, and 5 endemic to N Brazil (three of then only in summit of Mount
Aracá), at
elevations of 100-2,500 m, mostly endemic to a single
summit.
27. Sequencia
Givnish. Herbs; leaves linear, to roughly 1.8 m long, with dark
curved spines near the base and serrulate toward the tip, and arranged in a
rosette about a twisted, prostrate stem; inflorescence amply paniculate;
flowers perfect. Only one sp., S. serrata (L.B. Sm.) Givnish, known only
from low sandstone mesetas (Cerro de Circasia, Cerro Yapoboda, Cerro de
Canenda) in Vaupes region in SE Colombia.
28. Steyerbromelia
L.B.Sm. Large heliophytic herbs, leaves rosulate. 9
spp., six in mountains areas of 600-2,700m in s Venezuela and N Brazil (S. neblinae B.Holstt, in Mount Neblina), in Guiana
Shield, in open summits, and three restricted sandstone mountains in E Colombia.
6. SUBFAMILY
PUYOIDEAE (1/231) ‣
a single genus.
29. Puya
Molina. Stemless or more generally long-caulescent, up
to 7m tall, all terrestrial; leaves coriaceous; blades never constricted at
base, coarsely spinose-serrate. 231 spp., one only in Costa Rica and Panamá,
230 in South America (one also in America Central), 227 in open mountains areas
in Andes from NW Venezuela to NW Argentina, two in Guiana Shield, with P.
floccosa (Linden) E. Morren ex Mez, found in Tepequen Range in N Roraima
state, Brazil. P. raimondii Harms (Bromeliaceae) from mountains of Peru
and Bolivia is the most massive inflorescence of the Earth,
with 8-12m tall, and have a diameter of up to 2.4m; extra-large specimens can
grow as tall as 15m; the inflorescence can bear approximately 8,000 small white
flowers. P. alpestris (Poepp.) Gay endemic to Chile and Schwartzia
brasiliensis (Choisy) Bedell ex Gir.-Cañas.
(Marcgraviaceae) endemic to E Brazil are the unique blue-nectar
plants known.
7.
SUBAFAMILY BROMELIOIDEAE (33/765–770) ‣
fruits indehiscent, baccate; genera endemic to Brazil ranges from dry-scrub
vegetation (Neoglaziova) up to nebulous high mountains (Fernseea);
seven informal but monophyletic lineages: (Bromelia + (Greigia
Clade + (Fernseea + (Acanthostachys + (Ananas Clade + (Neoglaziova
+ Core Bromelioid)))))). Aechmea marie-reginae H. Wendl. and the two Androlepis,
all from Mesoamerica, have unisexual flowers and
are the unique Bromelioideae with this characteristic. Outsiders Androlepis (2;
southern Mexico to Nicaragua) and Hohenbergiopsis (1; Mexico to America
Central).
■ BROMELIA
CLADE (1/69) ‣ a single genus.
30. Bromelia
L. Coarse terrestrial or rarely epiphytics, spreading by rhizomes; leaves
coarsely spinose along the margins, sometimes petiolate (unique
among some Disteganthus, Cryptanthus and Pitcairnia in
family); sepals with soft usually broad apices; inflorescences compound;
sepals mostly free or nearly so. 72 spp., mostly in dry open ground, but
sometimes submesophytic, Central and South America (67), mainly in Brazil (51,
41 endemic), in dry savanas has the highest diversity with about 30 species, in
contrast to the general rule for the subfamily, which reaches its highest
diversity in the Atlantic Forest; one sp. from Bahia state is a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
■ GREIGIA
CLADE (4/41) ‣ all genera in South America.
31. Deinacanthon
Mez. Only one sp., D. urbaniana (Mez) Mez., from Paraguay
to N Argentina and Bolivia.
32. Fascicularia
Mez. Terrestrial or rarely tree thunks at tall trees, stemless;
leaves very densely rosulate, linear, some reddish, petals white. Only one sp.,
F. bicolor (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez, endemic to Chile.
33. Greigia
Regel. More or less caulescent; leaves imbricate along the stem,
partially or completely serrate. 35 spp., saxicolous in open ground or
terrestrial in forest paramo, Mexico to Panamá, Venezuela
to Bolivia, Chile and Juan Fernandes Is. 30 spp. in South America.
34. Ochagavia
Phill. Suffruticose, amply proliferating; leaves thunk-forming. 4
spp., Juan Fernandez and Chile.
■ FERNSEEA
CLADE (1/2) ‣ a single
genus.
35. Fernseea
Baker. Stemless; leaves forming a dense pseudobulb, leaves
apparently rigid; inflorescence panicles; sepals narrowly elliptic, 7mm long;
flowers subsessile or pedicellate. Two spp. restricted of two small high
nebulous peaks to coast areas in E Brazil, SE Minas Gerais, NE Sao Paulo and SW
Rio de Janeiro, one of them, from São Paulo state, is a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
■ ACANTHOSTACHYS
CLADE (1/2) ‣ a single genus.
36. Acanthostachys
Klotzch. Rhizomatose, epiphytic or saxicolous; leaves long and narrow,
pendulous; scape well developed or lacking. Three spp., E Brazil (all species, two
endemic), Paraguay, NE Argentina.
■ ANANAS
CLADE (2/6 + 2; Aechmea fernandae (E.Morren)
Baker from Peru and Brazil, and and Aechmea
tayoensis Gilmartin from Ecuador belongs this clade)
37. Ananas
L. Rosettes, not producing stoons, or producing; leaves
rosulate; inflorescense densely strobiliform, usually crowned with a tuft of
sterile foliaceous bracts, often producing slips at the base. Two spp., A.
macrodontes Morren from Bolivia, Paraguay, Argetina and S Brazil, and A.
comosus (L.) Merrill, a seedless cultigen (a plant that has been altered
by humans through a process of selective breeding); because it has been in
cultivation for thousands of years, its exact origins are unknown.
The pineapple (A. comosus (L.) Merr.) is the third most important tropical fruit in world production after
banana and citrus; cultivated pantropically
since the 1500s for its edible fruits, is by far the most commercially
important spp. of Bromeliaceae; the protein-digesting enzyme, bromelain, is
extracted from pineapple fruits for use in meat tenderizers and as an
anti-inflammatory.
Within A. comosus, five botanical varieties are recognized,
two wild [A. comosus var. microstachys (formerly A. comosus
var. ananassoides) and A. comosus var. parguazensis] and
three domesticates [A. comosus var. comosus (the edible
pineapple), A. comosus var. erectifolius (the curagua, a fiber
crop) and A. comosus var. bracteatus, now an ornamental
pineapple].
38. Disteganthus
Lem. Herbs, rosettes, caulescent or acaulescent,
propagating by stolons or rhizomes; leaves sometimes petiolate (unique
among some Bromelia, Cryptanthus
and Pitcairnia in family), armed. 4 spp. from swampy forests, Suriname
and French Guiana, D. basilateralis Lem. up to adjacent Amapá state in N
Brazil.
■ CRYPTANTHOID
COMPLEX (9/166) ‣ a fully
Brazilian group.
39. Cryptanthus
Otto
& A. Dietr.
Terrestrial or saxicolous, andromonoecious, usually stemless or sometimes
caulescent, propagating by short axillary shoots or long and slender stolons or
rhizomes, leaves sometimes petiolate (unique
among some Bromelia, Disteganthus and Pitcairnia
in family).
63 spp.,
Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo to the NE states of Bahia,
Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte; 4 spp. are rare plants in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
40. Forzzaea Leme, S.
Heller & Zizka. Saxicolous, homogamous, stemless, propagating by short
axillary shoots or rarely stoloniferous, then bearing thick stolons, clustering
or solitary; leaves succulent, thick coriaceous, forming non impounding
rosetes. 8 spp., endemic to the W-NE part of the meridional highs of the
Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais state; one sp. is a rare plant in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
41. Hoplocryptanthus Leme, S.
Heller & Zizka. Saxicolous or epilithic, homogamous, stemless or long
caulescent, propagating by short axillary shoots; leaves coriaceous, forming
non-impounding rosetes. 9 spp., endemic to the Minas Gerais state, growing
mostly in the Iron Quadrangle (Quadrilátero Ferrífero) region, which is a well
known Precambrian terrain with approximately 7,000 km2 and
significant mineral resources, particularly iron and gold.
42. Krenakanthus
(Leme,
S. Heller & Zizka) Leme, Zizka & Paule (off Orthophytum). Plants
terrestrial, monoecious, long caulescent, flowering 30–60 cm tall, propagating
by elongated shoots developing near the base of the inflorescence. Two spp. known from E Minas Gerais state; plants terrestrial, forming large and
dense
groups in organic-rich, shallow soils accumulated on rocky surfaces in shady
spots inside fragments of humid Atlantic Forest.
43. Lapanthus
Louzada
& Versieux. Herbs rupicolous, stoloniferous, stem
an inconspicuous rhizome, covered by the leaf sheaths; leaves rosulate,
arcuate; inflorescence sessile, compound with two flowers per branch or
pseudosimple; flowers with a tubular corolla; sepals white-hyaline, elliptic to
triangular, inconspicuous, reaching ca. 1/3 of the flower length; petals free,
white-hyaline or orange-yellow. Two spp. endemic to Minas Gerais state, in
transitional vegetation between semideciduous seasonal forest and campo
rupestre in the Serra do Cipó area or in humid quartizitic rock outcrops near
to waterfalls and gallery forest, between 700–900 m, both rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
44. Orthocryptanthus
(Leme,
S. Heller & Zizka) Leme, Zizka & Paule. Plants
saxicolous, monoecious, usually long caulescent or sometimes stemless,
propagating by short axillary shoots or stolons. Three spp. from Minas Gerais
state, in the Atlantic Forest domain; saxicolous or epilithic, living on rocky
outcrops in open to partially shaded sites, 1,000 to 1,440 m elevation.
45. Orthophytum
Beer.
Rosette or prostrate (sometimes erect) rupicolous,
saxicolous or sometimes terrestrial herbs with grater
patterns of leaves colour; floral bracts leaf-like, petals with reflexed lobes.
64 spp. endemic to NE and SE Brazil, in areas of soil on top of
granitic-gneiss inselbergs (Atlantic Rainforest and dry seasonal
scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga), from
Paraíba to Espírito Santo states) or quartzite-sandstone in rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres, Espinhaço RANGE, in Bahia
and Minas Gerais) forming mats or sometimes as isolated individuals.
§ subg. Capixabanthus
‣ 8 spp., Espírito Santo state and in
neighboring areas in Minas Gerais (Nanuque) and Bahia (Lagedão), in the
Atlantic forest domain, on granitic inselbergs in low elevated flatlands, or on
shallow soils in shaded sites of mountainous areas to 600 m elevation; one sp.
is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
§ subg. Clavanthus
‣ 9 spp. endemic to the Espinhaço Range in
Minas Gerais state, growing in the southern part of the range and extending
through the septentrional highs near the border with Bahia state, at altitudes
of 650 to 1,300 m; two spp. are rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
§ subg. Orthophytum
‣ 48 spp., Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte to
Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais states; Atlantic Forest, rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres) and dry seasonal
scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga); low to médium altitude (to 500 m;
few spp. higher than 600-1,200 m); axillary shoots, stolons/rhizomes &
pseudovivipary.
46. Rokautskyia Leme, S.
Heller & Zizka. Plants terrestrial or saxicolous, homogamous, stemless to
long caulescent, propagating by short axillary shoots, long and slender stolons
or rarely pseudoviviparous with shoots developed on the inflorescence. 14 spp.,
an exclusive dweller of the hygrophilous Atlantic Forest of the montainous
central region of Espírito Santo and Bahia states.
47. Sincoraea
Ule. Plants stemless; primary bracts and the basal portion of the
inner leaves turning white, yellow or red, forming a colorful ring around the
inflorescence in contrast with the color of the distal portion of leaves. 11
spp., endemic to the rocky grasslands (campos
rupestres) of the septentrional highs of the
Espinhaço Range, with most species found in the state of Bahia and a single
species in the north of Minas Gerais state; three Minas Gerais’s species and
six from Bahia are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
48. Siqueiranthus
Leme, Zizka, E.H. Souza & Paule. (off Orthophytum) Andromonoecious,
saxicolous, long caulescent usually by the successive growth of a single apical
shoot, stems 18–160 cm long, 1.7–2.8 cm in diameter, rigid, erect to prostrate,
propagation by a single shoot at the base of the inflorescence and by few shoots
along the stem, rhizomes not detected. Only one sp., S. cinereus (D.M.C.
Ferreira & Louzada) Leme, Zizka, E.H. Souza & Paule, known from the
type population, as a saxicole, growing at the top of a granitic outcrop in the
Atlantic Forest domain in the municipality of Ibateguara, Alagoas state,
Brazil.
■ NEOGRAZIOVA CLADE (1/3) ‣ a single
genus.
49. Neoglaziovia
Mez.
Terrestrial and saxicolous herbs; stemless; leaves few; inflorescense simple,
racemose, flowers pedicellate. Three spp. endemic to dry areas in NE Brazil,
used for their fibrers.
■ HOHENBERGIA CLADE (2/57)
‣ both genera
in South America.
50. Hohenbergia
Schults & Schults f. Stemless, leaves rosulate;
blades spinose-serrate; scape well developed; inflorescenses of strobilaceous
spikes. 53 spp., 51 endemic to E Brazil (5 of them, all in Bahia state, are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), H.
stellata Schult. & Schult.f. in Trinidad-Tobago to Venezuela, Curaçao,
Martinique and NE Brazil, and H. andina Betancur
endemic to Colombia.
51. Karawata
Schults & Schults f. Epiphytic, terrestrial or saxicolous,
shortly rhizomatous; leaves spiraled, erect; leaf-sheaths elliptical to
triangular, castaneous, contrasting in colour to the leaf-blades, margins
entire, imbricate, tank-forming; leaf-blades green, both sides with argenteous
indument, apex pungent; inflorescence terminal, polytelic, simple strobilioid,
ovate or capituliform. 7 spp. endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, from
Pernambuco to Rio de Janeiro states.
■ CORE
BROMELIOIDEAE ‣ Aechmea rubiginosa Mez (Venezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil) is sister of all remaining
sepcies in this group. Androlepis Alliance is composed of an assemblage
of morphologically dissimilar species, which have been classified in previous
treatments within six genera or subgenera: Aechmea subg. Podaechmea
Mez, A. subg. Pothuava (Baker) Baker, Androlepis Brongn.
ex Houllet, Billbergia Thunb., Hohenbergiopsis L.B. Sm. &
Read and Ursulaea Read & Baensch.
52. Aechmea
Ruiz & Pav. Terrestrial or epiphytic spp.,
acaulescent, frequently propagating by rhizomes; leaves usually forming a tank,
usually spinose-serrate. 252 spp., from Mexico to South
America (234), highly diverse in Brazil, with 163 spp., 135 endemic, 10 of
them, in several states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book. This genus has sixth
largest diversity of variegated leaves worlwide (36).
53. Araeococcus
Brongn. Stemless; inflorescence laxlay paniculate,
mesophytic epyphites; flowers perfect, petals naked. 4 spp., 3 in Brazil (none
endemic) up to Venezuela, Guianas, Colombia and Bolivia, and one from Costa
Rica to N Colombia.
54. Billbergia Thunb. Terrestrial, saxicolous or epiphytic herbs; stemless;
leaves forming broadly funnelform to long-tubular rosettes; scapebracts large,
mostly red; petals zygomorphic or tightly recoiled and flowers sessile,
epigynous tube usually well developed. 62 spp., Mexico, America
Central, along the Atlantic coast, through Uruguay, and as far south as
Argentina, mainly in Brazil, and along the Pacific coast through Ecuador and
Peru. 60 spp. in South America, 45 in Brazil, 33 endemic, one of them, from
Bahia state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
55. Canistropsis
(Mez.)Leme. 10 spp., E Brazil.
56. Canistrum
E. Morren. Mostly epiphytic; leaves rosulate, armed; scape
evidente; inflorescence compound, densely corymbose, involucrate with the
bracts covering all but the apices the flowers. 14 spp. endemic to Atlantic
Forest in E Brazil, 6 of them, from several states, are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
57. Edmundoa
Leme. Three spp., endemic to E Brazil.
58. Eduandrea
(Mez) Leme, W. Till, G.K. Br., J.R. Grant & Govaerts. Hygrophilous
perennial herbs, small-sized, terrestrial, propagating by long and stout,
underground rhizomes; leaves forming a very narrow funnelform rosette with
limited water holding capacity; inflorescence
tripinnate, densely corymbose, distinctly elevated above the leaf-rosette,
inconspicuously involucrate; flowers perfect, sessile or subsessile, odorless.
One rare sp., E. selloana (Baker) (Mez) Leme, W. Till, G.K. Br., J.R.
Grant & Govaerts, endemic to the gallery forests (white quartz sandy
soils, often between rocks) that transverse the rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres) in the regions of Ouro Preto
and adjacences of Minas Gerais state.
59. Hylaeicum (Ule ex Mez)
Leme, Forzza, Zizka & Aguirre-Santoro. Plants epiphytic, homogamous,
stemless, but offset distinctly stoloniferous; stolons slender to stout, 10–40
× 0.3–2 cm, covered by distinct cataphylls; leaves coriaceous or
thick-coriaceous, forming water impounding rosettes. 12 spp., Venezuela to Peru
and NW Brazil (5, 2 endemic).
60. Lymania
R.W. Read. Slenderly stoloniferous or stout-rhizomatous; leaves
few, froming a crateriform or utriculate rosete, minutely serrate;
inflorescense variable. 10 spp. from E Brazil.
61. Neoregelia
L.B.Sm.
Terrestrial, saxiculous or epiphytic rosette herbs, usually spinose serrate;
this genus has the third world diversity of
variegated leaves (62); inflorescence sunk in the center of the rosete,
very densely captiform. 114 spp. endemic to Brazil, most of them grow in sandy
soils, 10 of them, in several states, are rare plants in Brazil,
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book; the largest national endemic genera in new World.
62. Nidularium
Lem.
Epiphytc or terrestrial herbs, stemless; leaves forming funnelform tanks,
serrate or serrulate, petals erect and apex distinctly obtuse cucullate,
connate or agglutinated in a tube the height of the sepals. 46 spp. endemic to
Atlantic Forest from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul states in E Brazil; the largest
genus endemic to Atlantic Forest; 16 spp., in several states, are a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
63. Portea Brogn. ex.
K. Koch.
Terrestrial, saxicolous or epiphytic; leaves rosulete,
serrate; scape bracts bright colored; inflorescence compound, sepals more or
less connate, long-mucronate; petals appendaged. 8 spp. from forets of Atlantic
Forest, E Brazil.
64. Pseudaraeococcus
(Mez) R.A.Pontes & Versieux. Epiphytic, eventually terrestrial
or saxicolous, propagating by thin stolons, usually long, and involving the
phorophytes; rosette lageniform or infundibuliform, tank conspicuous; leaves of
3 to 10, concolor or discolor, chartaceous. 7 spp. endemic to Atlantic Forest
of NE Brazil, almost all restricted of Bahia state except some records in
Pernambuco and Alagoas states.
65. Quesnelia
Gaudich.
Terrestrial, saxicolous or epiphytic spp., stemless or rarely long-stemmed;
leaves serrulate; scape developed; inflorescence usually simple, flowers
sessile. 25
spp. from Santa Catarina to Bahia states, with diversity centers in the Rio de
Janeiro coastal region and the rainforest of S Bahia; one sp., from São Paulo
state, is a rare
plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
66. Ronnbergia
E. Morren & Andre. Epiphytic spp.; leaves fasciculate or
rosulate, entire or serrulate. 23 spp. from NW & W South America, some up
to Costa Rica
67. Wittrockia
Lindm. 5 spp., E & S Brazil.
68. Wittmackia
Mez. Terrestrial, rupicolous or epiphytic, cespitose or solitary, stoloniferous
or acaulescent; rosette broad, forming phytotelmata. 46 spp., 28 endemic to E
Brazil, 16 only in Caribbean (11 endemic to Jamaica), one in Mexico and W.
lingulata (L.) Mez widely from Costa Rica to Brazil, Caribbean.
LINEAGE
2 of 6: TYPHACEAE
TYPHACEAE
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IN POWO ON JUNE 26, 2024
Genera/spp.
2/58 Distribution Typha (38) is cosmopolitan except polar areas,
although most frequent in the Northern Hemisphere; Sparganium, 15 spp.,
is distributed in extratropical parts of the Northern Hemisphere, 1-2 spp.
occurring in SE Asia, New Guinea, SE Australia, and New Zealand. Habit
Monoecious, perennial herbs. Aquatic or helophytic. Rhizome rich in starch. Two
genera in Neotropics.
SYSTEMATIC
both genera in South America.
1.
Sparganium L. 20 spp., temperate and arctic regions, one or
two species in SE Asia, Malesia, New Guinea, Australia, the S Hemisphere south
to New Zealand. 9 spp. in New World, one in South America, S. americanum
Nutt., C & E Canada to C & E U.S.A., Mexico (Sinaloa, Durango),
disjunct in Colombia.
2.
Typha L. Perennial tall plants with starchy rhizome, emergent from
shallow water or growing in wet soil, sometimes completely submersed and
floating, with typical cylindrical-brownish inflorescence at the end of a
long and unbranched axis or scape; sometimes vast marsh perennial with sheating
leaves. 38 spp., 4 in New World, one in northern Hemisphere, two widelty
distributeds and present in Brazil, and T. subulata Crespo &
R.L. Pérez-Mor., restricted from Argentina to Uruguay.
LINEAGE
3 of 6: RAPATEACEAE
RAPATEACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
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IN POWO ON JUNE 26, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp.
17/95 Distribution tropical South America, with their highest diversity
in the Guiana Shield; Epidryos distributed northwards to Panamá; Maschalocephalus
in tropical W Africa (Sierra Leone and Liberia). Habit bisexual,
perennial herbs. Usually hygrophytic (a few spp. are epiphytic). Rapateaceae
is restricted to the Neotropics with the exception of Maschalocephalus dinklagei
Gilg & Schumann that occurs in W Africa. The center of spp. diversity of
Rapateaceae are the lowlands Guiana Shield and the Amazon rainforest.
SYSTEMATIC
4 clades, all in South America.
1.
SPATHANTHUS CLADE (1/2) ‣
a single genus.
1. Spathanthus Desv. Herbs
with leaves distichous; inflorescence 1-several, solitary in leaf axills,
spicate. Two
spp., Guyana, Venezuela,
N Brazil (both Brazil, none endemic), Colombia and French Guiana; in stream-and
riverbanks, open inundated forests, and in scrub, north-amazonic white-sandy
savannas (campinaranas).
2. SUBFAMILY
RAPATEOIDEAE (2/31) ‣
all genera occur in South America.
2. Cephalostemon Schomb.
Herbs, leaves gramineous; inflorescence subglobose to cilyndrical, appendaged
seeds. 5 spp., in Amazonian savannas, north-amazonic white-sandy savannas (campinaranas),
similar habitats in Brazilian Shield of Brazil (all species, 3 endemic),
Colombia, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela, mainly in lowland and upland sites,
mainly on open, herbcovered sites on wet, extremely infertile sands; C.
riedelianus Korn only occurs in the campo rupestre of Minas Gerais.
3. Duckea Maguire.
Herbs, leaves gramineous; inflorescence subglobose to cilyndrical,
nonappendaged seeds. 4 spp. in Venezuela, Colombia and Brazil (3, none endemic).
4. Rapatea Aubl. Herbs, rhizomes short; leaves dorsiventrla to ensiforme;
inflorescence many each 2 involucral bracts. 22 spp., mucky, inundated forests
of Panama and northern South America, into the Amazon
rainforest, coastal Brazil (Bahia), and Colombia, and Bolivia, Ecuador,
Guyana, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela. 10 spp. in Brazil, two endemic.
3. SUBFAMILY
MONOTREMATOIDEAE (4/7) ‣
outsider is Maschalocephalus (1, Guinea, Sierra
Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast; most probably due to late long distance
dispersal).
5. Monotrema Koern. Herbs gramineous, leaves linear; inflorescence axillary,
1-2 per leaf axill, monocephalous, small, subglobose, 1-2 bracteate. 4 spp., 3 endemic to
the Guiana Shield from Amazonian savannas, open inundated forests and scrub
of Brazil, Colombia (one endemic) and Venezuela, and M. aemulans Körn.
extending up to southern Amazon rainforest of Brazil (2, none endemic).
6. Potarophytum
Sandw.
Herbs, rhizomes inbranched, inflorescence 1-2 axillary, shorter than the
leaves, with prophylloid bracts. Only one sp., P. riparium Sandwith, endemic to
the Guiana Shield of streamside forests on white quartz gravel and sand of Kaieteur
Mountain Range in Guyana, at 100-400 m elevation range.
7. Windsorina
Gleason.
herbs, penduncles 3-9 per leaf axills, each penduncle subentended by 1-2
prophyllous bracts; inflorescence cymose; petals free. Only one sp., W.
guianensis Gleason, endemic to the Guiana Shield of in inundated
forests of Potaro river in Guyana, at 50-300 m elevation range.
4. SUBFAMILY
SAXOFRIDERICIOIDEAE (9/54) ‣
all genera occur in South America.
8. Amphiphyllum
Gleason.
Herbs, leaves equitant; thyrse bractes several, the outer 2 rigid, more or less
valvate and connate. Only one sp., A. rigidum Gleason, endemic to
the Guiana Shield of in tepui bogs and meadows of Cerro Duida and Cerro
Marahuaca in Venezuela, 1,200-2,000 m elevation range.
9. Epidryos Maguire.
Herbs, epiphityc or occasionally terrestrial herbs; axillary penduncles
numerous. 4 spp., E. guayanensis Maguire and E. matheusii Sch.
Rodr. ex A.S. Flores from Venezuela, Brazil (only the former, at known only by
a single collection in the summit of Mount Caburaí) and Guyana; E. allenii
(Steyerm.) Maguire endemic to Panamá; and E. micrantherus (Maguire) Maguire
in Colombia and Ecuador.
10. Guacamaya
Maguire.
Herbs, leaves glacous; penduncles axillary; inflorescence hemisphaerical,
solitary. Only one sp., G. suberpa Maguire, endemic to the Guiana
Shield, known
from a small area of Amazonian savannas along the Guainía and Atabapo in SE
Colombia and SW Venezuela, 100-200 m elevation range.
11. Kunhardtia
Maguire.
Herbs, penduncles solitary; inflorescence spheroid or hemisphaerical. Two spp.,
endemic
to the Guiana Shield of tepui bogs and meadows in Sierra Maigualida,
Sipapo, Autana, Cuao, Guanay, Yutaje, Coro-Coro and nearby lowlands in northern
venezuelan Amazonas, 100-2,100 m elevation range.
12. Marahuacaea
Maguire.
Herbs, leaves auriculate; inflorescence many, axillary. Only one sp., M.
schomburgkii (Maguire) Maguire, endemic to Pantepui Life Zone, in tepui
bogs and meadows of Cerro Marahuaca in Gran Sabana, Venezuela, at 2,400-2,800 m
elevation range.
13. Phelpsiella
Maguire.
Small herbs; leaves linear, penduncles subterminal, solitary; inflorescence
small, compressed. Only one sp., P. pterocaulis Maguire, endemic to
the Guiana Shield of from tepuis bogs and meadows of Cerro Paru in Venezuela, at
1,300-2,000 m elevation range.
14. Saxofridericia Schomb.
Herbs, usually robust; inflorescence globbose or hemisphaerical, spikelets
numerous. 9 spp., almost endemic to the Guiana Shield (Colombia,
French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela), except one which
occurs in C Brazil (6, S. brasiliensis P.E. Berry & Krahl
endemic, known
only from white-sand campina vegetation north of Manaus along the Caracaraí
highway in Amazonas State), in ecotones between tepui
bogs/meadows and surrounding scrub, and between riverbanks and lowland
inundated forests; peat pockets over granitic outcrops of Brazil.
15. Schoenocephalium Seub. Herbs, sheats partially open; spikelets radiate. 4 spp.,
Amazonian savannas on white sand in nearby portions of W Amazonas of Venezuela,
and adjacent Colombia (all four species, two endemic) and Brazil (2, none endemic),
in the drainages of the Orinoco, Guainia, Atabapo, Ventuari, Inírida, Vaupés,
Caquetá, and Rio Negro, 100 – 800 m elevation range.
16. Stegolepis Klotzsch.
Herbs, caudex unbranched; leaves gramineous or ensiform; penduncles several,
axillary, 1-3 m long; heads 1-many spikelets. 33 spp. endemic to the Guiana
Shield of tepuis
and meadows of Brazil (3, one endemic), Guyana (6, one endemic) and Venezuela
(31, 25 endemic), 500-2,800 m elevation range.
LINEAGE
4 of 6: JUNCACEAE/CYPERACEAE/THURNIACEAE
THURNIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 26, 2024
Genera/spp.
2/4 Distribution NE South America (mainly the Guiana Shield, N Brazil),
S South Africa (W Cape province, Pondoland and southern Kwazulu-Natal). Habit
bisexual, perennial herbs. Graminids. Often helophytic or aquatic. Culm angular
in cross-section, erect.
Key
differences from similar families
1. Perianth present; fruit a capsule -
2
1. Perianth mostly
lacking or if present consisting of hairs, scales or
bristles; fruit a nutlet ------------ Cyperaceae
2. Inflorescence a dense and large globose head on a
long peduncle; leaf margins serrate ------------
Thurniaceae
2. Inflorescence differently
shaped; leaf margins never serrate ------------
Juncaceae
SYSTEMATIC
outsider Prionium (1; W and E Cape, S Kwazulu-Natal).
1.
Thurnia Hook. f. Large perennial rhizomatous aquatic herbs, resembling
some Cyperaceae; leaves all basal, V – or M – shaped in cross section;
inflorescence globose, subtented by leafy bracts. Three spp., T. jenmanii Hook. f. is a
narrow endemic species found only in Guyana, T. polycephala Schnee and T. sphaerocephala
(Rudge)
Hook.f. in Colombia reaching in some places in C Brazil Brazil and Venezuela,
tha latter also in Guiana, in or along creeks, on white sand, in dense canopy
forests, in habitats flooded by acidic (black) waters such as streams and lakes
in the Amazon rainforest; seeds are dispersed by fishes.
JUNCACEAE
§ REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON
JUNE 26, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp. 13/440-450 Distribution
cosmopolitan, with their highest diversity in cold and temperate regions in the
Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Habit usually bisexual (rarely
monoecious, dioecious or gynodioecious), usually perennial (sometimes annual)
herbs. Graminids. Many spp. are aquatic or hygrophytic. Culm terete or
flattened in cross-section, smooth or with longitudinal ridges and furrows.
Juncaceae
are native in alpine meadows and in grasslands, especially in the highlands,
where they may be weedy. Some are endemic to the Andes (all Distichia, Oxychloe, Patosia and spp. of Juncus and Luzula), whereas other are
widely distributed, often temperate spp. in the
tropics members of the family are often found above (800-)-1,500 m above msl.
SYSTEMATIC outsider Alpinojuncus
(65, distribution unvailable).
1. Agathryon (Raf.)
Záv.Drábk. & Proćków. 117 spp., distribution unvailable. 11 spp. in
South America. A. balticum (Willd.) Záv.Drábk. & Proćków, A.
bufonium (L.) Záv.Drábk. & Proćków and A. effusum (L.)
Záv.Drábk. & Proćków widely worldwide, the two lastests in Brazil; A.
uruguense (Griseb.) Záv.Drábk. & Proćków and A. venturianum
(Castillón) Záv.Drábk. & Proćków from Bolivia to Uruguay; A.
cordobense (Barros) Záv.Drábk. & Proćków, A. imbricatum
(Laharpe) Záv.Drábk. & Proćków and A. ramboi (Barros)
Záv.Drábk. & Proćków widely in South America, all in Brazil; A.
dichotomum (Elliott) Záv.Drábk. & Proćków, from U.S.A. to Brazil,
Uruguay, Chile and Caribbean, and A. kleinii (Barros) Záv.Drábk. &
Proćków endemic to S Brazil.
2. Australojuncus
Záv.Drábk.
& Proćków. 10 spp., distribution unvailable, two in South America, A.
cyperoides Laharpe from California, disjunct from Colombia to Chile, and A.
planifolius R.Br., S Australia, New Zealand and Juan Fernández Is. in
Chile.
3. Boreojuncus Záv.Drábk.
& Proćków. 12 spp., unvailbale distribution, one in South America, B.
marginatus Rostk., from SE Canada to C & E U.S.A., California to
Honduras, Bermuda, Cuba, Jamaica, NW Venezuela to Bolivia and N Brazil
4. Distichia
Nees & Meyen. Cushion-forming
pickly herbs to several meters in diam.; dioecious, flowers lateral, in axills
of foliage leaves. Three spp. from high Andes from Colombia to N Argentina, one endemic
to Ecuador.
5. Juncinella Fourr. 17
spp., distribution unvailable. One sp. in South America, J. capillaceus
Lam., from NW Venezuela to southern South America and SE & S Brazil.
6. Juncus
L. Herbs, perennials and rhizomatous or
occasionally annual, mainly halophytes; leaves spiral, fully glabrous;
inflorescence few-to-many flowered, separate or congested in headlike clusters.
89 spp., cosmopolitan. 5 spp. in South America, J.
acutus L. widely worldwide inc. Brazil, J.
biflorus Elliott from C & E
U.S.A. to C America, Bermuda, Cuba, Venezuela, SE Brazil to Argentina, J.
grandiflorus L.f., from SC Chile to
Falkland Is., J. kraussii Hochst. disjunct in S Africa to Mozambique, Australasia,
Brazil to Argentina and Chile, and J.
magellanicus Lam. in New Zealand,
Ecuador, S Chile to Subantarctic Is.
7. Luzula
L. Herbs, perennials, rarely annual rhizomatous;
leaves spiral, margin ciliate; inflorescence many flowered, paniculate, spicate
or anthelate. 123 spp., cosmopolitan, 43 in New World, 19 in South America,
only one in Brazil, L. ulei Buchenau, endemic to highlands of SE Brazil in Minas Gerais, Santa
Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states.
8. Marsippospermum
Desv. Herbs to 60 cm tall; rhizome
creeping, scale bearing, sympodial; flowerinf stems erect, flowers terminal,
solitary. 4
spp., one in New Zealand, and remainig three in Patagonian of Chile and
Argentina, also Falklands Is.
9. Oxychloe
Phil. Cushion-forming
pickly herbs. to several meters in diam, less dense than Patosia or Distichia;
usually dioecious or rarely hermaphrodite flowers, this lateral in
axills of foliage leaves. 5 spp., in high Andes from Argentina and Chile up to
Patagonia, O. andina Phil. reaches in northern up to
Peru and Bolivia.
10. Patosia
Buchenau. Cushion-forming
herbs. to several meters in diam.; dioecious or rarely
hermaphrodite flowers, this lateral in axills of foliage leaves. Only one sp., P.
clandestina (Phil.) Buchenau, from the Andes from Bolivia to
northern Chile and Argentina.
11. Rostkovia
Desv. Herbs to 30 cm tall; flowers stems erect; flowers solitary,
terminal. Two spp., R. tristanensis Christoph. endemic to Tristan da
Cunha and R. magellanica (Lam.) Hook. f. from subantartic islands from
New Zealand to South Georgia, and South America mainland Patagonian, disjunct
in Ecuador.
12. Verojuncus Záv.Drábk.
& Proćków. 102 spp., distribution unvailable. 20 in South America, 5
only from Venezuela to Bolivia, 5 only from Argentina, Chile and Subantarctic
Is. zone, one in Uruguay, two from Colombia to Chile, two from Mexico to NW
South America, and five in Brazil, V. densiflorus (Kunth) Záv.Drábk.
& Proćków and V. micranthus (Schrad. ex E.Mey.) Záv.Drábk.
& Proćków widely in South America, V. austrobrasiliensis (Balslev)
Záv.Drábk. & Proćków and V. brasiliensis (Breistr.) Záv.Drábk.
& Proćków endemic to S & SE Brazil, V. microcephalus (Kunth)
Záv.Drábk. & Proćków from Mexico to Argentina, Chile, Paraguay,
Uruguay and SE Brazil.
CYPERACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS IN POWO ON NOVEMBER 27, 2024 +
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species 94/5,300–5,500
Distribution cosmopolitan, with their largest
diversity in cold and temperate regions. Habit usually bisexual or
monoecious (rarely andromonoecious, gynomonoecious, dioecious, androdioecious
or gynodioecious; unisexual flowers sometimes in bisexual pseudanthia), usually
perennial (sometimes annual) herbs (rarely shrubs, lianas or epiphytes; Microdracoides
consists of small trees). Graminids. Some species have bulb-like or tuberous
swollen internodes or stem bases. A few species possess stilt roots. Fimbristylis
fusca xeromorphic, with adventitious roots (with well developed velamen)
running down along envelope formed by persistent leaf bases.
3rd
largest family in the Monocots and 7th among the angiosperms; of
the 5,400 species described in 106 genera. Carex and
Cyperus are the most diverse genera. Carex comprises ca. 2,000
species, mostly from subtropical and temperate zones in the Northern Hemisphere
and less well represented in the Neotropics while Cyperus s.l. has ca.
1,000 species and is a cosmopolitan genus with numerous species associated with
flooded areas and many others considered weeds. The Neotropical region supports
ca. 1,500-2,000 species based on several non-integrated checklists, and Brazil
accounts for almost 700 of these.
SYSTEMATIC two
subfamilies, both in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
MAPANIOIDEAE (11–12/c 170) ‣
outsiders Capitularina (1; New Guinea), Exocarya (1; Papua New
Guinea, Queensland), Lepironia (1; Madagascar and eastwards to
Polynesia), Chorizandra (5; Australia, Tasmania, New Caledonia), Chrysitrix
(4; W Cape; W Australia), Paramapania (7; Malesia), Scirpodendron
(2; India and Sri Lanka to tropical Australia and Polynesia), Principina
(1; Principé in tropical W Africa).
1. Diplasia Rich. Tall
perennial with creeping rhizomes. Only one sp., D. karatifolia Rich.,
from Costa Rica to N Peru and Bolivia, Brazil (Amazon rainforest in W Maranhão
state), in rain forests.
2. Hypolytrum Rich.
Perennials, often on a thick woody rhizome. 63 spp., Senegal to Madagascar,
China to Australia, and 25 spp. from Mexico to Brazil (24, except H.
pallidiceps S.S. Hooper & T. Koyama, which is known from the Guyana
side of the Roraima Mountains on the border between Brazil and Venezuela; 11 endemic,
7 of them, in several states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book), all in South America.
3. Mapania Aubl. Herbs,
rhizomatous or stoloniferous perennials, sometimes medium-sized to tall (tufted
or rhizomatous) perennials with culms few-many-noded. 100 spp., Guinea to
Congo, India to Australia, and 20 from Nicaragua to Brazil (six spp., none endemic),
all in South America, mainly from in tropical rainforests and along open swamps.
2. SUBFAMILY
CYPEROIDEAE (c 98/c 4,300) ‣ 15
tribes, all in South America except Dulichieae (2/5,
North America, Europe, temperate Asia) and Sumatroscirpeae (1/4,
N Burma, S China, N Vietnam, N Sumatra).
CYPEROIDEAE ▸
UNPLACED CYPEROIDEAE - outsiders Afrotrilepis (2;
tropical W and C Africa), Nelmesia (1; N Congo), Neoscirpus (1; Korean
Peninsula), Reedia (1; W Australia), Trichoschoenus
(1; Madagascar).
4. Rhynchocladium
T.
Koyama. Only one sp., R. steyermarkii (T.Koyama) T.Koyama, endemic to Guiana
Shield in S Venezuela and Guyana, and in Mount Neblina (absent in Brazilian side),
in woodlands and savannas, at elevations of 500-2,400 m.
2.1 CYPEROIDEAE ▸
TRIBE TRILEPIDEAE (3/14) - outsiders Coleochloa (8;
tropical and S Africa, Madagascar), Microdracoides (1; tropical
W and C Africa).
5. Trilepis Nees. Tufted
perennials or dwarf shrubs with a caudex. 5 spp., T. kanukuensis Gilly from Venezuela to French Guiana, three endemic
to SE Brazil (all are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book, in Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais states), and T. lhotzkiana Nees ex
Arnott is the most widely distributed species, occurring in Venezuela and the
Brazilian states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais,
and Bahia.
Among
Neotropical Cyperaceae, desiccation tolerance is
confined to three Trilepis from SE Brazil.
2.2 CYPEROIDEAE ▸
TRIBE CRYPTANGIEAE (5/43) - all genera occur in
South America.
6. Cephalocarpus Nees. Tufted
or isolated caudex forming dwarf shrubs (sometimes epiphytic). 20 spp., from
Guiana Shield and surrounding areas in northern South America, in Venezuela,
Guyana, Colombia, Brazil (6, none endemic) and Suriname; additionally some
species occurs in mountains adjacent to the Andes, in Peru and Ecuador, with
similar edaphoclimatic conditions (Cordillera del Condor); its species are more
frequent and diverse at higher elevations on nutrient poor sandy or rocky
soils.
7. Cryptangium Schrad. ex
Nees. Monoecious herbs, with short and/or creeping rhizome; caudex absent;
inflorescence terminal, solitary, panicle-like. Only one sp., C.
verticillatum (Sprengel) Vitta, in non-Andean South America regions, from
of Guyana and Brazilian Shields southwards to southern areas of Brazil
(probably São Paulo state), from western Brazilian coast to eastern Colombian
Vaupés, on sandy soils.
8. Didymiandrum Gilly.
Dioecious herbs, with short creeping rhizome; caudex absent; inflorescence
terminal, solitary, panicle-lik; involucral bracts leaf-like, with elliptic to
oblong-elliptic blades. Only one sp., D. stellatum (Boeckeler) Gilly,
from Guyana Shield, in Venezuela, Guyana and Brazil in
borders of rain forest areas.
9. Exochogyne C.B.Clarke.
Monoecious herbs, with short creeping rhizome; caudex absent; inflorescence
terminal, solitary, congested or laxly spike-like. Involucral bracts leaf-like,
with linear-lanceolate to lanceolate blades, expanded at base and enclosing the
paracladia. Two spp., northern South America, on the eastern Guyana Shield and
in the Amazon basin in Brazil (1, none endemic), mainly in open vegetation, but
is also found in forested white-sand savannas, on nutrient poor sandy soils and
among rocks.
10. Krenakia S.M.Costa. Monoecious herbs, with short creeping rhizome; caudex
absent; inflorescence terminal, panicle-like. Involucral bracts leaf-like, with
linear- lanceolate to lanceolate blades. 10 spp., 8 endemic to Brazil, mainly
in rocky grasslands (campos rupestres), and two in Venezuela and Cuba
one endemic each, mainly in mountain top habitats, mainly in open or riparian
vegetation on nutrient poor soils.
11. Lagenocarpus Nees. Herbs perennials, rhizomatous or stoloniferous. 17 spp.,
Caribbean and Belize to southern South America,
in different non-Andean biomes but mainly in soils with low nutrient
availability, like sandy, rocky or waterlogged soils. 15 spp. in Brazil, six endemic,
three of them, in Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo states, are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
2.3 CYPEROIDEAE ▸
TRIBE SCLERIEAE (1/250–260) - a single
genus.
12. Scleria P. Bergius. Small annuals or medium sized to tal tufted, rhizomatous,
or even scrabing perennials. 256 spp., cosmopolitan except Europe and northern
Eurasia, 110 in New World, 90 in South America, 70 in Brazil, 18 endemic, one
of them, from Mato Grosso state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
2.4 CYPEROIDEAE ▸
TRIBE BISBOECKELEREAE (4/24) - all
genera in South America.
13. Becquerelia Brongn. Thufted or shotly rhizomatous, rarely stoloniferous or
perennials. 6 spp., three over N South America (all of then in Brazil) and
three Brazilian endemic.
14. Bisboeckelera Kuntze. Tufted, rarely shortly rhizomatous perennial. 4 spp. from
N South America, forests. Two spp. in Brazil, both in Amazon River northwards,
none endemic.
15. Calyptrocarya Nees. Herbs, rhizomatous or stoloniferous perennial. 8 spp. from
South America, four up to America Central, sometimes in Mexico, in forests. Six
spp. in Brazil, in Amazon rainforest, up to Maranhão state, one endemic.
16. Diplacrum R. Br. Annuals or tufted, rarely stoloniferous herbs. 12 spp.,
pantropical, in forests, oftem in savanas, with white sands. 4 spp. in New
World, 3 in South America, two in Brazil, none endemic.
2.5 CYPEROIDEAE ▸
TRIBE KOYAMAEEAE (1/1) - a single
genus
17. Koyamaea W. Thomas & Davidse. Loosely tufted to shortly
rhizomatous perennial. Only one sp., K. neblinensis W. Thomas
& Davidse, endemic to Mount Neblina in Guiana Shield (Amazonas state in
Brazil and Venezuela), at elevations of 500-2,000 m, in small
field place.
2.6 CYPEROIDEAE ▸
TRIBE SCHOENEAE (24/c. 390) - outsiders
Trianoptiles (3; N, W and E Cape); Gymnoschoenus (2; S Australia,
Tasmania), Tricostularia (5; Australia, one species also
in Malesia, S Asia and New Caledonia), Xyroschoenus (1; Seychelles), Morelotia (2; Hawai), Tetrariopsis (1; W
Australia), Tetraria (c. 50; Africa, Australia, New Zealand), Epischoenus (8;
W and E Cape, KwaZulu-Natal), Lepidosperma (c 65; Malesia to Australia,
New Caledonia, New Zealand), Neesenbeckia (1; W Cape), Cyathochaeta
(5; W Australia, SE New South Wales), Gahnia (c 40; E Asia, Malesia
to Australia, New Caledonia and islands in the Pacific incl. Hawaii), Mesomelaena (5; W
Australia), Ptilothrix (1; Queensland, New South
Wales), Evandra (2; W Australia), Caustis (5; Australia,
Tasmania), Cyathocoma (3; W Cape to KwaZulu-Natal, Mozambique), Capeobolus (1; W
and E Cape), Chamaedendron (5; New Caledonia), Costularia (20;
SE Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene Islands, Seychelles).
18. Carpha Banks & Sol. ex R.
Br.
Tufted, mat-forming (rarely stoloniferous) perennials, sometimes cushions. 15 spp., 14 in Uganda
to S. Africa, W Indian Ocean, S Japan, New Guinea to New Zealand, and C.
schoenoides
Banks & Sol. ex Hook. f. in Chile and Argentina.
19. Machaerina Vahl. 52 spp., Madagascar and Mascarenes to SE Asia, Malesia, SE
Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Caribbean, Pacific islands to North
America and South America. 10 spp. in New World, 5 in Caribbean, Juan Fernandes(
in Pacific Chile) and Guyana one endemic each, and three endemic to S & SE
Brazil, in swamps and open fields from mountains in Minas Gerais and Rio de
Janeiro state, in wetlands, sometimes as floating mats, or in woodlands, often
at high altitudes.
20. Oreobolus R. Br. Low cushions or tufted plants. 17 spp., Malesia to SE
Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Tahiti, Hawaii, Juan Fernandes, Falklands, 5
in W South America and Central, in wet alpine and subantartic vegetation. O.
goeppingeri Suess. occurs in Brazil in Mount Neblina and sand dunes in
Bahia coast.
21. Schoenus L. Herbs, perennial, cespitose, rhizomatous. 154 spp.,
centered in Australia, few in Africa, Eurasia and New World (5). S.
nigricans L. subcosmopolitan, inc. North America to Mexico and Caribbean,
often in humid grasslands or woodlands. Only one in Brazil, S. lymansmithii
M.T. Strong, very narrow endemic in Morro da Igreja in Santa Catarina.
2.7 CYPEROIDEAE ▸
TRIBE RHYNCHOSPOREAE (1/388) - a single
genus.
22. Rhynchospora Vahl. Herbs,
annual or perennial, cespitose or not, often scaly-rhizomatous. 388 spp., third largest genera
in family, 356 spp. in New World, 237 in
South America, 175 in Brazil, 78 endemic; with a marked concentration in
(sub)tropical America, most species preferring humid to wet habitats in
savannah vegetation, slightly centered in savannas of C Brazil (cerrado). Only seven spp. of flowering plants has the low chromosome number 2n = 4, of which only R. tenuis Willd. ex Link occurs in
South America (also in Caribbean); four spp., in four states, are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
2.8 CYPEROIDEAE ▸
TRIBE CYPEREAE (14/c. 1,200) - outsiders
Scirpoides (4; Mediterranean, S Africa, tropical and
subtropical regions in Asia), Hellmuthia (1; S coast of W
Cape), Erioscirpus (2; N India, Himalayas, N Burma), Dracoscirpoides
(2; South Africa), Afroscirpoides (1; South Africa), Actinoscirpus (1; tropical
and subtropical Asia to northern Australia and islands in the Pacific), Pseudoschoenus
(1; N, W and E Cape, Free State, Lesotho).
23. Bolboschoenus (Asch.)
Palla. Rhizomatous perennials, rhizome often forming
hardovoid tubers. 16 spp., over subcosmopolitan, 4 in New World, two widely in
Old and New World (inc. the single Brazilian species, B. maritimus (L.)
Palla), one only in U.S.A., and one widely in New World but absent in Brazil.
24. Cyperus L. Annuals, or tufted, rhizomatous, stoloniferous, or
bulbiferous perennials. 950 spp., well represented
in the tropics, extending towards the temperating regions, ranging from very
dry to permanently submerged, from open sunny places to dark forest, from acid
bogs to brackish marshes, several species on disturbed ground and becoming weed.
266 spp. in the New World; areas of high diversity and endemism includes
Mexico, the Greater Antilles, and NE Brazil. 174 spp. in South America, 119 in
Brazil, 30 endemic, two of them, from Bahia state, are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
The spikelet
morphology of C. prophyllatus A.R.O.Ribeiro, Pereira-Silva
& M.Alves (endemic to Espirito Santo state, Brazil) is unique
among the genus in having both a conspicuous spikelet prophyll and a corky
rachilla articulation, which remain persistent at the base of the spikelet
after disarticulation.
25. Ficinia
Schrad.
91 spp. from Old World, but F. nodosa (Rottb.) Goetgh. in St.
Helena, S Africa, S & E Australia, New Zealand, St. Paul I., Cook Is.,
Tubuai Is. and Juan Fernández Is. in Chile.
26. Fuirena Rottb. Small to medium sized annual or rhizomatous perennials. 55
spp., perennials, concentrated in New World (15) and Africa, mainly in open
places. Six spp. in South America, 4 in Brazil, one endemic, from Pernambuco
state, a rare
plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
27. Isolepis R. Br. Annuals, or mat-forming perennials. 70 spp.,
subcosmopolitan, with concentration in S Africa and Australia, 7 spp. in New
World, mostly in wetlands, or subaquatic, 5 in South America, only one in
Brazil.
28. Schoenoplectiella
Lye.
65 spp., cosmopolitan, 6 in New World, two in South
America, only S. supina (L.) Lye in Brazil (Santa Catarina state),
also in NE Argentina and in Old World.
29. Schoenoplectus (Reichb.)
Palla. Herbs usually perennial, sometimes annual,
cespitose or not, rhizomatous or not. 18 spp., cosmopolitan, 10 in New World, 4
in South America, scattered from North America to Cono Sur. Two in Brazil, both
very widely distributeds.
2.9 CYPEROIDEAE ▸
TRIBE ABILDGAARDIEAE (7/c. 520) - outsiders
Nemum (8; tropical Africa), Trachystylis (1; coastal
areas in E Queensland and NE New South Wales), Arthrostylis (1; tropical
Australia), Actinoschoenus (3; Madagascar, Sri Lanka, China, N and NW
Australia), Crosslandia (1; N Australia).
30. Abildgaardia Vahl. 9 spp.,
pantropical, only two in New World, A. mexicana (Palla) Kral from Mexico
and A. ovata (Burm.f.) Kral, widely in tropica and subtropics in New and
Old World, inc. Brazil.
31. Bulbostylis Kunth. Annual or tufted perennials, rarely with a elongate
rhizome. 220 spp., tropical to warm temperate, 84 in New World, centered in
Africa and South America (69); 56 spp. in Brazil, 23 endemic, six of them, in
several states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
32. Fimbristylis Vahl. Annual or tufted, more rarely creeping. 313 spp.,
pantropical to warm-temperate, heavy concentration in Australasia; mostly in
sunny, moist to wet places. 33 spp. in New World, 23 in South America, 18 in
Brazil, 8 endemic, two of them, both from Bahia state, are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
F.
fusca (Nees) Benth. ex C. B. Clarke (Asia to
Oceania) is xeromorphic, with adventitious roots (with well developed velamen)
running down along envelope formed by persistent leaf bases; among
Neotropical Cyperaceae, desiccation tolerance is confined to one Trilepis
and F. dichotoma (L.) Vahl., pantropical.
2.10 CYPEROIDEAE ▸
TRIBE ELEOCHARIDEAE (1/299) - a single genus.
33. Eleocharis R. Br. Small to medium sized tufted annuals or rhizomatous,
stoloniferous, rarely bulbiferous, perennials herbs, sometimes submerged
stoloniferous perennials, with floating to partly emerged culms. 300 spp.,
subcosmopolitan with a marked concentration in New World (195), 123 in South
America, 74 in Brazil, 30 endemic, 4 of them, all from Bahia state, are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book; wet lands, often
emergent, and sometimes submerged aquatic.
2.11 CYPEROIDEAE ▸
TRIBE CLADIEAE (1/4) - a single genus.
34. Cladium P. Browne. Rhizomatous, or stoloneferous perennials. 3 spp., one in
North America, C. costatum Steyerm. in wet areas in Venezuela and
Guyana, and C. mariscus (L.) Pohl subcosmopolitan; in Brazil this
species occur in E coast.
2.12 CYPEROIDEAE ▸
TRIBE SCIRPEAE (9/74) - outsiders
Khaosokia (1; peninsular Thailand); Calliscirpus (2; S
Oregon, California, NW Mexico); Eriophorum (20; temperate and
arctic regions on the Northern Hemisphere, South Africa).
35. Amphiscirpus
Oteng-Yeb.
Small perennial from a deep rhizome. Only one sp., A. nevadensis (S. Watson)
Oteng-Yeb., W Canada, U.S.A, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina, in sandy, semisaline
soil, often in a dried-up lake beds.
36. Phylloscirpus
C.
B. Clark. Small perennial on slender horizontal or vertical rhizome, sometimes cushions. Three spp. in Andean S America, from
Colombia to Argentina and Chile, in marsh pina grasslands, and bogs at high
altitudes.
37. Rhodoscirpus
Léveillé-Bourret.
Only one sp., R. asper (J.Presl & C.Presl) Lév.-Bourret, from
Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile.
38. Scirpus
L.
Tufted or rhizomatous perennials. 47 spp. from Eurasia,
Australia, Pacific Islands and New World (27), Mexico,. 9 in South America, disjunct
from Peru to Argentina and Chile, and Amazonas state in Venezuela.
39. Trichophorum
Pers.
Tufted or a creeping rhizomatous perennials, culms
scapose. 21 spp., northern Hemisphere to Mexico and Indonesia, also in South
America (three in South America, from Ecuador to Bolivia and Argentina), in
tundra zone or acid bogs, rarely on woodylands. 12 spp. in New World.
40. Zameioscirpus
Dhooge
& Goetgh. Cushions. Three spp. from Peru
and Bolivia to NW Argentina, Chile.
2.13 CYPEROIDEAE ▸
TRIBE CARICEAE (1/1,800) - a single genus.
41. Carex L. Herbs,
perennial, cespitose or not, rhizomatous, rarely stoloniferous; culms usually
trigonous, sometimes round; leaves basal and cauline, sometimes all basal;
inflorescences terminal, consisting of spikelets borne in spikes arranged in
spikes, racemes, or panicles; bracts subtending spikes leaflike or scalelike;
flowers unisexual; achenes biconvex, plano-convex, or trigonous, rarely
4-angled. 2,003 spp. (6th largest worldwide), cosmopolitan,
centered in some cold holartic áreas; it´s absent in tropical lowlands except
for a few species in SE Asia. 755 spp. in New World, 189 in South America, 29
in Brazil, six endemic. Carex displays
the most dynamic chromosome evolution of all flowering plants (n
= 6 to n = 66); seven subgenera:
§ subg. Soderostrica
‣ 30
spp., endemic to E Asia, with a centre of diversity in SE Asia.
§ subg. Carex
‣ 1374
spp., cosmopolitan, only absent from Antarctica.
§ subg. Euthyceras
‣ 124
spp., widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, with disjunct centres of
diversity in North America and Himalayas, with C. arctogea Harry Sm.
disjunct in Argentina an Chile, some specie also in New Zealand.
§ subg. Psyllophorae
‣ 53
spp., Western Palearctic, South America, sub-Saharan Africa, and New Zealand,
reaching Arabian Peninsula, with centres of diversity in Patagonia and Cape
Region.
§ subg. Uncinia
‣ 99
spp., primarily the Neotropics, Australia and New Zealand, but also lineages
endemic to North America, the former genus Uncinia also present in
Malesia and Pacific and sub-Antarctic archipelagos; it is the only group of Carex
present in a true Antarctic region [C. meridensis (Steyerm.) J.R.Starr,
South Georgia archipelago]; disjunct centres of diversity in South America and
New Zealand.
§ subg. Vignea
‣ c.
330 spp., cosmopolitan, with a centre of diversity in North America, some in S
Brazil.
LINEAGE
5 of 6: MAYACACEAE/XYRIDACEAE/ERIOCAULACEAE
MAYACACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 26, 2024
Genera/spp.
1/5 Distribution SE U.S.A., the Caribbean, Central and South America;
one sp. (Mayaca baumii Gürke) in SW
Africa (Angola and possibly Congo and Zambia; due to recent distance
dispersal). Distribution bisexual, perennial rooted herbs. herbs.
Aquatic or helophytic. Amphibious herbs with ericoid
leaves.
Mayacaceae
belongs within the Order Poales, but differ vegetatively from most of the other
members of this order. Anthers in some spp. are monothecal, the nucellar epidermis
is basally thickened and the outer layer of the endosperm
has proteins.
Key
differences from similar families Differs from other aquatic plants
such as:
ü
Pontederiaceae,
which have inflated petioles and flowers arranged in dense inflorescences.
ü
Haemodoraceae,
where the calyx and corolla are fused and septal nectaries
present.
SYSTEMATIC
A single genus.
1. Mayaca Aubl.
Aquatic to telmatic perennial, rooted herbs, leaves in umbel or simples,
spirally arranged along this stems; flowers solitary, axillary, emergent,
actinomorphic, perfect, pink or white; aquatic submerged or amphibious, inner
or along watercourses, low deep. 5 spp., M. baumii Gürke from SW
Africa in Congo,
S. DR Congo to Angola, and possibly Zambia, due to recent distance dispersal, and 4
native to tropical and warm-temperate America, all in
Brazil, M. fluviatilis Aubl. SE U.S.A., the Caribbean,
Central and South America up to Argentina, M. longipes Mart. ex
Seub. and M. sellowiana Kunth over South America, the latter also in
Costa Rica, and M. kunthii Seub. more restricted, from Brazil, Venezuela
and Uruguay, found nearly
throughout the country, growing in rivers and perennial or temporary lagoons;
species differentiation is quite a hard task, relying on anatomical features of
the androecium, presence or absence of inflorescence and corolla color.
ERIOCAULACEAE
§ (Brocchnia
- Catopsis - Paepalanthus - Drosera
- Heliamphora - Philcoxia - Genlisea - Utricularia -
Pinguincula)
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 26, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp. 16(own
data)/c. 1,270 Distribution tropical and subtropical regions on
the Southern and Northern Hemispheres, with their largest diversity in the Guiana
Shield and SE Brazil; a few spp. of Eriocaulon in temperate parts of
Europe, E Asia and North America; Mesanthemum: tropical Africa,
Madagascar. Habit usually monoecious (rarely dioecious or bisexual),
perennial or annual herbs. Many spp. are helophytes and some are aquatic.
1,200
species with ca. 850 species and nine genera concentrated in South America,
especially in Brazil; the main centers of taxonomic and morphological diversity
are the Espinhaço Range and the Guiana Shield, most of them are distributed in
the Brazilian campo rupestre vegetation, comprising more than 80% of the
species; secondary centers of diversity are located in the central savannas,
especially in Goiás and Mato Grosso, and in the Amazon rainforest domain; in
these two areas diversity is greatly underestimated, as they have been poorly
collected and barely studied.
A fairly
recent development has been expansion of the trade in everlasting plants
(‘sempre-vivas’) - collection and trade in dried inflorescences of some 40 wild
spp., several of them rare endemic, that are in demand particularly for export
to U.S.A., Japan and Europe. About 300 metric tonnes dry weight are being
obtained yearly. The spp. most prized for their beauty are the Eriocaulaceae Comanthera
elegans (Bong.) L.R. Parra & Giul., C. brasiliana (Giul.) L.R.
Parra & Giul., C. suberosa (Giul.) L.R. Parra & Giul., C.
magnifica (Giul.) L.R. Parra & Giul., Syngonanthus
xeranthemoides (Bong.) Ruhland, Actinocephalus
macrocephalus (Bong.) F.N.Costa & Sano
and Leiothrix flavescens (Bong.) Ruhland; the scapes
and inflorescences of these spp. are collected and dried in the sun, to be sold
as ornamental objects and often exported from Brazil to different countries;
some spp. in the states of Bahia, Minas Gerais, and Tocantins are critically
endangered due to over-exploitation.
SYSTEMATIC
two subfamilies, both in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
ERIOCAULOIDEAE (2/c. 500) -
outsider is Mesanthemum (16, tropical and subtropical Africa,
Madagascar).
1. Eriocaulon L. Annual or
perennial herbs, mostly rosulate, highly variable in size, submerged or
floating spp. 489 spp. worldwide (truly pantropical, with at least one
species reaching temperate areas in Europe, also in Japan and Australia), 122
in New World, 78 in South America, 72 in Brazil, 57 endemic (9 are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, in several states, mainly
in Minas Gerais).
2. SUBFAMILY
PAEPALANTHOIDEAE (17/c 770) ‣ four
clades, all in South America.
2.1 PAEPALANTHOIDEAE ▸
CLADE RONDONANTHUS (1/5)
- a single genus.
2. Rondonanthus Herzog. Herbs, perennial, rosulate; flowers trimerous, unisexual,
hermaphrodite or male. 6 spp. endemic to Guiana Shield in Venezuela, at elevations
of 100-2,800
m, R. duidae (Gleason) Hensold & Giul. up to N Brazil and R. capillaceus (Klotzsch ex
Koern.) Hensold & Giuliett up to Guyana and Mount Aracá in Amazonas and
Oiapoque River in Amapá state at N Brazil.
2.2 PAEPALANTHOIDEAE ▸
LEIOTHRIX CLADE (1/50) - a single
genus.
3. Leiothrix Ruhland. Eriocaulon-like, sometimes cushion-like. 39 spp., L. flavescens (Bong.) Ruhland occurs in
Brazil, Bolivia, Venezuela, Guyana, Peru and Colombia, L. celiae Moldenke is
exclusively to Venezuela, and the remaining 47 taxa are endemic to small
mountainous areas in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais and Bahia (13, one in
Bahia and 12 remaining in Minas Gerais state, are rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book). L. fluitans
(Mart.) Ruhland is the only aquatic taxon in the genus.
2.3 PAEPALANTHOIDEAE ▸
CLADE SYNGONANTHUS (2/161) - both genus in
South America.
4. Comanthera L. B. Smith. Herbs, rosulate or caulescent. 38 spp., 35
in Brazil (31 endemic), inc. four up to Venezuela, Colombia,
Bolivia, Guyana and Suriname, and three restricteds for Venezuela and Guyana
zone, in two subgenera, subg. Comanthera (c. 20), and subg. Thysanocephalus (c. 15), with its diversity
concentrated in the Espinhaço Range in SE Brazil and in the Guiana Shield; most
spp. are restricted to rocky grasslands (campos rupestres) of quartzitic
origin, an ecosystem composed of rocky outcrops and white-sand savannas mixed
with gallery forest and influenced by the surrounding biomes, notably the
Atlantic Forest and the savannas of C Brazil (cerrado).
5. Syngonanthus Ruhland.
Herbs, rosulate
or caulescent; inflorescence in the center of rosette, short to long. 147
spp., 16 in Africa and 131 in New World, 3 in Cuba, 4 in Belize, S.
flavidulus (Michx.) Ruhland in SE U.S.A., one in Panamá, and 122 in South
America, 119 exclusive. 109 spp. in Brazil (75 endemic, 20 in several
states are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book) are
distributed all over the country, but concentrated in the savannas of C
Brazil (cerrado); it is the most diverse genus of
Eriocaulaceae in the Amazon rainforest. Some
populations of S. umbellatus (Lam.) Ruhland in northern Pará state,
Brazil, have strog remarkable blue anthers,
a feature unique in this family.
2.4 PAEPALANTHOIDEAE ▸
PAEPALANTHUS COMPLEX (12/474)
- outsiders Nisius (7,
Cuba) and Lachnocaulon (6, SE North America to Cuba).
Classfication
below excludes 13 spp., Paepalanthus balansae Ruhland from Brazil
to Paraguay, possibly a new genus, P. bosseri (Morat) Stützel and P.
itremensis (Morat) Stütze from Madagascar, both possibly new genera each; P.
extremensis Silveir from C Brazil, possibly a Floralia species; P.
guaraiensis Moldenke, P. scholiophyllus Ruhland and P. lundii
Körn. from C & SE Brazil, these poor related and possibly a new genus; P.
magistrae Sano from Piauí state, possibly a new genus; P. mellii
Moldenke from Mexico and P. pauper Moldenke from Guyana, these placed in
Syngonanthus; P. lamarckii Kunth from Gambia to Zambia and
Tanzania, Madagascar, Belize and Caribbean to Bolivia and Brazil, P.
obtusifolius (Steud.) Körn. from Brazil [BA], and P. tortilis
(Bong.) Körn. from over northern South America, these very strong related and
possibly united in a new genus.
6.
Actinocephalus (Körn.) Sano. Perennial or
monocarpic perennial herbs.Stems short or elongated, with rosulate or spiral
leaves. 54 spp., endemic to Brazil, from Alagoas to Rio Grande do Sul and
Tocantins states.
7.
Cora Andrino & Sano.
Perennial herbs; stems short with rosulateleaves; third-order inflorescence
consisting of scapes with capitula emerging from the apex of the fertile main
axis; flowers dimerous, pistillate flowers with free petals and free stigmatic branches.
22 spp., all endemic to Brazil except C. chiquitensis (Herzog) Andrino also in Bolivia, Colombia and Venezuela.
8.
Cryptanthella (Suess.)
Andrino. Cushion plants orplants with flat mats of rosettes, outer capitulum
whorl withtrimerous pistillate flowers, staminate flowers central. 14 spp., 8
from Venezuela (4), Colombia (6), Ecuador (3), Peru (4), Bolivia (2), and six
endemic to Brazil.
9.
Floralia Andrino & F.N.Costa. Perennial herbs;
stems short with rosulateleaves or stems elongated, branched, erect and
flexible, withspiral leaves along the stem. 15 spp., endemic to E Brazil, in
states of Minas Gerais, Bahia, Goiás and São Paulo, with only one species known
from Rio Grande do Sul, only from the type collection.
10. Giuliettia Andrino & Sano. Annual herbs; stems elongated, un-branched, rarely
branched. Second-order inflorescences con-sisting of scapes and capitula
emerging from the same pointat the stem apex. 31 spp., 26 widely distributed in
tropical South America, almost in over Brazil (20, 10 endemic), reaching the
Guayana Shield in Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia, two in Belize and three in W
Cuba.
11. Gnomus Andrino & Sano. Herbs,
annual or perennials, which never exceed 20 cm in height, with some
speciesbeing among the smallest in Eriocaulaceae, with only 1 cm. 6 spp., endemic
to highlands of central Brazil (Veadeiros Chain), Espinhaço Range and Atlantic
sandy coastal shrublands (restingas), in Goiás, Minas Gerais and Bahia states, Brazil.
12. Hydriade Andrino. Herbs, perennials, distinguished from all othergenera of
Eriocaulaceae by the elongate, erect to ascendingstem, covered by persistent
leaves, and by terminal inflorescences in which one or two lateral
ramifications develop afterthe emergence of the scapes with capitula, with
continuous growth of the vegetative parts. 7 spp., 5 endemic to Brazil and two
in Ecuador and Peru.
13. Monosperma (Hensold) Andrino. Herbs, perennials, single-seeded indehiscent
fruits, in contrast to the capsular fruits produced by most Eriocaulaceae. 24
spp., all endemic to the Pantepui, in the Guiana Shield of Venezuela (22, 15 endemic),
Brazil (3, M. septentrionalis (Trovó)
Andrino endemic), and Guyana (6, one endemic), with M. gleasonii (Moldenke) Andrino in all three countries; most species are narrow endemic
to the summits of one or few tepui formations.
14. Paepalanthus Mart. Perennial
or annual herbs; stems short orelongated, branched or unbranched; first-order
inflores-cences, rarely second order; trimerous flowers, pistillate flowers
with free petals and free stigmatic branches. 258 spp., all endemic to Brazil -
largely restricted to the rocky grasslands (campos rupestres) of the
Espinhaço Range and adjacent mountains, with few species in the Serra da
Mantiqueira complex, and in Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas) - except by 15 spp., all in subg. Platycaulon, one
of them in Brazil and Peru (P. planifolius (Bong.) Körn.), and 14 fully absent
, from Costa Rica to Colombia (all) and Venezuela.
15. Tonina Aubl. Annual
herb. Stems elongated, branched,erect and flexible, with spiral leaves along
the stem. Only one sp., T. fluviatilis Aubl. widely distributed in
the Neotropics, occurring in coastal flooded areas of Central and South
America.
XIRYDACEAE
§ REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON
JUNE 26, 2024
Genera/spp.
5/c. 380 Distribution tropical and subtropical regions on the Southern
and Northern Hemispheres, with the largest diversity in northern South America;
few spp. in temperate areas. Habit bisexual, usually perennial
(sometimes annual) herbs. Often helophytic (rarely aquatic); some spp. are
xerophytic.
Plants of
seasonally or permanently wet habitats, with
the
major generic diversity occurs in Guiana Shield with three small endemic
genera, although the number of spp. in the largest and most widely distributed
genus Xyris is fewer there than
in the rocky grasslands (campos rupestres) of Brazil.
SYSTEMATIC
two subfamilies, both (and their all genera) in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
XYRIDEAE (1/250–260)
‣ a single genus.
1. Xyris L. Usually
rosulate (less often caulescent), solitary or caespitose, sometimes rhizomatous
or bulbous herbs, also cushions; few are
true aquatic; yellow epedicellate flowers in spikes, subssessile, solitary in
bracts axil. 383 spp., pantropical, reaching to Canada Argentina and China, 273
in New World, 236 in South America. 176 found in Brazil (131 endemic, 31 of then are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, in Amazonas, Goiás, São
Paulo, Bahia and Minas Gerais (mainly) states), 46 are endemic to the Espinhaço Range and 14 exclusive to the Serra do
Cipó,
often
associated with wetlands and habitats affected by periodic fires, such as bogs
and savannas and also humid rock outcrops at high
elevations; three sects:
§ sect. Nematopus
‣ the
most diverse with ca. 250 species mainly in South America and basal or central
placentation.
§ sect. Pomatoxyris
‣ the
smallest section with 22 species restricted to Australia and has axillary
placentation.
§ sect. Xyris
‣ pantropical
and has ca. 140 species with parietal placentation.
2. SUBFAMILY
ABOLBODOIDEAE (4/c 25) ‣
all genera in South America (with their largest diversity in the Guiana Shield).
2. Achlyphila
Maguire
& Wurdack. Perennial from slender, branched rhizomes; inflorescence usually
with 2 approximate, distichously arranged leaflike spathes subtending 1-3
flattened-pedicelled flowers, sepals 3, lanciform, chaffy. Only one sp.,
endemic to Pantepui Life Zone, A. disticha Maguire & Wurdack, known
only from summit elevations of Mount Neblina on the Venezuelan side of
Venezuela/Brazilian frontier, at elevations of 1,700-2,300 m.
3. Abolboda Humb. &
Bonpl. Cespitose or solitary, often cushion-like,
mostly glabrous perennials, rarely annuals; inflorescence subsessile to
strongly scapose; leaves mostly basal. 21 spp., highly centered in Guiana
Shield (15 restricted of this area) in N South America, few reaching to S &
SE Brazil (12, one endemic) and Bolivia (three spp., one endemic), boggy, cold
to warm habitats, mainly in open places.
4. Aratitiyopea Steyerm.
& P. E. Berry.
Robust, Navia-like, perennials from a thick rhizome; dowstem and
upperstem leaves sub-dimorphic, up a ‘leaf-cephalia’ subtending flowers (this
largest, with colorful bracts), this actinomorphic, 7-10 cm, white to pale
purple. Only one sp., A. lopezii (L. B. Smith) Steyem. & Berry,
highly ornamental, from NW Brazil in Amazonas state, S Venezuela and SE
Colombia, and one (possibly the same species) disjunct record of Cordillera del
Condor, northern Peru.
5. Orectanthe Maguire.
Glabrous perennias; stems very short (basal rosetes) or erect short; scapes
1-several, naked, variously elongate; inflorescence a large, terminal burrlike
head; flowers pale yellow, rarely purple. Two spp. endemic to Guiana Shield in Venezuela and Guyana,
O. sceptrum (Oliv.) Maguire
reaching in N Brazil (Roraima and Amazonas states), in sandstones of region,
in medium to high elevation, at elevations
of 500-2,800 m.
LINEAGE
6 of 6: POACEAE and RELATED GRAMINIDS
RESTIONACEAE
§ REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON
JUNE 26, 2024
Genera/spp.
48/500-505 Distribution southern Africa, Madagascar, Indochina,
Malesia, New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, New Guinea
and SE Asia northwards to Hainan and Indochina (Chordifex), with the
largest diversity in SW Australia and the W Cape Province in South Africa; Apodasmia:
Chile; southernmost South America (one sp. of Gaimardia in Tierra
del Fuego and the Falkland Islands). Habit
Usually dioecious (in Coleocarya, Centrolepis, Gaimardia, Aphelia
and Lepyrodia monoecious, andromonoecious or
polygamomonoecious; in, e.g., some spp. of Lepyrodia
sometimes bisexual), perennial (sometimes annual, usually annual in Centrolepis,
Gaimardia and Aphelia) herbs. Graminids. Often xeromorphic. Culm
photosynthesizing, simple or branched (branches sometimes verticillate),
usually terete (rarely quadrangular or flattened in cross-section), smooth,
verrucose, striate, furrowed or pitted, medullated or with a hollow centre,
often with compact swollen nodes.
Use
Ornamental plants (Elegia sp. etc.), thatching (Thamnochortus
insignis Mast., etc.), forage plants.
SYSTEMATIC 4
subfamilies, Restionoideae (c 17/350–355, Africa south of Sahara, Madagascar,
Australia) and Sporadanthoideae (3/22, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand,
Chatham Islands) do not occur in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
LEPTOCARPOIDEAE (23/c 90) ‣ outsiders
are 22 genera, 20 restricted of Australia, Empodisma (2; Australia,
Tasmania, New Zealand) and Dapsilanthus (4; Hainan, Thailand, Indochina,
the Malay Peninsula, Aru Islands, New Guinea, Northern Territory, N
Queensland).
1. Apodasmia
B.G.Briggs
& L.A.S.Johnson. Three spp., one in
Australia, one in New Zealand, and A. chilensis (Gay) B.G.Briggs
& L.A.S.Johnson in Chile.
2. SUBFAMILY
CENTROLEPIDOIDEAE (3/36) ‣
outsiders are Aphelia (6; Australia) and Centrolepis (26;
Hainan, Indochina, Malesia to Australia).
2. Gaimardia
Gaudich. Herbs, sometimes cushions.
4 spp., two in Tasmania, one in New Guinea, Tasmania, New Zealand South Island,
and G. australis Gaudich. in Falkland Islands, Magellan Strait region in
Chile and Argentina.
POACEAE
§ REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON
JANUARY 21, 2025 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp. 793/c.
12,074; Distribution cosmopolitan including polar areas; Habit usually
bisexual (sometimes monoecious, andromonoecious, gynomonocious,
polygamomonoecious, dioecious, androdioecious, or gynodioecious), usually
perennial, biennial or annual herbs (sometimes woody, up to c. 40 m tall).
Graminids. Sometimes helophytes, rarely aquatic. Numerous spp. are xerophytes.
Culm terete to elliptic in cross-section, usually with hollow (fistulose;
sometimes medullated solid) internodes and solid swollen nodes.
The
Poaceae has at least 11,000 species recorded in ca. 700 genera which makes it
the fifth largest plant family and the second among the Monocots (a global
checklist is available and continuously updated by Soreng et al. 2014).
Grasses are distributed throughout all continents and are found in almost all
continental environments of the planet. Festuca, Poa, Stipa,
Eragrostis and Paspalum are the most diverse genera.
In
the Neotropics, more than 4,000 species of grasses in almost 300 genera are
known, with Paspalum and Eragrostis being especially diverse.
Poaceae is a sister group of a clade composed of two small families,
Ecdeiocoleaceae (1/3, Australia) and Joinvilleaceae (1/4, Pacific zone), and
comprises the graminid clade with Flagellariaceae (1/4, Paleotropics).
DIVERSITY
some regions in the Neotropics must be highlighted for the
diversity and taxonomic importance they represent for Poaceae. The Central
Brazilian savannas holds an impressive diversity, especially of C4 species of
Panicoideae and Chloridoideae; the Atlantic Forest, Guiana Shield and Andes are
home to several endemic species; the Amazon Forest, although having not been
satisfactorily inventoried, is also important for its diversity of habitats and
species; and finally the Pampas is also highly diverse. In the savannas
of C Brazil (cerrado) ca. 700 species in 126 genera
occur, which represents almost 50% of the total number cited to the country.
Savannas
of C Brazil (CERRADO) - this amazing grass diversity can
be associated with the variety of habitats which can be found in the savannas
of C Brazil (cerrado), such as riparian forests,
grasslands, rocky outcrops, wetlands, among others, some of which are subjected
to fire; the three richest genera belong to Panicoideae: Paspalum (153),
Axonopus (41) and Panicum (34), followed by Eragrostis (33),
Digitaria (27) and Aristida (26); the rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres) of the Espinhaço Range
supports at least 36 endemic species besides peculiar genera such as Apochloa,
Dichanthelium, Renvoizea and the monotypic Plagiantha tenella Revoinze;
the quartzitic mountains of Veadeiros National Park and the serpentine soils of
Niquelândia region (state of Goiás) are also remarkable for their high levels
of endemism. Filgeuirasia species, Actinonocladum verticillatum (Nees)
McClure ex Soderstr. and Aulonemia effusa (Hack.) McClure are a
few bamboos adapted to fire.
ATLANTIC
FOREST - Atlantic Forest is one of the centers of diversity of bamboos in the
world, with more than 160 native species, 135 of them endemic; it also houses a
high diversity of Panicoideae (C3 taxa) adapted to shady habitats, such as Ichnanthus,
Parodiophyllochloa, and Ocelochloa. In the high-altitude
grasslands (campos de altitude) some odd
plants such as Glaziophyton mirabile Franch.; Cambajuva ulei (Hack.)
P. L. Viana, L. G. Clark & Filg., Cortaderia modesta (Döll) Hack., Apochloa
lutzii (Swallen) Zuloaga & Morrone, as well as several species
of Chusquea sect. Swallenochloa and Dicahnthelium are
found; the high-altitude forests associated with these mountains are also rich
in endemic species of woody bamboo, mainly from Merostachys, Chusquea
and Aulonemia, and some Panicoideae, such as Paradiophyllochloa
penicillata (Nees ex Trin.) Zuloaga & Morrone, Ocelochloa latissima (J.C.Mikan
ex Trin.) Zuloaga & Morrone, and Hymenachne condensata (Bertol.)
Chase. Colanthelia and Apoclada, endemic genera of bamboo, are
also found in high-altitude forests; the central part of the Atlantic Forest
(southern Bahia and Espírito Santo) is relevant to the diversity of grasses
including the narrow endemic and threatened basal grass Anomochloa
marantoidea Brongn.; herbaceous bamboo, such as Raddia, Piresia,
Diandrolyra, Olyra, Parianella, and Eremitis, and
woody ones in Alvimia, Atractantha, and Eremocaulon.
GUIANA
SHIELD - Davidse et al. (2007) cited 526 species to the Guiana Shield
and most of the endemic ones are related to the Tepuis, such as Cortaderia
roraimensis (N.E.Br.) Pilg. and other species in Arthrostylidium,
Aulonemia, Dichanthelium, Chusquea, Myriocladus and Trichanthecium.
AMAZON
RAINFOREST - The Amazon Forest has not been satisfactorily inventoried but some
typical components of the agrostological flora can be highlighted. The lowland
forests are the main center of endemism of herbaceous bamboos in Pariana (ca.
30), besides Guadua (at least 10), Olyra (14), Raddiella (5)
and the poorly known genera Agnesia and Froesiochloa. Other
species are typical from open, white-sand savanna vegetation, especially of the
Neotropical genera Axonopus and Paspalum and the monotypic Arundoclaytonia
dissimilis Davidse & R.P. Ellis and Steyermakochloa angustifolia (Spreng.)
Judz, which seem to be endemic to this habitat; the scarce mountains in the
region are also diverse and include several species endemic to the iron
rocky-ferruginous grasslands (canga) in the Serra dos Carajás, the
sandstone formation of Serra do Cachimbo and the granitic rocky outcrops of
Serra do Tumucumaque in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana and Suriname.
ANDES
- The Andes are highly diverse in woody bamboo genera including the endemic
genera Aulonemia, Arthrostylidium, Chusquea, Elytrostachys and
Rhipidocladum, which are often associated with high-altitude forests and
the Páramos (especially Chusquea and Aulonemia). According
to these authors, 90% of the bamboo species in the Andes are endemic. Some
groups of grasses which are especially rich in temperate regions and belong
mainly to Poideae are also well represented in the region, such as Poa, Festuca,
Piptochaetium, and Cortaderia.
South
America conspectus with genera:
Other
aspects of the eco-physiology of Poaceae to be taken into account:
Cold
Tolerance. The ecological success of Poaceae is not just because some
adopted C4 photosynthesis; cooler temperate grasslands in the northern
hemisphere are dominated by Poöideae, all of which are C3 grasses; thus
although about 16% of all species growing in Quebec and Labrador north of 54º N
are Cyperaceae, it is Poaceae that are next at 11%, and all are members of
Poöideae. Poöideae have a complex relationship between freezing tolerance, day
length, vernalization, and flowering. Core Poöideae evolution may be linked
with the cooling at the beginning of the Oligocene ca 33-27 m.y.a., gene
families implicated in low temperature-induced stress response expanding prior
to Poöideae diversification; the genes seem to have been under positive
selection; proteins that inhibit ice recrystallization are known from the
group; fructans are probably also involved in cold tolerance. Low levels of
fructan - specifically levans - accumulation have been noted in many Poaceae,
but notably high levels are found only in Poöideae, although not in taxa of the
‘basal’ pectinations like Nardus, Stipa and Phalaridinae;
fructans may enable Poöideae that accumulate them to survive drought or frost
better, and they have been implicated in stabilizing cell membranes at low
temperatures.
As
mentioned, the evolution of Poöideae may initially be linked with cooling at
the onset of the Oligocene, but much subsequent diversification is later and
associated with Pleistocene cooling. Thus the Poa alliance, whose 775
species are about 1/5th of all Poöideae, may have begun diversifying in the
Miocene ca 15 m.y.a., but most is Palaeocene and younger, occurring within the
last 4 m.y. Furthermore, the diversification rates are very high, up to 3.93 species/million
year, although this depends on dating, and much is not connected with obvious
island-like areas.
Other
grasses also tolerate cooler condition, including the more northerly temperate
bamboos (Bambusoideae: Arundinarieae) and the austral Danthonioideae. In the
latter, evolution of cold tolerance is estimated to have begun ca 25 m.y.a.
during the late Oligocene in Africa. The two species of Danthonioideae studied
(Chionochloa) seemed to tolerate cold conditions by controlling ice nucleation.
Some Poaceae
show allelopathic reactions with other plants, Sorghum roots producing
an allelopathic quinone (an oxygen-substituted aromatic compound) and Festuca
roots meta-tyrosine, a non-protein amino acid. Benzoxazinoids like DIMBOA
(2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one), cyclic hydroxamic acids, are
largely restricted to Poaceae, and are found in both Panicoideae and Poöideae.
They confer resistance to fungi, insects (volatilized, they attract wasps that
parasitize the herbivorous insects earting them), and even herbicides, and are
also allelopathic, but less so to other grasses than other plants.
Poaceae such
as Spartina (= Sporobolus sect. Spartina) and Puccinellia
are major elements of salt marshes; the C4 Sporobolus sect. Spartina
(Chloridoideae) is a particularly prominent component of temperate salt marshes
where it dominates large areas; there has been past hybridisation in the genus,
and hybridization also occurs between introduced and native species, some of
the products being very invasive. Salt tolerance in grasses is quite widely
distributed, and two thirds of the species are also C4 plants. Some 200+
species are involved, and weak salt tolerance - tolerance of salinity up to ca
80mM NaCl - has evolved some 76 times, possibly being preceed by the
acquisiition of C4 photosynthesis. Euhalophytes, tolerating at least 200mM
NaCl, about half the salinity of sea water, have evolved some 43 times, and in
both cases the clades involved are young and small. Functioning salt glands are
known only from Chloridoideae. A number of grasses in different subfamilies
accumulate glycine betaines and other compounds commonly associated with
allowing plants to grow in saline conditions. Bambusoideae and Danthonioideae
are notable for lacking even weak halophytes.
Woody
bamboos tend to colonize forest gaps and edges and can dominate in the canopy
and understory of both temperate and tropical forests, particularly in
mountainous regions. In western Amazonia around 160,000 km2 of
forests is dominated by two species of Guadua, possibly because of the
activities of the geoglyph builders who became active around 4,000 years ago.
Even herbaceous bamboos (Olyreae) may dominate understory vegetation. However,
although bamboos are the second most important woody monocot clade (after
palms), they do not appear in the very top ranks of any of the important
ecological traits studied.
At least
some species of Micraira (Micrairoideae) are resurrection plants
(Sanchez-Ken et al. 2007).
SYSTEMATIC 13
subfamilies. Anomochloideae, Pharoideae, Guaduelioidae and Puelioideae comprise
the basal grass clade; Panicoideae, Aristioideae, Chloridoideae, Micrairoideae,
Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae make up the PAC-MAD clade; and Pooideae,
Errhartroideae and Bambusoideae are the subfamilies of the BEP clade.
11
subfamilies in the Neotropics, except Puelioideae (1/5) and Guaduelioidae
(1/6), both endemic to Africa and former united in the former name. The first
four subfamilies occur mainly in forests, frequently with pseudopetiolate
leaves, and their photosynthetic pathway is C3 (Bambusoideae) or presumed
C3. The representatives of the other subfamilies occur predominantly in
open savannas and grasslands and present generally linear and not
pseudopetiolate leaves, with C3 or C4 photosynthesis, depending on the
subfamily.
South America includes 60 genera absent in Brazil, 30 in Pooideae,
17 in Chloridioideae, six in Panicoideae, 5 in Bambusoideae and two in other
clades.
1. SUBFAMILY
ANOMOCHLOOIDEAE (2/4) ‣ the
most basal family; two monotypic tribes, both in South America.
1.1. ANOMOCHLOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE ANOMOCHLOEAE (1/1) - a single genus.
1. Anomochloa
Brongn.
Rhizomatous perennial, herbaceous; looking more like a member of zingiberales
than a grass. Only one sp., A. marantoidea Brongn., a rare
herbaceous grass (by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book) that grows exclusively
in shaded, tropical forests of Una municipality, in Bahia state, NE Brazil.
1.2 ANOMOCHLOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE STREPTOCHAETEAE (1/3)
2. Streptochaeta
Schrad. ex Nees. Herbs perennial, rhizomatous (the internodes crowded), with
inflorescence spike-like. Three spp., from Mexico to Argentina, S.
angustifolia Soderstr. endemic to Espírito Santo state, Brazil, S.
sodiroana Hack. from Mexico to NW South America, and S. spicata
Schrad. ex Nees widely distributed.
2. SUBFAMILY
PHAROIDEAE (3/12) ‣ outsiders Leptaspis (3; tropical
Africa, Madagascar, the Comoros, tropical Asia from India and Sri Lanka to
Queensland and Melanesia), Scrotochloa (2; India, Sri
Lanka, Burma, SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon
Islands, Queensland).
3. Pharus P. Browne. 7 spp., Mexico to Argentina, Florida and Caribbean, all in
South America, 4 in Brazil (all very distributed). Most spp. are widely
distributed, although there are two, P. ecuadoricus Judz. in
Ecuador and P. vittatus Lem. in Mesoamerica and Colombia, that
are more geographically restricted.
3. SUBFAMILY
ORYZOIDEAE (19/115) ‣ three
tribes, Ehrharteae (1/c 35, South Africa
to Ethiopia, Mascarenes, Malesia, Philippines, Java to Australia and islands in
the Pacific, mountains in New Zealand, W and E Cape) absent in
South America.
3.1 ORYZOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE STREPTOGYNEAE (1/2) - a single genus.
4.
Streptogyna P. Beauv. Two spp., S. americana C. E. Hubb. is widely distributed in the American tropics, from U.S.A.
to Bolivia and Brazil (epizoochorous spikelets), and S. crinita P.Beauv. in the tropics of Africa and Sri Lanka.
3.2 ORYZOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE ORYZEAE (13–14/72–73)
- three subtribes, Phyllorachideae (3/5,
tropical E Africa, Madagascar) does not occur in South America.
SUBTRIBE ORYZINAE ‣ outsiders Maltebrunia
(4; tropical to S Africa, Madagascar), Prosphytochloa (1; E Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, N Province).
5.
Leersia Soland. Annual or perennial, rhizomatous,
stoloniferous or ceaspitose herbs; hermaphroditic spikelets. 18 spp., cosmopolitan,
6 in the New World, widely distributed, two in South America, both in Brazil,
none endemic.
6.
Oryza L. Herbs, hermaphroditic spikelets. 19 spp., two cultivated
(one of Asian origin, another in Africa) and 17 wild, in Asia (10), Africa (5),
Australia (2) and two in New World: O. grandiglumis (Döll) Prodoehl from
Colombia to C Brazil and Bolivia, and French Guiana, and O. latifolia
Desv. from Mexico to Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Caribbean.
SUBTRIBE ZIZANIINAE ‣ outsiders Zizania (4, E India to E Asia, 3 in North America), Chikusichloa (3; China, Japan, the Ryukyu Islands, Sumatra), Hygroryza (1; S and SE Asia to China) and Potamophila (1; N New South Wales).
7.
Luziola A. L.
Juss. Annual, or perennial; stolonferous or decubent;
herbaceous, branched above. 11 spp. from U.S.A. to Argentina and Caribbean, 10
in South America, 9 in Brazil, 3 endemic.
8.
Rhynchoryza
Baillon. Perennial, culms herbaceous, helophytic and glycophytic. Only one sp.,
R.
subulata (Nees) Baill, found
in swamps in S Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
9. Zizaniopsis Doell & Aschers. Six spp., one
in North America and Mexico, Colombia and Argentina one endemic each, Z.
bonariensis (Bal. & Poitr.) Speg. from Argentina, Uruguay, and S
Brazil, and two endemic to Brazil.
4. SUBFAMILY
BAMBUSOIDEAE (118/1.555–1.580) ‣ three tribes, in the lignified bamboos
(Bambuseae and Arundinarieae), very diverse in the Neotropics, and the
herbaceous bamboos (Olyreae), almost restricted to this region, except by Olyra latifolia L., also
occurring in Africa and Buergersiochloa,
monospecific endemic from N. Guinea. In New World, only five genera outside
South America, three herbaceous from Cuba, one from Mexico to Honduras, and one
from SE U.S.A., found predominantly in forests,
although some genera present species growing in open grasslands especially in
high altitudes, such as Chusquea Kunth, and are C3. Arundinarieae
(30/c 550, Madagascar, Himalayas to E Asia, Arundinaria (4) North
America, with their largest diversity in China) does not occurs in New World.
Bamboos are
highly diverse in the Atlantic Rain Forest, Brazil, including four genera
endemic from Olyreae and only one from Bambuseae. It is well
represented in the Amazonian Forest as well, but more collections are needed in
this area.
4.1 BAMBUSOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE BAMBUSEAE (67/890–915)
- 11 tribes, genera about equally distributed between the Old and
New World, with somewhat greater spp. diversity in the Old World; four
subtribes are native to the New World. Arundinariinae are the only subtribe
native to both hemispheres. 155 spp. in Brazil, 129 endemic.
SUBTRIBE CHUSQUEINAE
‣ a single genus.
10. Chusquea Kunth. 200 spp., from Mexico to South America (157),
making the largest genus of bamboos, centered in central and
N Andes from Colombia to Peru, C and SE Brazil (51, 45 endemic, 5 of them from
Minas Gerais to Santa Catarina state, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book), and Mexico, and America Central (35); the
genus has 15 spp. in southern South America, and single disjunct spp. each in
the Caribbean (C.
abietifolia Griseb.),
the Juan Fernandez Islands in the S Pacific Ocean (C. fernandeziana Phil.), and
southern Venezuela and the Guiana Shield (C. linearis N.E.BR.). 5 subgenera.
Chusquea
has
the widest altitudinal (sea level to over 4,000 m) and latitudinal range of any
bamboo genus; species are characteristic of montane forests, including cloud
and elfin forests, but a number also grow in humid subpáramos, páramos, and
grasslands; a few species (e.g., C. simpliciflora Munro) are found in
lowland tropical forests, while other species at higher latitudes (both north
and south) grow in more temperate forests, such as the S beech forests of Chile
and the pine-oak forests of Mexico.
§
subg.
Chusquea ‣ c. 90 spp., widely
range of genus.
§
subg.
Magnifoliae ‣ 10 spp., America
Central, northern and central Andes, Trinidad, Guyana, and N Brazil.
§
subg.
Platonia ‣ 11 spp., upper montane
forest and páramos of Ecuador and Colombia, with C. fimbriligulata
extends into N Peru; some Chusquea from this subgenus are most
remarkable for the incredible leaf sizes attained in some spp.; in C. spectabilis L.G.Clark., from Venezuela
to Ecuador, leaf blades can reach 3–4 m in length, the largest
leaves known in the grass family; C. aristata Munro from Colombia to
Peru has the highest known elevation for any bamboo, growing at altitudes up to 4,300 m in Ecuador.
§
subg.
Rettbergia ► 11 spp., Brazilian
montane and Atlantic forests, except C. arachniformis L.G.Clark &
Londoño, which is endemic to montane forests of NW Colombia.
§
subg.
Swallenochloa ‣ 52 spp., usually open
habitats, often at high elevation; widespread, but most diverse in subpáramos
and páramos of the northern Andes, America Central, and campos de altitude of E
Brazil.
SUBTRIBE ARTHROSTYLIDIINAE
- all genera in South America.
11. Actinocladum McClure ex
Soderstrom. Fire-resistant bamboo. Only one sp., A. verticillatum (Nees)
McClure ex Soderstr., from the savannas of C Brazil and Bolivia (cerrado)
inhabiting
open grasslands; it is adapted to survive a prolonged dry season and fire due
to its thick-walled, pith-filled culms, thick coriaceous leaves, and indurate
scales which protect the specialized buds.
12. Alvimia C.E.Calderón ex
Soderstr. &
Londoño. Slender and vining bamboo, with fleshy
fruits (unique with some Guadua and Olmeca among bamboos in New World) and pseudospikelets.
Three spp., which inhabits the atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas)
or white sand coastal forest in the state of Bahia in Brazil between 40-100 m
elevation, two of them are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
13. Athroostachys
Benth.
Rhizomes pachymorph, short-necked; culms initially erect, becoming scandent to
clambering on the neighboring vegetation. Two spp., endemic to E
Brazil in Bahia, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo states.
14. Atractantha McClure.
Vining and scandent culms, rhizomes pachymorph and short-necked; culms slender
and hollow to solid and with peripheral air canals in some species. 5 spp.,
four inhabit the atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas) and
Atlantic forest from Bahia to Espírito Santo, at elevations from 0 to 650 m,
and A. amazonica Judz. & L.G. Clark occurs in the Amazon region of
Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela, at elevations from 80-100 m in wet, lowland,
seasonally flooded forest (igapo).
15. Arthrostylidium Rupr.
Scandent, slender culms and erect culm leaf blades. 29 spp., nine endemic to
Caribbean, three only in America Central and Mexico, and 17 remaining in South
America, from Venezuela to Bolivia and Brazil (4, three endemic, one of them,
from Pará state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
16. Aulonemia Goudot.
Reflexed culm leaf blades, well-developed fimbriae on the culm lead margins and
foliage leaf sheaths, paniculiform inflorescences, and multi-flowered
spikelets. 47 spp., one in Mexico, one in America Central, and 45 in South
America (one of then also in America Central), in wet, usually montane forests
and paramos from S Mexico through Central and N South America to Bolivia,
disjunct in SE Brazil. 12 spp. in Brazil, A. deflexa (N.E.Br.) McClure
in forests of N Brazil, Venezuela and Guyana, and remaining endemic to SE
Brazil (one of them, from Minas Gerais state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), mainly restrictes of Atlantic Forest.
All the
11 spp. from SE Brazil are endemic, and other occurs in northern region, shared
with Guyana; among them, only A. xerophylla P.L. Viana & Filg. from
Distrito Federal and Goias, A. aristulata (Döll) McClure from Bahia to
Santa Catarina state, and the unusual A. effusa (Hack.) McClure
from Bahia and Minas Gerais, are not considered endemic to the Atlantic forest
biome.
17. Aulonemiella L.G. Clark, Londoño,
C.D. Tyrrell & Judz. Delicate, scandent to scrambling wood bamboos;
rhizomes not seen. Two spp. from high mountains of Colombia and Ecuador.
18. Cambajuva P.L.
Viana, Filg. & L.G. Tall bamboos,
rhizomes pachymorph, short necked; culms woody, erect; culm leaves clearly
differentiated from the foliage leaves; synflorescence paniculate, spiciform;
spikelets consisting of two glumes. One woody bamboo, C. ulei (Hack.) P. L.
Viana, L. G. Clark & Filg., endemic to coastal highlands (often with snow) along the
Serra Geral of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states in S Brazil, in peaty bogs or rarely in
riparian vegetation.
19. Colanthelia
McClure & L.B.Sm. Delicate, climbing and hanging bamboos. 11 spp., endemic
to Atlantic Forest (sea level to taller mountains) in SE & S Brazil, one of
them, from Minas Gerais state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, with C. rhizantha (Hack.)
McClure in Missiones Province in adjacent NE Argentina.
20. Didymogonyx (L.G. Clark &
Londoño) C.D. Tyrrell, L.G. Clark & Londoño. Two spp. from mountains of
Colombia and Venezuela.
21. Elytrostachys
McClure.
Culms thin-walled, erect below and clambering and vining above. Two spp.,
distributed from Honduras to Colombia and Venezuela.
22. Filgueirasia
Guala. Strongly
caespitose bamboos, vegetative clumps 0.30-3.21 m in diameter; rhizomes
compact; culms erect, green or glaucous; inflorescence branches secund, short
spikelets, the florets 3-15 per spikelet. Two spp., in open areas
in semi-arid savannas from Bahia to Mato Grosso do Sul states, inc. Minas Gerais.
23. Glaziophyton
Franchet. Herbs up to 2 m tall, culms typically leafless, almost
herbaceous, and aggregated in dense clumps, Juncus-like. Only one sp., G.
mirabile Franch., highly very narrow endemic and a rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, known only
from seven small populations in the misty summits of mountains in the Serra dos
Orgãos, at grasslands fields, in Rio de Janeiro state in SE Brazil, in
Petroplis and Nova Iguazu municipalities.
The peculiar juncoid nature of the culm
internodes septate lumina in Glaziophyton apparently has not been described for any other known bamboo
species.
24. Merostachys Spreng. Erect, arching apically, reflexed culm leaf blades,
fan-shaped branch complements, and racemiform inflorescences. 59 spp. in
tropical America, 56 in South America, 51 in Brazil, 48 endemic (three shared
Argentina and Paraguay and 11 as rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras
do Brasil’s book, in several states from Rondonia to Rio Grande do Sul). Others
species occur also in Guyana, Venezuela, Peru and Bolivia.
M. tatianae
Santos-Gonçalves, Carvalho-Okano & Filgueiras (from Rio Doce State Park,
Minas Gerais) has the longest internodes so
far recorded for the genus (37–108 cm long).
25. Myriocladus Swallen.
Erect habit and thick leaves. 13 spp., 12 in Venezuela: two up to Mount Neblina
in Brazil, two up Mount Araca also in Brazil, one up to Guyana, and M.
caburaiensis E. Afonso & P.L. Viana endemic to Mount Roraima in Roraima
state in N Brazil, near Guyana border.
26. Rhipidocladum McClure. Erect, arching apically or clambering and hanging, and are
characterized by fan-shaped branch complements, racemiform inflorescences and
thin-walled culms. 22 spp. from NE Mexico and Trinidad to NW Argentina and
central Brazil, 12 in South America, one in Brazil, none endemic.
SUBTRIBE GUADUINAE ‣
outsiders Tibisia (3, Caribbean) and Olmeca
(5, Mexico to Honduras).
27. Apoclada
McClure.
Only one sp., A. simplex McClure & L.B. Sm., a beautiful tall and
luxuriant bamboo of the mesic forests of SE Brazil (Sao Paulo state and one
enclave of Araucaria forest in Santa Catarina state).
28. Eremocaulon
Soderstr.
& Londoño. 5 spp. from Bahia to Sao Paulo states, Mato Grosso, and Amazon
rainforest, all endemic to Brazil, two of them, one in Bahia and another in São
Paulo state, are
rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
29. Guadua Kunth. Wood bamboos, sometimes with
fleshy fruits (unique with some Alvimia
and Olmeca among bamboos in New World).
34 spp., the largest in Neotropcs;
Mexico to Argentina, 28 in South America, 18 spp. in Brazil, six endemic, two
of them, from Goiás and Minas Gerais states, are rare plants in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
Guadua boasts the tallest of the
native New World bamboos (and Poales) in G. chacoensis (Rojas) Londono & P. M. Peterson (Paraná Basin) and G. angustifolia Kunth. from Mexico to Peru, and the most economically important bamboo in the Western Hemisphere. G. sarcocarpa Lodoño & Peterson is a tropical
rainforet bamboo from Peru, highly expected occur in Brazil (Acre state),
unknown for indigenous peoples in Amazon, and it’s the first report a one
edible bamboo in New World; however, a variety of G. weberbaueri Pilger
in same area also has fleshy fruits.
Guadua constitutes the most extensive bamboo forest in New World, covering more than 180,000 km2 (approximately sized
of UK) in the western Amazon rainforest; the largest area of bamboo in Brazil
is in Acre state (8 millions hectares), with G. weberbaueri Pilger is
the dominant species.
30. Otatea
(McClure
& E.W.Sm.) C.E.Calderón ex Soderstr. 13 spp., all endemic to Mexico and America
Central region except by O. colombiana Ruiz-Sanchez & Londoño endemic Norte
Santander in Colombia, and O. fimbriata Soderstr., in
seasonally dry, tropical deciduous, subdeciduous, or oak forests, often on
limestone-derived soils, from Mexico to Costa Rica, with populations also in N Colombia.
4.2 BAMBUSOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE OLYREAE (21/c 115) -
three tribes, Buergersiochloinae (4/5; one genus in New Guinea and three
endemic to Cuba: Ekmanochloa, Mniochloa,
Piresiella) not occur in South America; members of Olyreae are small- to
medium-sized, non-lignified, clumpforming, stoloniferous, or occasionally
scandent plants (Olyra latifolia L.), with restricted vegetative
branching and unisexual spikelets, endemic to the New World with two
exceptions: Buergersiochloa is a rare monotypic endemic of New Guinea,
while O. latifolia is a widely distributed American spp. that has
presumably been introduced into Africa, where it is also widely distributed,
and Sri Lanka.
SUBTRIBE PARIANINAE
‣ all genera in South America.
31. Eremitis
Döll.
Herbaceous bamboos, producing aerial flowers and scaly, cleistogamous
subterranean synflorescences from the tips of whiplike ‘stolons’ that bury
themselves in the leaf litter or soil. 17 spp. from Bahia, Espírito Santo,
Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states, in dense ombrophilous and
semi-deciduous forests along the Atlantic forest; one of them, from Espírito
Santo state, is
a rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
Only two genera of Poaceae - Amphicarpum Kunth fro E U.S.A. and Eremitis Döll - produce spikelets
underground from positively geotropic shots, as well as above ground,
from open panicles; these genura composes the only fully amphicarpic genus endemic to a country in
New World. E. afimbriata
F.M. Ferreira & R.P. Oliveira (S Espírito Santo state) and
E.
magnifica F.M.
Ferreira & R.P. Oliveira (only E Minas Gerais state), species which display blue
iridescence in their leaf blades, unique among
bamboos worldwide.
32. Pariana Aubl.
Cylindrical synflorescences with numerous (up to 36 or more) showy yellow or
white stamens per male spikelet; it is generally agreed that these facilitate
insect pollination by phorid flies and gall midges. 37 spp. from Nicaragua to
Bolivia and Amazon Brazil (absent in tepuis, however). 34 in South America, 30
in Brazil, 15 endemic, two of them, from Pará e Maranhão states, are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
33. Parianella Hollowell, F.M. Ferreira
& R.P. Oliveira.
Monomorphic stems, glabrous to pilose; leaf blades 3–8 per
culm, green on both blade surfaces; inflorescence one per culm, terminal,
monomorphic, solitary and spiciform; male spikelets 2.0–3.2 mm long, glumes
oblong-triangular, 0.9–2.0 mm wide. Three spp., endemic to Atlantic Rain Forest
of S Bahia and C Espírito Santo state, Brazil, one of them a are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
SUBTRIBE OLYRININAE
‣ all genera in South America.
Although
predominantly anemochoric, Poaceae have evolved other ways to disperse their
diaspores, such as zoochory and also ballistochory (forcible
dispersal), which is considered rare within this family, only known for the
sister genera Raddia Bertol. (8, Brazil, one up to
Venezuela), Sucrea Soderstr. (2, E Brazil) and Piresia (Reitzia)
Swalllen. (9, northern South America), all South American berbaceous bamboos.
LINEAGE 1
34. Diandrolyra
Stapf.
Herbs; flowering culms typically bearing only one fully developed and
specialized leaf blade, which is appressed to and overtops the single
contracted inflorescence; this inflorescence is inconspicuous and completely
hidden under the abaxial surface of the leaf blade when the plant is viewed
from above, which makes Diandrolyra species appear to always be sterile.
Three spp. endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil in Bahia, Espírito Santo,
Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais states.
35. Parodiolyra Soderstr.
& Zuloaga. 4 spp. from Costa Rica to Bolivia and Bahia, one widely
distributed, three restricted (Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil); mesophytic; shade
spp. and spp. of open habitats; in low and mid-elevation forests and savannas.
3 spp. in Brazil, one endemic.
36. Raddiella Swallen. 8
spp. from Caribbean and tropical America: 3 only in
Brazil (one of them, from Rondônia state, is a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book); Colombia and French
Guiana one endemic each, one from Panamá to SE Brazil and Bolivia, and two from Guiana
Shield (one of then in Brazil). R. vanessieae Judz., endemic to French
Guiana, is smallest known bamboo, flowering
at only 2 cm high; the only known annual bamboo is found in
this genus is R. minima Judz. & Zuloaga,
from the state of Mato Grosso state in C Brazil.
37. Taquara
I.L.C.Oliveira & R.C.Oliveira. Perennials, culms erect, sometimes learning
on sorrounding vegetations. Two spp. widely distributed in South America, from
E Colombia and Venezuela to the Atlantic coast of Brazil (only T. micrantha
(Kunth) I.L.C.Oliveira & R.C.Oliveira) and the E Andes along forest edges
and interior of forests.
LINEAGE 2
38. Brasilochloa
R.P.Oliveira & L.G.Clark. Herbs with
tuberous roots and synflorescences congested to spiciform, perennial,
monoecious, caespitose, erect; leaves distributed along the culms. Only one
sp., B. sampaiana (Hitchc) R.P.Oliveira & L.G.Clark, known only from
Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo states in E Brazil, and a rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
39. Raddia Bertol.
Herbs; after flowering, the drying margins and bases of the female glumes
contract and twist, ejecting the mature floret (with enclosed fruit) up to a
meter from the parent plant in a dispersal mode known as ballistochory. 9 spp.,
8 endemic to Brazil (in forest understories at elevations of 0-500 (-1000) m,
one of them, from Espírito Santo state, is a rare plants in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), and R. guianensis
(Brongn.) Hitchc. within and reaching from French Guiana, Trinidad and
Venezuela, and also NE Brazil.
40. Sucrea
Soderstr.
Rhizomatous grass (appearing cespitose) of shaded forests; culms herbaceous,
erect, not branching, with broad persistent papyraceous sheaths and thick prop
roots. Two spp., endemic to Atlantic Forest in E Brazil.
LINEAGES 3 +
LINEAGE 4
41. Agnesia Zuloaga & Judz. Only one sp., A. lancifolia (Mez) Zuloaga
& Judz, from Colombia, Peru and N Brazil.
42. Arberella Soderstr.
& C. E. Calderon. 7 spp. from Costa Rica to N South
America (3), two in Brazil, one endemic (assignated as rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, known only in Bahia state).
43. Cryptochloa Swallen. 9
spp., 7 from Mexico to Ecuador, one from over N South America, and one from
Brazil and adjacent French Guiana. 5 spp. in South America.
44. Froesiochloa G.A. Black.
Herbs, perennials; the flowering culms leafy, culms herbaceous. Only one sp., F. boutelouoides G.A.Black,
endemic to the Guiana Shield, in Pará state in
N Brazil and Guyana.
45. Lithachne P. Beauv.
Small herbs, with tooth-shaped female florets that
are unique in the grass family. 4 spp., L. pauciflora (Sw) P. Bauv. widely
distributed (Mexico to Paraguay and Caribbean), and Cuba, Brazil and Honduras
one endemic each.
46. Maclurolyra
C.E.Calderón
ex Soderstr. Only one sp., M. tecta C.E.Calderón ex Soderstr,
from Panama to N
Colombia.
47. Olyra L. 25 spp., Mexico to Argentina, and Africa (O. latifolia L. disjunct
in Benin to Zimbabue, Comoros and Madagascar). 24 spp. in South America, 20 in
Brazil, 7 endemic, six of them, from several states, are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
48. Piresia Swallen. (inc. Reitzia) Herbs; dimorphic
culms; aerial ones bear broad and flat leaf blades at the top and rarely
develop an inflorescence, and decumbent ones usually bear reduced leaves or
bladeless leaf sheaths, with inflorescences that are raceme-like, few-flowered,
and often hidden under the litter. 7 spp., French Guiana
to Peru and Brazil (all, two endemic) up to east coas.
49. Rehia Fitjen. Only
one sp., R. nervata Fijten, from Guyana to French Guiana and N
Brazil.
5. SUBFAMILY
POOIDEAE (186–188/3.630–3.680) ▸ 12
lineages, Brachyelytreae (1/3; Japan, SE China, E U.S.A.), Nardeae (1/1; Europe
except Mediterranean, W Asia, North America), Lygeeae (1/1;
Mediterranean, North Africa), Duthieeae (7/11; temperate and
subtropical regions in the Old World, Mexico), Phaenospermateae (1/1;
Assam, SE China, Korean Peninsula, Japan), Ampelodesmeae (1/1;
Mediterranean) and Diarrheneae (1/5; E Asia, North America) absent
in South America.
These groups includes three outsiders in New World: Brachyelytrum
(3, 1 in China to Japan, 2 in E Canada to C & E U.S.A), Diarrhena
(5, 3 in Russian Far East to China and Japan, 2 in SE Canada to C & E.
U.S.A.), Metcalfia (1, Mexico) and Nardus (1, Azores, NW. Africa, Europe to
Mongolia and Türkiye, Greenland to NE. U.S.A.).
The species
are known as the ‘cool season’ or ‘pooid’ grasses and all are C3 and
distributed in temperate climates; 121 genera in the New World, 82 native and
39 cultivated. A small area of 490 km2 of Sao Joaquin national Park
in S Santa Catarina state in S Brazil has 55 spp. of this subfamily; Filgueiras
et al. (2012) reported 135 spp. for Brazil, 25 of which are endemic (in
genera Melica, Piptochaetium, Nassella, Agrostis, Calamagrostis, Poa,
and several Calothecinae; the highest spp. richness occurs in the natural
grasslands of Rio Grande do Sul state, a few spp. extending to the high-altitude
grasslands (campos de altitude) or, in
smaller numbers, to the rocky grasslands (campos
rupestres) of SE Brazil; the main winter crops of southern Brazil belong to
this subfamily, e.g. wheat, barley, rye and oat.
5.1
POOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE MELICEAE (8/133)
- two subtribes; Brylkiniinae (E
Russia, China, Japan) does not occur in South America. Among Melicinae,
outsiders are Schizachne (1, Arctic and temperate Russia, Siberia,
Central Asia, Mongolia, China, Korean Peninsula, temperate and arctic North
America, mountains in SW U.S.A.), Pleuropogon (6, W
U.S.A., one species, Arctic circumpolar), Lycochloa
(1; Lebanon) and Koordersiochloa (2; tropical and S Africa,
Réunion, S India, mountains in Indonesia and Philippines).
50. Glyceria R.Br.
42 spp., temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere, with their largest
diversity in North America. 18 spp. in New World, three from Argentina southwards
to S Brazil (G. multiflora Steud., none endemic), Colombia one
endemic.
51. Melica L. Perennial
rhizomatous, herbaceous, scadent or not, no tuberous. 91 spp. of temp.
Northern Hemisphere to Mexico, W & S South America to SE & S Brazil. 49
spp. in New World, 32 spp. in South America (12 in Brazil, three endemic, one of them,
from Rio Grande do Sul state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book), all but one (this up to Colombia) in Bolivia southwards; mesophytic to
xerophytic.
52. Triniochloa Hitchc. Six
spp. from tropical America, two in South America, T. stipoides (Kunth)
Hitchc from Mexico to Bolivia and Venezuela, and T. andina Luces from
Colombia and Venezuela.
5.2 POOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
STIPEAE (23–25/545–550) - outsiders Barkworthia (1, California), Eriocoma (27,
Alaska to Mexico), Hesperostipa (5, Canada, U.S.A., N
Mexico), Oryzopsis (2, 1 in China, 1
in subarctic America to U.S.A.), Patis (3, temperate regions
on the Northern Hemisphere, 1 in North America), Piptatheropsis (5, N
Canada, U.S.A.), Pseudoeriocoma (6, S. Arizona to SW.
Texas and Mexico), Thorneochloa (1, SW California to Mexico), Ptilagrostis
(14, Russia to China, 1 in WC. U.S.A.), Macrochloa (1, Mediterranean), Psammochloa
(1; Gobi Desert), Trikeraia (4; Pakistan to China), Achnatherum
(c 40; Europe, North Africa, temperate regions in Asia east to Japan), Celtica (1; W
Mediterranean), Anemanthele (1; New Zealand), Austrostipa (c
60; Australia, one species also in New Zealand), Oloptum (1; Mediterranean,
SW Asia), Orthoraphium (1; Himalayas), Stipa (120, Old
World), Stipellula (5; warm-temperate and subtropical regions
in the Old World) and Timouria (4; Pakistan and Central Asia
to Mongolia and China).
Among the
genera considered, only Piptochaetium, Austrostipa, and Hesperostipa
were resolved as monophyletic, while Achnatherum, Amelichloa
s.l., Anatherostipa, Jarava, and Nassella were
polyphyletic, and Aciachne was polyphyletic or paraphyletic. As a
result, Amelichloa can be restricted to a monophyletic group if
including A. brachychaeta, A. ambigua, A. clandestina, and
A. caudata, or it should be considered within Nassella. The
phylogenetic position of species of Aciachne suggests inbreeding and
outbreeding events with species of Anatherostipa, Ortachne, and Hesperostipa.
53. Aciachne Benth. Low cushions. Three spp., high mountains from Costa
Rica to NW Argentina and Venezuela.
54. Amelichloa
Arriaga
& Barkworth. 5 spp., 4 spp. found Chile, Argentina and Uruguay, and one endemic
to N Mexico.
55. Anatherostipa
(Hack.
ex Kuntze) Peñailillo. (inc. Stipa p.p.) Cespitose plants; prophyllum 2–5 cm, 2-awned;
fundamental cells of lemma epidermis with thick, sinuous walls; paleas
subeqalto lemmas, veined, often with hairs. 26 spp. from Peru to Chile and
Argentina, A. hans-meyeri (Pilg.) Peñail. up to America Central.
56. Jarava
Ruiz
& Pav. Nine spp., Mexico to NW Venezuela and Bolivia, S Brazil (two, none
endemic) to Chile and Uruguay. All species in South America.
57. Nassella (Trin.)
É.Desv. 111 spp. fro Arctic Canada to southern South
America, 106 in South America, 20 in Brazil (5 endemic), centered in Peru
southwards, some up to Venezuela and Costa Rica, Central and North America; it
is well represented in two South American regions: the central Andean region
(Peru, Bolivia, N and C Chile, and NW Argentina), and from N Patagonia, the
Pampas, central and NE Argentina to Uruguay, and S Brazil; Argentina includes
70 spp., and more than half of them are concentrated in the NW region of the
country (Jujuy, Salta, Tucuman, Catamarca, and La Rioja).
58. Ortachne Nees ex
Steud. (inc. Lorenzochloa) Glumes shorter than floret; awn poorly
demarcated; leaves
filiform, not stiff; paleas subequal to lemmas, veined,
sometimes with hairs. 10 spp., Mexico to Argentina, all in South America.
59. Pappostipa
(Speg.)
Romasch., P.M.Peterson & Soreng. 30 spp. from Chile
and Argentina, three of then up to Bolivia and Peru, two also in NW Mexico and
SW U.S.A.
60. Piptochaetium J.Presl. Mesophytic
to xerophytic. 35
spp. from semi-arid grasslands of E Canada to Guatemala, 27 spp. in Venezuela
to W. South America, SE & S Brazil to southern South America. 10 spp. in
Brazil, two endemic, one of them, from Santa Catarina state, is a rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
5.3 POOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE BRACHYPODIEAE (1/21) - a single
genus.
61. Brachypodium P.Beauv. 21
spp., 19 in Old World, two in New World, B. mexicanum (Roem. &
Schult.) Link from Mexico to Bolivia, and one endemic to N Mexico.
5.4 POOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE TRITICEAE (20/510–520)
- 4 subtribes, Littledaleinae (1/4; Central
Asia and Tibet to W China) and Triticinae (4/c. 55; Canary Islands,
Mediterranean and SW Asia to China) do not occur in South America.
SUBTRIBE
BROMINAE ‣ a single genus.
62. Bromus L. Mesophytic,
or xerophytic; shade spp. and spp. of open habitats. 160 spp., temperate
regions on the Northern Hemisphere, Mediterranean, southern Africa, tropical
Mountains in South America; commonly adventive. 56 spp. in New World, 25 in South
America (17 from Peru to Argentina and Chile, two of then reaches Juan
Fernandes; five from tropical Andes to southern South America, one scarsely
disjunct), only three native to Brazil (two platine, one over neotropics), none
endemic.
SUBTRIBE
HORDEINAE ‣ outsiders Agropyron (13; temperate regions in
the Old World), Australopyrum (5; New Guinea, E
Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand), Crithopsis (1; Crete and Libya
to Iran), Eremopyrum (4; S Europe, Mediterranean, Morocco
to W China), Henrardia (2; Türkiye and Iran to Central
Asia), Heteranthelium (1; Türkiye to Pakistan), Hordelymus
(1; Europe and North Africa to the Caucasus), Peridictyon (1; the
Balkan Peninsula), Psathyrostachys (10; E Mediterranean to
Central Asia), Pseudoroegneria (16, NW Africa, SE
Europe to Temp. Asia, 1 in Alaska to W. & C. U.S.A.), Secale (9; E
Europe and eastwards to Central Asia, Mediterranean, the Middle East, Roggeveld
in W Cape) and Taeniatherum (1; the Iberian Peninsula,
Mediterranean to Pakistan and C Asia).
63. Elymus L. 174 spp.,
temperate regions on the northern Hemisphere to C & S America. 44 spp. in
New World, nine in South America, 6 in Argentina, 3 up to Chile; one from Costa
Rica to Peru, other only Peru, a third from Peru to S Argentina, and E. scabrifolius (Döll) J.H.Hunz. up to S Brazil.
64. Hordeum L. Annual or
perennial, ceaspitose herbaceous, unbranched above. 35 spp. of temp.
Eurasia, Macaronesia, N & S Africa, N. America to Guatemala, Bermuda, Peru
to southern South America, commonly adventive; mostly in dry soils. 25 spp. in
New World, 18 from South America, 12 only in Argentina and Chile, sometimes
reaching Juan Fernandes Is, two Peru southwards, H. euclaston Steud.,
from S Brazil to Argentina, H. flexuosum Nees ex Steud., from
Uruguay to Argentina and H. stenostachys Godr. from S Brazil to
Argentina, S. Africa, and another disjunct northern hemisphere and Argentina.
65. Leymus Hochst. 57
spp., subarctic & temp. Northern Hemisphere to N. Mexico, 12 in New World,
with L. erianthus (Phil.) Dubc. in
Chile and Argentina.
5.5 POOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE POEAE (121/2,395–2,430)
- 7 unplaced genera (only one in New World) and 27 subtribes. These, Brizinae (2/5;
Europe, NW Africa, temperate Asia, Mediterranean), Scolochloinae (2/2;
temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere, SE New South Wales, Victoria,
Tasmania), Sesleriinae (6/40; Europe, NW Africa, Libya, W Asia to
the Caucasus and Iran), Dactylidinae (2/3, Mediterranean, the
Middle East to Pakistan, temperate Asia, Macaronesia), Cynosurinae (1/9,
Europe, Mediterranean, SW Asia), Ammochloinae (1/3, Mediterranean,
SW Asia), Parapholiinae (8/22, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, SW Asia
to Iran, southern Asia, temperate Eurasia), Miliinae (1/6, Europe,
temperate Asia, E North America), Beckmanniinae (4/6, temperate
regions on the Northern Hemisphere) and Ventenatinae (5/20,
southern Europe, Mediterranean to the Caspian Sea, SW Asia to Afghanistan) not
occur in South America.
In these
subtribes, three genera are outsiders in New World: Arctagrostis (2, subarctic to
Mongolia and Canada)Beckmannia
(2, temperate northern Hemisphere, 1 from Canada to U.S.A.), Dupontia (2, Subarctic to Canada),
Milium (6, temperate northern Hemisphere,
1 from Canada to U.S.A.) and Scolochloa (1, Europe to N China and
Türkiye, Subarctic America to NW & NC U.S.A.).
UNPLACED
66. Nicoraepoa
Soreng
& L.J.Gillespie. 7 spp., restricted in wetlands of Chile and Argentina.
SUBTRIBE
TORREYOCHLOINAE ‣ outsider Helictotrichon (33, Eurasia to
Sumatera, NW Africa, 1 in WC U.S.A.) and Torreyochloa (4, NE
Asia, 2 in Canada, U.S.A.).
67. Amphibromus Nees.
12 spp., mainly Australia and New Zealand, with A. quadridentulus (Döll)
Swallen and A. scabrivalvis (Trin.) Swallen in S Brazil to NE Argentina,
Peru, Chile and Bolivia.
SUBTRIBE
PHALARIDINAE ‣ a single genus.
68. Phalaris L. Annual or
perennials herbs, tuberous or not. 17 spp., temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere,
Mediterranean, Andean and S South America. 9 spp. in New World, 5 in South
America, two in S Brazil, none endemic.
SUBTRIBE
AVENINAE ‣ outsiders Sphenopholis (6,
Canada, U.S.A., Mexico, Hispaniola, Hawaii), Arrhenatherum
(7, Europe, Mediterranean, N and W Asia), Avena (22,
Europe, Mediterranean, North Africa to Ethiopia, SW Asia), Sibirotrisetum
(7, Eurasia to New Guinea, 1 in Alaska and NW Canada), Trisetopsis (27,
tropical to S Africa, Madagascar, Yemen, Himalayas, C China, southern India and
Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Java), Trisetaria (16, Mediterranean to W
Himalayas), Gaudinia (4, Azores, Mediterranean), Tzveleviochloa (3; Assam,
N Burma, C China), Lagurus (1; Mediterranean) and Tricholemma
(2; Morocco, Algeria).
69.
Graphephorum Desv. 4 spp., Alaska to N
& W U.S.A., one disjunct in southern Argentina and Chile.
70. Koeleria Pers. 76 spp., temperate Eurasia, NW Africa,
Cameroon, Ethiopia to southern Africa, New Zealand, North America and southern
South America, Falkland Is, 23 in New World. 18 spp. in South America, from Colombia
to Argentina and Uruguay, Chile and Bolivia, mainly Argentina.
71. Peyritschia E.Fourn. 31
spp. throughout Mexico and America Central with 8 extending into South America
as far south as NW Argentina and Venezuela.
72. Rostraria Trin. 13 spp., 12 in Macaronesia, Mediterranean to Sahara and
India, Caucasus to central Asia and W Himalaya, and R. trachyantha (Phil.)
Soreng from Peru to N & C Chile.
73. Trisetum Pers. Perennials, caespitose, sometimes shortly rhizomatous;
culms 5-300 cm tall, erect to geniculate at base, glabrous or pubescent. 20
spp., 16 from Europe to Algeria and China, and 4 from Peru, Argentina and Chile.
SUBTRIBE
ANTHOXANTHINAE ‣ a single
genus.
74. Anthoxanthum
L.
52 spp., cosmopolitan, absent in vast areas in South America and Africa. 14 in
New World, 8 in South America, from Venezuela to Chile and Argentina. Absent in
Brazil.
SUBTRIBE
ECHINOPOGONINAE ‣ outsiders Greeneochloa (2, Hawaiian Is., NW & E U.S.A.), Ancistragrostis (1; New
Guinea, tropical Australia), Dichelachne (9; E Malesia to New
Guinea and Australia, New Zealand), Echinopogon (7; New Guinea,
Australia, New Zealand) and Pentapogon (1; SE South
Australia, SE New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania).
75. Relchela
Steud.
Only one sp., R. panicoides Steud, from C & S Chile to S Argentina.
SUBTRIBE
CALOTHECINAE ‣ 12 genera, all in South America.
76. Boldrinia L.N.Silva.
Only one sp., B. parodiana (Roseng., B.R.Arrill. &
Izag.) L.N.Silva, from S Brazil to Uruguay.
77. Calotheca Desv. Only
one sp., C. brizoides (Lam.) P.Beauv., S Brazil to Argentina, Chile and Uruguay.
78. Chascolytrum Desv. 7 spp., endemic in Brazil (2), Argentina (1) and Bolivia (1), two from S
Brazil and Argentina, and C. subaristatum (Lam.) Desv. from Mexico to
Guatemala, Colombia to Chile and Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and S Brazil.
79. Condilorachia P.M.Peterson, Romasch.
& Soreng. Three spp., C. brasiliensis (Louis-Marie) P.M.Peterson,
Romasch. & Soreng, and C. juergensii (Hack.) P.M.Peterson endemic to
S Brazil, and C. bulbosa (Hitchc.) P.M. Peterson, Romasch. & Soreng
from Argentina and Chile.
80. Erianthecium Parodi.
Only one sp., E. bulbosum Parodi, from S Brazil to Uruguay.
81. Laegaardia P.M. Peterson, Soreng,
Romasch. & Barberá. Only one sp., L. ecuadoriense (Lægaard) P.M.
Peterson, Soreng, Romasch. & Barberá, endemic to Ecuador where it has been
found in the Provinces of Azuay, Chimborazo, Loja Napo, and Pichincha.
82. Lombardochloa Roseng.
& B.R.Arrill. Only one sp., L. rufa (J.Presl) Roseng. &
B.R.Arrill., from Peru and from S Brazil to NE
Argentina.
83. Microbriza Parodi ex
Nicora & Rúgolo.
(exc. Poidium p.p.) Only one sp., M.
poimorpha (J.Presl) Parodi ex Nicora & Rúgolo, from S Brazil to
Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
84. Paramochloa P.M. Peterson, Soreng,
Romasch. & Barberá. Two spp. from paramos of Colombia, Ecuador and
Venezuela.
85. Poidium Nees. (inc. Microbriza p.p.) 9 spp. from Brazil, six
endemic and three up to adjacent Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay aand Uruguay, two
disjunctly in Colombia.
86. Rhombolytrum Link. Three spp., two endemic to Chile and R. monandrum
(Hack.) Nicora & Rúgolo from S Brazil to Uruguay.
87. Rosengurttia L.N.Silva.
Only one sp., R. monandra (Hack.) L.N.Silva, Colombia to NW Argentina
and S Brazil.
SUBTRIBE
AGROSTIDINAE ‣ outsiders Limnodea (1, C. & SE. U.S.A. to
NE Mexico), Gastridium (2; W Europe, Macaronesia,
Mediterranean to the Caucasus and Iran), Hypseochloa (2; Mount
Cameroon, mountains in Tanzania) and Triplachne (1; Mediterranean).
88. Agrostis L. Herbaceous, annual or perennial, stoloniferous, ceaspitose
or decumbent. 190 spp., temperate regions on both hemispheres, tropical
mountains, Macquarie Island, subantarctic South America, Falkland Islands,
Crozet Islands, Kerguelen, Prince Edward Islands. 63 spp. in New World, 38 in South
America, widely distributed. Six spp. in Brazil, one endemic.
89. Calamagrostis Adans. 179
spp. subcosmopolitan, barely in large areas in South America and Africa. 48
spp. in New World, 17 in South America, from Venezuela to Ecuador, absent in
Ecuador.
90. Cinnagrostis Griseb. 62 spp. from America Central and South America, all in
South America, 4 up to S Brazil, one endemic (known only from Santa
Catarina state, also as a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book).
91. Lachnagrostis Trin. 38 spp., 37
in Eritrea to S Africa, SW Arabian Pen., Lesser Sunda Is. to Australasia,
Easter I., and L. sodiroana (Hack.) Rúgolo & A.M. Molina restricted
to central Andes in Ecuador and Peru.
92. Polypogon Desf. 23 spp., Old World, Australia, U.S.A. to C. America,
Venezuela to W South America, SE & S Brazil to southern South america,
Tristan da Cunha. 9 spp. in New World, all South America (three up to Central
and North America), mostly spp. widely distributed, 3 in southern South
America, and 4 in Brazil, none endemic.
93. Podagrostis
(Griseb.)
Scribn. & Merr. 12 spp., 7 from Canada to America
Central, and 5 in South America: three in tropical Andes from Venezuela to Peru,
another in Argentina
and Chile. Absent in Bolivia.
SUBTRIBE
AIRINAE ‣ outsiders Helictochloa (22, C and S
Europe, Mediterranean, Canary Islands, North Africa, the Balkan Peninsula, E
Europe to Crimea and the Caucasus, the Middle East, one sp. in Russia, Ukraine,
Central Asia, Mongolia, China and 1 in North America), Aira (8;
Europe, Mediterranean to Iran), Antinoria (2; Mediterranean), Corynephorus (5; Europe,
Mediterranean to Iran) and Periballia (3; Mediterranean).
94. Avenella
Bluff
ex Drejer. Two spp., one in Azores, and A. flexuosa (L.)
Drejer, from Europe to Japan, tropical Africa, Greenland to C & E U.S.A., disjunct
in Argentina, Chile and Uruguay.
SUBTRIBE
HOLCINAE ‣ outsider Holcus (10; Europe,
Mediterranean, North and S Africa, SW Asia).
95. Vahlodea
Fr.
Only one spp., V. atropurpurea (Wahlenb.) Fr., N
Europe, NE Russia, Greenland to U.S.A., and S Argentina and Chile.
SUBTRIBE
ARISTAVENINAE ‣ a single genus.
96. Deschampsia (L.) P. Beauv. Annual or perennial, often forming tussocks, sometimes cushions; culms erect, usually, 150 cm tall,
sometimes slightly bent at the base, slender to stout. 64 spp., temperate and
polar regions on both hemispheres, in Andes to Tierra del Fuego, Falkland
Islands, Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent islands, high altitude tropics or
restricted range endemic. 29 spp. in New World.
24
spp. in South America, from Venezuela to Antarctica, mainly Argentina and
Chile. D. caespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. occur in wet meadows, bogs, and
along streams and creeks in Andes from Bolivia to Tierra del Fuego, with
isolated populations found in high places of SE Brazil, at about 1,000 m
elevation.
D.
antarctica E. Desv. is one of only two vascular plant
species known to be native to Antarctica, thus the southernmost monocot of the World, and
several adjacent southern islands and in the southern part of the American
continent.
SUBTRIBE
LOLIINAE ‣ outsiders Lolium (32,
Arctic Eurasia to Mauritania, Chad, Yemen, India and China), Castellia (1; Macaronesia,
Mediterranean, North Africa to Pakistan), Drymochloa (5; Europe, W
Mediterranean, North Africa), Patzkea (1–5;
Europe, Mediterranean) and Pseudobromus (6; tropical and subtropical
Africa).
97. Festuca L. (inc. Megalahcne, Podophorus) Graminoids, commonly adventive;
helophytic (rarely), mesophytic (mostly) or xerophytic (rarely); halophytic, or
glycophytic. 659 spp., temperate, polar and alpine regions on both hemispheres,
Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Islands, South Georgia Is., Kerguelen Is., Juan
Fernández Is,
Macquarie Island, tropical mountains. 209 spp. in New World, 140 in South
America, three in Brazil (all South Americans), none endemic, in hillsides,
mountains, plains, meadows.
SUBTRIBE
COLEANTHINAE ‣ outsiders Coleanthus (1, SW
Canada, NW U.S.A., Europe, Russia and China) and Sclerochloa (2, Mediterranean,
North Africa and the Middle E to C Asia and China).
98. Catabrosa P.Beauv. Six
spp., northern Hemisphere to S U.S.A., Algeria and China, C. aquatica
(L.) P.Beauv. disjunct in S Argentina and Chile.
99. Phippsia (Trin.) R.
Br. Three spp., two from subarctic to WC U.S.A. (one remarkably
assignated in NE in India), and P. wilczekii Hack., endemic to Mendoza
in NW Argentina.
100. Puccinellia Parl. 118
spp., temperate and Arctic regions on the Northern Hemisphere, southern Africa,
one in Australia, 33 in New World, 10 in South America from Peru to Uruguay and
Tierra del Fuego except one endemic to Ecuador.
SUBTRIBE
POINAE ‣ a single genus.
101. Poa L. Annual or perennial, rhizomatous, stoloniferous,
ceaspitose or decumbent herbs unbranched above. 581 spp., reich in weeds, high
pastures, from coast up tallest mountains of world, few in sand places. 200
spp. in New World, 124 in South America. Six spp. in Brazil (all restricted for southern South America), two endemic.
Five
subgenera:
§
subg.
Ochlopoa
‣ 13 spp., worldwide, mostly in N
Africa, C and SW Asia, and Europe; two sections in New World: Alpinae and Parodiochloa.
§
subg.
Pseudopoa
‣ 5 spp., NE Africa, C and SW
Asia, Europe.
§
subg.
Poa ‣ c. 400 spp.,
over range of genus; two clades corresponding to supersections Poa and Homalopoa.
Poa supersect. Homalopoa is a large and diversified clade in
terms of both species and sections, and includes about half of the species in Poa;
it is currently divided into ten sections worldwide along with the Punapoa
informal assemblage. The New World represents a major centre of diversity with
144 endemic Homalopoa species.
§
subg.
Stenopoa
‣ c. 40 spp., Asia, Europe, North
America, a few species in New World, within sect. Pandemos, Secundae and Stenopoa.
§
subg.
Sylvestres
‣ endemic to
North America.
SUBTRIBE
PHLEINAE ‣ a single genus.
102. Phleum
L. Annual or perennials, rhizomatous, ceaspitose,
stoloniferous herbs. 17 spp. in Eurasia from Arctic to Algeria, Pakistan and
China, only P. alpinum L. in New World, from Acrtic to Mexico,
disjunct in Argentina and Chile.
SUBTRIBE
CINNINAE ‣ outsiders Aniselytron (2; N India to
Japan), Arctopoa (7, subarctic
& temperate Asia, 1 in Aleutian Is. to Canada), Cinna (3, N Europe
to Japan, North America), Cyathopus (1; Himalayas) and Simplicia (2; New
Zealand).
103. Agrostopoa Davidse. Three spp.,
endemic to Colombia.
104. Cinnastrum E.Fourn. Only one sp.,
C. poiformis (Kunth) E.Fourn, from Mexico up to W Bolivia and
Venezuela.
SUBTRIBE
ALOPECURINAE ‣ outsiders Cornucopiae (2; E Mediterranean to
Iraq) and Limnas (3; Central Asia to NE Siberia).
105. Alopecurus
L.
43 spp., temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere,
temperate South America. 7 spp. in New World, 5 in South America, scattered
from Colombia to Argentina and Uruguay, some amphitropical.
6. SUBFAMILY
ARISTIDOIDEAE (3/350–360) ‣ outsiders Sartidia (6; C
to S Africa, Madagascar), Stipagrostis (c 55; arid and
semi-arid subtropical regions in Mediterranean, Africa and Asia to China).
106. Aristida L. 301 spp. widely distributed in the tropics of the Old
World and in the Neotropics, 153 in over New World, 82 in South America, 39 in
Brazil, 12 endemic, one of them, from Amazonas states, is a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
7. SUBFAMILY
PANICOIDEAE (217/3.075–3.105) - four main
lineages, with 13 tribes, eight in South America, and Thysanolaeneae (1/1, S
and SE Asia, S China), Centotheceae (2/4, tropical regions in the
Old World, one in Panama), Cyperochloeae (2/2, W Australia), Chasmanthieae (1/6,
S Canada, E U.S.A., N Mexico, Tanzania to Angola) and Lecomtelleae (1/1,
Andringitra mountain range in S Madagascar) absent . Panicoideae presents
the highest richness of species within Poaceae, comprising ca. 3,270 species
widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics, many C4, with three
biochemical subtypes, according to Brown and Hattersley, but also including several
C3 species. These species belong especially to the tribe Paniceae, with most
members in open areas and some groups from forests, and the tribe
Andropogoneae, mainly from open areas. Paniceae from forests are often C3, but
some species from open and arid areas are also C3 in this group, as in the rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres) of SE Brazil, e.g. in Apochloa Zuloaga
& Morrone and Renvoizea Zuloaga & Morrone. Likewise, Echinolaena
inflexa (Poir.) Chase, a species typical of the savannas
of C Brazil (cerrado), is also C3. In the Neotropics there are ca.
120 genera.
One Outsider
in these groups: Chasmanthium (6, C Canada, C & E.U.S.A. to NE
Mexico) and Pohlidium (1, Panama).
In
Panicoideae, Parodiophyllochloa, Cyphonanthus, Apochloa, Renvoizea,
Stephostachys, Morronea, Ocellochloa, Osvaldoa, Trichanthecium,
Rugoloa and Louisiella have been segregated from the polyphyletic
Panicum and described as new genera. Thrasya was merged within Paspalum
and Ophiochloa was synonymized into Axonopus. Pennisetum was
transferred to Cenchrus, and Rupichloa was recircumscribed to
accommodate two species previously classified in Urochloa.
The bulk of
this subfamily is Paspaleae and Paniceae.
7.1 PANICOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE GYNERIEAE (1/1)
- a single species.
107. Gynerium Willd. ex P.
Beauv. Tall grasses, distichous leaves, leathery blades with wide midribs,
dioecy, and plumose pistillate inflorescences. Only one sp., G. sagittatum
(Aubl.) P. Beauv., from Mexico and the Caribbean to NW Argentina and Caribbean, and it is found along river margins or
in swampy places.
7.2 PANICOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE ZEUGITEAE (4/18)
- outisders Chevalierella (1; Congo), Lophatherum (2; India,
Sri Lanka, Himalayas, China, Korean Peninsula, Japan, SE Asia, Malesia to New
Guinea and Queensland).
108. Orthoclada P. Beauv. Two spp., O.
africana C.E.Hubb. from Tanzania to Zambia, and O.
laxa (Rich.) P.Beauv., from S Mexico to tropical South America,
Bolivia to French Guiana.
109. Zeugites
P.
Brown. 11 spp., mainly in Mexico and America Central, two
in South America, from Venezuela to Bolivia.
7.3 PANICOIDEAE ‣
TRIBE STEYERMARKOCHLOEAE (2/2)
- a tribe endemic to South America.
110. Arundoclaytonia Davidse & R.P.
Ellis.
Perennial 2-3 m tall, erect; vegetative culms usually densely covered for 2-70
cm to a thick- ness of 1. 5-6 cm by aerial roots tightly appressed to the culm
and by remnants of leaf sheath bases; internodes numerous, 2-15 mm long, 1-1.5
cm diam., solid, lignified; flowering culms to 1 cm diam., consisting of many,
often elongated internodes. Only one sp., A. dissimilis Davidse &
R.P. Ellis, restricted from Amazonian campinas in Amazonas and Pará states,
south central Amazonian Brazil, in white sand savannas.
111. Steyermarkochloa Davidse
& R. P. Ellis. Dimorphic culms and leaves, with solid sheaths and
cylindrical and flattened blades, a unique foliar
morphology within grasses. Only one sp., S. angustifolia (Spreng.)
Judz, grows
in the Amazonian llanos of Colombia, Venezuela, and adjacent Amazonas state in
N Brazil, in seasonally flooded savanas of Guiana Shield,
in elevation ranges 100-200m.
7.4 PANICOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE TRISTACHYIEAE (6/c 70)
- outsiders Danthoniopsis (16; Africa, Arabian Peninsula to
Pakistan), Gilgiochloa (1; tropical Africa) and Trichopteryx (5; tropical
and southern Africa, Madagascar).
112. Loudetia Hochst. ex
Steud. 25 spp., trop. & S. Africa, Madagascar, S. Arabian Pen., and one
sp., L. flammida (Trin.) C.E.Hubb, disjunct from Bolivia to C.
Brazil and Paraguay, Guinea and Congo.
113. Loudetiopsis Conert. 11
spp., mainly W.
trop. Africa to Chad, with L. chrysothrix (Nees) Conert
disjunct Bolivia to Brazil and Paraguay, and from W
Africa to Chad.
114. Tristachya Nees. 22 spp.,
tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar, and six spp. in New World, 5 from
Mexico to America Central, and T. leiostachya Nees from Brazil
and adjacent Paraguay.
7.5 PANICOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE PASPALEAE (38/595–600)
- one unplaced genera and three subtribes, all in South America.
SUBTRIBE PASPALINAE ‣ outsiders Aakia (1, S
Mexico to Guatemala), Hopia (1, SW U.S.A., NW Mexico), Lecomtella (1;
Madagascar) and Reynaudia (1, Caribbean).
115. Acostia
W.D.
Clayton, M. Vorontsova, K.T. Harman & H. Williamson. Perennial, culms 25-40
cm long, ligule a ciliolate membrane. Only one species, A. gracilis Swallen, endemic to
Ecuador.
116. Anthaenantiopsis Mez ex Pilg.
4 spp. in Brazil (3, none endemic), Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
117. Axonopus P. Beauv. 78
spp., 76 in tropical and subtropical regions in America (over countries except
Canada and Chile), two
in tropical Africa. 71 spp. in South America, 45 in Brazil, 17 endemic,
five of them, two from Bahia, two in Goiás, and one from Pará state, are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
118. Echinolaena Desv. Annual
or perennial; rhizomes present; culms erect, decumbent or scandent. Two widely
spp. from Belize, Bolivia, Brazil (both, none endemic), Colombia, Costa Rica,
French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Suriname, and
Venezuela, inhabit open field areas.
119. Gerritea
Zuloaga,
Morrone & Killeen. Only one sp., G. pseudopetiolata Zuloaga, Morrone
& T. Killeen, endemic to Bolivia.
120. Ichnanthus P. Beauv. Annual or perennial; rhizomes present or absent; culms
erect, decumbent or scandent. 30 spp., distributed in the tropics of the New
World (I.
pallens
(Sw.) Munro ex Benth. also in tropical Africa and Asia) where they usually
inhabit forests, or less commonly open field areas, all in South America, 27 in
Brazil, 11 endemic.
121. Ocellochloa Zuloaga
& Morrone. Perennial, delicate to robust, stoloniferous or decumbent,
rooting and branching at the lower nodes to erect, leaning or not on
vegetation; culms hollow, rarely solid, simple or branching. 12 spp. from
Mexico to Argentina, 10 in South America, 8 in Brazil, six endemic.
122. Oedochloa C. Silva & R.P.
Oliveira.
Annual or perennial; rhizomes present or absent; culms
erect, decumbent or scandent. 8 spp., 6 in South America (5 in Brazil, two endemic),
also in Caribbean and in Mexico and America Central.
123. Osvaldoa J. R.
Grande. Caespitose, shortly rhizomatous perennials; culms erect, many-noded;
blades linear-lanceolate, shortly pilose toward the base on adaxial surface;
inflorescence oblong and open panicle. Only one sp., O. valida (Mez) J.
R. Grande, S Brazil, NE Argentina and NW Uruguay; border of rivers and streams.
124. Paspalum L. 356
spp., tropical and subtropical regions on both hemispheres, with their largest
diversity in tropical America. 343 spp. in New World, 273 in South
America, 209 in Brazil, 70 endemic, nine of them, all from central savannic
states, are
rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
125. Renvoizea
Zuloaga
& Morrone. Caespitose perennials, rhizomatous, forming robust tussocks;
basal leaf-sheaths tough and persistent; ligule membranous-ciliate, ciliate or
absent; spike dense, narrowly oblong; spikelets elipsoid, biconvex, glabrous or
pilose. 10 spp., endemic to Brazil, growing in savannas of C Brazil (cerrado), atlantic
sandy coastal shrublands (restingas), and high-altitude
grasslands (campos de altitude) in the states of Bahia
(6 endemic species in this state), Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and Rio de
Janeiro (two endemic species).
126. Spheneria Kuhlm. Only
one sp., S. kegelii (C.Muell.) Pilg., restricted from Guyana,
Suriname and N Brazil.
127. Streptostachys Desv. Two
spp., one from N Brazil to Bolivia, Venezuela, Guianas and
Trinidade & Tobago, the latter endemic to Bahia state, where it
grows in sand dunes of the northern Espinhaço Range.
SUBTRIBE
OTACHYRIINAE ‣ all genera in South America.
128. Anthenantia P. Beauv. 4
spp. in New World, only one in South America, A. lanata (Kunth)
Benth, Mexico to Uruguay, east to French Guiana and Caribbean.
129. Hymenachne P. Beauv. 17
spp., tropical Africa, Assam to S China and Indo-China, 11 spp. in New World, 9 in South
America, all in Brazil, 4 endemic.
130. Otachyrium Nees. 8 spp.
over South America except Chile (one up to Trinidad & Tobago), 7 in Brazil,
4 endemic - two of them, in Bahia and Goiás states, are rare plants in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
131. Plagiantha
Renvoize.
Inflorescence lax, without spikelets unilaterally arranged, glabrous, the lower
palea expanded at maturity with two prominent wings, lower lemma 2-4-nerved,
and upper anthecium cartilaginous, covered with compound papillae all over its
surface. Only one sp., P.
tenella Renvoize, in damp ground in shady places in woodland or savannas of C
Brazil (cerrado); 640-1,000 m, known only in Serra do Curral
Feio, Bahia
state in Brazil.
132. Rugoloa Zuloaga. Three spp., all over widely distributed in New World and
in Brazil, none endemic.
133. Steinchisma Raf. 7 spp.,
from U.S.A. to Ecuador, Brazil, Guianas, Caribbean. 5 in South America, all in
Brazil, none endemic.
SUBTRIBE
ARTHROPOGONINAE ‣ outsider Triscenia (1, Cuba).
134. Altoparadisium Filg., Davidse, Zuloaga
& Morrone.
Caespitose perennials; culms erect; internodes hollow; leaves primarily
cauline; sheaths round on the back, the margins free; auricles absent; ligule a
minute fringe of hairs; collar undifferentiated; blades linear-lanceolate;
inflorescence a contracted, terminal panicle. Two spp., A. scabrum
(Pilg. & Kuhlm.) Filg., Davidse, Zuloaga & Morrone from C Brazil and
Bolivia, and A. chapadense Filg., Davidse, Zuloaga & Morrone endemic
to Brazil (Goias state), a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
135. Apochloa Zuloaga
& Morrone. Caespitose perennials, forming robust tussocks, rarely decumbent
and rooting at the lower nodes, culms simple, blades basal; blades lanceolate
to linear-lanceolate, frequently inrolled, pungent, densely pilose to glabrous;
inflorescence an open, lax, and terminal panicle; spikelets ovoid to ellipsoid,
glabrous, occasionally pilose. 15 spp., A. chnoodes (Trin.) Zuloaga
& Morrone in N Brazil, Venezuela and Guyana, 4 only in Venezuela and 10 endemic
to Brazil, growing in open, rocky soils of the Guiana
Shield and in savannas of C Brazil (cerrado) and rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres), between 1,000-2,500 m elevation.
136. Arthropogon Nees. 5
spp., one in Caribbean, three in Brazil (two endemic, one up to Bolivia) and
one in Colombia.
137. Canastra
Morrone
et al. Plants perennial, caespitose; culms 50-60 cm tall, simple or branched at
the basal nodes, erect; internodesc ompresseds, triate, glabrousn; odes
glabrous. Two spp. endemic to Brazil, one of them known only from Minas Gerais
state and a rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, typically among rocks,
or very close to the margins of puddles, streams, or small rivers; they are
found in shallow and extremelly sandy soils; plants robust, tussock-like, with
compiscuous upright purples inflorescence.
138. Coleataenia Griseb.
Plants perennial, cespitose, short to long rhizomatous, the rhizomes short or
long; culms simple or branching at the middle and upper nodes, internodes
terete or compressed; inflorescence exerted, panicles lax to contracted, few or
multiflowered. 12 spp., U.S.A. to Brazil and Argentina,
4 in South America, two in Brazil, none endemic.
139. Cyphonanthus Zuloaga
& Morrone. Short-rhizomatous perennial with simple culms decumbent, rooting
at the lower nodes; ligules ciliate; blades lanceolate; inflorescences lax,
spikelets ovoid, gibbous, glabrous. Only one sp., C. discrepans (Döll)
Zuloaga & Morrone, in Cuba, Belize, Costa Rica, and from Colombia to
French Guina up to SE Brazil , from sea level to 1,200 m.
140. Homolepis Chase. 5
spp., Mexico to Uruguay, French Guiana and Caribbean, all in Brazil (one endemic), dry areas in sandy soils in Brazil.
141. Keratochlaena
Morrone
& Zuloaga. Caespitose, shortly rhizomatous perennials; blades lanceolate,
rigid, sparsely pubescent to glabrous, pungent; inflorescences racemose to
subpaniculate; spikelets narrowly ellipsoid, solitary. Only one sp., K.
rigidifolia (Filg., Morrone & Zuloaga) Morrone & Zuloaga, only
known from the type locality (a rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book),
in Loreto municipality, Maranhão state, Brazil, in open savannas.
142. Mesosetum Steud. 28
spp., tropical America, 24 in South America, all in Brazil, 14 endemic, two of them,
from Mato Grosso and Goiás states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book.
143. Oncorachis Morrone e Zuloaga. Plants perennial, shortly rhizomatous;
inflorescences terminal, lax; spikelets ellipsoid, greenish and tinged with
purple, pilose or glabrous, the rachilla manifest and thickened between the
lower glume and the upper anthecium. Two spp. from savannas of C Brazil (cerrado)
at Bahia
to Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso states, one up to Sierra
de Amambay in Paraguay, reaching to 1,200 m in elevation.
144. Oplismenopsis Parodi. Only
one sp., O. najada (Hack. & Arechav.) Parodi, in Rio
Grande do Sul state in S Brazil to NE. Argentina, and Uruguay.
145. Stephostachys
Zuloaga
& Morrone.
Plants perennial, rhizomatous, rhizomes short; culms erect, 1–3 m tall, some
culms decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes; internodes 7–20 cm long,
terete, solid toward the basal portion, glabrous, pale. Only one sp., S.
mertensii (Roth) Zuloaga & Morrone, widely distributed from
Mexico and Cuba to Paraguay, Bolivia, and northern Argentina; it grows in or on
the edges of forest, usually in inundated areas.
146. Tatianyx
Zuloaga
& Soderstr. Only one sp., T. anthracites (Trin.) Zuloaga &
Soders, from Bahia and Minas Gerais states.
7.6 PANICOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE ARUNDINELEAE (4/80)
- outsiders Garnotia (c 30; S and E Asia to islands in
the Pacific), Chandrasekharania (1; Kerala in India), Jansenella (1; India,
Sri Lanka); the positions of Chandrasekharania and Jansenella are
uncertain.
147. Arundinella Raddi.
55 spp., tropical and subtropical
regions on both hemispheres. Three spp. in New World, all
widely distributed and in Brazil.
7.7. PANICOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE ANDROPOGONEAE (82/1.110–1.130)
- nine subtribes and six unplaced genera (all Old World); subtribes Arthraxoninae (1/27;
tropical and subtropical Africa, Madagascar, islands in the Indan Ocean, India
and Himalayas to S China and SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea and N Australia), Chionachninae (1/12;
India to Burma, S China and SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea, Solomon Islands and
N Australia; C. cookei (Trilobachne cookei): the
Caribbean), Coicinae (1/4; India to S China and SE Asia, N
Queensland) and Germainiinae (4/31; Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula,
India to China and Japan, SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea and Queensland) do not
occur in South Amarica
SUBTRIBE
TRIPSACINAE ‣ outsiders Zea (7, Mexico, America Central),
Oxyrhachis (1; tropical E and S Africa, Madagascar), Urelytrum (7; tropical
and S Africa, Madagascar) and Vossia (1; tropical Africa to Namibia and
N Botswana, E India to Burma).
148. Elionurus Humb. &
Bonpl. ex Willd. 17 spp., tropical and subtropical Africa and eastwards to
Sind in NW India, Australia, tropical and subtropical America. 7 spp. in New
World, 6 in South
America, 4 in Brazil, one endemic.
149. Rhytachne Desv.
ex Ham. 12 spp., tropical and S Africa, Madagascar, tropical South
America, three in New World, R. gonzalezii Davidse,
(N. South America to N Brazil), R. guianensis (Hitchc.)
Clayton, (S. Mexico, Colombia to Suriname and N Brazil) and R. subgibbosa (Winkler
ex Hack.) Clayton, (SE. Mexico, S Brazil to NE. Argentina, N Zambia).
150. Tripsacum L.
14 spp., S U.S.A., Mexico, America Central, South America to
Paraguay, 5 in South America, two in Brazil, none endemic.
SUBTRIBE
ROTTBOELLIINAE ‣ outsiders Chasmopodium (3; tropical
W and C Africa), Eremochloa (14; India, Sri Lanka, SE Asia,
Malesia to New Guinea and tropical Australia), Hemarthria (12; tropical
and subtropical regions in the Old World), Ophiuros (4; the
Horn of Africa, India and E Himalayas to Burma, S China and SE Asia, the Ryukyu
Islands, Malesia to New Guinea and Australia), Hackelochloa (2; sub-Saharan
Africa, Arabian Peninsula, India, E Himalayas to Japan and SE Asia, Malesia to
New Guinea, Micronesia), Phacelurus (10; tropical and subtropical
Africa, SW and E Asia, tropical Asia to Indochina and Japan, one species, P.
digitatus, on the Balkan Peninsula to Syria), Glyphochloa (12;
central and SW India), Heteropholis (3; Central and tropical E
Africa; Madagascar; Sri Lanka), Lasiurus (1; Morocco and Mali
to the Middle East and NE India), Loxodera (5; tropical
Africa) and Thaumastochloa (9; New Guinea, Australia).
151. Rottboellia L.f..
24 spp., pantropical to C & E U.S.A., 9 in New World, 4 in South America
(all widely), 3 in Brazil, none endemic.
SUBTRIBE
ISCHAEMINAE ‣ outsiders Andropterum (1; tropical
Africa), Dimeria (c 60; Madagascar, India and Sri Lanka to
China, Korean Peninsula, Japan and SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea and tropical
Australia, Micronesia), Kerriochloa (1; SE Asia), Pogonachne (1; Mumbay
area in India), Triplopogon (1; W India).
152. Ischaemum L.
89 spp., tropical and subtropical
regions on both hemispheres, especially Asia, 5 in New
World, 4 in South America: one fully over Neotropics, one from N South America,
another endemic to S Venezuela, and one disjunct in Ogasawara-shoto
to Philippines, SE & S Brazil to NE. Argentina.
SUBTRIBE
SACCHARINAE ‣ outsiders Asthenochloa (1; C
Malesia), Pseudodichanthium (1; W India), Cleistachne (1;
tropical E and SE Africa, Oman, India), Sorghum (28; Old
World, India, Sri Lanka, Burma, SE Asia Australia, one species, S.
trichocladum, in Mexico and America Central), Sarga (1, Mexico to
Honduras), Eulalia (34; Africa, Madagascar, Asia and Australia), Homozeugos (6; tropical
Africa), Miscanthus (16; tropical and subtropical regions in the
Old World, S Africa, E Asia), Polytrias (1; SE Asia), Pseudosorghum (2; Himalayas,
Burma, Yunnan, SE Asia, Java, Philippines), Tripidium (3; SE
Europe, Mediterranean, SW and S Asia), Veldkampia (1; SE
Asia).
153. Agenium Nees.
Three spp., all widely from Bolivia
to Brazil (none endemic) and NE. Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
154. Erianthus Michx. 9 spp., New
World,
4 in South America, 3 in Brazil, none endemic.
155. Eriochrysis P. Beauv. Grass with
inflorescences with golden-brown to light-brown trichomes, and heterogamous
spikelets: sessile spikelets with a bisexual flower and pedicelled spikelets
with a pistillate flower. 7 spp., tropical and southern Africa, India, tropical
America,
six in South America, all in Brazil (one endemic), mainly C & S South
America.
156. Euclasta Franch.
Three spp. from tropical Africa to Myanmar, with E. condylotricha
(Hochst. ex Steud.) Stapf disjunct from Mexico to Peru and C Brazil in New
World.
157. Imperata Cirillo. 11
spp., tropical and subtropical regions on both hemispheres, 7 in New
World, 6 in South America: two widely in Neotropics, two from Ecuador to SE
Brazil (none endemic) and Argentina, two only Chile and Argentina.
158. Sorghastrum Nash. 17
spp., tropical and subtropical regions of New World, 11 spp. in
South America, 8 in Brazil, 4 endemic. One spp. is disjunct tropical America
and Africa.
159. Trachypogon Nees.
4 spp., one tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar and three in
tropical America, all in Brazil (none endemic), one of then also in
both Africa and New World.
SUBTRIBE
ANDROPOGONINAE ‣ outsiders Chrysopogon (51, Africa and Europe
to Pacific, 1 in S Central & SE U.S.A. to Cuba), Bhidea (3; India), Diheteropogon (4; tropical
and S Africa), Anadelphia (21; W to SE tropical Africa), Capillipedium (18;
E Africa, tropical Asia to Australia and New Caledonia), Clausospicula (1; Northern
Territory), Cymbopogon (55–60; tropical and subtropical
regions in Africa, Madagascar, Asia and Australia), Dichantium (19–23;
tropical and subtropical regions in the Old World), Eremopogon (1; tropical
Africa, the Middle East to India and Sri Lanka), Exotheca (1; tropical
E Africa, Vietnam), Hyperthelia (7; tropical and S
Africa), Iseilema (c 30; India, Sri Lanka, SE Asia, Malesia to
New Guinea and tropical Australia), Monocymbium (3; tropical
and S Africa), Parahyparrhenia (6; tropical W and C
Africa, India, Thailand), Pseudanthistiria (4; India,
Thailand, southern China), Spathia (1; tropical
Australia), Spodiopogon (16; Türkiye, SE, Central, E and
tropical Asia to Russian Far East, Japan, Taiwan (China) and the Malay
Peninsula), Themeda (26; tropical and subtropical regions in Africa,
Asia and Australia) and Lakshmia (1; Sri Lanka, W Ghats).
160. Andropogon L. 123 spp., over cosmoopolitan, all countries of New World
except Chile. 67 spp. in New World, 42 in South America, 26 in Brazil, 9 endemic,
one of them, from Minas Gerais state, is a are rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
161. Anatherum
P.Beauv. 5 spp., one in Africa and 4 in over New World, two in
South America, only one in Brazil, no endemic.
162. Bothriochloa Kuntze.
18 spp. in tropical and subtropical regions in America, 15
in South America, mainly amphitropical. 11 in Brazil, two endemic, one of them,
from Mato Groso do Sul state, is a rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
163. Diectomis
Kunth. Only one sp., D. fastigiata (Sw.) P.Beauv., from Mexico to
Brazil, tropcial Africa and S & SE Asia.
164. Elymandra Stapf.
Six spp. restricted from tropical and S Africa except E. lithophila (Trin.)
Clayton, from SE Brazil, RD Congo and Zimbabwe, probably due to long distance
dispersal.
165. Heteropogon
Pers. 4 spp., 3 in Old World (mainly S Asia), H.
contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. and H. melanocarpus
(Elliott) Benth., both pantropical.
166. Hyparrhenia Andersson
ex E. Fourn. 57 spp., Macaronesia, Mediterranean, Africa, Madagascar, SW and S
Asia eastwards to Pakistan and India, tropical America, with their highest
diversity in Africa, one n New World, H. bracteata (Humb.
& Bonpl. ex Willd.) Stapf., occuring in Old World and from Mexico to
Bolivia and Brazil.
167. Schizachyrium Nees.
59 spp., trop. & S. Africa, W.
Indian Ocean, trop. & subtrop. Asia to W. Pacific, America, 28 spp. in New
World (all countries), 14 in South America, 13 in Brazil, 4 endemic.
7.8 PANICOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE PANICEAE (74/1.190–1.210)
- Paniceae from forests are often C3, but some species from open and
arid areas are also C3 in this group, as in the rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres) of SE Brazil, e.g. in Apochloa
and Renvoizea. Likewise, Echinolaena inflexa (Poir.)
Chase, a species typical of the savannas of C Brazil (cerrado),
is also C3. Six unplaced genera (five absent in South America) and eight
subtribes, only Neurachninae (4/14, arid regions in Australia) absent.
SUBTRIBE
UNPLACED TAXA – outsider Kellochloa (2, C & E
U.S.A.).
168. Cnidochloa
Zuloaga.
Short-rhizomatous perennial with culms decumbent, rooting at lower nodes;
inflorescence a lax and diffuse panicle, spikelets long, ellipsoid,
chasmogamous. Only
one sp., C. longipedicellata (Swallen) Zuloaga, restricted to Brazil,
where it grows along margins and in clearings of forests in the states of Rio
de Janeiro, Paraná, and Santa Catarina, between 700 and 1,400 m elevation.
SUBTRIBE
ANTHEPHORINAE ‣ outsiders Tarigidia (2,
Puerto Rico, Namibia, NW Free State), Chlorocalymma (1; Tanzania), Chaetopoa (2; Tanzania),
Taeniorhachis (1; Somalia), Thyridachne (1; tropical Africa)
and Trachys (1; coastal areas in S India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and
Burma).
169. Anthephora Schreb.
11 spp., 10 in tropical and southern Africa, Arabian Peninsula,
and one species, A. hermaphrodita (L.) Kuntze, in
tropical America, widely distributed.
170. Digitaria Haller.
Spikelets with a reduced lower glume, upper anthecium cartilaginous, and upper
lemma margin thin and not inrolled. 264 spp. worldwide,
81 spp. in New World, 52 in South America, 35 in Brazil, 12 endemic, three
of them, from Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul and Santa Catarina states, are
rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
SUBTRIBE
DICHANTHELIINAE ‣ outsider Adenochloa (14;
tropical and subtropical Africa, Madagascar).
171. Dichanthelium (Hitchc.
& Chase) Gould. 129 spp. from Canada and
the U.S.A. to CArgentina and Chile and Hawaii, from sea level to approximately
3,000 m, frequent in forest edges, in wet habitats, some species in open
places, on moist or dry sandy soils. 38 spp. in South America, 27 in Brazil, 16
endemic,
three of them, from Bahia and Minas Gerais states, are rare plants in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
SUBTRIBE
BOIVINELLINAE ‣ outsiders Amphicarpum (2, SE U.S.A.), Mayariochloa
(1, Cuba), Scutachne (1, Caribbean), Setiacis (1; Hainan), Alloteropsis (5; tropical
and subtropical regions in the Old World), Cyphochlaena (2; Madagascar,
the Comoros), Cyrtococcum (14; Africa, Asia and Australia), Entolasia (6; Africa,
tropical Asia to E Australia, New Caledonia), Microcalamus (1; W
Africa), Ottochloa (3; India, S China, SE Asia, Malesia to N
Australia) and Poecilostachys (c 20; tropical Africa, Madagascar).
172. Acroceras Stapf.
22 spp., 4 in New World, one widely in Neotropics and thee only in South
America, all four in Brazil, two endemic.
173. Echinochloa P.
Beauv. 37 spp., warm-temperate to tropical
regions on both hemispheres, 9 spp. in New World, 3 in South
America, two in Brazil, one endemic.
174. Lasiacis (Griseb.)
Hitchc. Scandent habit. 15 spp., tropical and subtropical regions in
America,
12 in South America, all widely distributed, 5 in Brazil, none endemic.
175. Morronea Zuloaga and
Scataglini. Perennials with decumbent culms; ligules membranousciliate;
inflorescence a lax and spreading panicle spikelets ellipsoid, glabrous;
caryopsis with hilum punctiform. Six spp. inhabiting humid and shaded places
from Mexico to Argentina, 4 only in Mexico and America Central and two widely
in tropical America, one in Brazil.
176. Oplismenus P. Beauv. 7 spp.,
tropical and subtropical regions on both hemispheres, two
in New World, both in South America and in Brazi and very highly widely
distributed.
177. Parodiophyllochloa Zuloaga
& Morrone. Perennials with decumbent culms; ligules membranous; panicles
lax and spreading, generally with chasmogamus or cleistogamus spikelets, the
chasmogamus inflorescences usually terminal on the culm. Six spp., Mexico to
Uruguay (all in South America and in Brazil), east up to French Guiana, four
widely distributed, one in S Brazil and Argentina, and one endemic to Brazil,
in dense colonies at forest edges.
178. Pseudechinolaena
Stapf. 6 spp., pantropical, mainly
Madagascar, with P. polystachya (Kunth)
Stapf. pantropical, ver highly widely distributed.
SACCIOLEPIS
CLADE ‣ both genera in South America.
179. Sacciolepis Nash. 27
spp., tropical and subtropical regions on both hemispheres, with their largest
diversity in tropical Africa. 5 spp. in New World, all widely
distributed and in Brazil.
180. Trichanthecium
Zuloaga, Morrone & Scataglini. 39
spp., Africa and New World, 26 in New World, all in South America, 18 in
Brazil, 7 endemic.
SUBTRIBE
MELINIDINAE ‣ outsiders Thuarea (2; Madagascar, tropical
and E Asia to tropical Australia, Melanesia, Micronesia and Hawai), Moorochloa
(3; tropical and subtropical Old World), Tricholaena (4; Canary
Islands, Mediterranean, Africa, Madagascar), Leucophrys (1; S
Namibia, N Cape), Melinis (22; Africa, Madagascar), Eccoptocarpha
(1; S tropical Africa) and Yvesia (1; Madagascar).
181. Chaetium Nees. Three
spp., one in Mexico to America Central, one in Cuba, and C. festucoides Nees,
from Colombia to Venezuela and NE Brazil.
182. Eriochloa Kunth. 33 spp.,
tropical and subtropical regions on both hemispheres, 20 spp. in New World, 13
in South
America, 5 in Brazil, none endemic.
183. Rupichloa
Salariato
& Morrone. Herbs, rhizomatous or caespitose
perenials, rooting at the lower nodes; blades lanceolate to linear lanceolate. Two spp., endemic
to Bahia and Minas Gerais state in SE Brazil, both rares by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book, up to limestone soils 1,000-1,500 altitudinal
range.
184. Urochloa P. Beauv. 102
spp., tropical and subtropical regions on both hemispheres. 21 spp. in
New World, 12 in South America, 8 in Brazil, U. megastachya (Nees ex
Trin.) Morrone & Zuloaga endemic, known only in Serra do Cipó in Minas
Gerais state.
SUBTRIBE
PANICINAE ‣ both genera in South America.
185. Louisiella C. E. Hubb.
& J. Leonard. Aquatic perennials; culms prostrate, decumbent and rooting at
the lower nodes, then ascendent, succulent; internodes spongy, hollow, greenish
to pale, glabrous. Three spp., L. elephantipes (Nees ex Trin.)
Zuloaga from Mexico to Argentina, a common aquatic grass growing in ponds and
shallow water;
L. fluitans C.E.Hubb. &
J.Léonard from Cameroon, Central African Republic, Southern Sudan, and the
Democratic Republic of Congo; and L. paludosa (Roxb.) S. N. Landge, from
Iran, Pakistan, India, Tropical Asia, Indo-China, North and East Australia.
186. Panicum L. Caespitose,
annual or perennial plants; ligules membranous-ciliate or ciliate; blades
lanceolate to linear lanceolate; inflorescences lax and open, with spikelets
arranged in long pedicels; spikelets with lower glume present, 3–9- nerved,
upper glume and lower lemma subequal, 7–13-nerved, lower palea and lower flower
present or absent. 263 spp. worldwide, 72 in New World,
46 in South America, 35 in Brazil, 8 endemic, all of them, from several states,
are
rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
SUBTRIBE
CENCHRINAE ‣ outsiders Acritochaete (1; tropical
Africa), Alexfloydia (1; New South Wales), Chamaeraphis (1; N
Australia), Dissochondrus (1; Hawai), Holcolemma (3;
tropical E Africa, India, Australia), Hygrochloa (2; N
Australia), Paractaenum (2; Australia), Pseudochaetochloa
(1; N Australia), Pseudoraphis (7; India to China, Japan and
Australia), Spinifex (4; India to E Asia and islands in the
Pacific), Stereochlaena (4; tropical E to South Africa), Streptolophus
(1; Angola), Uranthoecium (1; tropical Australia), Whiteochloa
(6; Aru Islands, tropical Australia), Xerochloa (3; Australia)
and Zygochloa (1; arid regions of central Australia).
187. Cenchrus L. 108 spp., SE.
Europe, Africa to W. Indo-China, N & E Australia to Pacific, and New World
(35). 23 in South America, 7 in Brazil, none endemic.
188. Ixophorus Schltdl. Only
one sp., I. unisetus (J. Presl) Schltdl., Mexico to Colombia and Caribbean.
189. Paratheria Griseb. Two
spp., tropical W and C Africa, Madagascar, P. prostrata Griseb.
from Africa to Ethiopia and Namibia, Madagascar, disjunct in Costa Rica,
Caribbean, northern South America, Bolivia and Brazil.
190. Setaria P. Beauv. 136
spp. worldwide, mostly in the tropics and subtropics of Africa, Asia, and the
New World (53), 38 spp. in South America, 22 in Brazil (only a single endemic).
191. Setariopsis
Scribn.
Two spp., one and endemic to Mexico, and S. auriculata (E.Fourn.)
Scribn from Arizona to Nicaragua, disjunct in Colombia and Venezuela.
192. Stenotaphrum Trin. 7 spp.,
tropical and subtropical regions on both hemispheres, only one in New World,
S. secundatum (Walter) Kuntz, from SE U.S.A. to E & S
South America, tropical Africa to Chad.
193. Zuloagaea
Bess.
Plants perennial, caespitose or single-stalked, erect; culms 20-200 cm tall,
1–8 mm thick, glabrous, lowest internode often thickened into a hard, corm-like
base; blades linear. Only one sp., Z. bulbosa (Kunth) Bess, from
Arizona and New Mexico to N South America (between Colombia and Ecuador); it
occurs at elevations from 900-3,000 meters, primarily on rocky or sandy soil in
drainage areas or in deep leaf mulch in forests of oak and/or pine, under dry
to very moist conditions.
8. SUBFAMILY
ARUNDINOIDEAE (11-13/35-37) ‣
three
tribes, Arundineae (4/18, Tropical and subtropical regions of the
Old World) and Crinipedeae (4/8, tropical and subtropical regions of the
Old World, with their largest diversity in S and E Africa) do not occur in
South America; among Molinieae, outsiders are Hakonechloa
(1; Japan), Leptagrostis (1; Ethiopia), Molinia
(2; Europe, temperate Asia), Piptophyllum (1; Angola).
194. Phragmites
Adans.
4 spp. cosmopolitan, one in neotropics; the only one representative in South
America, P. australis (Nees) Döll, considered
cosmopolitan, of swamps and riverbanks, occur in all coutries of New World
except Brazil, Paraguay and some Caribbean Is.
9. SUBFAMILY
MICRAIROIDEAE (9/c 185) ‣
three
tribes, Micraireae (1/16; tropical Australia) and Eriachneae (1/c
50; Sri Lanka and southern China to southern Malesia and Australia) do not
occur in South America; among Isachneae, outsiders are Coelachne (11;
tropical Africa, Madagascar, tropical Asia from India to New Guinea), Heteranthoecia (1; tropical
Africa), Sphaerocaryum (1; India to China (inc. Taiwan), SE Asia and W
Malesia), Limnopoa (1; S India), Hubbardia (2; W
India), Zenkeria (5; India, Sri Lanka).
195. Isachne R. Br. Plants annual or perennial, trailing culms which can reach
a length of several meters; ligule setose; inflorescence a panicle, contracted
to lax; spikelets with two florets, disarticulating above the glumes and
deciduous together, with the glumes later also deciduous. 105 spp. in tropics
and subtropics, mainly in tropical Asia, 15 in New World, 8 in South America, 6
in Brazil, 4 endemic, one of them, from Bahia state, is a rare
plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book; mainly in marshy,
swampy and wet places, along rivers, or associated with gallery forests.
10.
SUBFAMILY DANTHONIOIDEAE (19/c 285) ‣
outsiders Merxmuellera (7; tropical
and S Africa, Madagascar), Capeochloa (3; S Africa), Geochloa
(3; tropical and S Africa), Pentameris (c 80; Africa,
Madagascar, S and E Asia), Chionochloa (26; New Zealand,
Auckland and Campbell Islands, Lord Howe, New Guinea), Chaetobromus
(1; S Namibia, Northern and W Cape), Pseudopentameris (3; mountains
in W Cape), Austroderia (5; New Zealand, Chatham Islands), Notochloe (1; New
South Wales), Plinthanthesis (3; SE Australia), Chimaerochloa
(1; tropical Asia to New Guinea), Tenaxia (8; Africa, temperate to
tropical Asia), Schismus (5; Mediterranean, Africa, SW Asia to NW India
and China, especially S Africa), Tribolium (14; S Namibia, N,
W and E Cape), Phaenanthoecium (1; mountains in NE tropical
Africa), Danthonidium (1; India).
196. Cortaderia Stapf.
Gynodioecious, dioecious, hermaphrodite or apomictic perennials, ranging from
rounded vegetable hedgehogs less than 0.5 m tall to erect 4 m tall tussocks;
innovations intravaginal; spreading stolons rare. 20 spp. from Tierra del Fuego
in the south to Venezuela in the north (two up to America Central), and from
the Atlantic coastal mountains near Rio de Janeiro to the Ecuadorian Andes (4
in Brazil, two endemic, one of them, from Santa Catarina state, is a rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), and from sea level at
the southern extreme to over 4,500 m at the equator. C. selloana
(Schult. & Schult. f.) Asch. & Graebn., which is globally cultivated as
a garden ornamental, but which is also an aggressive invader in many
warm-temperate regions.
197. Danthonia DC. Perennial ceaspitose herb up to 1m tall, unbranched above.
27 spp. worldwide, Macaronesia, Europe to Caucasus, N. Africa, Russian Far
East, temp. & subtrop. America. 25 spp. in New World, 16 in South America, 7
in Brazil, 3 endemic.
D.
secundiflora J. Presl is found all the way to the high
altitude grasslands (campos de altitude) of Bahia (Morro do Chapéu),
disjunct in southern country, Uruguay, and Colombia; this is the northernmost limit known for microthermic grasses in
Brazil.
198. Rytidosperma
Steud.
Perennial ceaspitose herb up to 1m tall, unbranched above. 74 spp. from SE Asia
along mainly Australasia, New Zealand, Hawaii, and perhaps also South America,
with six spp. from Chile and Argentina.
11.
SUBFAMILY CHLORIDOIDEAE (125–126/1.405–1.420)
- five tribes, only Centropodieae (2/6, S Africa and one
species in North Africa eastwards to India) absent in South America.
11.1 CHLORIDOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE TRIRAPHIDAE (4/14)
- outsiders Habrochloa (1; Central Africa), Neyraudia (4; tropical
and subtropical regions in Africa and Asia), Nematopoa (1; Zambia,
Zimbabwe).
199. Triraphis R.
Br. 8 spp., six in Africa and Arabian peninsula, one in
Australia, and T. devia Filg. & Zuloaga, endemic to Goias state in C
Brazil, with only three endangered populations in mountains Veadeiros National
Park, and a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book, always in savanna habitats, often in sandy or stony soils.
11.2 CHLORIDOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE ERAGROSTINAE (13/410–415)
- three subtribes, all in South America.
SUBTRIBE COTTEINAE
‣ outsiders Kaokochloa (1; NW
Namibia), Schmidtia (2; Africa, Cape Verde Islands,
Pakistan)
200. Cottea
Kunth.
Only one sp., C.
pappophorides Kunth,
southern U.S.A. to C Mexico, disjunct from Ecuador to Bolivia and
NW Argentina.
201. Enneapogon
Desv.
ex P. Beauv. 26 spp. from Old World, one disjunct
collected in New World, E. desvauxii P.Beauv., present in WC U.S.A., Peru
to N Argentina and Chile.
SUBTRIBE ERAGROSTIDINAE
‣ outsiders Cladoraphis (2; Namibia,
N and W Cape), Richardsiella (1; Zambia).
202. Eragrostis Wolf. 424 spp., tropical to warm-temperate regions on both
hemispheres. 88
spp. in New World, 58 in South America, over widely distributed, 39 in Brazil, six
endemic.
203. Steirachne Ekman. Two
spp., S. barbata (Trin.)
Renvoize and S. diandra Ekman, from Venezuela, Guyana
and N Brazil (both spp., none endemic).
SUBTRIBE UNIOLINAE
‣ outsiders Entoplocamia (1; Namibia), Fingerhuthia (2; S
tropical and S Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Afghanistan to India), Tetrachaete
(1; Ethiopia, Tanzania, Arabian Peninsula), Tetrachne (1; E
Cape, Free State, Lesotho, Pakistan).
204. Uniola
L. Strongly laterally compressed spikelets
with 6–20 florets and coriaceous, sharply keeled lemmas. 5 spp., two in Caribbean
and Mexico to North America, Peru and Ecuador one endemic each, and U.
pittieri Hack. from Mexico to Peru and Venezuela.
11.3 CHLORIDOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE ZOYSIEAE (4–5/185–190)
- two subtribes, Zoysiinae (2/10; Sudan and Somalia to Sind, Mauritius to Polynesia)
absent in South America; among South American Sporobolinae, outsiders is
Psilolemma (1; E Africa).
205. Sporobolus R. Br. 224 spp., warm-temperate to tropical regions on both
hemispheres; 91 spp. in New World, 43 in South America, 32 in Brazil, 10 endemic
- three of them, from Paraná, Goiás and Minas Gerais states, are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book. S. atrovirens (Kunth)
Kunth, endemic to Mexico, is one of three
desiccation tolerant Poaceae in New World.
11.4 CHLORIDOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CYNODONTHEAE (95/785–800)
- 25 subtribes, 14 in South America. Allolepiinae (1/1;
S U.S.A., Mexico), Hilariinae (1/10; S U.S.A., Mexico, Guatemala), Kaliniinae (1/1;
SW U.S.A. to central Mexico), Orcuttiinae (3/9, California to NW
Mexico), Sohnsiinae (1/1; Mexico), Triodiinae (1/c 70;
Australia), Zaqiqahinae (1/1; Ethiopia, Somalia, Socotra, SW
Arabian Peninsula), Aeluropodinae (2/8; Mediterranean, SW Asia to India
and N China, coasts of the Red Sea, tropical and southern Africa), Orininae (2/19;
S Europe, Türkiye to temperate E Asia), Perotidinae (3/18; tropical
and subtropical Africa, S Madagascar, temperate to tropical Asia east to China,
New Guinea and N Australia) and Farragininae (2/10; S tropical and
S Africa) does not occur in South America.
New World
genera in these groups are Neostapfia (1, California), Tuctoria (3,
California to NW Mexico) and Orcuttia (5, California to NW Mexico)
in Orcutiinae; Allolepis (1, Texas to NE Mexico) in Allolepiinae; Hilaria (10,
W & C U.S.A. to Guatemala) in Hilariinae; Kalinia (1, SW U.S.A.
to Mexico) in Kaliniinae; and Sohnsia (1, Mexico) in Sohnsiinae.
CYNODONTEAE INCERTAE
SEDIS: Kampochloa (1, Zambia, Angola), Lepturidium (1, Cuba)
and Vietnamochloa (1, Vietnam).
SUBTRIBE
JOUVEINAE ‣ all genera in South America.
206. Jouvea
E.
Fourn. Two spp. from Mexico to Colombia and Ecuador in South America (1).
SUBTRIBE
DACTYLOCTENIINAE ‣ outsiders Acrachne (3; tropical
and S Africa, Madagascar, SE Asia, Australia), Dactyloctenium (13, Africa, Asia to Australia), Brachychloa
(2; KwaZulu-Natal, Mozambique).
207. Neobouteloua
Gould.
Two spp., endemic to Nw Argentina.
SUBTRIBE ELEUSENINAE
‣ outsiders Tetrapogon (10, Canary
Islands, Africa, Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East to India and Central Asia,
4 in S U.S.A. to Nicaragua), Astrebla (4; Australia), Lepturus (c
15; coasts in E Africa, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Australia to Polynesia), Micrachne (5; Central
and tropical E Africa), Chrysochloa (4; tropical Africa), Stapfochloa
(6; tropical and subtropical Africa), Cynodon (10;
tropical and subtropical regions of Old Hemispheres), Afrotrichloris
(2; Somalia), Schoenefeldia (2; tropical and S Africa,
Madagascar, India), Apochiton (1; Tanzania), Austrochloris
(1; Queensland), Coelachyrum (1–8; tropical and southern Africa,
Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan), Daknopholis (1; E Africa, Madagascar,
Aldabra), Oxychloris (1; Australia), Harpochloa (1; S
tropical and S Africa), Neostapfiella (3; Madagascar), Pommereulla (1; S
India, Sri Lanka) and Sclerodactylon (1; coast of E Africa, islands
in the Indian Ocean).
208. Chloris Sw. 53 spp., warm-temperate to tropical regions on both
hemispheres. 23 spp. in New World, 10 in South America, 4 in Brazil, all
widespread, none endemic.
209. Dinebra Jacq. 24
spp., subcosmopolitan, six in New World, 3 in South America and in Brazil, all
widely distributeds.
210. Diplachne P.Beauv.
Two spp., one in Africa and D. fusca (L.)
P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. from Canada to Argentina, Africa, Middle East
to N China, Japan to Australia.
211. Disakisperma Steud. 4 spp., three in Ethiopia to S Africa,
Arabian Peninsula, and D. dubium (Kunth) P.M.Peterson &
N.Snow, WC & S U.S.A. to Honduras, Colombia to Bolivia and N Argentina.
212. Eleusine Gaertn. 9
spp., 8 in tropical and subtropics of Old World, and E. tristachya (Lam.)
Lam. from S Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
213. Eustachys Desv. 13
spp., U.S.A.,
Mexico, America Central, Caribbean, South America (10), one sp. in E and S
Africa, Oman and Yemen, and one in SE Asia to Taiwan (China) and New Guinea. 10
spp. in Brazil, two endemic.
214. Leptochloa P.Beauv. 14 spp., SE Asia to Australia, Marquesas Islands, North to
South America. 10 spp. in New World, 8 in South America, 3 in Brazil, one endemic.
215. Microchloa R.Br. Six
spp. from tropical areas in Africa, Asia and Australia, M. kunthii Desv. also
in New World, from S U.S.A. to N Argentina and Brazil.
M. indica
Desv. is one of three
desiccation tolerant Poaceae in New
World, with dry specimens collected in NE Brazil and in Argentina.
216. Rheochloa
Filg.
et al. Perenials, culm 60-75 cm, sometimes flexuous to decumbent, rroting at
the lower nodes, unbranched at vegetative portions. Only one sp., R. scabriflora Filg.,
P.M.Peterson & Y.Herrera, central Brazil, endemic to SE Goias state,
mesophytic (in humid grassland), a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book,
possibly extinct.
217. Stapfochloa H.Scholz. 8
spp., one in Africa, 7 in New World, two widely in tropical America and five in
southern half of South America, three of these in Brazil, none endemic.
SUBTRIBE PAPPOPHORINAE
‣ all genera occur in South America.
218. Neesiochloa
Pilg.
Small herbs up to 26cm high. Only one sp., N. barbata (Nees) Pilg.,
endemic dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga), in Bahia, Ceará
and Piauí states.
219. Pappophorum Schreb.
7 spp., S U.S.A. to Argentina, 6 in South America, 4 in Brazil, none
endemic.
220. Tridens Roem. &
Schult. 13 spp., N U.S.A. to NE Argentina, 5 in South America, 4 in Brazil, one
endemic.
SUBTRIBE BOUTELOUINAE
‣ a single genus.
221. Bouteloua Lag.
57 spp., Canada, U.S.A. and Mexico, America Central, the Caribbean, South
America to Argentina, centered in the SW U.S.A and Mexico. 12
spp. in South America, mainly widely distributed, four of then reaches from
North and America Centraln up to Caribbean of Venezuela and Colombia. 4 in
Brazil, none endemic.
SUBTRIBE MONANTHOCHLOINAE
‣ a single genus.
222. Distichlis
Raf.
11 spp., one in Australia and 10 in
U.S.A., Mexico, the Caribbean, South America. 6 spp. from Venezuela to Uruguay,
also in Paraguay, and one from North America to W South America, absent in
Paraguay and Brazil.
SUBTRIBE
MUHLENBERGIINAE ‣ a single
genus.
223. Muhlenbergia Schreb. Herbs, sometimes scandent. 174 spp., nine in Afghanistan
to Russian Far East and tropical Asia, 165 spp. in Canada, U.S.A., Mexico, America Central,
tropical and subtropical South America. 35 spp. in
South America, six in Brazil, none endemic.
SUBTRIBE SCLEROPOGONINAE
‣ outsiders Swallenia (1, Eureka
Valley Sand Dunes in Inyo County in California).
224. Blepharidachne
Hack.
4 spp., two only W U.S.A. and N Mexico, and two only N Argentina.
225. Erioneuron
Nash.
Three spp. in S U.S.A. and Mexico, one of these
disjunct in S
Bolivia and N Argentina.
226. Munroa
Torr.
Six spp., two in W Canada to W & C
U.S.A. and NE Mexico, and 4 from S Peru to N Argentina and Chile.
227. Scleropogon
Phil.
Only one sp., S. brevifolius Phil., SW & WC
U.S.A. to Mexico, disjunct in NW Argentina.
SUBTRIBE TRAGINAE
‣ outsiders Polevansia (1; Cape,
Lesotho), Pogononeura (1; tropical Africa), Monelytrum (1; S
Angola, Namibia), Orthacanthus (1; S Africa).
228. Tragus
Haller.
8 spp., 7 in Old World and a single native species, T. andicola
M.A.Zapater & Sulekic, endemic to NW Argentina.
229. Willkommia
Hack.
4 spp., three in Africa and W. texana Hitchc. from North America (Texas,
Ohlahoma) and coastal Argentina and Uruguay.
SUBTRIBE CTENIINAE
‣ a single genus.
230. Ctenium Panz.
19 spp., tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and North and South
America, America, Madagascar. 11 spp. in New World, 7 in South America, all in
Brazil, two endemic, also in Colombia, Paraguay and Suriname.
SUBTRIBE GOUININAE
‣ outsiders Triplasis (2, Canada
to Honduras), Tridentopsis (3, C & S U.S.A. to Mexico) and
Vaseyochloa (1, Texas).
231. Gouinia E. Fourn. ex
Benth. & Hook. f. 11 spp. from Mexico to Brazil,
Bolivia and Argentina. 6 in South America, two in Brazil, one endemic.
232. Schenckochloa
J.J.Ortíz.
Only one sp., S. barbata (Hack.) J.J.Ortíz, endemic to NE Brazil in Rio
Grande do Norte, Paraíba and Pernambuco states.
233. Triplasiella
P.M.Peterson
& Romasch. Herbs, caespitose perennials with knotty, short rhizomatous
bases; culms 20-100 cm tall, nodes often bearded, the hairs up to 2 mm long,
soft. Only one sp., T. eragrostoides (Vasey & Scribn.) P.M.Peterson
& Romasch., in S U.S.A., E & S Mexico,
Caribbean and Venezuela, in shrubby grasslands, desert scrub, open ground,
cliffs, and rocky sites; 0-2,300 m.
SUBTRIBE HUBBARDOCHLOINAE
‣ outsiders Dignathia (5; tropical
E Africa, W India), Leptocarydion (1; N Namibia,
KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, N Province, Botswana, E Africa), Bewsia (1; N
Namibia, N South Africa, Swaziland), Lophacme (2; S
tropical and S Africa), Hubbardochloa (1; mountains in
Central Africa), Decaryella (1; Madagascar).
234. Gymnopogon P. Beauv. 13
spp., tropical and subtropical regions in over America, one also from India to
Thailand. 9 spp. from South America, 7 in Brazil, none endemic.
235. Leptothrium Kunth. Three spp.,
two from Cape Verde to Egypt and Tanzania, Arabian Pen. to Pakistan, and L.
rigidum Kunth from Caribbean, Colombia and Venezuela.
SUBTRIBE TRICHONEURINAE
‣ a single genus.
236. Trichoneura
Andersson.
Nine spp., 5 in tropical Africa and Arabian Peninsula, one in Texas, one
from Galapagos, one in Peru and one from Peru and
Chile.
SUBTRIBE TRIPOGONINAE
‣ outsiders Desmostachya (1; North
Africa, SW Asia to India and SE Asia), Melanocenchris (3; Chad
and tropical NE Africa to India and Sri Lanka), Halopyrum (1; coasts
along the Indian Ocean), Eragrostiella (6; E Africa, Sri
Lanka to N Australia), Oropetium (6; arid and semiarid regions in
tropicl W Africa to India and SE Asia).
237. Tripogon
Roem.
& Schult. 36 spp., 34 in Old World and two from Bolivia, Chile, Argentina,
Paraguay and Uruguay.
238. Tripogonella P.M.Peterson &
Romasch. Three spp., one in Australia and New Guinea, another in tropical and southern Africa, and T.
spicata (Nees) P.M.Peterson & Romasch. from Texas to C Argentina,
Venezuela, S, C & SE Brazil and Caribbean; this species is one of three desiccation tolerant Poaceae in New World,
with dry specimens collected in Brazil and Argentina.
19. ZINGIBERALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: LOWIACEAE (1/32) AND MUSACEAE (3/91), AS IN POWO IN JUNE 21, 2024.
The basal
branching in Zingiberales is still unclear,
although Musaceae are sometimes identified (with low support) as
sister to the rest. Heliconia (Heliconiaceae) is part of the
basal polytomy. Strelitziaceae and Lowiaceae appear to be
sister-groups. According to Stevens (2001 onwards) these share the following
potential synapomorphies: pseudopetiole with adaxial and abaxial series of air
canals; perianth whorls coloured, distinct; adaxial stamens of inner whorl
sterile; floral column (sterile apex of ovary) present; stigma trilobate; aril
hairy; and exostomal aril lobed or fimbriate. Three distinct lineages in New
World.
LINEAGE
1 of 3: HELICONIACEAE
HELICONIACEAE
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AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 21, 2024
Genera/spp.
1/198 Distribution tropical and subtropical regions of Mexico, Central
and South America, some spp. in E Malesia (New Guinea and eastwards), Melanesia
and eastwards to Samoa. Habit bisexual, perennial (often giant) herbs. Rhizome
starchy, pseudostems present, buds axillarys.
Key
differences from similar families:
ü One ovule per locule
(vs. many in Musaceae and Strelitziaceae).
ü Bisexual flowers (vs.
unisexual flowers in Musaceae).
ü 5 fertile stamens (vs. 1
fertile stamen in Marantaceae, Costaceae, Cannaceae and Zingiberaceae).
SYSTEMATIC
a single genus.
1. Heliconia L. Medium to
very large sized rhizomatous herbs (up to 10 m tall), habit musoid, cannoid or
zingiberoid; inflorescences are almost always terminal, but in some spp. may
emerge directly from the rhizome; inflorescence erect or pendulous, arrangement
of bracts along the rachis is plane or spirally; fruit berries, green or yellow
when immature and turning deep blue or purple when mature. 198 spp., throughout the
Neotropics, 6 from Molucas to Vanuatu in Pacific Ocean and 192 in New World, 142
in South America, highly centered in Colombia (101), in montane rainforests, in
shaded moist forests or open disturbed habitats, up to 2000 m, in extensive,
conspicuous stands or as individuals; often pioneer spp.;
hummingbird pollinated; 36 in Brazil (nine endemic), only in Amazon
rainforest and Atlantic Forest, barely or absent in others areas; 5 subgenera:
§ subg. Heliconia ‣
erect inflorescence, flowers non-resupinate; musoid; Neotropics.
§ subg. Heliconiopsis ‣
erect or pendant inflorescence, flowers non-resupinate; musoid; Sulawesi
to Fiji and Samoa.
§ subg. Stenochlamys ‣
erect inflorescence, flowers resupinate; musoid, canoid, zingibeoid;
Neotropics.
§ subg. Taeniostrobus ‣
erect inflorescence, flowers resupinate or non-resupinate; musoid; Neotropics.
§ subg. Griggsia ‣
pendant inflorescence, flowers non-resupinate; musoid; Neotropics.
LINEAGE
2 of 3: STRELITZIACEAE
STRELITZIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 21, 2024
Genera/spp.
3/12 Distribution Phenakospermum: tropical South America; Strelitzia:
temperate and subtropical regions in South Africa; Ravenala: Madagascar.
Habit bisexual, perennial (often giant) herbs (aerial stem in Phenakospermum,
Ravenala and Strelitzia nicolai lignified). Rhizome rich in
starch, with short and thick branches. Dichotomous branching present in Strelitzia.
Strictly, one Neotropical genus Phenakospermum
with, but treated here to include both the bird of paradise plant Strelitzia reginae Aiton and
the travellers palm Ravenala
madagascariensis Sonn.,
both of which are introduced into the Neotropics. Strelitzia reginae Banks ex
Aiton cultivated and naturalized in the Neotropics; Ravenala madagascariensis (travelers palm),
introduced from Madagascar.
Key
differences from similar families
ü Pseudostem
absent, staminodes lacking and 4 to many ovules per locule vs. pseudostem
present, 1 petaloid staminode and 1 ovule per locule in Heliconiaceae.
ü Leaves
distichous and flowers bisexual vs. leaves spiral and flowers unisexual in
Musaceae.
ü 5 fertile
stamens vs. 1 fertile stamen in Marantaceae, Costaceae, Cannaceae and
Zingiberaceae.
ü Zingiberaceae
differ by being aromatic vs. Strelitziaceae is non-aromatic.
Useful tips
for generic identification:
ü Phenakospermum: terminal
inflorescence; 5 stamens.
ü Ravenala:
inflorescence lateral; 6 stamens.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders
Ravenala (6, Madagascar) and Strelitzia (5,
temperate and subtropical regions in southern Africa).
1. Phenakospermum
Endl. Arborescent, suckering plants; leaves in fanlike
clusters on the top of the trunk; inflorescence terminal. Only one sp.,
P. guyannense (Rich.) Endl. ex Miq.,
found in the Neotropics east of the Andes from Guianas and Maranhão state to
Ecuador in western and Bolivia and south; particularly abundant in forests
bordering seasonally flooded savannas, along river margins, in swamp forests, forest
edges, and disturbed areas, 50-700 m; know as ‘sororoca’ in Brazil; pollinated
by bats; flowers of this spp.
stay receptive for only one night, and seeds are cooked and eaten by some
indigenous people.
LINEAGE
3 of 3: CORE ZINGIBEROID
MARANTACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 21, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp. 28/520–530
Distribution pantropical except Australia, with their largest diversity
in tropical America. Habit bisexual, perennial (sometimes giant) herbs
(rarely climbing; sometimes with woody rhizome). Rhizome rich in starch. Marantaceae
leaves are held vertically during the night!
Phylogenetic
studies at the family level have shown Neotropical diversity to primarily
involve two large groups: the Maranta clade with nine genera and ca. 70
spp. is concentrated in SE Brazil; and the Calathea clade with five
genera and ca. 370 spp. is distributed throughout the Neotropics but with
highest diversity in northwestern South America. Another
character exclusive to this family in the order is the presence of paired
flowers, in which th two appear as mirror images of each other. Only sp. in the
genus Monotagma have single flowers. These plants
are easy to grow in tropical and subtropical climates where they are cultivated
as landscape plants and as potted plants in temperate climates.
There is a
growing demand for species of Calathea, Ctenanthe, Maranta,
and Stromanthe as ornamentals. These plants are easy to grow in tropical
and subtropical climates where they are cultivated as landscape plants and as
potted plants in temperate climates. This family includes a number of edible
spp. such as Calathea barbata
Petersen and Calathea allouia
Lindl., from which the tubercules are cooked and eaten by indigenous people in
central Brazil and northern South America, respectively. However, only a single
spp., Maranta arundinacea
L. (arrowroot) is economically important. Fibre plants are abundant in the
family; the inflorescence peduncles of species of Ischnosiphon are used
for making baskets, mats, strings for musical instruments and ornaments in the
Amazonian region and the Guianas; species with larger leaf blades are used for
wrapping foods, to cover cargo and as bottle stoppers.
SYSTEMATIC six lineages, the three most basal not occur in South
America: Sarcophrynium Clade (1/6; tropical Africa), Donax
Clade (4/9; tropical W and C Africa, SE Asia, Malesia to Vanuatu), Hypselodelphys
Clade (3/14; tropical W and C Africa; New Guinea; Japan). Monophyllanthe
unplaced. No outsiders in New World.
UNPLACED
1. Monophylanthe
K. Schum. Aerial shoots with a single basal leaf each,
small to medium sized plants (up to 1,5 m tall), flowers are small, white, with
or without the external staminodes, disposed in both sides of the
inflorescence, with very small or absent bracteoles. Two spp., one from N
Amazon rainforests of Brazil and Colombia, another
in Suriname and French Guiana.
THALIA CLADE
(1/6) ‣ a single
genus.
2. Thalia L.
Rosulate or caulescent marsh plants; inflorescence a very richly branched
synflorescence; spathes caducous; sepals very short; floral tube indistinct;
outer staminode solitary; cucullate staminode with two appendages; style with a
very long ventral projection of the stigmatic orifice. 6 spp., T. geniculata
L. widely distributed, weed confined of open marshes, reported also in Africa,
three almost confined to Brazil (two endemic and one up to Argentina and Uruguay), Ecuador and U.S.A. one endemic
each.
CALATHIDS (6/c.
380) ‣ outsider Phrynium
(35–40; India to southern China and SE Asia, New Guinea, Vanuatu).
3. Calathea G.Mey.
Herbs, usually with several basal and one or more cauline leaves; leaves
uniformly green or paler below; inflorescence terminal on a leafy shoot,
compound, usually composed of 2-several similar, partial inflorescences, rarely
simple; flowers open; corolla tube elongate, lobes reflexed or recurved; fruit
usually 3-seeded, dehiscent. 59 spp. from Mexico and the Caribbean islands to
Brazil and Bolivia, 41 in South America, 7 in Brazil, 3 endemic.
4. Goeppertia Nees. Herbs
with basal and/or cauline leaves; leaves uniformly green or with various types
of patterning (seventh largest diversity of variegated leaves worlwide, 28), this
sometimes present only in juvenile plants; inflorescence terminal on a leafy
shoot or more rarely borne on a separate leafless shoot, simple, or rarely
compound and composed of up to 9 similar, partial inflorescences; flower groups
brachyblastic; flowers open or remaining closed, rarely self-fertile; corolla
tube elongate; fruit 3-seeded. 243 spp. from Mexico and the Carribean islands
to Argentina and Paraguay, 206 in South America, 131 in Brazil, 77 endemic.
5. Ischnosiphon
Korn. Rosulate or caulescent, often very tall herbs (up to 10 m height), with
aerial stems and resembling shrubs or lianas; inflorescence simple or distinct
synflorescence; sclerotic bracts; floral tube very long and narrow; outer
staminode solitar. 36 spp., distributed over the Neotropics, 35 in South
America, 21 in Brazil, 5 endemic.
6. Monotagma
K. Schum. Leaf blades firm and chartaceous when dry; inflorescence a
richly-branched synflorescence, often much congested; bracts tough and
coriaceous, often woody in texture when dry, conduplicate; cymules
one-flowered; flower tube very long and narrow; outer staminode solitary. 39
spp., 38 in South America (only three up to America Central and Trinidad e
Tobago), mainly restricted to the Amazon rainforest. 22 spp. in Brazil, 8 endemic;
the Manaus region is recognized as one of the centers of diversity for this
genus.
7. Pleiostachya K.
Schum. Laterally flattened inflorescences with conduplicate and much
overlapping bracts; bracts markedly fibrous and persistent; floral tube very
long and narrow; outer staminode solitary; callose staminode entirely firm and
fleshy. Three spp. from Pacific lowlands of Mexico, America Central (one
restricted), Colombia (one endemic) and
Ecuador.
MARANTIDS (11/c.
110) ‣ outsiders Halopegia (3;
Congo; Indochina, Java; Madagascar), Marantochloa
(18; tropical Africa, Madagascar, the Comoros), Stachyphrynium
(8; India and Sri Lanka to Tibet, Yunnan, SE China, Andaman Islands, SE Asia, W
Malesia to Sulawesi), Afrocalathea
(1; Central Africa).
8. Ctenanthe Eichler.
Rosulate or caulescent plants with antitropic leaves; cauline leaves mostly
clustered; inflorescence a sparsely to moderately branched; corolla tube very
short and wide; bracts long-persistent; two outer staminodes slightly unequal;
callose staminode distally petaloid and showy. 15 spp. from South America, only
two up to southern America Central and Trinidad e Tobago, with the highest
diversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. 14 spp. in Brazil, 10 endemic.
9. Maranta L. (inc. Myrosma) Rhizomes
usually with some form of specialization, root tubers usually present;
inflorescence usually lax, simple or more complex; floral tube moderately long
and narrow (rarely short); two outer staminodes subequal to unequal; sepals
persistent on the fruit. 53 spp., all in South America (5 up to Mexico and
Trinidad & Tobago), 48 in Brazil, 30 endemic; M. gigantea N.
Luna & E. M. Pessoa and M. zingiberina L.
Andersson, from Bahia, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Alagoas states in NE Brazil are the
tallest species in this genus, up to 1,8 m tall.
10. Saranthe
(Regel & Körn.) Eichler. Hygrophytic
habit; bracts deciduous (rarely long-persistent), herbaceous to membranaceous,
thin-papiraceous when dry; floral tube short and wide; two outer staminodes,
equal; fertile stamen with a petaloid, narrowly oblong appendage equalling or
somewhat exceeding the anther. 10 spp. from Atlantic Forest of
SE Brazil, with S. eichleri Petersen up
to adjacent Argentina and Paraguay.
11. Stromanthe
Sond. Usually caulescent herbs, usually clustered leaves; inflorescence a
richly branched, but often diffuse, synflorescence; leaves antitropic; flower
tube very short and wide to inconspicuous; sepals very large and fibrous; outer
staminodes completely absent or two rudimentary to petaloid and showy. 20 spp. from Mexico,
Caribbean, Central and tropical South America (16), centered in America Central
and SE Brazil (9, 7 endemic).
CANNACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
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IN POWO ON JUNE 21, 2024
Genera/spp.
1/12 Distribution over tropical New World; Habit herbs.
An originally Neotropical family with the single genus Canna L., wdely
cultivated all over the tropics and tubtropics, and often escaped and
naturalized. Canna
are devoid of hairs, but often the leaves, sheaths, inflorescence,
bracts, and sepals are described as glaucous
or woolly, scurfy, lanuginose, or waxy. This aspect is caused by
an epicuticular wax layer.
SYSTEMATIC
a single genus.
1. Canna L. Perennial,
often large-sized, glabrous herbs, with rhizomes; stems unbranched; leaves
distichously to spirally arranged; lamina with closely set, pinnately arranged,
parallel secondary veins; inflorescence terminal, bracteate, a thyrse, with 2-
or 1-flowered cincinni; flowers asymmetric; sepals 3, free; corolla composed of
3 unequal petals; fruit a capsule; seeds numerous, without an aril, with a
so-called imbibition lid. 12 spp., 7 restricteds in Andes from Peru and Bolivia
(3), SE U.S.A. (1), Argentina (2), SE Brazil to NE Argentina (C. pedunculata
Sims), one from Mexico to Ecuador, one in Caribbean and NW South America to
Bolivia, and three widely in New World tropical and subtropical areas, all in
Brazil, in low, open and wet vegetation, others prefer forested areas; several
spp. thrive well in secondary vegetation, along roads, in coffee plantations,
and as weed in cultivated areas.
ZINGIBERACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
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IN POWO ON JUNE 21, 2024
Genera/spp. 57/1,440-1,460
Distribution tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene
Islands, Seychelles, S, E and SE Asia, Malesia, New Guinea, northern and E
Australia (especially Queensland), Pacific islands; some spp. of Renealmia
in tropical America (America Central, Caribbean, northern and central South
America). Habit bisexual, perennial (sometimes giant) herbs, often with
a pseudostem consisting of superimposed leaf sheaths. Sometimes with stilt
roots. Aromatic. Rhizome and roots usually rich in starch (root cells sometimes
with starch nodules).
Neotropical
Zingiberaceae can be distinguished from all other families in this order by
being aromatic and in having an indument often composed of stellate
hairs. Aframomum melegueta K.Schum.
is cultivated in the Guianas for its spicy fruit.
Several spp. of Curcuma
and Zingiber are
cultivated for their spicy rhizomes. Hedychium
coronarium J.Koenig is naturalized all over the Neotropics, and in
the Andes it is even a pest, replacing the original vegetation along roads. The
other genera are cultivated as ornamentals, important spp. being Alpinia purpurata K.Schum.
and Etlingera elatior
(Jack) R.M. Sm.
SYSTEMATIC four
clades, Siphonochiloideae (1/11, tropical and southern Africa,
Madagascar), Tamijioideae (1/1, NW Borneo) and Zingiberoideae
(33/610–630, Madagascar, Himalayas, E and tropical Asia, tropical Australia)
absent in South America; among the South American group, Alpinioideae,
26 genera occur only in tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene
Islands, Seychelles, tropical Asia, tropical Australia and islands in the
Pacific.
1. Renealmia L. f. Herbs
with well-developed rhizomes and pseudostems; inflorescence usually lax,
sometimes branched, terminal on a separate leafless shoots, erect or
prostrates, or rarely terminal in a leafy shoot; 1-several-flowered cincinni;
flowers white to yellow, tubular to tunicate. 83 spp., 23 in S Africa and 60
spp. in New World, from Mexico to Bolivia and S Brazil, also present in
Caribbean, mainly
forests. 50 spp. in South America, 17 in Brazil (4 endemic), 31 in Colombia. Some
spp. in Brazil are very narrow endemic, centered in Amazon rainforests; R. aceana
Maas from Acre state, R. chrysotricha Petersen from Rio de Janeiro
municipality, and R. matogrossensis Maas from Mato Grosso state are rare
species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, being the unique rare
Zingberales in Brazil.
COSTACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 21, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp. 8/c.
155–160 Distribution pantropical, with their largest diversity in
Central and South America, New Guinea and northern Australia. Habit bisexual,
perennial (sometimes giant) herbs, often with aerial stem. Rhizome rich in
starch. Root nodules rarely present. Rarely epiphytic. Rarely with axillary
bulbils. Stem usually simple (in Tapeinochilos branched, with lateral
branches penetrating leaf sheaths). Non-aromatic herbal plants.
Costaceae
have various flower characters in common with Zingiberaceae, but they differ by
having non-aromatic leaves and closed leaf sheaths.
Key to
genera of the Neotropical Costaceae:
1.
Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves ------------ Monocostus
1.
Flowers in a terminal spike - 2
2.
Ovary 2-locular; bracteole tubular ------------ Dimerocostus
2.
Ovary 3-locular; bracteole folded or tubular - 3
3.
Bracteole tubular, bicarinate at the abaxial side; stigma cup-shaped ------------ Chamaecostus
3.
Bracteole folded; stigma 2-lamellate, always provided with a dorsal 2-lobed
appendage ------------ Costus
SYSTEMATIC
two well defined clades.
BASAL
LINEAGE (4/11) ‣ all genera
in South America.
1. Chamaecostus
C.D. Specht & D.W.Stev. Low or very small, occasionally
acaulescent plants, never exceeding 1 m in height; bracts herbaceous to
chartaceous, green or yellow; bracteole tubular, bicarinate at the abaxial
side; stigma cup-shaped. 9 spp. from French Guiana to
Colombia, Brazil (8, 4 endemic), Bolivia and Peru.
2. Dimerocostus Kuntze. Very
tall herbs. Leaves large, usually long-acuminate. Three spp., D.
strobilaceus Kuntze from Honduras to Peru, Bolivia and Acre state, Brazil;
two remining in Colombia to Bolívia.
3. Monocostus
K.
Schum. Low herbs; is unique in the family in having
solitary, axillary flowers. One sp., M.
uniflorus (Poepp. ex. Petersen) Maas, restricted to low forests near the
town of Tarapoto in the San Martin districts in E Peru.
COSTUS
COMPLEX (4/120-124) ‣ outsiders Paracostus
(2; tropical W and C Africa; Borneo), Hellenia (2; SE Asia, W Malesia;
India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, S China, SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea,
Bismarck Archipelago and Queensland), Tapeinochilos (16–20; Moluccas,
New Guinea to tropical Australia).
4. Costus L. Low to
tall terrestrial herbs, usually over 1 m tall; sometimes branched;
the leaves are arranged in a spiral along the pseudostem or the pseudostem
itself may be spiraled; in most spp. the inflorescence is at the end of a leafy
stem, but sometimes it may emerge directly from the rhizome. 115 spp.,
pantropical; 75 in New World, 57 in South America, 19 in Brazil, mostly in
Amazon rainforest, 6 endemic, with C. atlanticus E. Pessoa & M.
Alves endemic to Pernambuco state, highly diverse in Colombia (33).
20. CERATOPHYLLALES
A SINGLE
FAMILY, PRESENT IN SOUTH AMERICA
CERATOPHYLLALES
§ REFERENCE:
SEE ANNEX II - REFERENCES.
Genera/species
1/4–6 Distribution cosmopolitan except polar areas. Habit monoecious,
perennial herbs; aquatic, with submersed stems and leaves, sometimes anchored
in the sediment through rhizoid branches; branches extra-axillary, alternating
with leaves; roots absent. Submersed aquatic, rootless, glabrous herbs,
throughout the Neotropics in non-marine aquatic habitats.
Use Aquarium plants, medicinal plants.
Distinguished
from Myriophyllum L. (Haloragaceae) by the branched leaves and achene
fruit.
SYSTEMATIC
a single genus, Ceratophyllum (6, cosmopolitan).
1. Ceratophyllum L. Submersed
aquatic, rootless, glabrous herbs; leaves whorled, simple, finely divided,
lobes often toothed; inflorescences extra-axillary and alternating with leaves,
spikes or racemes; flowers solitary, unisexual, monoecious, actinomorphic,
pedicels short or flowers sessile, bracts foliaceous; calyx of (7)9-12(15)
toothed sepals; corolla lacking; stamens 3-many, spirally arranged, free of
perianth, filaments short, anthers adnately fixed, dehiscing via full-length
slits; fruits achenes, papillose, spiny or smooth; seeds 1, tiny. Six spp.,
three only Old World, C. echinatum A. Gray in North
America, C. demersum L. very widespread
(almost cosmopolitan) and C. australe Griseb. in
New World northern of Ecuador Line, the two last in Brazil.
21. RANUNCULALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: EUPTELEACEAE (1/2), CIRCAEASTERACEAE (2/2), AS
IN POWO IN JUNE 12, 2024.
LINEAGE 1 of
3: LARDIZABALIDS
LARDIZABALACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 12, 2024.
Genera/species 7/42 Distribution Lardizabalaceae
except Lardizabala and Boquila: E Himalaya, northern Indochina,
China (inc. Taiwan), Hainan, Korean Peninsula, Japan; Lardizabala and Boquila:
Chile between the Andes and the Pacific. Habit usually monoecious or
dioecious (in Decaisnea polygamomonoecious), usually climbing or
scrambling evergreen or deciduous shrubs or lianas (Decaisnea an upright
shrub).
SYSTEMATIC two
subfamilies, subfamily Sargentodoxoideae (1/1, China, Laos,
Vietnam) does not occur in South America. Among Lardizabaloideae,
outsiders are Akebia (4, China, Korean Peninsula, Japan, Taiwan), Decaisnea
(1, Himalayas to C China), Sinofranchetia (1, W and C China) and Stauntonia
(29, NE India, Himalayas, China, Korean Peninsula, Japan, Taiwan).
1. Boquila Decne. Lianas,
trifoliate leaves, flowers white, fruit one seeded. Only one sp., B.
trifoliata (DC.) Decne, Chile and Argentina.
2. Lardizabala
Ruiz
& Pav. Wood vines, leaves trifoliate, flowers
black-purple, male flowers in cymes, female flowers solitary, fruit many
seeded. Only one sp., L. funaria (Molina)Looser, endemic to Chile.
LINEAGE 2 of
3: PAPAVERIDS
PAPAVERACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 12, 2024.
Genera/species 46/c. 755 Distribution temperate
and subtropical parts if the Northern Hemisphere, America Central, northern
South America, E African mountains, southern Africa, Macaronesia, with their
largest diversity in Mediterranean, W, C and E Asia, and the SW U.S.A. Habit
usually perennial, biennial or annual herbs (sometimes climbing; some species
of Argemone, Bocconia, Dendromecon, Hunnemannia,
and Romneya evergreen shrubs or small trees). Some species have tuberous
rhizome or tuberous roots. Stem sometimes pachycaul. Use ornamental
plants, baking (seeds from Papaver somniferum), seed oils for soap (Argemone,
Glaucium, Papaver), medicinal plants, narcotics (opium from Papaver
somniferum and P. bracteatum). Only subfamily Papaveroideae
(23/210–240) in South America.
SYSTEMATIC three
subfamilies, Pteridophylloideae (1/1, Japan) and Fumarioideae
(20/c 520, mainly temperate regions in the Northern Hemisphere, southern
Africa) do not occur in South America. Among Papaveroideae, tribe Eschscholzieae
(3/13–15, W North America, northern and E Mexico) does not occur in South
America.
TRIBE
PAPAVEREAE (8/c. 260)
- outsiders are Arctomecon (3; Mojave Desert in the U.S.A.), Papaver
(223; Europe, the Cape Verde Islands, Mediterranean, S Africa, temperate and
subtropical Asia, W North America), Romneya (1–2; S California, N Baja
California), Canbya (2; W U.S.A.; W Mojave Desert), Hesperomecon
(1; S Oregon, California), Meconella (3; W U.S.A.), Platystemon
(1; W U.S.A., Baja California).
1. Argemone
L.
Annual or biennial herbs, spine, with yellowish latex;
flowers solitary, terminal, 4-6 white petals. 33 spp., 27 in North America from California to Florida and N Mexico; one in
Hawaii; and five in South America: A. burkartii
Sorarú from Argentina, A. crassifolia
Ownbey and A. rosea Hook. from Chile, A.
hunnemannii A.Dietr. from Chile and Argentina, and A.
subfusiformis Ownbey from Ecuador to Uruguay and Chile.
TRIBE
CHELIDONIEAE (9/45–50)
- outsiders are Sanguinaria (1; S Canada, E U.S.A.), Eomecon
(1; E China), Dicranostigma (8; Himalayas, W China), Eomecon (1;
E China), Glaucium (c 25; W Europe, Mediterranean, SW to Central Asia), Chelidonium
(1; Europe, temperate and subarctic Asia), Hylomecon (2; NE China,
Korean Peninsula, Japan), Macleaya (2; temperate China (inc. Taiwan),
Japan), Stylophorum (3; temperate China, E U.S.A.).
2. Bocconia
L.
Perennial herbs to small
trees, pachycaulous 2-6 m, purplish to greysh lates; inflorescences lateral or
terminal paniculates; flowers perfect. 10 spp., Mexico (7, 4 endemic) to
Bolivia and Venezuela. 4 spp. in South America: B. frutescens L. (Mexico
to NW Argentina, Caribbean), B. integrifolia Bonpl. (Mexico, NW
Venezuela to NW Argentina), B. macbrideana Standl. (Peru) and B.
pubibractea Hutch. (Colombia, Peru).
LINEAGE 3 of
3: RANUNCULIDS
BERBERIDACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 12, 2024.
Genera/species
13/650-700 Distribution Eurasia from W Europe eastwards to Malesia,
North Africa (the Atlas Mountains), E African mountains, North and America
Central, mountain areas in South America. Habit bisexual, evergreen or
deciduous shrubs or biennial to perennial rhizomatous or tuberous herbs (rarely
trees). Roots and rhizome often bright yellow inside due to presence of
berberine. All herbs or woody shrubs; Northern hemisphere and South America. One genus in Neotropics and South America.
Berberis
is easy to recognize at generic level, however species are sometimes difficult
to delimit especially due to the great variation in leaf size and shape and the
great number of species described. Berberin (an alkaloid) is used as a dye
(yellow). Fruits are eaten locally in jams.
Use
Ornamental plants, fruits (Berberis), medicinal plants, dyeing (yellow)
substances.
SYSTEMATIC three
subfamilies, Podophylloideae (6–8/c
90, temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere) and Nandinoideae (4/15,
E Europe to E Asia) do not occur in South America. Among Berberidoideae, Ranzania
(1, Japan) is a outsider. Only one genus in America
Latina.
1.
Berberis L.
Shrubs or rarely small trees, often spiny,
up to 10 m; spines as reduced leaves of long shoots, palmate to leafy, simple
or 3-parted; leaves alternate, along the stem or often in rosettes, simple
(always in South America) or 1-odd-pinnately compound; inflorescences terminal,
usually racemes, rarely umbels or flowers solitary; flowers 3-merous, yellow to
orange, sometimes tinged with red; fruit a berry, less than 1 cm, reddish-brown
turning dark purple to black, usually juicy; seeds 1 to few. 628 spp., diverse
worldwide in the northern Hemisphere, 198 in New World it reaches South America
along the Andes (with 150 spp. in continent, common in paramos and punas),
extending to Tierra del Fuego and east to S & SE Brazi (9, 7 endemic, inc. B.
kleinii Mattos, endemic to high mountains of Santa Catarina state, and as a
rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book). All species in South
America belong to simple-leaved Australes group., with 16 sections:
§ sect. Actinacanthae
‣ 20 spp., Argentina,
Chile.
§ sect. Agapatenses ‣ 2 spp., Peru, Bolivia.
§ sect. Buxifoliae ‣ 13 spp., Argentina,
Chile, Uruguay, Brazil.
§ sect. Confertae ‣ 12 spp., Peru, Bolivia,
Ecuador, Colombia.
§ sect. Corymbosae ‣ 4 spp., Chile, Juan
Fernández Islands.
§ sect. Goudotiae ‣ 7 spp., Venezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.
§ sect. Illicifoliae
‣ 15 spp., Argentina,
Chile, Uruguay, Brazil.
§ sect. Latifoliae ‣ 2 spp., Peru, Costa
Rica.
§ sect. Laurinae ‣ 21 spp., Argentina,
Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, Ecuador, inc. B. laurina Thunb. from Brazil.
§ sect. Microphyllae ‣ 2 spp., Argentina,
Chile, Falkland Islands.
§ sect. Montanae ‣ 5 spp., Argentina,
Chile.
§ sect. Paniculatae
‣ 22 spp., Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela.
§ sect. Quindiuenses
‣ 5 spp., Bolivia, Chile,
Colombia, Ecuador.
§ sect. Trigonae ‣ 2 spp., Argentina,
Chile.
§ sect. Truxillenses ‣ 25 spp., Peru,
Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Bolivia.
§ sect. Virgatae ‣ 12 spp., Peru, Bolivia,
Ecuador.
MENISPERMACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 12, 2024.
Genera/species 79/c.
430 Distribution tropical and subtropical regions in the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres, and a few species in temperate E North America and
temperate E Asia. Habit dioecious, usually evergreen lianas, or
scrambling and climbing perennial herbs (rarely shrubs or trees (Burasaia,
Penianthus, Sphenocentrum); one species of Stephania an
erect herb). Widely distributed throughout the Neotropics, particularly in the
humid lowlands, although some genera (e.g. Cissampelos)
also occur in arid areas. Usually vines or lianas with a few exceptions: Abuta grandifolia (Mart.)
Sandwith is a tree, and a few species such as Cissampelos ovalifolia DC.
are herbaceous. Seventeen
genera recorded in the Neotropics. Epiphytes, herbs or trees are barely absent
in New World. In North America occurs only Cocculus, Menispermum
and Calycocarpum. Use ornamental
plants, medicinal plants (Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn., Jateorhiza
palmata (Lam.) Miers etc), fish- and arrow poisons (curare from Chondrodendron,
Curarea, Sciadotenia etc., coccel kernels and picrotoxine from Anamirta),
timber. Most species of this family contain powerful alkaloids with
biochemical activity. Several are also used in the preparation of arrow and
dart poisons, including Curarea,
Chondrodendron, Abuta, Telitoxicum. Chondrodendron tomentosum
Ruiz & Pav. is the original natural source of the alkaloid tubocurarine,
used as a muscle relaxant in surgical procedures. Some sp. (e.g. Abuta grandifolia (Mart.)
Sandwith) have edible fruits.
In
a sterile condition certain Menispermaceae may be confused
with Cucurbitaceae (from which they differ in the lack of tendrils)
or Dioscoreaceae (which never have apically flexed pulvinae and whose
branchlets often have swollen nodes). They may also be confused with Aristolochiaceae (which
also lack the apically flexed pulvinae and sometimes have leafy stipules), and
possibly Sparattanthelium (Hernandiaceae), which differs in its ranalean
odour and simple stem structure. The leaves of some lianas
(e.g. Abuta) may perhaps be confused with those
of Loganiaceae (Strychnos), from which they differ in
their alternate (rather than opposite) arrangement.
Three genera
in New World does not occur in SoutH America: Calycocarpum (1, C &
SE U.S.A.), Menispermum and Nephroia.
SYSTEMATIC two
subfamilies, both in South America.
1.
SUBFAMILY CHASMANTHEROIDEAE (29/c. 160)
Two tribes, Coscinieae
(3/6, tropical Asia) unknown in New World. Among Burasaieae, outsiders are all
from tropical Africa, Madagascar, Asia and Australia to Pacific except Calycocarpum
(1, E North America).
1.
Borismene Barneby. Climbers with
simple leaves; flowers in pseudopanicles or pseudoracemes. Only one sp., B.
japurensis (Martius) Barneby in Bolivia, Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador
and Venezuela.
2. Disciphania Eichler. Climbers with entire or lobed leaves, sometimes leaf-palmately (D. cubijensis (R. Knuth)
Sandwith from Brazil, Peru and Bolivia, only
at family in South America with no-simple leaves); flowers in
pseudospikes or pseudoracemes. 25 spp., C Mexico to NE Argentina and Caribbean,
high centered in Amazon rainforest, 20 spp. in South America, 11 in Brazil, 4
endemic.
3. Odontocarya Miers. Climbers with
simple leaves; flowers in pseudopanicle. 38 spp. from Mexico to Argentina, 36
in South America; 22 in Brazil, 9 endemic.
2.
SUBFAMILY MENISPERMOIDEAE (45/380–385)
7 tribes,
with Menispermeae (2/3, E Asia, E North America), Limacieae (1/3,
Burma to W Malesia) and Spirospermeae (4/10, tropical Africa (one
species), Madagascar) outside South America.
2.1 MENISPERMOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE AMONOSPERMEAE (13/c. 80)
- outsiders are Diploclisia (2; China;
India, Sri Lanka, Burma, S China, SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea), Sarcopetalum
(1; S New Guinea, E Queensland, E New South Wales, E Victoria), Legnephora
(5; New Guinea, E Queensland), Parapachygone
(1; NE Queensland), Hypserpa
(10; SE Asia, Malesia to Polynesia), Pericampylus
(3; China (inc. Taiwan), tropical Asia from India to Malesia), Echinostephia
(1; SE Queensland, NE New South Wales).
4. Abuta Aubl.
Climbers or rarely erect trees with simple leaves. 34 spp. in tropical America
(30 in South America); A. grandifolia (Mart.) Sandw. is the unique tree and one of few edible fruit in this
family; 19 spp. in Brazil, 6 endemic.
5. Anomospermum Miers. (inc. Orthomene) Climbers with simple
leaves; flowers in cymes and pseudoracemes. 9 spp., northen South America,
three up to Panamá. 8 in Brazil, A. matogrossense Krukoff & Barneby
endemic.
6. Caryomene Barneby
& Krukoff. Climbers with simple
leaves; flowers in few flowered cymes. 5 spp. in Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname,
French Guiana, Peru and northern Brazil (all species, none endemic) to Bolivia.
7. Elephantomene Barneby &
Krukoff. Climbers
with simple leaves; flowers in few flowered cymes. Only one sp., E. eburnea
Barneby & Krukoff, rare, N Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Guianas.
8. Elissarrhena Miers. Two spp. from Colombia to Bolivia, N Brazil (both, none endemic)
and Guyana.
9. Rupertiella Wei Wang
& R. Ortiz. Lianas, dioecious, leaves spiral; blade elliptic to broadly
elliptic or obovate, usually plinerved 3–5; finer veins prominent on both
surfaces; flowers: sepals 6, fleshy, elliptic or oblong- elliptic; petals 6,
submembranous, obovate or flabelliform, margins inflexed, enveloping the
individual stamens. Only one sp., R. boliviana (Krukoff & Moldenke)
Wei Wang & R. Ortiz, known in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil.
10. Telitoxicum Mold.
Climbers with simple leaves; flowers in racemes or panicles. 8 spp. in Brazil
(7, 3 endemic), Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Colombia and Guyana.
2.2 MENISPERMOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CISSAMPELIDAE (5/c 130)
- outsiders are Stephania (c 70;
tropical regions in the Old World), Perichasma
(2; Central Africa, Angola), Antizoma
(3; arid regions in S Africa), Cyclea
(32; China to Philippines).
11. Cissampelos L. Climbers or rarely erect
shrubs or perennial herbs (rare in
Menispermaceae) with near peltate
leaves, sometimes with xylopodium. 22 spp., 11 in New World, in South America,
some up to Mexico and North America, Africa and Asia; 9 in Brazil, C.
sympodialis Eichler endemic.
2.3 MENISPERMOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE PACHYGONEAE (4/45)
- outsiders are Haematocarpus (2;
Himalayas, SE Asia to Sulawesi), Cocculus
(9; tropical and S Africa, Madagascar, Socotra, tropical and subtropical Asia
to N Australia, subtropical to temperate North America), Pachygone
(12; S China, SE Asia, Malesia to islands in W Pacific).
12. Hyperbaena Miers ex.
Benth. Climbers or erect shrubs or trees with simple, entire or serrate leaves.
23 spp. in Central and South America (only 4); 3 spp. in Brazil, none endemic.
2.4 MENISPERMOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE TILIACOREAE (16/111)
- outsiders are Syrrheonema (3;
tropical W and C Africa), Carronia
(4; New Guinea, E Queensland, E New South Wales), Pycnarrhena
(9; SE Asia, Malesia to tropical Australia), Beirnaertia
(1; tropical Africa), Triclisia
(15; tropical Africa, Madagascar), Albertisia
(19; tropical and subtropical Africa), Anisocycla
(5; tropical Africa, Madagascar), Tiliacora
(22; tropical regions in the Old World), Eleutharrhena
(1; Assam, Yunnan), Macrococculus
(1; New Guinea), Pleogyne (1; E
Queensland), Synclisia (1; C
Africa).
13. Chondrodendron Ruíz &
Pavón. Climbers with often slighly peltate leaves; flowers in cauliflorous
fascicles. Three spp., C. tomentosum Ruiz & Pav. from Panamá to
Ecuador, Bolivia and Brazil, and two endemic to Brazil.
14. Curarea Barneby &
Krukoff. Climbers with simple leaves; flowers in panicles to pseudoracemes. 9
spp., America Central to Bolivia (all in South America), Brazil (5, C.
crassa Barneby, a large liana, rare, endemic to coastal Bahia) and Guianas.
15. Sciadotaenia Miers.
Climbers with simple leaves; flowers in solitary or in simple flowered cymes. 19
spp. in South America, only S. nitida (L. Riley) Krukoff & Barneby
into America Central; 15 spp. in Brazil, 7 endemic.
16. Ungulipetalum Mold.
Herbaceous climbers with simple leaves; flowers in cymes. Only one
sp., U. filipendulum (Mart) Mold., in SE Brazil, in Rio de Janeiro and
São Paulo states.
RANUNCULACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 12, 2024.
Genera/species 51/2,000-2,200
Distribution cosmopolitan except Antarctica, with their largest
diversity in temperate and polar regions in the Northern and Southern
Hemispheres. Habit usually bisexual (rarely dioecious), usually
perennial, biennial or annual herbs (in Xanthorrhiza suffrutices; in Clematis
lianas); main root often early withering and replaced by adventitious roots;
some species with tuberous roots; roots and rhizomes in Xanthorhiza and Coptis
and bark in Xanthorhiza intensively yellow-coloured due to presence of
berberine (a major alkaloid).
Although
Ranunculaceae species are distributed worldwide. its members are most common in
the temperate and cold areas of the northern hemisphere. The diversity is
reduced in the tropics: of nearly 62 genera in total, only 11-13 are native to
the Neotropics, with 90-100 species in total. 11-13 native genera. 101 spp. in
South America.
SYSTEMATIC
five subrfamilies, Glaucidioideae (1/1, Japan), Hydrastioideae
(1/1, Central and E North America) and Coptoideae
(2/10–15, temperate regions on the northern Hemisphere) do not occur in South
America.
1.
SUBFAMILY THALICTROIDEAE (8/280–340)
Outsiders
are Aquilegia (130, temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere), Dichocarpum
(18, Himalayas, E Asia), Enemion (6–7, NE Asia, SW Canada, W U.S.A.), Isopyrum
(3, Central Europe, temperate Asia), Leptopyrum (1, W Siberia to E
Asia), Paraquilegia (4, W Iran to Himalayas and W China) and Urophysa
(2; China).
1. Thalictrum
All. Perennials,
usually with sympodial rhizome; inflorescence variously format; flowers
bisexual or unisexual. 10 spp., Mexico through America Central and the
Andes to southern Argentina (7 in South America, from Venezuela to Cono
Sur, slightly diverse in Peru, absent in Chile and Brazil), also in Africa, S
Europe and W China.
2.
SUBFAMILY RANUNCULOIDEAE (39/1.440–1.540)
Two tribes,
both in South America.
TRIBE
ANEMONEAE (4/460-520)
- all genera in South America.
2. Anemonastrum
Holub. Small herbs.
40 spp., mainly northern hemisphere inc. 7 in New World, but one in
New Zealand and A. antucense (Poepp.) Mosyakin & de Lange
from N Chile and Argentina.
3. Anemone
L. Rosettes of basal leaves with a variety of
perennating structures, inflorescences with involucral leaves on the peduncle,
a perianth composed of petaloid sepals of variable number, and achenes. 76
spp., almost cosmopolitan, 14 in New World, 4 in South America, two in Brazil,
one endemc.
4. Clematis L. Shrubs, half-shrubs, sometimes perennial with woody base;
stems scadent, sometimes erect; inflorescence terminal or axillary,
trichotomously compound principally, sometimes single flowered. 392 spp., 63 in
New World, 15 spp. in South America mainly in Colombia (2), Ecuador (4), Peru
(8), Bolivia (7), Argentina (5) and Brazil (8, C. ulbrichiana Pilg.
endemic), mostly temperate and subtropical.
5. Knowltonia
Salisb. 25 spp., 13 in Tanzania to southern Africa, and 12 in Mexico to
Guatemala, Ecuador to SE & S Brazil and Chile. 11 spp. in South America,
two in Brazil, both endemic, in the
coastal mountains of southeast country.
TRIBE
RANUNCULEAE (c. 32/c. 1,000)
- outsiders are Calathodes (4; Himalayas, China inc. Taiwan), Adonis
(c 30; Europe, temperate Asia), Trollius (c 30; temperate regions on the
Northern Hemisphere), Callianthemum (14–15; Central Europe to Central
Asia), Helleborus (c 20; W, C and S Europe, Mediterranean to the
Caucasus and northern Syria, Tibet and W China); Delphinium (300–320;
temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere), Staphisagria (3;
Mediterranean), Aconitum (250; temperate regions on the Northern
Hemisphere), Gymnaconitum (1; Tibet, W China), Nigella (18;
Europe, Mediterranean, temperate Asia); Actaea (29; temperate regions on
the Northern Hemisphere), Anemonopsis (1; Honshu in Japan), Beesia
(2; W and SW China, N Burma), Asteropyrum (2; China), Eranthis
(8–9; Europe, temperate Asia), Kumlienia (1; California), Peltocalathos
(1; S Africa), Beckwithia (3; temperate and polar regions on the
Northern Hemisphere), Oxygraphis (4–5; temperate Asia), Arcteranthis
(1; Alaska, NW Canada), Trautvetteria (1; Japan, Sakhalin, SW Canada, W
and E U.S.A.), Coptidium (2; cold-temperate and arctic regions on the
Northern Hemisphere), Ficaria (4; Europe, Mediterranean to Central
Asia), Ceratocephala (5; nearly cosmopolitan), Paroxygraphis (1;
E Himalayas).
6. Callianthemoides
Tamura. Perenials, stems subscapose; leaves semibasal, 3-7 times
pinnately ternate, flowers 1-2, terminal; petals 10-20, white. Only one sp., C.
semiverticillata (Phil.) Tamura, Chile and Argentina.
7. Caltha
L.
Perennial herbs; stems simple or sparsely branched in
the upper part; basal and cauline leaves; flowers in corymbiform cyme. 16 spp.,
temperate regions on both hemispheres, 8 in New World; three spp.
of South America, in the Andes to Ecuador from Tierra del Fuego and Falkland
Islands, also in SE Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand.
8. Halerpestes
Greene.
Small herbs. 9 spp., 6 from SE European Russia to temperate
Asia, H. cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego and
Uruguay (absent in Brazil), and two restricteds for Peru to Cono Sur.
9. Hamadryas
Comm.
ex Juss. Dioecious perennial with thick rhizomes; stems scapose, or
sparsely branched with bracts; flowers bisexual, in loose cymes. 4 spp., only
in Chile and Argentina.
10. Ranunculus L. Herbs, perennial or annual; stem branched or simple,
sometimes cushions. 1,750 spp., almost
cosmopolitan; in New World occur 138 spp. in areas with high humidity, 56 in
South America, mainly in Colombia (12), Ecuador (12), Peru (33), Bolivia (18),
Argentina (26), Chile (19); 4 spp. in Brazil, R. catharinensis Lourteig
endemic.
22. PROTEALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: PLATANACEAE (1/10), AS IN POWO IN JUNE 11, 2024.
SABIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
Genera/species
3/162 Distribution Himalaya, southern, E and SE Asia, Malesia, New
Guinea, New Britain, Solomon Islands, tropical America northwards to central
Mexico (Ophiocaryon in tropical South America). Habit bisexual or
polygamodioecious, usually evergreen (two species of Meliosma deciduous)
trees, shrubs or lianas (in Sabia japonica with short spines).
Meliosma
can be confused with Sapotaceae, but it lacks milky latex; in the Neotropics
only Meliosma alba (Schltdl.) Walp. has compound leaves; Ophiocaryon
could be confused with Sapindaceae but differs in having a well developed
terminal leaflet, in contrast with the rudimentary terminal leaflet in
Sapindaceae.
Key to the
genera of Neotropical Sabiaceae
1.
Pinnately compound leaves; two stigmas ------------ Ophiocaryon
1.
Simple, very rarely pinnately compound leaves; one stigma ------------ Meliosma
SYSTEMATIC outsider
Sabia (26, SE Asia, Malesia).
1. Meliosma Bl. Trees,
evergreens or dioecious. 126 spp., disjunct between SE Asia
(40) and tropical America (86), mostly south of Mexico and America Central
(including Atlantic coast) and tropical Andes; 51 spp. in South America, 4 spp.
in Brazil, three confined to Atlantic Forest of E Brazil (M. itatiaiae
Urban a
rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, known only in Mantiqueira
Range, on the border between Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo
states) and M.
herbertii Rolfe in
Brazilian Amazon rainforest and over northern South America; all Neotropical
species are included in section Lorenzanea, except M. alba (Schltdl.)
Walp., disjunct in Mexico and Asia.
2. Ophiocaryon R. H. Schomb. ex. Endl. Evergreen small trees or shrubs. 10 spp. restricted to
the rainforests of northern South America, and one sp. in Guiana Shield; mainly
along rivers; six spp. in Brazil, none endemic.
NELUMBONACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
Genera/species
1/2 Distribution Nelumbo nucifera: E, S and SE Asia, Malesia
southeastwards to northern Australia; Nelumbo lutea: E North America
southwards to the Great Antilles and Colombia. Habit bisexual, perennial
herbs. Aquatic. Rhizome rich in starch. Internodes near growth points forming
fleshy banana-shaped nutrient-storing tubers.
Nelumbonaceae
used to be associated with Nymphaeaceae, the two having superficially similar
flowers and vegetative parts; the differ in habit, as Nelumbo has leaves
and flowers elevated above the water surface by stalks, while Nymphaeaceae
leaves and flowers float on the surface.
SYSTEMATIC
a single genus.
1. Nelumbo
Adans.
Herbaceous aquatic perennials producing latex with adventitious roots; leaves
in groups of three along stem, petiole to 2m in length; leaf emergent or
floating, simple, large, 10-100 cm across, bluish green adaxially and extremely
water repellent; flowers solitary, actinomorphic, showy (10 or more cm diam.),
pink to white or yellowish, elevated above water on terete peduncles up to 2 m
in length; petals ca. 20-30; fruits globose or elongate ovoid; seeds
exalbuminose. Two spp. worldwide, N. nucifera Gaert. native to S Russia,
Asia, India and Australia, and N. lutea Willd. from Canada to Honduras,
disjunct Colombia, Jamaica and Cuba.
PROTEACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
Genera/species 76/c.
1,700 Distribution South and America Central, Africa south of Sahara,
Madagascar, southern India and Sri Lanka, and eastwards to E China (inc.
Taiwan), southern Japan, Indochina, Malesia, islands in the SW Pacific,
Australia and Tasmania; with their largest diversity in Mediterranean climates
of Australia and South Africa. Habit usually bisexual (sometimes
monoecious, andromonoecious or dioecious), evergreen trees or usually shrubs
(rarely perennial rhizomatous herbs, some species with lignotuber). Most
species are xerophytic.
Eight genera
and 98 species occur in the Americas distributed from Mexico to Chile and
Argentina of which five occur in the tropical region, with the greatest
diversity is in the Andes and E Brazil, and belongn Grevilleoideae subfamily
(45/855. Australia, Tasmania, SE Pacific to SE Asia, India and Sri Lanka, South
America, South Africa, and Madagascar).
KEY
TO GENERA OF NEOTROPICAL PROTEACEAE
1.
Adult leaves pinnate - 2
2.
Fruit a follicle, seeds winged; style erect ------------ Roupala
2.
Fruit indehiscent, seeds not winged; style curved ------------ Euplassa
1.
Adult leaves entire, simple or pinnatifid, never pinnate - 3
3.
Fruit indehiscent with thick hard or fleshy pericarp, seeds not winged ------------ Panopsis
3.
Fruit a dehiscent follicle, the pericarp thin not fleshy, seeds winged - 4
4. Hypogynous glands 3 lobed, broad, truncate; ovules many;
flowers zygomorphic ------------ Oreocallis
4. Hypogynous glands 4; ovules 2; flowers actinomorphic or only
weakly diagnonally zygomorphic - 5
5.
Ovules ascending; young inflorescences conical due to overlapping bracts
subtending flower pairs; seed lateral to wing ------------ Orites
5.
Ovules pendulous; young inflorescences not conical; bracts subtending
flower-pairs small; seed central to wing ------------ Roupala
SYSTEMATIC five
lineages, Bellendenoideae (1/1, Tasmania), Persoonioideae (2/110,
Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand), Symphionematoideae (2/3, SE
Australia, Tasmania) and Proteoideae (25/640, Africa south of Sahara
(with their highest diversity in the Cape region), Madagascar, Australia)
lineages do not occur in South America; subfamily Grevilleoideae (45/855),
the only in South America, has four lineages, tribe Banksieae (3/175,
N, SW and E Australia, Tasmania) does not occur in South America
1.1 PROTEOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
MACADAMIEAE (15/92) ‣ outsiders Macadamia (9; Madagascar, Sulawesi, Queensland, New South Wales, New
Caledonia), Brabeium (1; W Cape), Malagasia (1; Madagascar), Catalepidia (1; Queensland), Virotia (6; New Caledonia), Athertonia (1; Queensland), Heliciopsis (14; China, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Malesia to
Philippines), Cardwellia (1; Queensland), Sleumerodendron (1; New Caledonia), Bleasdalea (5; New Guinea, Queensland), Hicksbeachia (2; Queensland, New South Wales), Kermadecia (4; New Caledonia).
1. Euplassa Salisb. Trees,
less frequently shrubs; leaves spirally arranged, paripinnate; inflorescence
generally unbranched, pseudo-racemose, axillary or rarely terminal, solitary,
occasionally with 2 inflorescences per leaf axil; flowers in pairs, sessile or
pedicellate, weakly zygomorphic, each pair subtended by a small common bract;
tepals 4; fruit a nut, rarely a drupe, 1-2-seeded. 20 spp. confined to South
America, 15 in Brazil (11 endemic), 6 spp. endemic to Venezuela to Peru, with E.
inaequalis (Pohl) Engl. widely distributed in South America.
2. Panopsis
Salis. Shrubs or trees; conflorescence terminal or lateral, a raceme of flower
pairs, or a panicle of such racemes. 26 spp., widely distributed in Central and
South America (24), sparsely in Brazil (4, two endemic).
3.
Gevuina Molina. Trees; adult leaves imparipinnate to tripinnate, often with roots crown;
conflorescence
lateral, a raceme of flower pairs. Only one sp., G. avellana Molina,
rainforests and disturbed sites, Chile and Argentina.
1.2 PROTEOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE ROUPALEAE
(13/177) ‣ outsiders Megahertzia
(1; Queensland), Knightia (1; New Zealand), Eucarpha (2; New
Caledonia), Triunia (4; Queensland, New South Wales), Neorites
(1; Queensland, New South Wales), Lambertia (10; W Australia, New South
Wales), Xylomelum (7; Australia), Helicia (c 100; South, E and SE
Asia, Malesia to New Guinea, Australia), Hollandaea (4; Queensland), Darlingia
(2; Queensland), Floydia (1; Queensland, New South Wales).
4. Orites
R.Br.
Shrubs or trees; adult leaves simple; conflorescence
terminal or lateral, a raceme of flower pairs, or a panicle of such racemes;
flower pair subtended by an ovate to linear, caduceus bract. 8 spp., 6 endemic
to Australia and Tasmania and two in South America, one in Chile and Argentina, another in Bolivia.
5. Roupala Aubl. Shrubs
or trees up to 30 m tall, often with roots
crown;
conflorescence lateral; flower pair subtended by a scale-like, sometimes
caducous bract; flowers pedicellate or sessile. 46 spp., Mexico to Argentina,
slyghtly centered in northern Andes, 39 in South
America, only 19 in Brazil (13 endemic, R. sculpta Sleumer is a rare
plant, known only in São Paulo municipality, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book); the widely distributed R. montana
Aubl. is a excelent woody, and known as ‘Brazilian oak’, and occur in over
Neotropics, in Brazil except coast of NE region.
1.3 PROTEOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE EMBOTHRIEAE
(12/560) ‣
outsiders Alloxylon (4; New Guinea, Aru Islands, Queensland, New South
Wales), Telopea (5; New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania), Stenocarpus
(21; New Guinea, Aru, Australia, New Caledonia), Strangea (3; W
Australia, Queensland, New South Wales), Opisthiolepis (1; Queensland), Buckinghamia
(2; Queensland), Grevillea (c 360; Malesia to New Guinea, Australia, New
Caledonia), Hakea (c 150; Australia), Finschia (3; New Guinea,
Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands, Aru, Palau, Vanuatu).
6.
Embothryum
J. R. Forst & G. Forst. Shrubs or trees; leaves simple,
entire. Only one sp., E. coccineum R.
Forst. & G. Forst., alpine shrublands to rainforests of Argentina and
Chile.
7.
Oreocallis
R.Br.
Shrubs
or trees; leaves simple, entire; conflorescence terminal or lateral, not
subtended by an involucre of bracts. Only one sp., in Andes of Ecuador and Peru, in montane
shrublands to forests.
8. Lomatia R.Br. Shrubs or trees; leaves in
many formats. 12
spp., nine in shrublands to rainforests, E Australia including Tasmania, and 3
spp. in Chile, Argentina, one reaching into Peru and Ecuador, in montane
shrublands to forests.
23.
TROCHODENDRALES
TROCHODENDRALES DOES
NOT OCCUR IN SOUTH AMERICA, AND IS COMPOSED OF A SINGLE FAMILLY, TROCHODENDRACEAE (2/2), BY POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
24. BUXALES
A SINGLE
FAMILY, PRESENT IN SOUTH AMERICA.
BUXACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024 +
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3.
Genera/species 6/123
Distribution tropical and S Africa, Madagascar, Socotra, NE Africa,
Macaronesia, W and C Mediterranean, E Türkiye, Caucasus and N Iran,
Afghanistan, Himalaya, S India, Sri Lanka, E Asia to Korean Peninsula and
Japan, SE Asia, W and C Malesia, southern North America, America Central, NW
South America (Andes). Habit usually monoecious (rarely dioecious,
polygamodioecious or bisexual), evergreen trees or shrubs; Pachysandra
consists of perennial herbs with a rhizome. Use Ornamental
plants (Buxus sempervirens, Pachysandra terminalis etc.), timber,
carpentry, engravings (Buxus).
Hexaporotricolpites
pollen, from the late Albian of Gabon and Brazil, is similar to
recent buxaceous pollen and is even more similar to pollen of the sister family
Didymelaceae, which is endemic to Madagascar. Buxus is the only genus of
the family that has an almost worldwide distribution. It occurs in Africa
(including Madagascar) and America Central and in the Caribbean region,
Mediterranean region, and Asia. The other smaller genera are geographically
restricted, Sarcococca to E Asia, Pachysandra to E Asia and E
North America, and Styloceras to South America. Sarcococca is a
mainly E Asian genus with 1 species in Guatemala and Mexico, still of doubtful
generic affiliation.
SYSTEMATIC two
subfamilies, both in South America.
Key to
genera of Neotropical Buxaceae
1. Tepals
absent, stamens numerous ------------ Styloceras
1. Tepals
present, stamens usually four - 2
2. Leaves
decussate, fruit a 3-valved capsule ------------ Buxus
2. Leaves
alternate, fruit subdrupaceous ------------ Sarcococca
1. SUBFAMILY
BUXEAE (1/101) ‣
a single genus.
1. Buxus
L.
Shrubs or small trees, tetragonal branchlets, leaves
decussate; flowers in lax to glomerate racemes with a terminal female flower;
staminate 4-merous tepals and stamen; tepals decussate; stamens opposite
tepals, inserted around a pistillode; fruit a 3-horned capsule; dehiscing
loculicidally into 3 spreading 2-horned valves. 101 spp., widely distributed on
all continents except Australia; 50 spp. in New World. Cuba is main centre of
diversity (39); following by Jamaica with only 4 spp., Porto Rico with two, and
Martinique and the Bahamas, each with one sp.; Mexico has 5 spp. (4 endemic);
and in S. America only B. citrifolia (Willd.) Spreng., with the few reports of the species in
Panama indicate that it is uncommon and restricted to a narrow range, occurring
in the Canal area and in the provinces of Panamá and Colón; in Colombia it is
known from Cartagena and Sucre, where it appears to be rare; one larger
Venezuelan population is recorded; records also in Suriname.
2. SUBFAMILY
STYLOCERATEAE (4/22) ‣ outsiders Didymeles (3, Madagascra), Haptanthus (1; Honduras); Sarcococca (15;
tropical and subtropical Asia from Afghanistan and the Himalayas to China, SE
Asia and Malesia including Philippines, one in SE Mexico and Guatemala), Pachysandra (3;
India, Nepal, Burma, China (inc. Taiwan), Japan, SE U.S.A.).
2. Styloceras Kunth. ex.
Juss. Trees or shrubs, dioecious, rarely monoecious; staminate flowers in short
pendent spikes; tepals absent; several stamens inserted on an angular-ovate
bract; pistillode absent; fruit globose, yellow, dupraceous, slightly fleshy,
indehiscent or tardily dehiscent. 6 spp., only South America. S. penninervium A. Gentry & G. Aymard known
only from the eastern slope of the C Peruvian Andes 1,800 – 1,850 m; S.
brokawii A. Gentry & R. Foster. in lowland N Bolivia, S Peru and Acre
state in western Brazil; the first non Andean spp. of this genus discovery; S.
kunthianum Jussieu endemic to Ecuador, in Upper Pastaza valley; S.
columnare Miiller Arg. in Sorato area in Bolivia and Peru; S. connatum Torrez
& P. Jørg., known only in the cloud forests of Madidi National Park and
Pilón Lajas Biosphere Reserve and Communal Lands in the Bolivian Andes; and S.
laurifolium (Willdenow) HBK in Venezuela to S Peru, above 2,200 m.
25. GUNNERALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: MYROTHAMNACEAE (1/2) AS IN POWO IN JUNE 10, 2024.
GUNNERACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
Genera/species
1/63 Distribution E and South Africa, Madagascar, Malesia, New Guinea,
Solomon Islands, Tasmania, New Zealand, Hawaii, America Central, South America
(above all in the Andes), Juan Fernandez, Falkland Islands. Habit perennial
herbs, either with ascending or creeping pachycaulous stems, covered with large
leaf scars, apically with large to gigantic, long-petioled leaves reaching up
to c. 5m in height (G. magnifica H. St. John), and between these often
covered with conspicuous bracts protecting the inflorescence and vegetative
buds, or stoloniferous and mat-forming, with short, upright stem portions
bearing leaf-rosettes, reaching from 4 cm to about 1 m in height, or in one
case (G. herteri Osten), diminutive annuals.
The massive
inflorescence of small, reddish flowers is up to 2.3 m (7 ft 6 inches) long and
weighs about 13 kg. Several small species are found in New Zealand, notably G.
albocarpa (Kirk) Cockayne, with leaves only 1–2 cm long, and also in South
America, with G. magellanica Lam. having leaves 5–9 cm wide on stalks
8–15 cm long.; some species commonly known as ‘giant rhubarb’; these organs are
covered by leaf-like scales. Among tracheophytes, the eudicot Gunnera L.
is the only known angiosperm that harbors a cyanobacterial symbiont
namely Nostoc.
SYSTEMATIC a
single genus
1. Gunnera L. 63 spp., subtropical or montane genus, of which 47 occur
in South (all countries except Guianas and Paraguay) and America Central; 10
spp. inhabit New Zealand, while SE Asia and Hawaii has two each, Tasmania and
Africa have a single endemic species each. 4 occur in Mexico and America
Central, and 42 in South America; six sections: Gunnera
(G. perpensa L., Africa and Madagascar), Pseudogunnera (2, SE
Asia to New Guinea), Milligania (11, one in Tasmania and 10 in New
Zealand) and the three of New World:
§ sect. Ostenigunnera
‣ only G. herteri Osten, from S
Brazil and E Uruguay, growing near coastline, in sand soils; is only
glabrous species, unique annual
specis in family; this species seems to
be sister to the remaining species of genus.
§ sect.
Panke ‣ 46
spp., 44 in New World (mainly in Andes, 28 in Colombia) and two spp. in Hawai,
only G. manicata Linden ex André
in Brazil, native to the Serra do Mar mountains of SE & S Brazil, is
perhaps the largest species, with leaves typically 1.5-2 m (5-6 ft) wide,
but exceptionally long, up to 3.4 m (11 ft), borne on thick, succulent leaf
stalks (petioles) up to 2.5 m (8 ft) long.; all species of this section are
similar in morphology, being gigantic herbs with stout and erect rhizomes
surrounded by palmately lobed leaves that sometimes reach up to several meters
in diameter; the inflorescences of Panke are compound spikes with many
small, dimerous and wind pollinated flowers and the fruits are drupes, which
are fleshy and brightly colored in some species while greenish and dry in
others.
§ sect.
Misandra ‣ two spp., G. magellanica Lam. and G.
lobata Hooker f., from Colombia to Tierra de Fuego.
26. DILLENIALES
A SINGLE
FAMILY, PRESENT IN SOUTH AMERICA.
DILLENIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
Genera/species
11/577 Distribution almost pantropical, with the largest diversity in
tropical Asia and Australia; Hibbertia also in warm-temperate parts of
Australia including Tasmania. In South America the high diversity occurs in
Amazon rainforest. Habit usually bisexual (rarely dioecious), usually
evergreen (rarely deciduous) trees or shrubs (rarely suffrutices; Tetracera
consists of lianas; Acrotrema costatum Jack (possibly nested in Dillenia)
is a perennial herb with woody rhizome). Bark often intensely brown. Lianas, shrubs, small
trees with tortuous branches (Curatella), or evergreen trees
up to 30 m (Dillenia); lianas generally
with stems >5 cm diameter, the vascular bundles disposed in bands or
concentric rings separated by abundant parenchyma (papyraceous bark, often
asperous: Doliocarpus, Neodillenia, Pinzona, several spp. of Davilla).
Key
to genera of Neotropical Dilleniaceae
1. Erect shrubs to trees up to 15 m tall ------------ Curatella
1. Scandent to creeping climbers or lianas, or else small erect
shrubby, generally < 3 m tall - 3
3.
Carpel 1 per flower - 4
4.
Sepals unequal in size, the 2 inner ones larger, covering the fruit entirely ------------ Davilla
4.
Sepals ± equal in size, never covering the fruit - 5
5.
Stamens free, not forming a ring around the carpel, aril white ------------ Doliocarpus
5.
Stamens connate at the base, forming a ring around the carpel, aril red ------------ Neodillenia
3.
Carpels 2-5 per flower - 6
6.
Carpels 3-5 per flower; fruits follicles or berries - 7
8.
Carpels free; aril white ------------ Davilla
8.
Carpels connate ventrally from the base to the apex of the ovary; aril orange ------------ Pinzona
6.
Carpels 2 per flower; fruits capsules - 8
7.
Inflorescence paniculate; fruits follicles, the aril fimbriate or deeply
laciniate ------------ Tetracera
7.
Inflorescence racemose or flowers solitary; fruits berries, the aril entire ------------ Neodillenia
SYSTEMATICS four subfamilies, being Hibbertieae (1/339,
Madagascar, Malesia to New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, Fiji, with their
highest diversity in Australia) and Dillenieae DC. (4/75, tropical
Asia to tropical Australia) only Old World, and two also in
New World.
1. SUBFAMILY
DELIMEAE (1/53) ‣ a single genus.
1. Tetracera L. Lianas or scandent shrubs, rarely lignotuberous subshrubs,
inflorescences paniculate. 53 spp., pantropical, 19 in New
World (18 in South America, some up to Mexico, one endemic to Panama), 15 in
Brazil (7 endemic). Unique genera of Dilleniaceae in Argentina.
2. SUBFAMILY
DOLIOCARPEAE (5/100) ‣ all genera
occur in South America.
2. Curatella
Loefl. A small to medium-sized tree. Only
one sp., C. americana L., from N Mexico to SE Brazil and Caribbean. Common
in savannas of C Brazil (cerrado), known as ‘lixeira’.
3.
Davilla Vand.
Scandent shrubs or lianas; leaves sometimes with amplexicaul petiolar wings. 35
spp. of lianas and erect shrubs, from E Mexico to Paraguay and Brazil, with
center of diversity in NE Brazil; 34 spp. in Brazil (and one endemic to
Venezuela), 25 endemic. D. bilobata Aymard from Bahia is the unique
species in this genus with lobulate petals; D.
glaziovii Eichler from São Paulo, D. sellowiana Schltdl. from Rio de
Janeiro and D. sessiliflora Fraga from Bahia state are rare plants in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
4. Doliocarpus
Rolander. Shrubs, mostly scandent, or lianas; unique in
family with ramiflorous, fasciculate or glomerate inflorescences, an
unicarpellate, one-celled ovary, a berry as a fruit, sometimes opening
irregularly, and seeds completely covered by a white aril. 60 spp., from Mexico
to Paraguay and Caribbean, 58 in South America, 39 spp. in Brazil, 18 endemic. D.
prancei Kubitzki, from near Manaus in Amazonas state, is a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
5. Neodillenia
Aymard. Lianas with successive cambia; trichomes simple; inflorescences
axillary (and sometimes also ramiflorous). Three spp., one endemic to
Venezuela, N. coussapoana Aymard and N. peruviana Aymard from
Colombia, the latter also in Ecuador, and the former also in Peru and Amazonas
state in N Brazil.
6. Pinzona
Mart. & Zucc. A high-climbing liana, largely glabrous at maturity except
for inflorescence axes. Only one sp., P. coriacea Mart. & Zucc.,
throughout America Central and South America from
Belize to NE Brazil and Antilles.
27. SAXIFRAGALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: ALTINGIACEAE (1/15), APHANOPETALACEAE (1/2), CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE
(1/2), CYNOMORIACEAE (1/1), DAPHNIPHYLLACEAE (1/30), ITEACEAE
(2/24), PAEONIACEAE (1/36), PENTHORACEAE (1/2), TETRACARPAEACEAE
(1/1).
LINEAGE 1 of
4: PERIDISCACEAE
PERIDISCACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3.
Genera/species
4/11 Distribution tropical South America, tropical W Africa. Habit.
bisexual, evergreen trees or shrubs.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders Medusandra (2, Cameroon) and Soyauxia (7, tropical
W and C Africa).
1. Peridiscus
Benth. Trees, dioecious, glabrous except for the stipules and inflorescences
(axillare racemes); flowers pale green to yellow or yellowish; apetalous. Only
one sp., P. lucidus Benth, from south Venezuela, W Guyana, Amazonas and
Amapá states in N Brazil; and in Guainia region in E Colombia. In Brazil this
species occurs mainly in Upper Rio Negro to near Manaus.
2. Whittonia
Sandwith. Small dioecious trees with long, golden brownish hairs
on toung shoots; fascicles; apetalous. Only one sp., W. guianensis
Sandwith, endemic to the Guiana Shield of Guyana, is
possibly extinct, being known from only one specimen collected below Kaieteur
Falls in Guyana, at 50 – 100 m elevation range; an attempt to rediscover it in
2006 was not successful.
LINEAGE 2 of
4: HAMAMELIDS
HAMAMELIDACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024 EXCEPT OUTSIDERS.
Genera/species
26/111 Distribution E and SE Africa, Madagascar, southern Türkiye, SE
Trans-Caucasus, N Iran, W and E Himalaya, Assam, Manipure, E and SE Asia to
Korean Peninsula and Japan, Malesia, New Guinea, NE Australia (Queensland), E
North America, America Central, NW South America. Habit usually bisexual
(sometimes monoecious, andromonoecious or polygamomonoecious), evergreen or
deciduous trees or shrubs. Use Ornamental plants, medicinal plants,
timber.
SYSTEMATIC tribes Exbucklandioideae (3/10,
Assam to SE Asia and S China, W Malesia) and Disanthoideae (1/1,
Japan) do not occur in South America. Among Hamamelidoideae, outsiders
are mainlay from C & E Asia to Malesia or Australia except Trichocladus
(6; tropical and S Africa), Dicoryphe (13, Madagascar, the Comoros), Parrotia
(2; SW Caspian area; E China), Fothergilla (4, SE U.S.A.), Hamamelis
(6, SE Canada, E U.S.A., Mexico, China, Japan), and Molinadendron (3,
Mexico, America Central).
1. Matudaea
Lund. Evergreen trees, multicellular glandular hairs in the blade
margin of primary leaves, stipules and bracts; branches with 2 prophylls;
leaves triplinerved; inflorescences condensed panicles or botryoids (each axis
terminated by a flower); flowers bisexual; sepals absent; petals absent; 2
fused bracts subtend the individual flower; stamens 12-24, polyandrous; anthers
opening by 2 valves; ovary superior; carpels with 1 ovule; large, decurrent
stigma. Two spp., M. trinerva Lundell from Mexico to Panamá, and M.
colombiana G. Lozano-C endemic to Andean Colombia.
LINEAGE 3 of
4: CRASSULIDS
HALORAGACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
Genera/species 8/167 Distribution
cosmopolitan, largest diversity in the southern Hemisphere, particularly in
Australia. Habit usually monoecious or polygamomonoecious (rarely
bisexual or dioecious), perennial or annual herbs, suffrutices or evergreen
small shrubs (some Glischrocaryon consists of shrubs and small trees).
Numerous species are aquatic, other representative are amphibious, hygrophytes
or terrestrial mesophytes. Myriophyllum in the northern Hemisphere
produces turions (condensed reproductive and hibernating shoots).
Centre
of diversity in Australia with 3/5 of species. The four South American genera
grow in slow moving water or in marshy, littoral habitats; some species are
found at greater than 3,000 m; only two fully extra-australian genera, both
native to neotropics. Six spp. in Brazil.
Key
differences from similar families - the features listed are not
present in the Haloragaceae:
ü Gunneraceae: petiolate (often
long), zygomorphic flowers, fleshy drupaceous fruits
or leathery dehiscent fruits.
ü Penthoraceae: superior ovary,
many seeds.
ü Tertracarpaeaceae: superior ovary, free carpels,
many seeds, endemic to Tasmania.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders Glischrocaryon (11, S
W Australia, SW South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria), Gonocarpus
(43, SE Asia and Malesia to Japan, Australia and New Zealand), Meionectes
(2, Western Australia, South Australia, S Victoria, Tasmania), and Trihaloragis
(1; Western Australia).
1. Haloragis
Forst. & G. Forst. Annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs from
taproots or stolons, glabrous, scabrous or with simple hairs; stems ascending
or creeping, some growing in water. 29 spp. confined almost entirely
to Australia and New Zealand, with two spp. on S Pacific Islands eastward to
Juan Fernandez Islands: H. massatierrana Skottsb. and H. massafuerana
Skottsb., both absent in continental Chile, in a wide variety of terrestrial
habitats.
2. Laurembergia
Bergius. Perennial herbs with woody rhizomes, some helophytic; leaves
subwhorled, opposite or alternate, not heterophyllous; flowers unisexual in
dichasia, the distal positions occupied by male or hermaphroditic flowers which
stand out on a long pedicel from the almost sessile female flowers; 8 stamens
in 2 whorls with the outer fertile whorl alternating with the sepals; the ovary
initially 4-loculate, becoming 1-4-loculate through the collapse of the
columella; one-seeded fruit with variable structure. 7 spp., six exclusively
paleotropical (excluding Australia) and the polymorphic L. tetrandra
(Schott) Kanitz, amphi-atlantic (also Africa), in New World from Atlantic of
Argentina to Colombia, mainly in Brazilian southern coast and absent in
Guianas.
3. Myriophyllum
L. Perennial, rarely annual, aquatic or littoral herbs, free floating or
rhizomathous; whorled heterophyllous leaves; flowers frequently unisexual;
sepals less than half the length of the petals (frequently absent); fruit
schizocarpic, ornamented and splitting at maturity into 2-4 mericarps. 72 spp.,
almost cosmopolitan.
In New World occur 17 spp., 5 widely in northern Hemisphere, 7
from North America in Canada and U.S.A., three of them up to Mexico, one up to
Guatemala and two up to Cuba, one endemic to Cuba, M. mattogrossense
Hoehne in Ecuador to Bolivia and Brazil, M. quitense Kunth widely in New
World, inc. Brazil and Mexico, M. aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. from Costa
Rica to South America, and M. rubricaule Valk. & Duist. endemic to
Brazil.
4. Proserpinaca
L. Submerged, emergent of seasonally terrestrial rhizomatous herbs; alternate
heterophyllous leaves; inflorescence solitary or in dichasia of up to 3 flowers
per axil; flowers hermaphroditic; fruit 3-seeded nutlet. Two spp., P.
palustris L. in North America, Mexico, America Central, Caribbean, Colombia
and Brazil, and P. pectinata Lam. from North America, Mexico and Caribbean.
CRASSULACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3.
Genera/species 23/1,667 Distribution
mainly in dry and warm areas in the southern and northern Hemispheres, with
their largest diversity in Mexico (442) and southern Africa (250). Habit
usually bisexual (rarely unisexual), usually perennial (rarely annual or
biennial) herbs, suffrutices or evergreen shrubs (rarely trees or epiphytes).
Leaf succulents. Usually xerophytes. Rarely aquatic (i.a. Crassula aquatica (L.)
Schönland). Many species produce adventitious roots from broken leaves; some
species form bulbils along leaf margins or in inflorescences.
Crassulaceae
is the 3ª largest group of succulent species worldwide,
c. 1,400 succulents. Mostly plants of dry, rocky habitats, usually terrestrial
but rarely epiphytic and very rarely aquatic. Although
the distribution of Crassulaceae is nearly worldwide, most species are found in
five centers of diversity: Mexico (442), Mediterranean basin (ca. 100),
Macaronesia (ca. 63), S Africa (ca. 250) and E Asia (ca. 300). Species usually
grow in arid to semi-arid rocky and mountainous environments. There are several
species of Kalanchoe that are cultivated, some naturalized; they are
best recognized by flowers with (4) fused petals forming a tube, and many
species have lobed, crenate or serrate margined leaves; a number of species of Kalanchoe,
formally in the genus Bryophyllum, have
plantlets on the leaf margins.
SYSTEMATIC three subfamilies, Kalanchoideae (4/271), with Adromischus
(29, southern Africa), Cotyledon (18, Arabian to S Africa), Kalanchoe
(174, Old World tropical except Oceania) and Tylecodon (50, Namibia and
South Africa), does not occur in South America.
In New World occur only
4 genera: Crassula (14), Hylotelephium (1), Rhodiola (3)
and Sedum (554).
1.
SUBFAMILY CRASSULOIDEAE (1/211) ‣ subcosmopolitan,
mostly restricted to southern Africa except for a small group of aquatic Crassula
species that are distributed worldwide.
1. Crassula
L. Herbs or shrubs, annual
or perennial, aquatic or terrestrial, not viviparous, 0.1-5 dm, glabrous or
pubescent, typically with isostemonous flowers. 214 spp. worldwide, 14 in New
World, with 4 spp. disjunct in North and southern South America; two widely in
scattered in Southern Hemisphere including Chile and Argentina in South
America; two endemic to Argentina; two scattered in Northern Hemisphere up to America
Central or Caribbean; two restricted for North America from U.S.A. to Mexico;
one only in western South America; and C. peduncularis (Sm.) Cambess,
from Australia, New Zealand, Peru to S Brazil (unique in country), Paraguay and
Uruguay.
Some
highly reduced annual Crassula are morphologically aberrant: C.
aphylla Schönland & Baker f. from South Africa forms
leafless, globular shoots reaching maturity at about 3mm; it may represent the smallest
succulent plant.
2. SUBFAMILY SEMPERVIVOIDEAE
(18/1,185) ‣ 4 clades. Telephium clade
(10/180, Hylotelephium, Chiastophyllum, Kungia, Meterostachys,
Orostachys, Phedimus, Pseudosedum, Rhodiola, Sinocrassula,
Umbilicus) is exclusive from Old World except by Hylotelephium
(26, 25 in Old World, one in Canada and U.S.A.) and Rhodiola (74,
northern Hemisphere, 3 in North America in Canada and U.S.A., absent in
Mexico). Semperviveae (2/65) includes Petrosedum (14) and Sempervivum
(51), and is exclusively in Old World. Aeonieae (4/79) includes Aeonium
(36), Aichryson (16), Monanthes (18), Hypagophytum (1) and
Sedum p.p. (8 spp.), and also is exclusively for Old World. Perrierosedum (1, Madagascar) remains
unplaced.
Sedeae,
the fouth group, has only Sedum L. The highest
base chromosome number known for any flowering plant (n
= 270) belongs to S. suaveolens Kimnach endemic to Mexico
2. Sedum
L. Annual to perennial, monocarpic to
polycarpic herbs orsubshrubs, rarely monocarpic rosette plants; roots
usuallyfibrous, less commonly tuberous or as taproots; stems usuallywith
branched non-flowering shoots or sessile rosettes, rarely rhizomatous. 861
spp., mostly in temperate and subtropical regions of North America, Europe,
northern Africa, Near Eastand Asia, a few species in Central and South America
and Central to E Africa, 554 spp. in New World, mainly in Mexico (442, 395 endemic).
Two groups:
§ Leucosedum
clade ‣ 209-218 spp., including Chaloupkaea (8,
Caucasus, Turkey, Iraq), Pistorinia (4, W Mediterranean), Rosularia (23,
Helas to China), Prometheum (3, Helas to Iran), Afrovivella (1, Ethiopia),
Dudleya (50, NW U.S.A. to NW Mexico), and Sedum p.p. (ca. 120).
§ Acre
clade ‣ 643-652 spp., including Chazaroa (3,
Mexico, off Echeveria), Jeronimoa (1, Mexico, off Pachyphytum),
Quetzalcoatlia (6, Mexico, off Graptopetalum), Cremnophila (3,
Mexico), Echeveria (201, Texas to Argentina), Graptopetalum (15, Arizona
to New Mexico and Mexico), Lenophyllum (7, Texas to NE Mexico),
Pachyphytum (25, Mexico), Thompsonella (8, Mexico), Villadia (29,
Texas to Guatemala, Peru), and Sedum p.p. (ca. 345) - including
all 45 spp. of in South America, from Venezuela to N Argentina, mainly in Peru
(34, 31 endemic).
LINEAGE 4 of
4: SAXIFRAGIDS
GROSSULARIACEAE
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Genera/species
1/193 Distribution temperate parts of Eurasia, Mediterranean, NE Africa,
North and America Central, the Pacific coast of South America, the Andes
southwards to Tierra del Fuego. Habit usually bisexual (sometimes
dioecious), usually deciduous (rarely evergreen) shrubs, upright, creeping
(often with subterranean stems) or occasionally somewhat climbing; branches
differentiated into long shoots and short shoots. Leaves sometimes modified into
spines.
SYSTEMATIC a
single genus.
1. Ribes
L. Shrubs, sometimes lianescent (only in South American species)
and very rarely cushion-forming (only Peru), bark often exfoliating; plants
usually glandular and/or pubescent; often 3-lobed, usually pubescent and/or
glandular leaves, sometimes aromatic; inflorescences terminal, racemose,
sometimes reduced to 1-2 flowers; fruit a berry crowned with persistent flower
remnants; seeds with gelatinous exotesta and dense, brown/black endotesta. 193
spp. in eight subgenera, occurring mainly in the north-temperate zone, 117 in
New World, 51 in South America (all confined to continent), all in the
dioecious subgenus Parilla, section which into southern America
Central with a single species, in two apparently unrelated clades:
§ sect.
Parilla ‣ 10 spp. in temperate South America.
§ sect.
Andina ‣ 41 spp., two in S America Central, 13
restricted of N Andes in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador, and 26 from Peru
southwards up to Terra del Fuego. Peru has 24 spp. (20 endemic), more than
twice as many species of this genus overall as any other single South American
country, sometimes found growing in vertical rock faces. R. frankei
Weigend & Breitkopf. is possibly the most aberrant
species of Ribes - it is a small, cushion-forming
dwarf-shrub to 30 cm tall, with erect inflorescences that are virtually
immersed in the leafy cushions; it is the smallest species of Ribes
known so far and has been collected on vertical rock faces in the high Andes of
Pasco in central Peru.
Ribes
is important for browsing by Andean animals; birds avidly devour its fruit and,
due to its dense branching, it provides excellent nesting sites for birds; the
fruits of South American species are apparently all edible, but usually
insipid. R. cucullatum Hook. & Arn. reaches elevations of 4,700 m or
more in the Cordillera Blanca and is one of the highest-growing woody plants in
this area; many species are very narrowly endemic, some only known from the
type collection, some on the brink of extinction, e.g., R. lehmannii Jancz.
in Ecuador, R. contumazensis Weigend and R. ovalifolium
Jancz. in Peru.
All
species are native, and many species are very narrowly endemic; R. rubrum
L. (red currant), R. nigrum L. (black currant) and various cultivars of
subg. Grossularia (gooseberries) are occasionally cultivated in
temperate South America and may be present as species.
SAXIFRAGACEAE
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Genera/species 39/c.
670 Distribution mainly in northern temperate and polar areas; a few
species in southern temperate regions, and on tropical mountains (in the
Andes). Habit usually bisexual (rarely androdioecious), usually
perennial herbs (sometimes annual or biennial, rarely somewhat lignified). Some
species are succulent and/or xerophytic. Use ornamental plants,
medicinal plants.
Vegetatively
resembles the Gentianaceae, Apiaceae, Violaceae and other alpine plants found
in the Andes, being distinguished from them by its corolla with five distinct
petals, stamens 1 or 2 x the number of petals. It can be confused with the
Crassulaceae, but these are succulent and have carpels totally distinct and
generally present in larger number (4 or +).
SYSTEMATIC nine tribes, Micratheae (1/80, fully circumboreal,
in North America extending south extensively in montane regions to northern
Mexico and the Appalachians, in Eurasia extending south sporadically into
southern Europe, Mongolia, Korea, and Japan), Dermereae (6/19, China to
Korea, W U.S.A., Himalayas), Leptarrheneae (2/2, China, Japan, Alaska to
U.S.A.), Heuchereae (15/83, Asia, North America), Astilbeae (2/10,
temperate Asia to New Guinea, North America) and Saniculiphylleae (1/1,
China) does not occur in South America.
TRIBE
CASCADIEAE (2/2) ‣ outsider Cascadia
(1, W U.S.A.).
1. Saxifragodes
DM. More. Stems slender, branched at base. One poorly understood
species, S. albowiana (Kurtz ex Albov) D.M. Moore, from center Chile to
Tierra del Fuego, and Santa Cruz in Patagonia.
TRIBE
CHRYSOSPLENIEAE (2/57) ‣ outsider Peltoboykinia
(2, Japan).
2. Chrysosplenium
L. Plants stoloniferous; leaves glabrous to pilose, small,
opposite or alternate, petiolate, crenate, estipulate. 55 spp., in moist areas
of temperate to arctic North America and Eurasia, mainly in Asia, two in South
America, C. macranthum Hook. and C. valdivicum Hook., both in
southern Chile and Argentina.
TRIBE
BOYKINIEAE (7/19) ‣ outsiders Bolandra (2, W North America), Boykinia
(7, North America and Japan), Hemieva (1, W North America), Jepsonia
(3, California to Baja California), Sullivantia (3, Rocky Mountains to
Virginia), and Telesonix (2, Canada to New Mexico).
3. Suksdorfia
A.Gray. Two spp., one from W Canada
to NW U.S.A. and S. alchemilloides (Griseb.) Engl., from Sierra de
Tucuman in Argentina and in Bolivia on damp, shady humus and damp rock cliffs
at 3,000–4,000 m.
TRIBE
SAXIFRAGEAE (1/475) ‣ a
single genus.
4. Saxifraga
L. (inc. Saxifragella)
Perennials or more rarely delicate annuals or biennials, often
cushions. 475 spp.,
widely distributed but primarily of temperate or Arctic regions of the N
Hemisphere; many of the species are circumboreal. 28 spp. in New World, three
in South America: S. bicuspidata Hook.f. (S Chile to S Argentina), S.
boussingaultii Brongn. (Ecuador and W Bolivia) and S. magellanica
Poir. (Ecuador to Argentina and Falklands).
28. VITALES
A SINGLE
FAMILY, PRESENT IN SOUTH AMERICA.
VITACEAE
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Genera/species 20/1,031 Distribution mainly in tropical and
subtropical regions, some species in warm-temperate areas; Leea: SE
Asia, Malesia, New Guinea and Australia, two species in Africa and Madagascar. Habit
bisexual, monoecious, polygamomonoecious, dioecious or polygamodioecious,
usually evergreen (sometimes deciduous) lianas (sometimes climbing, perennial
herbs) with leaf-opposed, simple or branched branch-tendrils with small
adhesive cushions attaching plant to trees or cliffs etc. (rarely small
succulent trees with swollen stem; Leea consists of evergreen trees,
shrubs or perennial herbs without tendrils). Lenticels often abundant and significant.
Some native species have economic potential; fruits of
Mesoamerican Ampelocissus
are used by local people for vinegar preparation and as table fruit.
Key
differences from similar families leaf-opposite tendrils and/or
inflorescences (axillary in Cucurbitaceae and Sapindaceae).
SYSTEMATIC two clades; Leeoideae (1/45, SE Asia, Malesia to New
Guinea, tropical Australia, one species in Africa and Madagascar) does not
occur in South America. All New World Vitaceae are Vitoideae; among this
group, are five tribes; outsiders tribes: Cayratieae (8/453,
tropical and subtropical regions on both hemispheres, tropical regions in the
Old World east to E Queensland) and Pathernocisseae (2/29,
Parthenocissus and Yua,
temperate
Asia, North America, Mexico).
1. VITOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
AMPELOPSIDEAE (3/30) ‣ outsiders
are Ampelopsis (16, temperate and subtropical regions of Asia
and America) and Nekemias (8, India, E and SE Asia, Java,
Sulawesi, E North America).
1. Clematicissus
Planchon. (inc. Cissus p.p.) Lianas, often
with xylopodium; tendrils leaf-opposed, mostly
dichotomously branched, lacking adhesive discs; leaves alternate, palmate,
petiolate, stipulate, stipule adnate to petiole base; inflorescences compound
cymes, leaf-opposite; flowers pedicellate, bisexual, 4- (South American
species) or 5-merous (Australian species); fruit berry, globose or spheroidal,
purple, purple-black or green, 1–4 seeded; seeds obovoid, chalaza marked on
dorsal surface, two furrows on ventral surface. Six spp., two from Australia, 4
from South America, centered in Bolivia, one up to Peru, C. pruinata (Weinm.)
C. A. Zanotti & A. M. Panizza and C. striata (Ruiz & Pav.)
Lombardi up to Brazil and C. tweedieana (Baker) Lombardi up to Cono Sur
in Chile.
2. VITOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CISSEAE (2/287) ‣ two genera, both in South America.
2. Apocissus
Jackes & Trias-Blasi. 7 spp., six from New
Guinea to E & SE Australia, and A. trianae (Planch.) Jackes & Trias-Blasi from Mexico to Brazil.
3. Cissus L.
(exc. Clematicissus p.p.) Woody or
herbaceous climbing or scrambling lianas, or sometimes erect shrubs,
hermaphroditic to polygamo-monoecious, sometimes with xylopodium;
stems terete, winged or striated, often succulent; sometimes
tuberous roots present. 280 spp., widely distributed in all tropical regions, a
few extending into the temperate zone; 135 species in Africa, 85 species in
Asia, 10 species in Australia, and 72 species in New World, 60 in South
America, 46 in Brazil (17 endemic). Two spp. are rare in Brazil, one from Amapá
state, another in Sergipe state, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
The berries
of some South American Cissus
e.g. C. stipulata Vell. and C. trigona Willd. ex Schult.
& Schult. f. (both Brazilian, with the latter also in Bolivia), which
have the biggest fruits of all Neotropical species
of genus, are reported as sweet in Herbarium labels, whereas the
small-fruited species usually have unpleasant fruits, filled with stinging
raphides. C. verticillata
(L.) Nicolson & C.E.Jarvis subsp. verticillata
has the widest geographic and altitudinal distribution of all the Neotropical
species; it occurs in almost all American countries, except Canada and Chile,
at altitudes ranging from sea level to 2,500 m. In Brazil it is the only
species under intense pharmacological study because of its reported medicinal
properties. It is also cultivated around the world as an ornamental, although
it is a potential weed, as in the Florida orange groves.
3. VITOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE VITEAE
(4/187) ‣ outsiders
are Acareosperma (1, Laos) and Ampelocissus (92,
tropical regions on both hemispheres).
4. Vitis L. Vine-like
shrubs or high climbing polygamo-dioecious vines, often with large woody stems.
81 spp., mostly temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, 27 in New World,
mainly in North America, with V. tiliifolia Humb. &
Bonpl. ex Roem. & Schult. extending into Venezuela, Colombia
and Ecuador, and V. novogranadensis Moldenke endemic to Colombia.
29. ZYGOPHYLLALES
TWO
FAMILIES, BOTH IN SOUTH AMERICA.
KRAMERIACEAE
§ PARASITIC (Prosopanche –
... – Krameria - Mitrastemon – APODANTHACEAE
– SANTALALES - Lennoa – OROBANCHACEAE - Cuscuta)
§ REFERENCE:
AS IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
Genera/species
1/17 Distribution New World Habit bisexual,
usually shrubs or suffrutices (Krameria ixineis
a perennial herb, usually with woody rhizome); root
hemiparasites (no specific host). The oils secreted by the two
modified petals are collected by visiting female bees of the genus Centris, and mixed with pollen
(and nectar from other taxa as Krameria does not produce nectar)
into a paste, and fed to their developing larvae. Krameria species are dependent on the bees for
pollination; this two modified petals are unique within the angiosperms.
SYSTEMATICS Only
one genus.
1. Krameria L. ex.
Loefl. Shrubs or suffrutices, bisexual,
hemiparasitics. 17 spp., 4 from U.S.A. to Mexico, 4 endemic to Mexico,
one from Mexico to America Central, and 8 in South America:
K. argentea Mart. ex
Spreng., endemic to the Brazilian Shield in the states of Distrito Federal,
Goias and SW Bahia.
K. bahiana B.B.
Simpson., endemic disjunct spp. from Bahia, in to coastal regions and in rock
fields in Diamantina Range.
K. cistoidea Hokk. &
Arn. only in Chile in Antofagasta region (one of the driest places on Earth) at
100 to 1550 m.
K. grandiflora A. St. Hill.,
in Brazil
and adjacent Paraguay.
K. ixine Loefl. from
Sinaloa, Mexico across Venezuela, Colombia, Guianas and Caribbean.
K. lappacea (Dombey)
Burdet & B.B. Simpson can be found at altitudes up to 3,600 m from Ecuador
to Jujuy in Andean Argentina.
K. spartioides Klotzsch ex
O. Berg grows in Colombia, Venezuela, N Brazil and Suriname.
K. tomentosa A. St.
Hill., from Guyana to Bolivia and across Brazil in dry areas.
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
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IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX
3.
Genera/species
22/287 Distribution mainly tropical and subtropical regions in the northern
and southern Hemispheres; some species in warm-temperate regions, with their
largest diversity in arid and subarid areas. Habit usually bisexual
(rarely dioecious), evergreen shrubs, suffrutices, or perennial or annual herbs
(rarely trees), sometimes with axillary, simple or branched, spines. Nodes
often swollen and/or articulated. Bark often bitter. Some species are
succulent. Many species are xerophytes or halophytes. C4
photosynthesis present (almost all species in Kallstroemia have C4
photosynthesis; nearly all in Zygophyllum are C3
photosynthetic).
Use
Ornamental plants, timber and carpentries (extremely hard wood, Lignum vitae,
from Guaiacum), fruits (Balanites aegyptiaca Del.), medicinal
plants, edible flower buds. Some of the South American species have been used
for their timber, notably Guaiacum which has extremely strong, hard,
resinous wood; G. sanctum L. is known as lignum vitae.
Certainly,
one of the world's heaviest and hardest ironwoods is the Caribbean tree called
lignum vitae (G. officinale), with a specific gravity of 1.37. The name
lignum vitae means ‘wood of life’, owing to the medicinal properties of the
sweet-smelling resin; the density and high resin content of the wood make it
extremely resistant to friction and abrasion and account for its remarkable
self-lubrication properties. Under certain conditions it actually wears better
than iron. In fact, the highly-prized wood was used for end grain thrust blocks
which lined the propeller shafts of steamships.
SYSTEMATICS five
subfamilies, Morkillioideae (3/5, exclusive to Mexico) and Seetzenioideae
(1/1, North Africa to Afghanistan and India, N and E Cape) do not occur in
South America.
1.
SUBFAMILY BALANITOIDEAE (6/80-90) ‣ outsiders Balanites (10,
tropical Africa, Arabian Peninsula to India and Burma), Kelleronia (3, NE
Africa, S Arabian Peninsula), Neoluederitzia (1, S Namibia), Sisyndite (1, S
Namibia, N and W Cape), and Tribulus (30, Europe to C Russia,
over Asia, Madagascar and SE Asia to Australia).
1. Kallstroemia Scop.
Herbs, prostrate to decumbent, mainly in dry areas;
leaves opposite, parapinnate, entire folicules; inflorescences as isolated
flowers, axillary or supraxillary, pendunculate; petals white to orangish. 20
spp. of New World, six endemic to Mexico, 4 from Mexico to U.S.A., one from
U.S.A. to Guatemala, two only in Caribbean, and 7 in South America:
K. adscendens
(Anderss.) Robins., endemic to the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.
K. boliviana
Standi., disturbed areas in the semiarid valleys on the eastern face of the
Cordillera Oriental of Bolivia, and known from a single similar locality in
Peru.
K. maxima
(L.) Hook. & Arn., from U.S.A. to Colombia east to Guianas and Caribbean.
K. pennellii
D. M. Porter., know only from the type locality in Cajamarca in Peru.
K. pubescens G. Don.
occur in the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica; across N South America
and north through America Central to Yucatán on the east and Sinaloa, Mexico;
south through Colombia and Ecuador to N Peru.
K. tucumanensis Desc,
O’Don & Lourt., in semiarid S Bolivia and NW Argentina.
K. tribuloides
(Mart.) Steud., semiarid NE Brazil (also in Rio de Janeiro state), S Bolivia,
and NW Argentina, in open sandy places, riverbanks, railroad embankments, and
roadsides from 300 to 1,800 m; sympatric over much of its range with K.
tucumanensis. Brazilian collections were
mainly from sandy places along the São Francisco River, the largest river in
the area; this species is found in similar situations in Argentina; flowers
from November to May.
2.
SUBFAMILY LARREOIDEAE (7/32–36) ‣ all genera occur in South America.
2. Bulnesia
Gay. Shrubs to medium sized trees. 5 spp.
from Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and Cono Sur.
3. Guaiacum
L. 5 spp., 3 from Mexico (one up to Guatemala), G. officinale
L. from Florida, Panama to Venezuela and Peru, Caribbean, and G. sanctum
L. from S Mexico to America Central and Florida to Caribbean.
4. Izozogia
G. Navarro. Only one sp., I. nellii G. Navarro, endemic to
Bolivia.
5. Larrea
Cav. Herbs, allelopatics. 5 spp., one in North America and
remaining four in South America (Bolivia, Argentina, Chile and Peru).
6. Metharme
Phil. ex Eng. One little-known species, M. lanata Phil.,
endemic to Tarapacá in N Chile.
7. Pintoa
Gay. Only one sp., P. chilensis Gay, endemic to the Atacama
province of Chile.
8. Plectrocarpa Gillies
ex Hook. & Arn. (inc. Gonopterodendron).
Six spp., two in Colombia and Venezuela, two endemic to Argentina,
and two in Chaco region, P. sarmientoi (Lorentz ex Griseb.) Christenh.
& Byng up to Brazil, reported in small areas at the state of Mato Grosso do
Sul, in wetland riverbanks) and Cono Sur.
9. Porlieria
Ruiz & Pav. 5 spp., one from U.S.A. to
Mexico, and 4 from Argentina, Uruguay, Chile (one endemic), Bolivia (one
endemic) and Peru.
3.
SUBFAMILY ZYGOPHYLLOIDEAE (6/183) ‣ most recent phlogeny indicate the following classification: Augea
(1, southern Africa), Melocarpum (2, Horn of Africa region), Roepera
(60, Australia and S Africa), Tetraena (44, mainly in Africa and Asia), Zygophyllum
(50, Asia), and Fagonia (30, both the Old and the New World).
10. Fagonia
L. 30 spp., Old World, in arid regions
bordering Mediterranean in Europe, Asia and Africa (Yemen to India, south into
Kenya, two spp. disjuncts in Namibia, Botsuana and South Africa), and 8 in New
World, 5 endemic to dry areas in Mexico, two from Mexico to U.S.A., and F.
chilensis Hook. & Arn., in western coast of South America in N Chile
and S Peru.
30. FABALES
ALL
FAMILIES IN SOUTH AMERICA.
The sister-group relationships within Fabales
are not unambiguously resolved and the bootstrap or bayesian support for any
branch is more or less weak. Hence, Fabaceae, Polygalaceae, Quillajaceae or
Surianaceae may be identified as sister to the remainder, depending on the
characters and analysis methods used.
Bello &
al. (2007, 2009) found the following topologies based on matK, rbcL or combined
matK and rbcL, respectively: [Polygalaceae + [Fabaceae + [Quillajaceae +
Surianaceae]]], [Fabaceae + [Quillajaceae + [Polygalaceae + Surianaceae]]] and
[Quillajaceae + [Surianaceae + [Fabaceae + Polygalaceae]]]. Persson (2001)
received the topology [Polygalaceae + [Surianaceae + [Fabaceae +
Quillajaceae]]]. Qiu & al. (2010) found the following topology:
[Quillajaceae + [Fabaceae + [Polygalaceae + Surianaceae]]]. Soltis & al.
(2011) received [[Quillajaceae + Polygalaceae] + [Fabaceae + Surianaceae]].
Finally, Moore & al. (2011) found [Surianaceae + [Quillajaceae + [Fabaceae
+ Polygalaceae]]].
SURIANACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
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IN POWO ON JUNE 22, 2024
Genera/species 5/9
Distribution Tropical beaches (Suriana maritima L., pantropical
along sea coasts, except in West Africa, but truly native of New World),
subtropical Australia (Cadellia), NW (Stylobasium), NE and E (Guilfoylia)
C Australia, Mexico (Recchia, 4 spp. endemic). Habit
Usually bisexual (in Stylobasium polygamomonoecious), evergreen small
trees or shrubs. Some species are xerophytes.
SYSTEMATICS outsiders Recchia (4, Mexico), Cadellia (1, SE
Queensland, NE New South Wales), Guilfoylia (1, E Queensland, NE
New South Wales), Stylobasium (2; mainly W and C Australia).
1. Suriana L. Evergreen
small trees
or shrubs,
usually reaching a hight of 1-2m. Only one sp., S. maritima L., in
coastal regions and limestone coastal outcrops. In New World occur Atlantic and
Caribbean Coast from Florida to E Brazil. In Brazil, this species is found in
few and rare places in coast, very narrow restricted of beaches in Piauí
Alagoas and Bahia states, in psamophylous habitats.
POLYGALACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 22, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species 29/1,050–1,250
Distribution cosmopolitan except polar regions, Polynesia and New
Zealand. Habit usually bisexual (in Balgoya functionally
unisexual), perennial or annual herbs, evergreen or deciduous? shrubs, trees
(rarely lianas; Salomonia comprises achlorophyllous root holoparasites
and Epirixanthes holomycotrophs). Some species are xerophytes. Often
with paired crateriform glands (extrafloral nectaries) or spines at nodes
(sometimes elsewhere).
628 spp. in
New World, 460 in South America.
Key
differences from similar families
Species with
papilionaceous flowers differ from Fabaceae subfam. Papilionoideae in having:
Simple
leaves (vs. usually compound).
A 3-merous
corolla with a standard of two petaloid sepals (vs. usually a 5-merous corolla
including a standard of one petal).
One ovule
per locule in 2-8 carpellate ovaries (vs. usually several ovules per locule and
1-carpellate ovaries).
SYSTEMATIC
monogeneric Xanthophyllum Clade (1/110, S India, Sri Lanka, SE Asia,
Malesia, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Queensland) does not occur in South
America; all New World species are Polygaloideae subfamily, with three tribes, Carpolobieae
(2/7, tropical Africa, Madagascar) does not occur in South America.
1. POLYGALOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE MOUTABEEAE (c 5/15)
- outsiders are Balgoya (1; New Caledonia) and Eriandra (1; New
Guinea).
1. Barnhartia Gleason. Only one sp., B. floribunda Gleason, restricted
Venezuela to French Guiana and Amazonas state in N Brazil.
2.
Diclidanthera Mart. 6 spp. from Amazon rainforest, from Colombia, Venezuela,
Guyana, Brazil (5, two endemic), Peru and Bolivia.
3.
Moutabea Aubl. 11 spp., one in New Caledonia, and 10
spp. in New World, from Costa Rica to Bolivia, in Amazon rainforest, few
outside this area; all occur in Brazil, 4 endemic.
2. POLYGALOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE POLYGALEAE (c
13/950–1.150) - outsiders Comesperma (34, Australia), Epirixanthes
(5, tropical Asia), Badiera (7, Caribbean), Muraltia (121,
Africa), Rhinotropis (17, SW U.S.A.,
Mexico), Phlebotaenia (2, Caribbean), Heterosamara
(17, tropical and S Africa, tropical and subtropical Asia), Polygaloides
(6, Europe, Mediterranean, northern Africa, W Asia, E North America), Pteromonnina
(c 30), Salomonia (5, tropical Asia, tropical Australia to E
Queensland). Epirixanthes consists of
holomycoheterotrophs, whereas Salomonia comprises root holoparasites.
Key to
genera of neotropical Polygaleae
1. Fruit 1-,
2-, or 4-winged, New World distribution (except for a few Securidaca) - 2
2. Fruit a
symmetric 2-winged samara ------------ Monnina (in part)
2. Fruit a
strongly asymmetric 1-, 2-, or 4-winged samara or samaroid capsule- 3
3. Tree,
4-winged (2 large, 2 small) samaroid capsules ------------ Phlebotaenia
3. Subshrub
or woody liana, rarely shrub or treelet, 1–2- winged samara - 4
4. Subshrub
(Polygala-like), keel with 2 reflexed orbicular appendages ------------ Monrosia
4. Woody
liana, rarely shrub or treelet, keel without appendages ------------ Securidaca
1. Fruit a
2-locular capsule or a drupe, worldwide distribution - 5
5. Seeds
comose (hairs often longer than seed) - 6
6.
Inflorescences panicles ------------ Bredemeyera
6.
Inflorescences racemes, sometimes with short internodes and resembling an
axillary fascicle, or solitary axillary flowers - 7
7. Plants
unarmed, Australia ------------ Comesperma
7. Plants
armed with thorns - 8
8. Lower
external sepals free, capsules glabrous ------------ Hualania
8. Lower
external sepals connate, capsules tomentose ------------ Rhamphopetalum
5. Seeds
lacking a coma, usually with short trichomes (almost always shorter than seed)
or glabrous - 9
9. Calyx
deciduous in fruit - 10
9. Calyx
persistent in fruit - 15
10. Fruit a
drupe ------------ Monnina (in part)
10. Fruit a
2-locular capsule - 11
11. Keel
ecristate, New World - 12
12. Shrubs 2
m or more tall (rarely flowering when smaller) ------------ Badiera
12. Herbs
(but often suffrutescent) usually less than one m tall ------------ Hebecarpa
11. Keel
cristate, Old World (except one sp. of Polygaloides in North America) - 13
13. Keel
with a 2-lobate crest; pollen heteropolar ------------ Heterosamara
13. Keel
with a plurilobate crest; pollen isopolar - 14
14. Petioles
1–1.5 cm long ------------ Senega subg. Chodatia
14. Petioles
nearly lacking to 4 mm long------------ Polygaloides
15.
Achlorophyllous annual herbs ------------ Epirixanthes
15.
Chlorophyllous herbs (annual to perennial) and shrubs - 16
16. Fruit a
drupe or horned capsule ------------ Muraltia
16. Fruit a
capsule lacking horns (margin sometimes fringed) - 17
17. Capsule
margins fringed with sharp teeth, Australasia ------------ Salomonia
17. Capsule
margins almost always entire (rarely slightly crenate or shallowly undulate,
but not fringed with sharp teeth) - 18
18. Flowers
with keel crested ------------ Senega
18. Flowers
with keel ecristate (but often 3-lobate) - 19
19. Lower
external sepals connate (the resulting structure often 2-lobate) ------------ Asemeia
19. Sepals
all free, none 2-lobate - 20
20. Stipular
nectaries on stem at base of petiole ------------ Caamembeca
20.
Nectaries lacking on stem (and in inflorescence) ------------ Gymnospora
4. Acanthocladus Klotzsch
ex Hassk. Shrub to tall tree; branches usually ending
in sharp thorns; leaves subopposite or alternate; inflorescence usually an
axillary, congested brachyblast, sometimes appearing fasciculate or rarely a
raceme with a conspicuous rachis; flowers papilionaceous, pedicellate; petals
usually whitish purple. 8 spp., one in Panama and 7 in South America, in
seasonally dry to moist forests in South America in Amazon rainforest (1),
Paraná Basin in Brazil (1), Atlantic Forest (2, Bahia to Rio de Janeiro),
Ecuador (1), Colombia (1) and one widely distributed in center South America
(up Bolivia and Argentina); A. dukei (Barringer) J.F.B. Pastore
& D. Cardoso occur in Darien region in Panamá. 5 spp. in
Brazil, two endemic.
5. Asemeia
Raf. Erect herbs or shrubs, roots fleshy to lignous, stems subaphyllous to
frondose, glabrous to pubescent; racemes terminal, axillary or extra-axillary;
keel petal pale lilac, apex yellow; capsules herbaceous, oblong elliptic to
elliptic, glabrous or cilate at margins. 36 spp. (and one variety) in New
World, 29 in South America, occurring in seasonally dry, open savannas (or
comparable vegetation), or less frequently associated with forest vegetation;
two subgenera:
§ subg.
Asemeia ▸ 29 spp., South and America Central, except for
A. grandiflora (Walter) Small from North and America Central and the
Caribbean. 26 spp. in Brazil, 16 endemic.
§ subg.
Apopetala ▸ 7 spp., endemic to America Central and Mexico
with one species, A. echinosperma (Görts) J. F. B.
Pastore & J. R.Abbott, endemic to Suriname.
6. Bredemeyera Willd. 12
spp., B. divaricata (DC.) J.F.B. Pastore distributed
from Mexico to temperate parts of Argentina, and all remaining 11 restricted of
South America, all in Brazil, 8 endemic.
7. Caamembeca
J.F.B.Pastore. Corolla papilonaceous, trimerous,
sometimes with two rudimental petals; fruit a samara, berry or capsule, fruit
dry, samara or capsule, calyx persistent in fruit, keel non-crested, sometimes
emarginated, external sepals free, ovary glabrous, glands at petiole base,
capsules elliptic. 13 spp., two from Peru to Bolivia, one from Brazil to
Paraguay, C. spectabilis (DC.) J.F.B.Pastore widely in northern South
America inc. Brazil, and 9 endemic to Brazil. C. martinelli (Marques
& E.F. Guim.) J.F.B. Pastore from coast Bahia state is a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
8. Gymnospora (Chodat)
J.F.B.Pastore. Pubescent pedicels, pubescent and free external sepals, calyx
persistent in frutification, noncristate carina, puberulent and chartaceous
capsules, and minute seed appendages or caruncles. Two spp., endemic to C, S
& E Brazil, up to Bahia and Mato Grosso do Sul, apparently restricted to
forest margins and savannas; G. blanchetii (Chodat) J. F. B. Pastore,
has been reported principally from SE Bahia near Ilheus, although the taxon was
collected twice from other Brazilian states (Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro).
9. Hebecarpa (Chodat) J.
R. Abbott. Perennial herbs or shrubs, usually multi-stemmed, stems lack thorns;
racemes terminal; flowers with the entire periant deciduous in fruit. 19 spp.,
SW U.S.A., Mexico (high diversity) to Andean regions in South America, and
Caribbaen region. 4 spp. in South America, from Venezuela to Bolívia.
10. Hualania Phil. Shrubs, 2–3 m
tall, densely branched, cylindrical, stems terminating in spines, young
branches flexible; leaves 1–3 × one mm, sessile, caducous, triangular, apex
acuminate, margin entire, both surfaces glabrous. Only one sp., H.
colletioides Phil., remarkably adapted to dry areas being restricted to the
Del Monte Province, in Catamarca, La Rioja, Mendoza, and San Juan at 1,400–1,575
m altitude
range,
usually growing along seasonal rivers, and producing odoriferous flowers and
fruits during the dry season
11. Monnina Ruiz &
Pav. (inc. Ancylotropis)
Herbs to shrubs. papilionaceous flowers and drupes, sometimes with xylopodium. 167 spp. distributed
from Mexico to Bolivia and Argentina, 154 in South America, highly centered in
Andes of Peru (46), Ecuador (39) and Colombia (32). 15 spp. in Brazil, 8 endemic,
some very narrow; nine in southern region.
12. Monrosia Grondona. Prostrate
subshrubs, to 10 cm, with several branches, the base woody and glabrous,
distally herbaceous and tomentose, stems not terminating in spines, young stems
green. Two spp., restricteds to the Argentinian
provinces of Catamarca, La Rioja, and San Juan, at 2,000 to 3,000 m altitude
range.
13. Rhamphopetalum J.F.B.Pastore &
M.Mota. Shrubs, 15–50 cm, branches intensely green to greyish, tomentose, stems
terminating in spines, young stems green; leaves all alternate, sessile,
coriaceous, lamina 4–8×1–2 mm, elliptic to obovate, base acute, margin entire,
apex attenuate to rounded, both surfaces tomentose. Only one sp., R.
microphyllum (Griseb.) J.F.B.Pastore & M.Mota, in the provinces of
Catamarca, Chubut, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Neuquén, and San Juan, with the
distribution ranging from 27°S in Catamarca to 45°S in Chubut.
14. Securidaca L. Papilionaceous flowers and unilaterally winged samaras. 59
spp., pantropical, 51 in New World, from Caribbean and from Mexico to Paraguay,
45 in South America, 24 in Brazil, 5 endemic; S. acuminata A. St.-Hil. from Minas Gerais state is a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
15. Senega Spach. (inc. New
World remaining Polygala) Usually herbaceous and with
papilionaceous flowers and capsule. 259 spp., New World (250), Trop. & S.
Africa, Madagascar, 158 in South America, 120 in Brazil, 71 endemic. 20 Senega
species from several states are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book. Three subgenera.
§
subg.
Clinclinia ‣ 26
spp. endemic to Argentina and/or Chile, but with two species, S. aspalatha (L.)
J.F.B.Pastore & Agust.Martinez and S. cyparissias (A.St.-Hil. &
Moq.) J.F.B.Pastore & Agust.Martinez also occurring in Brazil.
§
subg.
Monninopsis ‣ nine species occurring
mainly in Mexico and the adjacent U.S.A., S. argentinensis (Chodat)
J.F.B.Pastore & Agust.Martinez and S. darwiniana (A.W.Benn.)
J.F.B.Pastore & Agust.Martinez also in Bolivia, Argentina and Chile.
§
subg.
Senega ‣ c. 175 spp., with most
of them in the Americas, but with 9 species native to Africa, and with S.
paniculata (L.) J.F.B.Pastore & J.R.Abbott naturalized around the
Paleotropics.
QUILLAJACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 22, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species
1/2 Distribution southern South America Habit evergreen
glabrous tree with saponaceus bark; nodes unilacunar. In young axes, cork in
iniated subeiderm, and t rhytidome is scaly. An endodermis is lacking, and the
secondary phloem dilates diffusely.
SYSTEMATIC Only
one genus, endemic to South America.
1. Quillaja Molina.
Caracters of family, sometimes with lignotuber. Two spp., Q.
saponaria Molina grows in the winter-rain region from 31 to 38ºS in center
Chile, from sea levelup to 2,000 m altitude, and in the valleys once formed
dense forests which have largely been replaced by pastures; and Q. lancifolia D.Don is a tree of mixed
mesophytic forests and extends from São Paulo, Brazil, to Uruguay and Misiones,
Argentina; it is also reported from Peru (Depto. Cuzco) but it is questionable
whether it is indigenous there.
FABACEAE
§ REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON
JANUARY 21, 2025 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species 793/18,300-18,400;
Distribution cosmopolitan except Antarctica. Habit usually
bisexual (rarely monoecious, andromonoecious or polygamomonoecious), evergreen
or deciduous trees, shrubs, lianas or suffrutices, perennial, biennial or
annual herbs. Numerous species are xerophytes, whereas some are aquatic.
Petiole or branch sometimes modified into photosynthesizing phyllodia or
phyllocladia, respectively; the tallest tropical tree, Dinizia excelsa Ducke,
is in this family.
Legumes have
been gathered, cultivated, eaten and used in a multitude of other ways by
humans for millennia and are arguably as important as grasses in global terms.
Certainly the range of uses of legumes is broader than that of the grass
family. Legume products contribute enormously to the world`s economy through
food (for animals and humans) and drink, pharmaceuticals and medicine,
bio-fuels, biotechnology (as industrial enzymes), building and construction,
textiles, furniture and crafts, paper and pulp, mining, manufacturing
processes, chemicals and fertilisers, waste recycling, horticulture, pest
control, and ecotourism.
DRINKS.
across the globe legumes have been used as substitutes for coffee, tea,
tobacco, betel-nut, hops, garlic, ebony wood, cocaine, soap and liquorice (true
liquorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. is also a legume).
FERTILE SOILS
ancient cultures were aware of the ability of many legumes to improve the soil,
even if they did not then appreciate that this results from symbiotic nitrogen
fixation. Some 40 to 60 metric tons of nitrogen are fixed annually by
agriculturally important legumes; many species are used as soil improvers and
stabilisers and in reforestation programmes.
POISONOUS
natural accumulation of nitrogen has also resulted in predation of legumes by a
wide range of animals and insects. To combat this, the family has evolved a
wide repertoire of chemical defences based on secondary compounds, especially
alkaloids; humans have exploited the chemistry of legumes by utilising many
species as medicines, insecticides, molluscicides, abortifacients, purgatives,
fish, arrow and ordeal poisons, anti-fungal agents, aphrodisiacs and
hallucinogens. Some legumes have been used as antidotes to poisons, as
anti-inflammatories and antiseptics; the senna pod is a well known laxative.
MATERIALS
several legumes are rich in gums used as glues and food thickeners (e.g. Acacia
Mill. s.l., Astragalus L.), resins used in paints, polishes and
varnishes (e.g. Hymenaea, Copaifera, Prioria) and oils
used in lubricants and cosmetics; important dyes, such as brasil, indigo and
dyer`s greenweed all come from legumes, and several species are used as inks,
and for tanning leather.
CROPS
grain and forage legumes are grown on approximately 180 million hectares (12 to
15 percent) of the Earth`s arable surface and account for 27 percent of the
world`s primary crop production with grain legumes alone contributing 33
percent of the dietary protein nitrogen needs of humans. The main dietary
legumes (the pulses) include several species of bean (Phaseolus), the
pea (Pisum sativum L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), broad bean
(Vicia faba L.), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth), cowpea (Vigna
unguiculata (L.) Walp.) and lens (Lens culinaris Medik.). Legumes
(mainly soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., and peanut, Arachis hypogaea
L.) also contribute more than 35 percent of the world’s processed vegetable
oil.
FORAGE
legumes provide the protein, fibre and energy that have underpinned dairy and
meat production for centuries. In temperate regions, alfalfa (Medicago
sativa L.) is an important forage for cattle. Other important temperate
pastures used for forage, hay, silage and green manure, include clovers (Trifolium),
trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), sweetclovers (Melilotus) and
vetches (Vicia). In the tropics, species of Aeschynomene, Arachis,
Centrosema, Desmodium, Macroptilium and Stylosanthes
are all being used to improve tropical pasture systems, with Stylosanthes
the most geographically widely distributed.
ORNAMENTAL
in the tropics, avenues and parks are invariably adorned with a representation
of Albizia, Cassia, Delonix, Senna and Tipuana;
spectacular, showy-flowered species of Caesalpinia, Calliandra, Mucuna
and Strongylodon have also become popular in tropical gardens.
Multipurpose trees and shrubs have long been selected and refined by local
communities for shade, ornament, forage, fodder, fuelwood, bee forage for honey
production, and soil enrichment. Regional favourites include Calliandra,
Gliricidia, Inga and Leucaena in America Central; some are
grown as impenetrable spiny hedges, living fence-lines and windbreaks.
TIMBER
species of Acacia, Anadenanthera, Dalbergia, Erythrina,
Prosopis and Pterocapus are all important woody tree legumes in
forestry; legume timber and wood from many species has long been put to a
multitude of uses, ranging from heavy construction (house and boat building,
railway sleepers and cart wheels), to paper and plywood manufacture, and fine
furniture production, carpentry, marquetry and veneer work. Woods high in
silica (e.g. Dicorynia guianensis Amshoff) are of particular value in
marine construction.
EXTINCTION
some species (e.g. Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allem. ex Benth.) are now
considered rare and endangered because of over-exploitation due to their
commercially valuable timbers. Paubrasilia echinata (Lam.)
E. Gagnon, H. C. Lima & G. P. Lewis (Brazil
Wood or pau-brasil, the tree from which the country Brazil took its name), once
a source of an important red dye and still the preferred wood for violin bows,
has been reduced, by major habitat destruction, to a few populations along the
Atlantic coast of Brazil.
SYSTEMATIC six
subfamilies, only Duperquetoideae (1/1, tropical
West and Central Africa) absent in South America. 4,859
spp. in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
CERCIDIOIDEAE (14/300–460) -
outsiders all Old World except Cercis (10, Mediterranean, E Asia, 3
in North America to NE Mexico).
1. Bauhinia L. Trees
and shrubs (sometimes semi-scandent), sometimes with xylopodium.
192 spp., 129 spp. in New World, 96 in South America, 68 in Brazil, 45 endemic,
three of them are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book; seasonally
dry tropical bushland, woodland, wooded grassland (savannas of C Brazil, known
as cerrado), dry seasonal scrubland of NE
Brazil (caatinga) and coastal forest; several on sand or
limestone; nine sections at Bauhinia s.s., Bauhinia,
Pauletia, Amaria, Alvesia, Micralvesia, Telestria, Pseudophanera, Afrobauhinia and
Gigasiphon, only three firsts in New World. Some South American species
possibly have nectar-spurs.
§ sect. Pauletia ▸ c.
70 spp., tropical America and two in Southern Asia, South China, and Malesian
Area.
§ sect. Bauhinia ▸ 17
spp., Mexico, adjacent U.S.A. (Texas), northern America Central, Greater
Antilles, and NE Brazil.
§ sect. Amaria ▸ c.
15 spp. from N South America to Mexico.
2. Schnella Raddi. Liana or scandent shrub with tendrils. 48 spp. from Mexico
to NE Argentina and Caribbean, 45 in South America (a single only in America
Central), two of then up to Mexico, America Central and Caribbean, S.
microstachya Raddi is the only species that exists as far south as
Paraguay and N Argentina. 33 spp. in Brazil, 15 endemic.
Wet
tropical rainforest, including vàrzea and terra firme forest, although some are
also found in seasonally dry forest such as dry
seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga), and savannas of C
Brazil (cerrado); the species occupy a range of elevations and have been
found at 1000 m above sea level.
2. SUBFAMILY
DETARIOIDEAE (84/c. 760) ▸
six lineages, tribe Schotieae (1/5, southern Africa) and Danieleae
(2/6, Africa and Madagascar) not occur in South America.
2.1 DETARIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE BARNEBYDENDREAE (2/2)
- two genera, both in South America.
3. Barnebydendron J.
H. Kirkbr. Deciduous tree 5 - 40 m; single or multiple-stemmed; leaves once
pinnate, 6 – 23 cm long; inflorescence racemose, 3 – 17.5 cm long, cauliflorous,
flowers bright scarlet; flowers 2.3 – 3.4 cm long with exserted stamens and
style; not scented; petals 3 (occasionally with 2 vestigial petals), fleshy,
obovate, scarlet, pink-red, pink or pale pink to almost white, fruit a
flattened, pendent, samaroid pod. Only one sp., B. riedelii (Tul.) J.H.
Kirkbr., disjunc from Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama, small
populations in S Venezuela and Guyana, Peru (in floodplains and ravines from
350 – 850 m) and adjacent areas in Acre state in Brazil, over Purus River
Valley, and E Brazil from southern Bahia up to Rio de Janeiro state (on dry,
rocky hillsides, from 50 – 800 m).
4. Goniorrachis
Taub. Evergreen tree (5– 15(–30)-m high), flowers characterized by
their long hypanthium with an adnate gynoecium on the rim, and by the radially
symmetric corolla and diplostemonous androecium superficially resembling
Rosaceae flowers. Only one sp., G. marginata Taub.,
restricted of dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga) and
dry forests, especially on richer soils and along temporary rivers, from
Sergipe and Bahia to Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and northern Rio de Janeiro. Used
for timber (but known to cause allergic responses).
2.2 DETARIOIDEAE
▸ PRIORIA CLADE (3/17)
- outsiders Colophospermum (1; tropical southern Africa) and Hardwickia (1; drier
regions of India).
5. Prioria Griseb. 15 spp., 13 in tropical Africa, tropical Asia to islands in
the Pacific, and two endemic to New World: one endemic to Costa Rica, and P. copaifera Griseb.
from Nicaragua to NW
Colombia
and Jamaica.
2.3 DETARIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE DETARIEAE (14/163–170)
- outsiders all in Africa and Asia.
6. Copaifera L. Trees or shrubs up to 40 m tall in several species,
containing resin; leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 10–20, alternate to
subopposite, elliptic to obovate-oblong, with translucent dots; inflorescences borne
in axils of terminal leaves; flowers bisexual, distichous; pod suborbicular,
flattened; seed solitary. 39 spp., 4 in W & C Africa, 1 in Borneo,
and 34 in New World, from Nicaragua to Argentina, 33 in South America, 28 in
Brazil (20 endemic), in tropical lowland rain forest (sometimes inundated), seasonally
dry forest, thorn forest, woodland and shrubland.
Commercially
produced high quality resins (copal, copaiba, copaiva, Jesuit’s balsam) are
used for medicines (scented gums are also used as unguents), varnishes,
lacquers, paints and fuel (the oleo-resins are said to be a substitute for
diesel); other uses are timber, e.g., for construction, bridges, shipbuilding,
furniture, joinery, panelling, turnery and blockboard.
7. Eperua Aubl.
Trees, often in monodominant stands. 19 spp., NE Amazonian S America in Brazil up
to Cerrado (14, 6 endemic), Guianas, E Venezuela and NE Colombia, in tropical
lowland rain forest, often along rivers and in inundated areas, and in
seasonally dry forest, woodland scrub and wooded grassland; planted as
ornamentals; several species (wallaba, apa, wamara) are used for timber in
heavy construction, roofs (shingles), carpentry, joinery, furniture and
flooring; for firewood and charcoal, and for resin or wallaba oil (e.g., E.
oleifera Ducke).
8. Guibourtia Benn. Trees or shrubs. 15 spp., 13 in Africa, one in Cuba and G.
hymenaeifolia (Moric.) J. Léonard in seasonally dry E Brazil, Paraguay and
Bolivia, in tropical lowland (sometimes swampy or seasonally inundated) rain
forest, seasonally dry forest, woodland, bushland and thicket, often along
rivers and on sandy soils.
Various
species used for timber (bubinga, akume, ovangkol, hyedua), e.g., in high
quality furniture, cabinet work, joinery, panelling, veneers, heavy carpentry,
implement handles, boat masts, for firewood and charcoal; gum-copal (for
incense, coating pills, varnishes, illuminants and mosquito repellents),
medicine, fish poisons and (in at least one species) edible seeds.
9. Hymenaea L. Unarmed evergreen trees up to 40 m tall; bark grey to
greyish-white, smooth or rough; young branchlets puberulous to glabrous; leaves
with a single pair of leaflets with many pellucid gland dots; inflorescence paniculate;
flowers white; petals 5; pod indehiscent, thick, woody, ± resinous-warty with a
pithy endocarp, 1–3-seeded; seeds ± ellipsoid, hard. 23 spp., one
in E Africa and 22 in New World, from N Mexico to Paraguay, Brazil and
Caribbean, 20 in South America, 19 in Brazil (10 endemic, one of them, from
Maranhão state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
Tropical
riverine and inundated forest to seasonally dry forest, woodland, thorn forest,
bushland and thicket, often on slopes; resin (referred to as S American or
Zanzibar copal, depending on the species) is used for incense, glue, varnish,
shellac and as traditional medicines; other uses include edible fruits, timber
(algarrobo, jatoba, courbaril, guapinol) for construction, high quality
furniture, cabinetry, veneers, joinery, panelling, turnery, musical instruments
and boat building, the bark is used for canoes, and some species are cultivated
as ornamentals.
10. Peltogyne Vogel. Trees often in monodominant stands up to 40 m tall.
25 spp., all in South America, centred in Amazonian (Brazil (also
Atlantic forest and three spp. to the drier NE), Guianas, Venezuela, Colombia
and Bolivia), 3 up to America Central, one extending to Mexico and one S
American species to Trinidad. 23 in Brazil, 14 endemic, five of them (4 in
Amazonas and one in Rio de Janeiro state) are rare plants in Brazil,
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
Typically in tropical lowland rain forest, often along rivers;
less commonly in seasonally dry forest, woodland or thorn scrub. Several
species are utilised for their high quality timber (amaranth, amarante,
purpleheart, violetwood, pau roxo), e.g., in furniture, cabinet work, flooring,
construction, turnery, decorative veneers, marquetry, musical instruments and
carving.
2.4 DETARIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE AMHERSTIEAE (c 56/c. 600)
- three subtribes, Saraceae (4/16, India, Sri
Lanka, southern China, SE Asia, Malesia to Sulawesi) absent in
South America.
SUBTRIBE
AFZELIEAE (3/18) ▸ outsiders Afzelia (13;
tropical Africa, tropical Asia), Intsia (4; SE Asia to Pacific
coasts).
11. Brodriguesia
R. S. Cowan. Small tree, yellow flowers. Only one sp., B. santosii R.S.
Cowan, endemic to Atlantic Forest of Sergipe and Bahia state in NE Brazil, and
a rare
plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
SUBTRIBE
AMHESTIEAE ▸ outsiders all in
Africa and Asia.
12. Brachycylix (Harns) R. S.
Cowan. Trees. Only one sp., B. vageleri (Harms) R.S. Cowan, N & C
Colombia, in tropical lowland rain forest, often riverine; used for ornamentals
and timber.
13. Brownea Jacq.
Trees or shrubs. 22 spp., W South America in Venezuela,
Colombia, Peru and Ecuador with 4 spp. more widely distributed to Brazil (none
endemic), Guianas and two extending to America Central (Panama and Costa Rica)
and the Caribbean, in understorey in tropical lowland rain forest. Several
species (palo de cruz, bois rose, palo rosa, monta del rosa) are used for
timber, medicine, handicrafts (from dried pods and seeds) and cultivated as
ornamentals.
14. Browneopsis Huber.
Trees. 8 spp., Panama and western S America in Peru,
Ecuador, Colombia and Acre state in N Brazil (only B. peruviana (J.F.
Macbr.) Klitg., not endemic), principally tropical lowland rain forest (terra
firme and inundated), but also in sub-montane forest on the foothills of the
Andes; used for timber.
15. Crudia Schreb. Trees; leaves imparipinnate; leaflets ± 7–10, alternate,
entire; petiolules twisted; inflorescences terminal or lateral, lax but
many-flowered racemes; flowers bisexual, small, arranged in 2 rows on long,
slender pedicels; petals absent; seeds usually one or 2, large, orbicular or
kidney-shaped. 37 spp., tropical America, Africa, Asia and Australia, 10 in New
World from Mexico to Argentina and Caribbean, 9 in South America, 7 in Brazil
(one endemic), tropical lowland rain and swamp forest, thicket and scrub
forest, often along rivers, most diverse in Asia, particularly Malesia. The
timber is extremely hard and heavy, with limited known uses.
16. Cynometra
L.
Trees, rarely shrubs; leaves paripinnate; leaflets
2–30, opposite; inflorescences many-flowered racemes or panicles, axillary or
sometimes terminal, flowers small, arranged in more than 2 rows, sometimes
articulated at apex of pedicel; bracteoles 2, caducous; pod indehiscent or
dehiscent, sometimes swollen; seeds one or 2 (–4). 113 spp.,
tropical America, Africa and Asia, 27 in New World from Mexico to Argentina and
Caribbean, 19 in South America, 14 in Brazil (6 endemic), in tropical lowland
rain and swamp forest, often along rivers and sublittoral; seasonally dry
forest, woodland, bushland or thicket, often on white sands; some species grow
gregariously forming dominant stands.
Various
species used for timber (kekatong, guapinol negro, nganga, baraka, muhimbe) in
construction, ships keels, railway sleepers, flooring and carpentry; also used
for firewood, as shade trees and bee forage.
17. Dicymbe Spruce
ex. Benth. Trees, making ECM symbioses with fungi.
20 spp. from Guiana
Shield, one up to Colombia, and one from this area to middle Amazon Brazil (10
in Brazil, 6 endemic), often monodominant in tropical lowland rain
forest, gallery forest, in valleys and (rarely) on rocky slopes; used for
timber.
18. Ecuadendron D. A. Neill.
Trees. Eperua-like. Only one sp., E. acosta-solisianum D.A.
Neill, W Ecuador, lower Andean foothills, trropical lowland wet to moist forest
(with considerable fog-associated precipitation).
19. Heterostemon Aubl.
Small trees or shrubs. 8 spp., endemic to the Guiana Shield of Colombia to
French Guiana, N Brazil (4, none endemic), 100 – 300 m. elevation range, in
tropical lowland (sometimes inundated) rain forest, understorey and forest
margins, often riverine and on sandy soils; used as ornamentals and for timber.
20. Macrolobium Desf. Trees or shrubs. 76 spp. from Honduras to Brazil and
Caribbean, centred in South America (74, most diversity in Amazonia with two
spp. to the Atlantic coast in SE Brazil, also west from Venezuela, Columbia,
Peru to Ecuador in foothills on either side of the Andes), in tropical lowland
rain forest, often along rivers and in seasonally inundated places, or in
seasonally dry woodland and wooded grassland; used for timber, fish poisons and
as ornamentals. 37 spp. in Brazil, 14 endemic. M. archeri Cowan from W
Colombia and Ecuador possibly has the largest
leaves among Fabaceae. M. acaciifolium
(Benth.) Benth. from northern South America is myrmecohyte.
21. Paloue Aubl. Trees and shrubs. 16 spp., Amazonian Brazil (14, two
endemic) Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, in tropical lowland rain forest
(terra firme and inundated), often along rivers.
The bark
of P. princeps (R.H.Schomb. ex Benth.) Redden is burned to produce
an ash mixed with snuffs or hallucinogens (known as ebena), prepared from the
resin of the genus Virola Aubl. (Myristicaceae).
3. SUBFAMILY
DIALIOIDEAE (16/c. 83) ▸
oustiders all in Africa to Pacific.
22. Androcalymma
Dwyer. Tree up to 30 m tal, yellow flowers. Only one sp., A. glabrifolium Dwyer, fro upper
Amazon Basin in Brazil, a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book, known only in São Paulo da Olivença municipality.
23. Apuleia Mart.
Trees up to 50 m tall. Only one sp., A. leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F. Macbr.,
widely distributed across S America in Amazonian and extra-Amazonian Brazil,
Venezuela, Peru, Paraguay, Bolivia and Argentina, in a wide range of tropical
and subtropical habitats, from rain forest, riverine and gallery forest to dry
seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga). The timber is used
commercially for, e.g., high quality furniture, heavy construction and
flooring.
24. Dialium L.
Trees up to 30 m tall. 37 spp. from tropics of America, Africa and Asia. 5 spp.
in New World, from C Mexico to C Brazil, all in South America, 3 in Brazil, one
endemic, in tropical rain forest (mainly lowland evergreen), occasionally in
peat, swamp or heath forest, or coastal; a few species in monsoon forest and
wooded grassland (savanna), but in drier vegetation types the species
frequently occur on river margins or deeps.
The
edible fruits are used mainly in chutneys, the timber of various species
(keranji, jutahy) is used for boat building, house construction, flooring,
tools, firewood and charcoal (some species have a high silica content and
resist borer attack). The bark and leaves are widely used in folk medicine in W
Africa (e.g., for fevers and toothache); the bark of D. cochinchinense Pierre
is a substitute for betel nut in Indochina; the bark of D. pachyphyllum
Harms has a poisonous red gum-resin used for arrow-poison in Congo (Kinshasa).
25. Dicorynia Benth.
Trees. Two spp., D. guianensis Amshoff exclusive from Guianas and D.
paraensis Benth. in Amazonian Brazil (especially common along the Rio
Negro) and just extending to the Colombian-Venezuelan border, essentially a
riparian genus, typically of inundated rain forest or swamp forest (várzea),
but also on terra firme and in ‘evergreen seasonal forest’ on well-drained
sites; below 600 m.
The
excellent, durable timber of D. guianensis (angelique,
basralocus) has been widely used for furniture and cabinet making, and in heavy
construction, general carpentry, railroad ties and cooperage, and especially in
marine construction due to its high silica content which results in a high natural
resistance to wood borers.
26. Martiodendron Gleason. Trees. 5
spp., S America in the Guianas, Amazonian Brazil (Roraima, Para, Amazonas, Acre
states), S Venezuela, and NE Brazil (Bahia, Piauí, Maranhão), in tropical rain
forest (often periodically inundated) to seasonally dry forest and wooded
grassland (savanna), below 600 m. All species occur in
Brazil, two endemic.
27. Poeppigia C.
Presll. Trees. Two spp., P. procera C. Presl, Mexico, Honduras,
Guatemala, El Salvador, Cuba, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia,
circum-Amazonian Brazil (inc. Acre, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Bahia,
Pernambuco and Piauí), in dry seasonal scrubland of
NE Brazil (caatinga); locally used for construction timber,
firewood and medicine; and P. densiflora Tul., endemic to dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga).
4. SUBFAMILY
FABOIDEAE (460/14,315–14,700) ▸
25 lineages, 18 in South America; Dermatophyllum clade (1/6, U.S.A.,
Mexico), Baphieae (5/58–63, tropical Africa to E Asia), Hypocalypteae
(1/3, Western and Eastern Cape), Mirbelieae (32/715 - 745, Australia,
with their highest diversity in southwestern and southern parts), Disynstemon
clade (1, SW Madagascar), Wisterieae (3/14, Eastern North
America, East, South and SE Asia, New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia), Hedysareae
(14/475–520, temperate regions in Eurasia, northern Africa to Ethiopia) are
lineages (all in tribal level) absent in South America.
Dermatophyllum (6, Arizona
to Texas and Mexico), Hedysarum (226, 221 in temperate eurasia, NW
Africa, 5 in W Canada to W & C U.S.A.) and Wisteria (4, 3 in Cl
& S China to temperate E Asia, C & E U.S.A.) are the unique outsider in
New World among this groups.
4.1 FABOIDEAE
▸ CLADRASTIDOIDS CLADE
(3/18) – outsiders Cladrastis
(4, 3 in E Asia, 1 in SE U.S.A.) and Pickeringia (1, California to NW
Mexico).
28. Styphnolobium
Schott.
Nine spp., one from E Asia and 8 from Mexico to Costa Rica, S. sporadicum
M. Sousa & Rudd up to NW Colombia.
4.2 FABOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE SWARTZIEAE (8/c.
215) - outsider Bobgunnia (2,
tropical and southern Africa).
29. Ateleia (DC)Benth.
Trees and shrubs. 27 spp., Mexico, America Central and Caribbean, 5 in S
America (Venezuela to N Argentina). 4 spp. in Brazil (one endemic); one sp.
widely distributed, in tropical to subtropical seasonally dry forest, woodland,
bushland and xerophytic shrubland, often in rocky areas or riverine; one sp. of
high humid forest, used for timber, insecticides and wildlife-food.
30. Bocoa Aubl.
Trees. Three spp., South America (one sp. from French
Guiana and Surinam, one from Pará and Amazonas extending to French Guiana and
Surinam, other recorded only from Maranhão - this as a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), in tropical Amazonian
(non-inundated) rain forest (2), savannas of C Brazil (cerrado) and bushland
(1), used for timber (furniture, musical instruments), medicine, cosmetics and
considered to have magical powers.
31. Candolleodendron R. S.
Cowan. Trees. Only one sp., C. brachystachyum (DC.)
R.S.Cowan (saboneteira) from South America (Guyana, French Guiana, N and
NE Brazil), in tropical Amazonian (non-inundated) rain forest; now considered
to be closest to Bocoa and Swartzia.
32. Cyathostegia (Benth.)
Schery. Trees and shrubs. Two spp., inter-Andean valleys of S Ecuador and N
Peru, in seasonally dry tropical bushland and shrubland, often on rocky
hillsides.
33. Fairchildia
Britton
& Rose. Only one sp., F. panamensis (Benth.) Britton & Rose from
Honduras to NW Colombia.
34. Swartzia Schreb.
Shrubs,
trees and lianas, up to 30 m tall. 193 spp., Mexico, America Central, Caribbean,
South America (182), in tropical rain forest and seasonally dry forest, wooded
grassland, often riverine, to high mountain slopes, dry sandy plains and rocky
beaches. from tropical rain forest and seasonally dry forest, wooded grassland,
often riverine, to high mountain slopes, dry sandy plains and rocky beaches. 116
spp. in Brazil, 62 endemic - 12 of them, from several states, are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
Used
for timber (Swartzia species variously known as bastard rosewood,
wamara, bannia, coração de negro, are used for inlay, parquet flooring,
turnery, furniture, cabinetwork, violin bows, specialty items; suggested as a
substitute for ebony); also used in medicine.
35. Trischidium Tul.
Trees. 5 spp., all spp. in Brazil (3 endemic), one up
to Paraguay, one up to Guyana, Bolivia and Peru, in tropical Amazonian
(non-inundated) rain forest (2), coastal forest (1) and seasonally dry
seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga) and savannas of C
Brazil (cerrado).
4.3 FABOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE DIPTERYGEAE (17/c
80) - three lineages, all in South
America.
ANGYROCALYCIEAE
CLADE (4/11) ▸ outsiders all in Old
World.
36. Uleanthus
Harms. Small trees up to 15 tall. Only one sp., U. erythrinoides Harms, from small
area in Amazonas state near Manaus up to center Pará state, in tropical lowland
forest, along margins of rivers and waterfalls. This genus has never been
included in any comprehensive molecular or morphological analyses; it has some
inflorescence and floral features in common with Angylocalyx, but
synapomorphies to assert relationships with any other genera are as yet lacking
DYPTERIGIEAE
CLADE (4/19) ▸ all genera in South America.
37. Dipteryx Schreb.
Trees up to 40 m tall. 12 spp., mostly Amazonian (4 in
Venezuela), 2 up to America Central (Panama to Honduras), one up to drier areas
of C Brazil (11, two endemic), E Bolivia and Paraguay, in tropical rain forest
(riverine and usually non-inundated) to seasonally dry forest (some on white
sand) and savannas of C Brazil (cerrado).
A
tiroup of three species
produce fragrant coumarin-yielding seeds, e.g., D. odorata (Aubl.)
Willd. (cumaru, tonka bean, sarrapia, almendro) is a major source of coumarin
whose vanilla-like fragrance is used for scenting tobacco, snuff and
confectionery, and is an ingredient of perfumes and cosmetics; the beans also
yield a high percentage of solid fat or tonka butter which is used to flavour
food; plants produce balsam resins (oleoresin) and red gums from the leaves,
stems and bark; one species bears pods with a sweet, edible pericarp; the hard
wood is generally used for heavy construction, flooring, shafts, bearings,
veneers and in craft objects; also used for charcoal and medicine
38. Monopteryx Spruce
ex. Benth. Trees. Three spp., Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana and NW
Amazonian Brazil (all, none endemic), in non-inundated tropical lowland rain
forest, on sandy soil; potentially useful wood for furniture and construction;
the wood is resinous and has a balsamic smell; seeds edible when roasted
39. Pterodon Vogel.
Trees. 5 spp. from E Brazil, one up to and E Bolivia, in seasonally dry
tropical forest, savannas of C Brazil (cerrado) and dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga),
often associated with rocky outcrops. The very hard wood is suitable for items
requiring durability; also used for medicine, firewood, fodder, as ornamentals
and for reforestation.
40. Taralea Aubl.
Trees and shrubs. 5 spp., Amazonian S America in
Venezuela (4), the Guianas, Amazonian Brazil (4, one endemic), Columbia and
Peru, in tropical lowland rain forest (riverine and non-inundated or inundated
plains) to seasonally dry forest (sometimes on white sand), woodland and
marshes; also 1–2 spp. in montane forest and open moist woodland to scrub on
sandstone.
The
very hard wood is suitable for construction and firewood; T.
oppositifolia Aubl. (cumaru-da-praia) contains an unscented oil extracted
for industrial use.
AMBURANEAE
CLADE (8/29) ▸ outsdiers Dupuya
(2, Madagascar) and Cordyla (6, tropical Africa to South Africa,
Madagascar).
41. Alexa Moq. Trees up to 40 m high. 11 spp., Venezuela, Guyana,
Surinam, French Guiana, Amazonian Brazil (6, one endemic), in tropical lowland
(occasionally upland) rain forest. A. imperatricis (R.H.Schomb.)
Baill. (haiari, haiariballi) is used as a commercial timber (construction,
crating and plywood); species’ also used for fish poisons and medicine. A.
cowani Yakovlev, from Venezuela and Guyana, is a myrmecophyte.
42. Amburana Schwacke
& Taub. Trees up to 40 m tall. Three spp.,
non-Amazonian Brazil (all, one endemic), Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina,
in seasonally dry tropical to subtropical forest (often on rocky hillsides or
in ravines), bushland and dry seasonal scrubland of
NE Brazil (caatinga), used for timber, e.g., A. cearensis (Allemão)
A.C.Sm. (cherry wood, amburana, cerejeira, ishpingo), for furniture,
construction, frames, cabinetry, veneers and carpentry; also used as medicine.
43. Dussia Krug & Urb. ex
Taub. Trees.
11 spp., 4 in S Mexico, America Central and Caribbean and 7 in South America in
Venezuela, Colombia and the Guianas to C Peru and Amazonian Brazil (2, none endemic),
in tropical lowland and upland rain forest. Used for timber (local
construction); the blood-red sap is sometimes used as medicine.
44. Myrocarpus Allemao.
Trees up to 35 m tall. 5 spp., Venezuela, S and E Brazil (4, one endemic and
rare in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, restricted from São
Paulo state),
Bolivia, Paraguay and N Argentina, in wet to seasonally dry tropical lowland
forest and woodland, used for timber (durable, fragrant and of good quality for
construction, furniture and wood carving); essential oils (balsam) from the
bark (e.g., of M. frondosus Allemão (cabreuva)) are used in
aromatherapy, also as medicine, perfumes and incense.
45. Myrospermum Jacq. Trees
and shrubs. Two spp., N & C Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela (one in South America), in seasonally dry tropical to
subtropical woodland and bushland, on stony hillsides and along rivers, used
(sparingly) for timber
46. Myroxylon L. f.
Trees up to 30 m tall. Two spp., both widerspread, from Mexico to western and
northern S America to N Argentina, both in Brazil, in tropical lowland rain
forest to seasonally dry forest and woodland, used for timber (furniture,
turnery, interior trim and construction); balsam extraction for medicine,
perfumery, thickening agents, etc. (cultivated in e.g., Sri Lanka and W Africa)
47. Petaladenium Ducke. Tree
8–30 m tall; bark grey
brown to pale brown, smooth or flaking slightly, deeply vertically fissured and
often with lenticels; slash pale
redbrown, producing small quantities of thick, red exudate; twigs
pubescent, lenticellate; stipules not seen; leaves 5–9(–11)foliolate,
imparipinnate; inflorescenc
9–22 cm long, ramiflorous or axillary in simple lateral
1–4branched racemes or panicles. Only one sp., P. urceoliferum Ducke, endemic to
the Guiana Shield of Rio Negro in N Brazil (in a very small dense
forest in NW Amazonas state in Brazil, at 100 m elevation range; it is unique among the whole legume family (except
Duparquetioideae) in having fimbriate-urceolate-glandular wing petals.
4.4 FABOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE EXOSTYLOIDEAE (6/21)
- all genera in South America.
48. Exostyles Schott.
Trees or shrubs. 4 spp., one E Brazil, two in SE Brazil, both from Atlantic
Forest of Brazil (non-inundated Atlantic coastal forest and Atlantic sandy
coastal shrublands (restingas), and seasonally dry tropical submontane
forest), and one in Amazonian Brazil and adjacent Suriname, used for timber.
49. Harleyodendron R.
S. Cowan. Shrubs or often small tress 5-10 m tall, the thunks slender, the bark
pale gray. Only one sp., H. unifoliolatum R. S. Cowan, endemic to
tropical coastal forest on steep rocky slopes of Atlantic Forest of Bahia state
in NE Brazil.
50. Holocalyx Michelli.
Trees. Only one sp., H. balansae Micheli,
from Paraguay, S Brazil, Bolivia and Argentina and inhabits most forests or
gallery forets in savannas of C Brazil (cerrado).
Used for its resistant and durable timber (for construction,
beams, furniture and carpentry), as ornamentals and shade trees, but the leaves
are toxic (containing cyanogenic glycosides).
51. Lecointea Ducke.
Trees. 7 spp. in Colombia, Venezuela, N Brazil (3, one endemic), Ecuador and
Peru, one up to Mexico, in tropical Amazonian inundated forest to seasonally
dry, riverine and hillside forest.
52. Uribea Dugand &
Romero. Trees. Only one sp., U. tamarindoides Dugand & Romero, from Costa
Rica, Panama and Colombia, in tropical lowland rain forest.
53. Zollernia Wied-Neuw.
& Nees. Trees and shrubs. 10 spp. from S America, 3 in Brazil, Venezuela and Guianas,
6 endemic to NE
to SE Brazil from Amazon basin south to Santa Catarina State (two of them, from
Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais states, are rare plants in Brazil,
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), and one restricted for Guianas, in tropical
Amazonian rain forest and seasonally dry forest, savannas of C Brazil (cerrado)
and
dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga) on Atlantic
sandy coastal shrublands (restingas), used as timber; potential as
ornamentals.
4.5 FABOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE ORMOSIOIDEAE (4/c 140)
- all genera in South America.
54. Clathrotropis (Benth.)
Harms. Trees. 7 spp., Caribbean, W and N S America in Peru, Colombia,
Venezuela, Surinam, Guyana, French Guiana and Brazil (3, no endemic), in
tropical lowland (often riverine and seasonally inundated) rain forest,
occasionally upland or montane forest; also seasonally dry woodland and
shrubland. All species in South America.
Used as
timber, e.g., C. brachypetala (Tul.) Kleinhoonte (aromata;
alma negra) for construction, boat building, furniture, flooring and railway
sleepers); also used for medicine and a mammal poison
55. Ormosia Jacq. Trees
and shrubs up to 40 m tall. 130 spp., 64 in Mexico, America Central, Caribbean,
northern and western S America (55) to Brazil (37, 17 endemic) and Bolivia, 66
in SE Asia (India, Indo-China, China, Malesia, Micronesia, Solomon Is.) and
Australia, in tropical rain forest (sometimes riverine) or seasonally dry
forest, bushland, shrubland and xerophytic woodland, on sand over limestone.
The
seeds are used as beads A number of species (variously known as tento, kokriki,
sirari and huayruru) are used for their durable timber (construction,
furniture, carpentry and veneer); also used for medicine and ornamentation
(bright red seeds used as necklaces and charms; species variously known as lady
bug tree, jumby bead or necklace tree) . O. macrophylla Benth. from
northern South America is a myrmecophyte.
56. Panurea Spruce
ex. Benth. Trees. Two spp., endemic to the Guiana Shield of Colombia and
Amazonas state in N Brazil (both, one endemic), at 100 m elevation range, in
tropical lowland forest in north-amazonic white-sand savannas (campinaranas).
57. Spirotropis Tul. Trees
and lianas. Only one sp., S. longifolia (DC.) Baill., endemic to
the Guiana Shield of Venezuela to French Guiana, 400 - 800 m elevation range, in tropical
lowland to montane, riverine forest
4.6 FABOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE GENISTOIDEAE (62–70/2.265–2.280)
- 10 lineages, Camoensieae (1/2, coasts of the Gulf of
Guinea and south to Angola), Thermopsideae (5/61–62, Macaronesia and
Mediterranean to Central and E Asia, North America), Euchresteae (1/4,
India, the Himalayas, China, Korean Peninsula, Japan, SE Asia, Java), Podalyrieae (9/138–152,
South Africa, few species to NE Africa and Arabian Peninsula) and Oberholzeria (1/1,
Namibia) are absent in South America. These clades includes two outsiders in
New World: Baptisia (18, E Canada to C & E U.S.A.) and Thermopsis
(29, 19 in E. Europe to temperate Asia and Indian Subcontinent, 10 in Canada to
U.S.A.).
SUBTRIBE
BRONGNIARTIEAE (14/c 160) ▸
outsiders all from Australia except Behaimia (1, Cuba.
58. Amphiodon
Huber.
Trees up to 20 m tall; leaves alternate, pulvinate; stipules minute, caducous;
corolla papilionaceous, petals 5, glabrous, clawed; the wing petals slightly
longer than the keel, their upper base auriculate; keel petals weakly adherent
along part of their lower margins. Only one sp., A. effusus Huber,
Amazon Brazil, N Bolivia, E Peru, Suriname and French Guiana, widely
distributed in Amazonian non-flooded forests (terra-firme), especially in
secondary forests and clearings.
59. Brongniartia Kunth. Shrubs
os small trees. 63 spp., tropical and subtropical America, amphitropical and
somewhat disjunct: SC U.S.A. (only one, B. minutiflora S. Watson, in
Texas), N and C Mexico (50 endemic, almost restricted from Pacific Coast up to
center country), with one endemic to W Andean of Bolivia (one endemic, in
tropical to warm-temperate (often montane) forest, woodland, bushland, thicket,
shrubland and grassland, mostly in dry areas, used as ornamentals.
60. Cyclolobium Benth.
Small trees. Only one sp., C. brasiliense Benth. in Brazil
(from Rondônia and Goiás east to Bahia and south to São Paulo, Mato Grosso do
Sul and Paraná), Paraguay (Cordillera de Altos and Ybycuí National Park) and
Bolivia (Santa Cruz), in seasonally dry tropical forest, often along riverbanks,
used as ornamentals.
61. Harpalyce Sessé & Moc.
ex DC. Shrubs
or small trees, sometimes with xylopodium;
large peltate glands on many parts of the plant, largely
resupinate flowers, strongly bilabiate calyx and helically contorted keel
(secondarily straightened in 3 to 4 species), orange to red petals, the keel
helically contorted through 180º, dimorphic anthers, and compressed,
elastically dehiscent pods with seed chambers delimited by transverse septa. 37
spp. in seasonally dry tropical to warm-temperate humid forest, woodland,
bushland and thicket, shrubland and grassland, in most species are evergreen
and flower during the dry season; the wood is used for small turnery item, in three
disjunct secions:
§
sect. Brasilianae ▸
13 spp. from C & C Brazil, one up to Bolivia, two of them,
from Minas Gerais and Bahia state, are rare plants in Brazil,
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
§
sect. Harpalyce ▸ 8
spp. in Mexico and Mesoamerica.
§
sect. Cubensis ▸
16 spp. endemic to Cuba.
62. Limadendron Meireles & A. M. G.
Azevedo. Trees;
leaves alternate, pulvinate, unifoliolate or very rarely mu1tifoliolate with
3–7 clearly opposite leaflets; inflorescences solitary racemes, cauliflorous or axillary, pendant; flowers
bilaterally symmetrical, pedicellate; corolla papilionaceous, petals 5,
glabrous, unguiculate; legume dehiscent with woody valves. Two
spp., L.
amazonicum
(Ducke) Meireles & A. M. G. Azevedo (Brazilian and Venezuelan Amazonian
forests, especially in sandy soil along black water, seasonally flooded forest
(igapó) and in shrubby riparian vegetation), and L. hostmannii
(Benth.) Meireles & A. M. G. Azevedo (Amazonian forest in Brazil (Amapá and
Amazonas), Colombia, Guyana, French Guiana, and Surinam, especially along small
rivers, ‘igarapes’, (but in areas that are not susceptible to seasonal
flooding) and in ‘terra firme’ forests (also non-flooded).)
63. Poecilanthe Benth. Trees
and shrubs. Nine spp., South America, mostly Brazil (8, 7 endemic), Surinam,
Bolivia, in tropical lowland rain forest (Amazonian basin species group);
seasonally dry tropical forest to woodland and thicket, or riverine forest (E
Brazil to Uruguay and Argentina species group), used as timber, medicine,
anti-fungal agents and ornamentals.
64. Tabaroa L. P.
Queiroz, G. P. Lewis & M. F. Wojc. Tree 5-8 m,
canopy widely elliptic c. 3 – 5 m diam., foliage deciduous in dry season;
Inflorescence a terminal, almost pendent, pyramidal panicle; comprising 10 – 16
racemose inflorescence branches; f lowers 4.5 –
5 mm long, lemon-scented, zygomorphic, papilionoid, hypanthium short,
campanulate; fruit indehiscent. Only one sp., T. caatingicola L. P.
Queiroz, G. P. Lewis & M. F. Wojc., known only from a very narrowly
restricted area in SW Bahia, Brazil, on the lower slopes of the Rio de Contas
mountain range.
SUBTRIBE
LEPTOLOBIEAE (6/27–32) ▸ all genera
in South America.
65. Bowdichia Kunth.
Trees and shrubs. Two spp., Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam to C Brazil
(both, none endemic) in tropical, seasonally dry lowland wooded grassland,
grassland and bushland, occasionally lowland forest. B. nitida Benth.
(sucupira) is an important timber used in construction (flooring, beams and
frames), also used for charcoal and as fish poisons
66. Diplotropis Benth. Trees
and shrubs up to 30 m tall. 10 spp., South America, mostly Amazonian basin in
Colombia, Venezuela, Surinam, Guyana, French Guiana, Brazil (8, 3 endemic - one
of them, from Amazonas states, is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book),
Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, in tropical rain forest (riverine, inundated and
non-inundated) to seasonally dry forest, wooded grassland and bushland, used
for timber, e.g., D. purpurea (Rich.) Amshoff (sucupira;
tatabu; botonallare) in heavy construction, shipbuilding, flooring, turnery and
manufacture of furniture, tool handles and railway sleepers); also used as a
mammal poison.
67. Guianodendron Schutz Rodrigues
& A. M. G. Azevedo. Trees to 35 m, with obtriangular crown, base
buttressed, trunk to ca. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, 5- to 9- foliolate;
inflorescence paniculate, axillary or terminal, usually 2 or 3 panicles forming
an axillary fascicle, flowers 5–6 mm long; hypanthium straight, 1–1.3 mm long;
corolla actinomorphic, petals 5, white, shortclawed. Only one sp., G. praeclarum (Sandwith)
Sch. Rodr. & A.M.G. Azevedo, occuring in Guyana and N Brazil in different
forest types (wallaba forest, Mora forest, mixed lowland forests, and
marsh forest), which range from high-canopied forests (canopy at 30–45 m) to
lower-canopied forests (canopy at 10–17 m), usually on sandy, alluvial, loamy,
and periodically inundated or well-drained soils; also north-amazonic
white-sand savannas (campinaranas) from upper Rio Negro, on sandy and
wet soils, in the base of the Guiana Shield. The wood is used for house posts
and furniture.
68. Leptolobium Vogel. Trees
and shrubs. 12 spp., L. panamense (Benth.) Sch. Rodr. &
A.M.G.Azevedo from S Mexico to Venezuela, and 11 in Brazil (7 endemic and four
up to adjacent countries from Venezuela ato Argentina). L. panamense (Billy
Web, carboncillo) is an important hardwood noted for its strength and
durability; the inner bark (cascara amarga) contains an alkaloid used for
medicine and as na anti-malarial; it is also the main ingredient of ‘Sweet
Blood’, a commercial remedy sold for diabetes.
69. Orphanodendron Barneby &
J.W.Grimes. Trees.
Two spp., both endemic to Andean Colombia, possibly placed within Papilionoideae.
70. Staminodianthus D.B.O.S. Cardoso,
H.C. Lima, L.P. Quieroz. Small trees to 6 m tall, to large trees to 40
m; leaves imparipinnately compound; inflorescence an axillary raceme or a
terminal, congested corymbose panicle; flowers bilaterally symmetrical; petals
5, entirely pinkish, glabrous, crimped or nearly so. Three spp. from the Amazon
basin of northern Brazil (all, one endemic) and adjacent areas in SE Colombia,
S Guyana, NE Peru, and S Venezuela, in gallery forests, highland savannas,
non-flooded terra-firme forests on sandy or sand-loam soils.
SUBTRIBE
SOPHOREE (6–11/64–76) ▸ outsiders
all in Old World.
71. Sophora L.
Unarmed herbs, shrubs or small trees; leaves once odd-pinnately compound;
stipules very small, falling early. 62 spp., cosmopilitan, barely absent in
Canada, Europe and N Eurasia. 13 spp. in New World, 8 in South America, only
the wider S. tomentosa L. in coastal E Brazil; seasonally dry
tropical to warm temperate lowland and upland forest or dry vegetation types
and sand dunes.
Cultivated as ornamentals (in sect. Edwardsia, with
yellow flowers, e.g., S. tetraptera J.F.Mill. (kowhai)
and S. microphylla Aiton (small-leaved kowhai); and in sect. Pseudosophora,
with blue to white flowers, e.g., S. davidii(Franch.) Skeels); also
used for its durable timber (for bearings, turnery and cabinet work), as
medicine (e.g., S. flavescens Aiton (ku shen), S.
tonkinensisGagnep. (shan dou gen) and S. microphylla); some
species are toxic and used as insecticides. number are cultivated as
ornamentals including the Chinese and Korean S. japonica L.
SUBTRIBE
CROTALARIEE (19/1,320–1,325)
▸ hardly South Africa, few
species in E and NE Africa and SW Asia, only Crotalaria in New World.
72. Crotalaria L.
Annual or perennial herbs with stems sometimes winged above, sometimes
also with xylopodium; leaves
sessile or subsessile, apparently simple in our species; flowers usually in
axillary or terminal, 2 – many flowered racemes, long-pedicelled. 717 spp.,
most spp. in Africa and Madagascar (c. 510, c. 34 of which endemic to
Madagascar and 5 widely distributed in Old World); c. 18 widely distributed in
tropical Asia; c. 60 spp. endemic to the Indian subcontinent; c. 5 spp. to W
Asia, c. 15 spp. to Indo-China, c. 12 spp. to China, c. 6 spp. to Malesia and 9
spp. to Australia. 56 spp. in the New World, 36 in S America (mainly Brazil
with 32, 13 endemic - 4 of them, from Bahia, Goiás and Minas Gerais states, are
rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book),
20 spp. in N and C America (mainly Mexico) and c. 5 spp. widely distributed in
New World, some are used as sources of fodder or fiber.
SUBTRIBE
GENISTEAE (6/c 500) ▸ outsiders
all in Old World.
73. Anarthrophyllum Benth. Shrubs,
sometimes cushions. 15 spp. from Andes in
Argentina and Chile, in dry shrubland, bushland and grassland in cold parts of
the Andes, on sandy soils and in rocky valleys. Used for forage, windbreaks and
firewood
74. Lupinus L.
Annual and perennial herbaceous species, as well as a few soft-woody shrubs and
small trees. 583 spp., Americas, Europe do Syria and Africa. 564 spp. in New
World from Arctic to Tierra del Fuego (except Caribbean), 365 in South America,
30 in Brazil, 21 endemic, mostly open habitats, in disturbed places, in poor
(often acid) soils.
Important as a domesticated human food crop; L. albus L.
(white lupine, lupini bean) and L. luteus L. (yellow lupine)
from Mediterranean and L. mutabilis Sweet (pearl lupine) from the
New World are grown for edible, high protein seeds (also for flour); several
species widely grown for livestock fodder, green manure, cover crops, fish
poisons, medicine, oils and as attractive ornamentals (e.g., Russell hybrids
of L. polyphyllus); a number of species are variably toxic and
lupinosis causes death in animals, due largely to ingestion of foliage
containing quinolizidine alkaloids
75. Sellocharis Taub.
Shrub or herb; 5–7 leaflet-like structures in a whorl at the nodes, feature
unique among Fabaceae. Only one sp., S. paradoxa Taub.,
collected at grasslands of Rio Grande do Sul state, S Brazil, known only from
the type collection until re-collected recently in the Rio Grande do Sul
region.
4.7 FABOIDEAE
▸ VATAIREOIDEAE CLADE (4/21)
- all genera in South America.
76. Luetzelburgia Harms.
Trees and shrubs, leaves imparipinnately compound and without stipels, flowers
papilionoid with five petals sericeous outside. 14 spp., all national endemic
in Brazil (11, two of them, from Bahia state, are rare plants in Brazil,
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), Bolivia (2) and Colombia (1), in seasonally
dry tropical, lowland woodland and wooded grassland, occasionally lowland rain
forest. Used for timber, fuelwood; roots milled for flour as a famine food.
77. Sweetia Spreng.
Trees. Only one sp., S. fruticosa Spreng., Bolivia, Brazil (only one, no
endemic) and Paraguay, in tropical rain forest (sometimes riverine) and
seasonally dry forest, bushland and thicket to subtropical forest, considered a
future crop tree for logging in Bolivia.
78. Vataireopsis Ducke.
Small to emergent trees up to 30 m tall. 4 spp., Amazonian S America from
Ecuador to French Guiana to Bolivia and N Brazil (3, one endemic), in tropical
lowland Amazonian and coastal Atlantic rain forest. Used medicinally in
psoriasis treatment; in 1876 chrysarobine was extracted from V. araroba (Aguiar)
Ducke and in 1916 a derivative, dithranol, was first synthesised; other species
also used for treatment of leishmaniasis and dermatitis
79. Vatairea Aubl. Tall
emergente trees up to 40 m tall. 8 spp., Neotropics, centre of diversity in
Amazonia. 7 spp. confined to northern South America, one in America Central,
from S Mexico to Panama. The majority of species inhabit tropical lowland rain
forest, in seasonally flooded forest (igapó), V. macrocarpa Ducke
occurs in seasonally dry forest, savannas of C Brazil (cerrado) and dry
seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga). 7 spp. in Brazil, two endemic.
The majority of the species (known variously as faveira amargosa, angelim
amargosa, amargo, bitter angelim or danto) produce good quality wood used for
construction, furniture, cabinet work, flooring, joinery and veneers; also used
for medicine.
4.8 FABOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE ANDIREAE (3/c
47) - all genera in South America.
80. Aldina Endl.
Trees, making ECM symbioses with fungi. 18
spp., endemic
to the Guiana Shield of Colombia (1) to Guyana and N Brazil (8, 3 endemic),
with 9 endemic to Venezuela, 100 – 1300 m elevation range, in tropical
montane and lowland Amazonian (either inundated or riverine) forest, and
seasonally in north-amazonic white-sand savannas (campinaranas).
Used
for timber, e.g., A. heterophylla Spruce ex Benth. (macucu de
paca, angelim da Campina) for heavy construction, sleepers, flooring, exterior
panelling, joinery and fencing.
Although
Aldina is a small genus, some species such as A. heterophylla
Spruce ex Benth. and A. latifolia Spruce ex Benth. are among the most
widely distributed angiosperms in Amazonian campina (sandy) and seasonally
flooded forest (igapó), respectively. A recent ecological estimate
listed A. heterophylla among the dominant 227 species from an assemblage
of ca. 16,000 woody species that make up the Amazon
forest, whereas ca. 11,000 species are rare or only narrowly distributed.
81. Andira Juss. Trees and shrubs, sometimes with xylopodium.
30 spp., 27 spp. in South America, 21 in Brazil (11 endemic, two of them, from
Bahia state, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), most diverse
in wet forest Amazonia (c. 12) and in the Brazilian Atlantic forest (8), 5 spp.
in seasonally dry S America, 3 spp. in America Central, Caribbean and Mexico. A.
inermis (W.Wright) DC. widely distributed in the Neotropics and in
WC Africa, in tropical rain forest (most species), seasonally dry forest,
savannas of C Brazil (cerrado), Atlantic sandy coastal
shrublands (restingas); often on stream-banks and in swampy areas.
Used
for timber (e.g., A. inermis subsp. inermis (cabbage tree,
partridge wood or black plum), for construction, furniture, cabinet work,
railway sleepers and fence posts), fish poisons, ornamentals, shade plants for
coffee plantations and medicine (anti-helminthic drugs are obtained from the
bark (known as worm bark) and seeds, but these are poisonous in high doses);
also used as fungicides (Goa or Bahia powder). A. inermis (W.Wright)
Kunth ex DC. and A. vermifuga Benth. from tropical New World, both in
Brazil, are myrmecophytes.
82. Hymenolobium Benth.
Trees, very tall up to 50 m tall, usually emergent in tropical humid lowland
rain forest. 14 spp., 13 in South America, concentrated in Brazil (13, six
endemic), Guianas, and Venezuela, but one extends into Peru, one into Ecuador,
and one occurs only in America Central (Panama, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua); all
species produce hardwoods (e.g., H. excelsum Ducke (para-angelim,
angelim amarelo, angelim rosa or angelim da mata), is used for heavy and light
construction, furniture, flooring, panelling, joinery and veneers).
4.9 FABOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE DALBERGIOIDEAE (53-54/1.520-1.525)
- two subtribes, both in South America.
SUBTRIBE
AMORPHINAE (10/240–245) ▸ outsiders Amorpha (16, E
U.S.A. to Mexico), Eysenhardtia (13, Arizona to Nicaragua), Marina (40,
California to Costa Rica), Parryella (1, Arizona to Colorado and
New Mexico), Pictarena (1, Arizona), Psorodendron (5, SW U.S.A.
to NW Mexico) and Psorothamnus (4, SW & W Central U.S.A. to N &
E Mexico).
83. Apoplanesia
C. Presl. Small trees. Two app. one from S Mexico to
Costa Rica and another endemic to Venezuela,
seasonally dry tropical forest and woodland, hillsides, river valleys and
roadsides; the wood of A. paniculata C.Presl (chulul) is very
hard and used for cabinetry, crafts and bows; the bark yields a yellow dye;
also used as ornamentals and in agroforestry.
84. Dalea Mill. Unarmed herbaceous perennials or low
shrubs; leaves once odd-pinnately compound; leaflets few to many, resin-dotted;
stipules slender, falling early; flowers in terminal spikes, these often dense
and cone-like; bracts often resin-dotted; Xerophytic herbs or
shrubs. 194 spp., SW Canada, U.S.A., America Central, Caribbean and south to
Argentina, mostly Mexico (142) and U.S.A. to Canada (23), and a centre of
radiation with 31 spp. in the Andean region from Colombia, Peru, Ecuador (and
Galapagos Is.), Bolivia, to NW Argentina and coastal N Chile, in temperate,
continental temperate, mediterranean, subtropical and montane tropical forest,
woodland, thorn-thicket, grassland, shrubland and desert, often in gullies and
on rocky hillsides.
Used as
soil stabilisers, green manure, stock forage, medicine, ornamentals, brooms and
in making baskets; D. purpurea Vent. (purple prairie clover) roots are
chewed for their pleasant taste and the dried leaves are a tea substitute
85. Errazurizia Phil.
Xerophytic shrubs. Three spp., two in NW Mexico and E.
multifoliolata (Clos) I.M. Johnst. in coastal Chile, in subtropical
and mediterranean fog-deserts (Baja California, Sonoran and Atacama deserts),
on rock or sand.
SUBTRIBE
DALBERGIINAE (45–46/1,280) ▸
outsiders all in Old World except Brya (7, Caribbean) and Pictetia
(8, Caribbean).
86. Acosmium Schott.
Trees and shrubs. Three spp., all in Brazil (two endemic)
to Paraguay and N Argentina, also in, in seasonally dry tropical woodland and
wooded grassland, occasionally lowland forest and dunelands.
87. Adesmia DC.
Annual and perennial herbs and shrubs, sometimes cushions.
207 spp., from Andes of Peru to Tierra del Fuego, S Brazil (22, 14 endemic) and
Uruguay, centred in Andean Chile and Argentina (171), in subtropical to
temperate semiarid and arid montane grassland and shrubland (chaparral); second largest genus endemic to South America after Dyckia
(Bromeliaceae); the dead, spiny stems of some species are piled and
stacked to make impenetrable fences; used as ground cover, erosion control,
human food (e.g., roots of A. lotoides Hook.f.), ornamentals
and medicine.
88. Aeschynomene L. Shrubs or herbs, in very few cases climbers, sometimes
with xylopodium; seasonally dry tropical
woodland, wooded grassland, bushland and grassland (sometimes montane), often
in rocky or sandy areas; many species are hydrophytes occurring in marshes, at
the edges of water holes, in swampy areas and flood plains. 115 spp., in the
Old World the distribution is principally African-Madagascan (c. 90–95), with
one sp., A. aspera L., endemic to Asia and Australia; c. 3–4 spp. are
widely introduced in the Palaeotropics from the New World. 26 spp. in New
World, 22 in South America, 17 in Brazil (4 endemic). Used ecologically in
management of inundated areas, as ornamentals, for fodder and green manure; A.
aspera L. (sola, shola, ambatch wood, joint vetch) and A. elaphroxylon
(Guill. & Perr.) Taub. are major sources of pith, a white spongy wood used
for paper, fibre, helmets (solar topi), art work, handicrafts and artificial
flowers (e.g., sola rosario flowers); the wood is also used for floats, rafts
and canoes.
89. Amicia Kunth.
Perennial herbs or spindly to multiple-stemmed shrubs. 7 spp., one in Mexico
and America Central, remaining in Andes S America from Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
and Argentina, weedy along roads, and in seasonally dry tropical montane
grassland to 3,000 m; occasionally used as cattle fodder in Argentina; A.
zygomeris DC. is an attractive ornamental.
90. Arachis L.
Annual, perennial or biennial, erect, decumbent or procumbent, sometimes
rhizomatous or stoloniferous; tetrafoliolate leaves, sometimes trifoliolate;
pauciflorous axillary spikes, arranged along the length of the branches or
grouped around the collar of the plant; flowers sessile, hypanthium well
developed; corolla orange or yellow; subterranean fruit (all species, the largest
geocarpic genera off all flowering plants). 83 spp.,
C & S South America, centered in Brazil (64, 46 endemic) and N Argentina,
Bolivia (second center of diversity), Uruguay and Paraguay; some spp. are
narrow endemic to dry places in NE Brazil, in seasonally dry tropical to
subtropical, dry and well-drained wooded grassland and grassland.
A. hypogaea L., the peanut
or groundnut, is a major human food and source of vegetable oil (second only to
soybean in importance among legumes), and animal fodder (mainly leaves); also
used as a soil fertiliser and ground cover; it´s ancient natively endemic to
Bolvia; other species are used similarly, but on a more local or regional basis
(e.g., A. pintoi Krapov. & W.C.Greg., native from dry
areas in E Brazil).
91. Cascaronia Griseb.
Spindly shrubs or multiple-stemmed trees. Only one sp.,
C.
astragalina
Griseb.,
endemic to S Bolivia and NW Argentina, in seasonally dry subtropical forest,
forest margins and along rivers; the wood is used for fuel and turnery.
92. Centrolobium Mart.
ex Benth. Trees up to 35 m tall. 7 spp., 3 in Ecuador,
Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana and N Brazil, extending into Panama, 4 in SE Brazil
and E Bolivia, in tropical rain forest and seasonally dry forest at low
elevations, dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga),
Atlantic
sandy coastal shrublands (restingas). Various
species (porcupine wood, canary wood, zebra wood, amarillo guayaquil, arariba)
used for timber in house construction, flooring, ship components, decorative
veneers, fine furniture and cabinet work; also planted as hedgerows, as
ornamentals and shade trees in plantations; known as porcupine trees in some
areas because of their large samaroid fruits with prickly seed chambers. 5 spp.
in Brazil, 3 endemic.
93. Chapmannia Toor. &
A. Gray. Perennial herbs, small shrubs or trees. 7 spp., two in New World (C.
prismatica (Sessé & Moc.) Thulin in Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia and
Venezuela and one sp. in Florida), one sp. in Somalia and 4 spp. in Socotra, in
seasonally dry tropical to subtropical woodland, bushland, grassland and open
scrubland, often in rocky or sandy areas and on roadsides. Used as an
ornamental and for fodder in Somalia.
94. Cranocarpus
Bentham. Slender erect shrubs. Three spp., endemic to E Brazil,
in seasonally dry tropical humid forest (2); the other species in Atlantic
sandy coastal shrublands (restingas).
95. Ctenodon
Baill. Herbs, pyrophytic or fire-sensitive subshrubs,
shrubs, treelets or a small tree reaching up to 8 m tall; erect or prostrate;
the stems covered by glandular hairs or simple pubescence, or the plants
sometimes glabrous. 64 spp., over tropical New World, 46 in South America, 38
in Brazil (25 endemic, six of them, from Bahia and Goiás states, are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
96. Dalbergia L.f.
Shrubs, trees up to 40 m tall, and climbing lianas, some species vary in habit
from scandent shrubs in dry habitats to robust lianas in humid areas. 284 spp.
distributed pantropically, but with centers of diversity in Amazonia and
Indo-Asia, 60–70 species in Africa (one sp., D. ecastaphyllum (L.)
Taub., reaches India), 43 spp. in Madagascar, of which 42 are endemic; about 80
species in Asia with 33 species in India (19 endemic), 44 in Indo-China, and
eight in New Guinea. Two of the Asian species (D. candenatensis (Dennst.)
Prain and D. densa Benth.) reach Australia. 68 spp. occur in New
World with 46 in South America (centred in Amazonia, 40 in Brazil, 21 endemic)
and c. 15–20 spp. in tropical Mexico to C America and the Caribbean, in tropical
rain forest to seasonally dry tropical to subtropical humid and dry forest,
woodland, bushland, thicket and wooded grassland.
Many Indian, African, and Brazilian species of Dalbergia,
including D. nigra(Vell.) Allemão ex Benth., D. sissoo Roxb., D.
latifolia Roxb. and D. melanoxylon Guill. & Perr.
are known to produce high quality timber that is used for construction, fine
furniture, cabinet work, marquetry and inlay, pianos and other musical
instruments, tool and cutlery handles, turnery, carving and various specialty
items. Common names include rosewood, blackwood, tulipwood, kingwood, ebonywood
(not true ebony), cocobolo, nambar, palisandro and sisam. The term rosewood
most probably refers to the pleasant smell of the wood. Since the wood burns
well, it is also often the preferred wood for cooking and charcoal-making
(e.g., D. sissoo in Asia). Several species are cultivated in
the Old World tropics as multipurpose trees for timber, fibre, fodder, fuelwood
and medicine, or as ornamentals; contact dermatitis is reported from the wood.
97. Diphysa Jacq. Shrubs
and trees. 22 spp., Mexico and C America, with two sp. extending into S America
(Venezuela and Colombia), and another into S U.S.A. (Arizona), in seasonal
tropical dry to humid forest and thorn scrub forest, often along rivers. Used
as living fences and occasionally as ornamentals in Mexico; the wood is strong
and has been used as clubs in battle
98. Discolobium Benth.
Spindly shrubs or perennial herbs. 7 spp., Bolivia, NE Argentina, Brazil (5,
Mato Grosso to Bahia, two endemic) and Paraguay, in seasonally dry tropical to
subtropical wooded grassland or grassland, often hydrophytes in permanently
inundated and seasonally flooded areas, in swamps and along rivers. Used as
forage and medicine
99. Fissicalyx Benth.
Trees. Only one sp., F. fendleri Benth., Venezuela,
Guyana, Brazil (only in Roraima state) and Panama, in lowland rain forest (on
terra firme) to lower-level montane forest (evergreen to semi-deciduous),
forest margins and wooded grassland.
100. Fiebrigiella Harms.
Perennial herbs. Only one sp., F. gracilis Harms, Andean S
America from S Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, in tropical montane grassland,
shrubland and thicket to 3,500 m, often in rocky areas.
101. Geoffroea Jacq.
Trees or shrubs. Three spp., two from N Chile, Argentina
(one endemic), Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, and G. spinosa Jacq. from Argentina and Paraguay to Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, N
Colombia, Venezuela, NE Brazil and the Antilles, characteristic component of
dry open chaco vegetation in southern S America, and in disjunct areas of
tropical seasonally dry forest in northern S America. Used for human food (the
edible fruits are made into jam or used to flavour wine); the timber is used
for carpentry and furniture making; the bark and leaves have medicinal
properties
102. Grazielodendron
H.C.Lima. Only one sp., G. riodocensis H.C.Lima,
restricted of tabuleiros region in S Bahia and N Espírito Santo states in
Atlantic Forest of SE Brazil.
103. Machaerium Pers.
Shrubs or small trees with firm glabrous
branches with pairs of sharp, recurved stipular spines; leaves imparipinnate,
5– 9-foliolate; leaflets opposite or subopposite; inflorescence axillary and
terminal, sparsely branched panicles; pod strongly falcate to curved so that
point touches base, indehiscent, flattened, coriaceous, 1-seeded; upper suture
prominent, lower one much arched; seeds reniform, flattened. 128 spp.,
Neotropics, centred in Amazonian South America (114), 75 in Brazil (39 endemic),
with c. 15 spp. from Mexico (2 endemic) and America Central (2). M. lunatum
is also amphi-atlantic, extending to the west coast of Africa.
Tropical
inundated and non-inundated rain forest, seasonally dry forest, dune forest,
low woodland, thicket, thorn scrub, shrubland and remnant shade trees in cocoa
plantations; Machaerium species are widely used in forest management as
shade plants and for the recovery of degraded areas; the wood of many species
(caviuna, pau ferro, santos rosewood, morado), is hard and used for fine
furniture, cabinetry, decorative veneers, panelling, pianos, flutes, axe
handles and fence posts (the wood is resistant to decay); the reddish sap of
some species has been used by native tribes to treat snakebite and the leaves
of other species are a cocaine substitute; contact dermatitis is reported from
the wood.
104. Maraniona C.E.Hughes,
G.P.Lewis, Daza & Reynel. Small trees. Only one sp., M. lavinii C.E. Hughes,
G.P. Lewis, Daza & Reynel in northern Peru (Cajamarca, Amazonas), in
tropical seasonally dry forest and thorn scrub on steep rocky slopes, in a
narrow elevational zone between 1,400 and 1,600 m.
105. Nissolia Jacq.
Perennial twining herbs and shrubs. 32 spp., centered in Mexico, 18 in South
America, 13 in Brazil (7 endemic), in seasonally dry tropical to warm temperate
forest, shrubland and grassland, often in mesic sites along forest margins, on
stream banks, hillsides and in ravines. Used as a fish poison and as an
antidote to snakebite.
106. Paramachaerium Ducke.
Trees. 5 spp., 4 South American in Peru, N Brazil (3, one endemic) and Guianas,
one endemic to Panamá, tropical periodically inundated or non-inundated rain
forest and seasonally dry woodland, often along rivers.
107. Platymiscium Vogel.
Tall trees. 19 spp. from Mexico and C America to
tropical S America. 10 spp. in South America, 7 in Brazil (two endemic). Used
as ornamentals; most species (variously called trebol, macawood, macacauba,
granadillo, coyote, tarara colorado) are highly valued regionally for their
hardwood timber, used in house construction and for fine furniture, cabinet
making, decorative veneers, joinery and musical instruments; a half of this
genus are myrmecophites.
108. Platypodium Vogel.
Trees 20 - 30 m. Two spp., P. elegans Vogel, from Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay,
and one endemic to Brazil, in seasonally dry tropical or humid gallery or
riverine forest, thicket and woodland; Used for timber, in house construction,
furniture, tools and for decoration.
109. Poiretia
Vent. Twining, scandent or erect, perennial herbs or
shrubs. 12 spp. confined to the Neotropics from Mexico to Brazil and Argentina,
all in Brazil, 9 endemic (three of them, from Minas Gerais and Bahia states,
are rare
plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), with
P. punctata Desv., extending into northern S America, C America,
Caribbean and Mexico, in seasonally dry tropical to subtropical riverine
forest, savannas
of C Brazil (cerrado), grassland and shrubland. One
species is said to be toxic to cattle and may be a source of rotenones.
110. Pterocarpus Jacq.
Tall trees, some species are buttressed rain forest
emergentes. 37 spp., distributed pantropically, with the greatest diversity in
Africa; c. 20 spp. endemic to Africa, one sp. (P. santalinoides L’Her.
ex DC.) also native to the Neotropics, and one sp. (P. indicus Willd.)
native to Asia; 5 spp. restricted to S Asia, Indo-China and Madagascar. 10 spp.
endemic to the Neotropics (7 of these in South America, six in Brazil, two endemic
- one of them, from Bahia state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), in tropical lowland
evergreen rain forest (less than 10) to seasonally dry forest, woodland,
thicket and wooded grassland.
P. indicus (narra,
Solomon’s padauk, Papua New Guinea rosewood, amboyna) may be the most economically important legume timber species. The wood of several
species including P. angolensis DC. (African teak, bloodwood,
kiaat, muninga) and P. soyauxii Taub. (padauk) is highly
valued and used for fine furniture, cabinet making, panelling, joinery, musical
instruments, implements and curios. The resin supplies dyes (e.g., P.
tinctorius Welw.), and in the Amazon is known as ‘sangre de drago’ (=
dragon ’ s blood); the resin is also a widely used folk medicine (the source of
Kino gum); other uses are in revegetation and soil improvement, as shade trees,
ornamentals, cosmetics and baskets (from the inner bark). P. amazonum
(Benth.) Amshoff from northern South America is a myrmecophyte.
111. Ramorinoa Speg.
Xerophytic shrub or tree, aphyllous thorn. Only one sp., R. girolae Speg.,
endemic to W Argentina (La Rioja, San Juan, and San Luis provinces), in
subtropical lowland or lower montane dry forest or shrubland in rocky or sandy
areas (stands of this spp. are called ‘Chicales’). The beautiful and
durable wood (chica) is used for musical instruments and furniture; seeds are
eaten and also ground up and used as a coffee substitute.
112. Riedeliella Harms.
Lanky, scandent shrubs. Three spp. endemic to SE Brazil
except one up to Paraguay, in seasonally dry tropical forest, savannas of C
Brazil (cerrado) and dry seasonal scrubland
of NE Brazil (caatinga) - one of them, from Minas Gerais state, is a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book. Used
locally as firewood and as ornamentals.
113. Soemmeringia Mart.
Prostrate shrub or perennial herbs. Only one
sp., S.
semperflorens Mart., from Brazil, Bolivia,
Colombia, Guianas and Venezuela, in seasonally dry tropical forest, savannas of
C Brazil (cerrado), wooded grassland and scrub, often along rivers, in
floodplains and disturbed areas.
114. Steinbachiella Harms. Only one sp., S. leptoclada Harms, from E
Bolivia and W Brazil in Mato Grosso state.
115. Stylosanthes Sw.
Subshrubs or perennial herbs, sometimes with xylopodium, seasonally dry tropical to warm
temperate woodland, wooded grassland, thicket, shrubland and grassland, on
sandy or rocky soils, along streams and sometimes weedy in old cultivated lands
and on roadsides. 43 spp., two widely distributed in Africa, Madagascar, India
and Sri Lanka (S. fruticosa (Retz.) Alston and S. erecta P.Beauv)
and 41 native to New World, mainly neotropical, centred in S America (35, 25 in
Brazil, 10 endemic). Several New World spp. have been cultivated and are
naturalised in Africa, Asia and Australia (e.g., S. guianensis (Aubl.)
Sw., S. humilis Kunth and S. viscosa Sw.). Major livestock fodder
plants in warm temperate and tropical areas of the world (e.g., S.
guianensis or Brazilian lucerne); several species are planted as soil
stabilisers and improvers, and as ground cover, in e.g., coffee plantations;
also used for medicine.
116. Tipuana (Benth.)
Benth. Erect or spreading trees. Only one sp., T. tipu (Benth.)
Kuntze,
of subtropical forests in Bolivia and NW Argentina and Brazil, characteristic
component of seasonally dry subtropical (gallery to montane) forest and open
shrubland. T. tipu (tipu, rosewood, racehorse tree, pride of
Bolivia, palo mortero) is widely used as an ornamental and street tree in
subtropical to warm temperate areas; also in reforestation, as windbreaks and
for erosion control; for fodder, timber (furniture and cabinet making),
firewood and charcoal
117. Weberbauerella Ulbr.
Perennial herbs or shrubs. Three spp., two coast of Peru and one in N Chile, in
seasonally dry tropical coastal forest, in vegetation on sands and sandy hills
(lomas).
118. Zornia J.F.Gmel.
Usually erect or prostrate herbs, sometimes shrubs, in spiciform
inflorescences. 91 spp., pantropical. 51 spp. in New World, centred in S
America with 44 spp. (36 in Brazil, 17 endemic - three of them, from Goiás,
Minas Gerais and Bahia, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book), in dry tropical to warm temperate
woodland, bushland, wooded grassland, grassland and shrubland, often in rocky
areas and weedy in cultivated lands; Used as forage, a cover crop (green
manure), for medicine and soap; some species may be toxic.
4.10 FABOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE INDIGOLFEROIDEAE (6/ c.800)
- outsiders all in Old
World.
119. Indigofera L. 761 spp., Africa–Madagascar (c. 490), Asia to Pacific (c.
115); Australasia (c. 30–40), c. 13 spp. widely distributed in the
Palaeotropics, and c. 6 spp. pantropical. New World has 55 spp. U.S.A. to
Argentina (21 spp. in S America, 12 in Brazil, 3 endemic), in seasonally dry
tropical to warm temperate forest, woodland, wooded grassland and grassland,
sclerophyllous shrubland, forest margins and disturbed areas.
Used as
dyes (important species are I. arrecta Hochst. ex A.
Rich., I. articulata Gouan, I. suffruticosa Mill.
and I. tinctoria L.), medicine, fodder, cover crops, green
manure, human food, erosion control and ornamentals; some species are toxic to
livestock, others have insecticidal qualities.
4.11 FABOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE PHASEOLOIDEAE (164/3,210–3,300)
– nine lineages, Kennediinae (4/21-23, tropical
Asia, New Guinea, Australia) and Abrinae (1/13–18; tropical and southern
Africa, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula, tropical Asia to China and tropical
Australia) not occur in South America.
SUBTRIBE
CLITORIINAE ▸ all outsiders from Old World.
120. Centrosema (DC.)
Benth.
Climbing herbs or subshrubs, sometimes with xylopodium; leaves pinnately
3-foliolate; stipules small, striate; stipels present; inflorescences (1) few–
many-flowered, falsely racemose; bracts paired, striate; bracteoles appressed
to calyx, striate; corolla showy. 45 spp., S America (40, 35 in Brazil, 12 endemic),
America Central, Caribbean, Mexico and SE U.S.A., 3 spp. widely introduced in
the Old World, in tropical and subtropical bushland formations derived from
seasonal forest, woodland, wooded grassland and shrubland, also forest margins.
Important
forage and pasture crops with a broad range of tolerance of extreme conditions;
also used as cover crops and green manure; C. rotundifolium Mart. ex
Benth., from Brazil and Bolivia, is a amphicarpic
species, unique in this genus.
121. Clitoria L.
Shrubs,
lianas, herbs and trees, someties with woody
rhzomes and xylopodium, seasonally
dry to wet tropical lowland and montane forest, woodland or scrubland and
wooded grassland. 66 spp., pantropical, 53 in New World, 45 in South America,
28 in Brazil (9 endemic), also in Africa (4), Madagascar (2), Indian
subcontinent (1), Indo-China, China, Malesia (6), Australia (1), used as
ornamentals, forage, green manure, cover crops and medicine.
122. Periandra Mart.
ex. Benth. Shrubs, subshrubs or twining herbs, sometimes with roots crown, seasonally dry and wet tropical
riverine forest, woodland or wooded to shrubby grassland, often in rocky areas.
7
spp.,
one in Caribbean and six in Brazil, three of then up to Bolivia. The
sweet-tasting root is used as a substitute for liquorice.
SUBTRIBE
MILLETTIEAE ▸ all outsiders from Old World except Apios (7,
5 in Himalaya to Japan, 2 in E Canada to C & E U.S.A.) and Hesperothamnus
(5, Mexico).
123. Apurimacia Harms.
Shrubs. Two spp., Peru and Bolivia, and Cordoba Hills, Argentina, seasonally
dry tropical montane shrubland on rocky slopes; used as fish poisons and
insecticides.
124. Dahlstedtia Malme. Small trees or (sometimes scandent) shrubs. 16 spp., Costa
Rica to S Brazil, 15 in South America, 12 in Brazil (9 endemic - 4 of them,
from Bahia, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states, are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), in tropical (mostly
Atlantic) rain forest, mainly riverine, to seasonally dry forest on rocky
slopes, used as a fish poison (roots) and for insecticides.
125. Deguelia Aubl. Lianas.
22 spp., Nicaragua to Amazonia Amazonian South America (all species), mostly
Brazil (18, 8 endemic, one of them, from Amazonas state, is a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), in tropical Amazonian
and Atlantic rain forest, often seasonally flooded or riverine; used as
insecticides (rotenones).
126. Lonchocarpus Kunth. Mostly trees, less often shrubs. 166 spp., South America (35,
c. 22 Amazonian and c. 20 non-Amazonian, 11 in Brazil, two endemic - one of
them, from Minas Gerais state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), America Central, Caribbean and Mexico (c.
120) with one amphi-Atlantic sp. (L. sericeus) widely distributed also
in Africa, in tropical rain forest and seasonally dry forest, woodland or rocky
shrubland; various species used as timber (e.g., black cabbage bark, machiche,
sindjaple), for furniture, construction and flooring; also used as insecticides
(rotenones), fish poisons, dyes, ornamentals, fodder, fibre and medicine.
127. Muellera L. f. 32
spp. in tropical South America (30) to Mexico (one endemic), northern species
in tropical swamp or riverine forest and mangrove, and southern species in
seasonally dry tropical shrubland along rivers and streams, used as fish
poisons. 20 spp. in Brazil, 11 endemic - one of them, from Mato Grosso do Sul
state, is a rare
plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
128. Tephrosia
Pers. Clump-forming perennials with tough roots; stems
densely short-pilose, sometimes with xylopodium;
leaves once odd-pinnately compound. 365 spp. mainly in seasonal areas of the
tropics, especially Africa, concentrated in C and tropical America (72),
Africa-Madagascar (c. 170), Asia (c. 40) and Australia (c. 90), in seasonally
dry tropical woodland, bushland, thicket and grassland, often in open and
disturbed sandy or rocky areas. 17 spp. in South America, 10 in Brazil, two endemic,
used as fish poisons, cover crops, livestock fodder, insecticides, ornamentals
and for medicine, e.g. T. virginiana (L.) Pers. (goats rue,
devil’s shoestring, hoary pea), T. vogelii Hook.f.
(fish-poison pea), T. purpurea (L.) Pers. and T.
candida (Roxb.) DC. (white tephrosia).
129. Piscidia
L. Trees, rarely shrubs. 7 spp., SE U.S.A. (Florida), Mexico,
America Central, Caribbean, with P. carthagenensis Jacq. to Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, seasonally dry
tropical forest, woodland, or bushland, often on rocky hills (some restricted
to limestone). Used as fish poisons, fodder, medicine (the bark and essential
oil of P. erythrina L., the Jamaica dogwood, are used in
commercial herbal remedies) and timber (construction).
130. Platycyamus
Benth. Trees. Two spp., P. regnellii Benth. endemic to Brazil, and P. ulei Harms from small area in S
Acre state in Brazil, Peru (near easternmost point) and Bolivia (northermost
point), in tropical rain forest (Amazonian and E coastal Brazil), used as
ornamentals.
SUBTRIBE
DESMODIINAE ▸ outsiders all only Old World except Hylodesmum
(16, 13 in Old World and 3 in Canada to Mexico) and Lespedeza (46, 35 in
Asia to Australia, 11 from E Canada to Mexico).
131. Desmodium Desv.
Perennial herbs or shrubs, rarely small trees; leaves pinnately
compound; leaflets mainly 3; stipules broad or narrow, persistent or falling
early; flowers small, usually many, in erect, narrow racemes or panicles;
petals pink, lavender, red-purple, purple, or whitish, often drying bluish or a
striking blue-green. 178 spp., two from Africa to Arabian and 176 in New World
from Canada to Argentina and Caribbean, 52 in South America, 30 in Brazil (3 endemic,
one of them, from Mato Grosso state, are rare plants in Brazil,
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), in seasonally dry
to wet tropical, warm temperate and temperate forest, woodland, thicket, wooded
grassland, bushland and grassland, usually common in open or seasonally wet and
riverine areas, also in disturbed and ruderal vegetation; important livestock
forage and cover crops (e.g., the tick clovers D. intortum (Mill.)
Urb. and D. uncinatum (Jacq.) DC.), also grown as
intercropping insect repellents; widely used for medicine; cultivated as
ornamentals (e.g., D. elegans DC.), and used for fibre.
132. Grona Lour. 50
spp., mainly from tropical Africa to N Australia and China. 5 spp. in New
World, G. barbata (L.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi, G. triflora (L.)
H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi and G. adscendens (Sw.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi
pantropical, G. orinocensis (DC.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi from Colombia
to Venezuela, and G. juruenensis (Hoehne) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi, a rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, endemic to Mato Grosso
state in C Brazil.
SUBTRIBE
CAJANINAE ▸ outsiders all in Old World.
133. Eriosema (DC.)
Rchb. Herbs or subshrubs, with xylopodial or
taproot tubers. 165
spp., Africa and Madagascar (c. 100–110), New World (46) and SE Asia to
Australia (2), in seasonally dry tropical to subtropical forest margins,
woodland, thicket and wooded grassland, or open grassland in rocky or swampy
areas, or in old cultivations and waste ground, used as human famine food,
medicine and fish poison. 40 spp. in South America, 38 in Brazil (23 endemic).
134. Rhynchosia Lour.
Herbs,
vines or subshrubs, 258 spp., pantropical, c. 140 spp. in Africa-Madagascar;
60 in tropical and subtropical America (31 in South America, 22 in Brazil, 4 endemic)
and c. 30–35 spp. in warm temperate to tropical Asia to N Australia (2 endemic),
in seasonally dry forest, forest margins, woodland, thicket, wooded grassland,
shrubland and grassland, often in open rocky areas or along streams and in
disturbed areas; many species are pyrophytes. Used as pasture plants and
several species, commonly called rosary bean, have attractive red, blue, black,
mottled or bicoloured seeds used for necklaces etc.; seeds also used as weights
or as narcotics; plants also famine foods.
SUBTRIBE
ERYTHRININAE ▸ outsiders all in Old World.
135. Erythrina L.
Trees or shrubs up to 40 m tall, with red to orange flowers and are apparently
all bird-pollinated. 124 spp. of warm areas of the world, 75 in New
World, 24 in S America, 11 in Brazil (one endemic), variously
used as shade trees, ornamentals with showy flowers, for their colorful seeds
used as beads, or to shade coffee on plantations. Seasonally dry tropical
and subtropical lowland to upland forest (sometimes coastal, in inundated areas
or riverine), woodland, wooded grassland, bushland, thicket and grassland.
Used as
ornamentals (coral or lucky bean trees), shade trees, timber (construction,
implements), living fences and enclosures, green manure, livestock fodder,
medicine and seeds are used for necklaces. Trunks, stems, and even leaves are
characteristically armed with spines. Some species are also soft wooded or have
tuberous roots and can be grown as container plants or trained as bonsai. Two
species, E. mulungu Mart. ex Benth. and E. velutina Willd.,
are common in dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga),
and while erythrinas were encountered at Porto Novo, Itinga, and Milagres, the
plants were invariably leafless, flowerless, and in some cases without seeds,
so species identification was difficult.
SUBTRIBE
PSORALEEAE ▸ outsiders all in Old World except Amphicarpaea (3, 2
in Himalaya to Russian Far East and temperate E. Asia, 1 from E Canada to C
Mexico), Herpyza (1, W Cuba), Hoita (3, California
to NW Mexico), Ladeania (2, W & C U.S.A.), Orbexilum (11,
C & E U.S.A. to Mexico), Pediomelum (24, U.S.A. to Mexico)
and Rupertia (3, W Canada to NW Mexico).
136. Calopogonium Desv. Herbs
or scandent shrubs. 8 spp., Mexico, America Central and Caribbean to Paraguay
and Argentina, 6 in South America, 5 in Brazil, none endemic, in seasonally dry
tropical and subtropical forest, woodland or thicket, often on margins, usually
near rivers or swamps, or in bushland, shrubland and disturbed grassy areas.
Used as fodder and cover crops; C. mucunoides Desv. is widely
used as a green manure; also a weedy escape in the Palaeotropics.
137. Otholobium
C.
H. Stirt. Shrubs, trees or herbs. 16 spp. from S
America, in the middle to high altitude Andes, from Colombia and Venezuela
southwards to Chile and Argentina, seasonally dry tropical and mediterranean
lowland to montane shrubland, forest margins, grassland and seepage areas
(Andean species in montane forest, woodland, shrubland and xeric grassland);
used as medicine and for flavouring food by smoking.
138. Pachyrhizus DC. Herbs or
shrubs. 5 spp., Mexico, America Central, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru,
Bolivia (4 in South America). Three species are widely cultivated in tropical
and subtropical America, one also extensively in the Palaeotropics, seasonally
dry tropical forest and thicket, often on margins, and in scrub vegetation and
open grassy areas, used for human food, e.g., P. erosus (L.)
Urb. (yam bean, jicama), pods also edible; other parts used for fibre and
medicine.
139. Teramnus P.
Browne. Climbing herbs or shrubs. 9 spp., pantropical,
three spp. in New World: one pantropical and two widely in Neotropics, all in
Brazil, mainly seasonally dry tropical bushland and thicket, grassland, wooded
grassland and forest clearings, often in open and rocky dry areas, used for
ground cover, has potential as pasture (forage) plants.
SUBTRIBE
PHASEOLINAE ▸ outsiders all from World except Ramirezella (7, Mexico
to Nicaragua) and Strophostyles (3, W Central & E U.S.A. to NE
Mexico).
140. Ancistrotropis A.
Delgado. Small to medium size flowers (less than 2 cm) with a pleated calyx
tube, a standard petal forming a hood, wing petals much longer than keel, and a
hooked keel beak similar to that of Sigmoidotropis but with the
distalmost portion splayed open. Six spp. from South America, one up to North
America. 5 in Brazil, two endemic.
141. Barbieria DC. Erect or
scandent shrubs. Only one sp., B. pinnata (Pers.) Baill., S Mexico, C
America, Caribbean and W South America to E Brazil, in tropical riverine
forest, thicket and forest margins or in areas of secondary growth and open
areas. Used as ornamentals and ground cover crops.
142. Cochliasanthus Benth.
Climbing herbs, flowers are characteristically large (e.g., the total calyx
length measures ca. one cm on average) and very showy in that the standard and
wing petals are twisted (spiraled) in a right-handed fashion, and the keel is
distally twisted with up to fi ve loose right-handed coils. Only one sp., C.
caracalla (L.) Trew., secondary and primary wet forests, mostly without a
dry season, from southern Mexico to N Argentina and Uruguay.
143. Cologania Kunth. Perennial
climbing herbs. 13 spp., tropical America, centred in Mexico (11, 6 endemic) to
SW U.S.A., America Central, South America (3) in Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador,
Peru, Bolivia and Argentina, largely confined to montane habitats, in tropical
to warm temperate montane forest, woodland and thicket to wooded grassland and
open bushland on mountain slopes.
144. Condylostylis Piper. 4
spp., scattered, only one the widely distributed in Brazil, secondary and
primary wet to semideciduous forests from southern Mexico south to Argentina
and Uruguay (0 – 1,500 m altitude range), all in South America, absent from the
Caribbean.
145. Delgadoana U.B.Deshmukh,
M.B.Shende, E.S.Reddy & Mungole. Woody lianes, flowers white. Only one sp.,
D. bambuicola (F.S.Santos, Snak & L.P.Queiroz) U.B.Deshmukh,
M.B.Shende, E.S.Reddy & Mungole, only two localities in SE Bahia state,
Brazil.
146. Dolichopsis Hassl.
Herbs. Three spp. known from the Chaco vegetation of Paraguay and adjacent
Argentina and Brazil (two, one endemic).
147. Helicotropis. A. Delgado.
Perennial twining vines, from a thick taproot up to 30 cm deep; stems hollow,
striate, with adventitious roots at nodes; flowers violet-purple, sometimes
lavender-blue; calyx campanulate, upper lip broad, emarginated. Three spp. from
Mexico to Bolivia and S Brazil, two in South America, both in Brazil, none endemic.
148. Leptospron (Benth)
A. Delgado. Two spp., one endemic to Mexico and L. adenanthum (G. Mey.)
A. Delgado distributed throughout Mexico, America Central, Caribbean, and in
South America south to Argentina and Uruguay (0-2,000 m altitude range), also
naturalized in limited areas of the paleotropics including Africa and Asia.
149. Macroptilium (Benth.)
Urb. Herbs,
prostrate or twining, sometimes with xylopodium; leaves pinnately
3-foliolate; inflorescences axillary, falsely racemose, long-pedunculate; flowers
usually fairly small, white or red to blackish purple. 22 spp., North to South
America (19, 15 in Brazil, two endemic), mainly concentrated in tropical S
America, growing seasonally dry tropical and subtropical disturbed forest,
woodland or thicket, scrubland and grassland, often weedy; major pasture and
fodder legumes, e.g., M. atropurpureum (DC.) Urb. (siratro) and M.
lathyroides (L.) Urb. (phasy bean); two spp. widely naturalised in E and S
tropical Africa.
150. Mucuna Adans. Mostly
lianas, sometimes erect shrubs, flowers arranged in pseudopanicles,
pseudoracemes, or umbel-like pseudoracemes, and the inflorescence peduncle
ranges from 2 cm to more than 2 m long. 112 spp.,
pantropical, c. 77 spp. in Asia and China, 1–2 spp. in Australia; c. 19 spp. in
Africa, Madagascar and Mascarenes, 23 spp. in the New World, centred in America
Central and Caribbean (18 in South America, six spp. in Brazil, two endemic),
in tropical wet lowland to montane, often coastal rain forest, to seasonally
dry forest, woodland and thicket; M. pruriens (L.) DC. (velvet, Bengal
or Mauritius bean), is widely grown for forage and as a cover crop and green
manure; the hairs on many species (often known as buffalo bean) are an intense
irritant; some species are ornamentals.
151. Mysanthus G.P.Lewis
& A.Delgado-Salinas. Herbaceous twining climber with terete pubescent
stems, often climbing to 3 m; leaves pinnately trifoliolate;
inflorescence an axillary, erect, nodose pseudoraceme up to 90 cm long; corolla
glabrous, all petals fading to a yellowish colour; standard greenish cream near
base, inner face of blade very pale pink or lilac, outer face dark pink or
greyish purple, sometimes speckled or streaked dark purple. Only one sp., M.
uleanus A.Delgado & G.P.Lewis, disjunct
distribution: dry
seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga) at Bahia state
(M. uleanus var. uleanus) and forests of E São Paulo state (M.
uleanus var. dolicopsoides); possibly one sp. from savannas of
Bolivia (cerrado Chiquitano).
152. Oxyrhynchus Brandegee. Climbing
herbs to shrubs. 4 spp., 3 from S U.S.A., Mexico, America Central, Caribbean to
NW Colombia (1) and one from Papuasia and E Malesia, in seasonally dry to wet
tropical and subtropical, coastal and montane forest, used for human food and
forage.
153. Phaseolus
L. Climbing herbs. 87 spp., concentrated in Mexico with a
secondary diversification in the central Andes, most commonly inhabits upper
elevation pine or oak forests but with some notable exceptions, such as P.
viridis Piper from tropical wet forests and P. microcarpus Mart.
from seasonally dry tropical forests, used for human food as major pulse and
vegetable crops; also used for fodder, green manure and as ornamentals. Two
clades:
§ clade A ‣
50 spp., 5 unplaced and remaining in three lineages: Pauciflorus
(27, undisturbed pine-oak forests of Mexico, and barely enters Guatemala and SW
U.S.A.), Pedicellatus (9, mainly in central and N Mexico and adjacent
Texas, and S New Mexico and Arizona), and Tuerckheimii (9, throughout
Mexico and Central America except Belize) groups, and the four weakly resolved
species, and not occur in South America.
§ clade B ‣
37 spp., comprises the Filiformis (3, Baja California to Coahuila,
and adjacent S California), Vulgaris (9, throughout Mexico, America Central,
and Andean South America, including four of the five cultivated species, 3 in
South America: P. tuerckheimii Donn.Sm. from SE Mexico to Venezuela, P.
pachyrrhizoides Harms from Ecuador to NW Argentina and P. vulgaris L
from Mexico to NW. Venezuela and N Argentina), Lunatus (5, Mexico,
Bermudas one endemic each, P. debouckii A.Delgado from Ecuador to Peru, P.
mollis Hook.f. endemic to Galapagos, and the cultivated P. lunatus
L., native from Mexico to Peru), Leptostachyus (3, Mexico, Guatemala, El
Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and NW Costa Rica), and Polystachios (17,
U.S.A. to E Texas, and throughout Mexico south to Oaxaca) groups.
Despites the five cultivated species (P. acutifolius A.Gray
(tepary bean, U.S.A. and Mexico), P. coccineus L. (scarlet
runner bean), P. lunatus L. (lima bean), P. vulgaris L.
(common or kidney bean) and P. dumosus Macfad.), South America has six
species, four wild and two cultivated.
154. Sigmoidotropis (Piper)
A. Delgado. 7 spp., S. speciosa (Kunth) A.Delgado widely in tropical
America (unique in Brazil), two endemic to Peru, and remaining in Mexico,
Central America and Caribbean, inhabiting secondary and primary forests, with
or without a dry season, as well as coastal thickets and riparian forests
throughout much of the neotropics (0 – 2250 m altitude range).
155. Vigna Savi. Herbs.
Seasonally dry tropical woodland, wooded grassland and grassland, often in well
drained sites with low fertility. 106 spp., palaeotropics and subtropics, mostly
in Africa (c. 55–60 spp., 4 endemic to Madagascar) and SE Asia (c. 21). 10
spp., in New World, two pantropical (V. luteola (Jacq.) Benth. and
V. vexillata (L.) A.Rich., two of then in Brazil), 4 in over tropical
America (V. juruana (Harms) Verdc., V. lasiocarpa (Mart. ex
Benth.) Verdc., V. longifolia (Benth.) Verdc., V. trichocarpa
(C.Wright) A.Delgado, all in Brazil and in subg. Lasiospron), V.
halophila (Piper) Maréchal, Mascherpa & Stainier endemic to Brazil, V.
lonchophylla Piper endemic to Mexico, V. myrtifolia Piper endemic to
Bolivia, and V. truxillensis (Kunth) N.Zamora disjuntc in Mexico,
Bolivia and America Central.
Many
species are major pulse, vegetable, fodder and green manure crops, e.g., V.
angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & H.Ohashi (azuki or adzuki bean); V.
mungo (L.) Hepper (urd bean, black gram); V. radiata (L.)
R.Wilczek (mung bean, green gram); V. umbellata (Thunb.) Owhi
& H.Ohashi (rice bean); V. aconitifolia (Jacq.) Maréchal
(moth bean); V. unguiculata (L.) Walp. (cowpea, yard long
bean) and V. subterranea (L.) Verdc. (bambara groundnut,
bambara bean).
4.12 FABOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE DIOCLEAE (13/200)
- three lineages, all in South America:
CANAVALIA
CLADE ▸ a single genus.
156. Canavalia DC. Lianas
to slender vines, in tropical flooded or swamp forest, river banks and forest
margins to seasonally dry coastal vegetation, thicket, open woodland, wooded
grassland and rocky hillsides, often climbing over or trailing through other
vegetation. 73 spp., pantropical, 38 in New World, 28 in South America, 16 in
Brazil (7 endemic – one, from Bahia state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), used for human food, cover crops and green
manures, e.g., C. gladiata (Jacq.) DC. (sword bean) and C. ensiformis
(L.) DC. (jack bean); also as ornamentals, medicine, human food (vegetable) and
forage; common drift seeds.
GALACTIA
CLADE ▸ outsiders Lackeya (2, SE
U.S.A. to Mexico) and Rhodopis (3, Hispaniola, Cuba, Porto Rico,
Jamaica).
157. Betencourtia
A. St.-Hil. Herbs or subshrubs, either prostate or twining vines, sometimes
with xylopodium; inflorescence an axillary and
umbelliform pseudoraceme, pedunculate. 8 spp. widely in South America, all in
Brazil (two endemic), mostly from tropical (savannas of C Brazil (cerrado)
and rocky grasslands (campos rupestres)) and subtropical (Pampas) open
fields, with one species (B. scarlatina) from montane and gallery
forests.
158. Bionia
Mart. ex Benth. Low shrubs with virgate, little ramified branches, with or
without underground woody rhizomes, less frequently twinning vines with
branches woody or slightly woody; inflorescence a nodose pseudoraceme; flowers 2.5-4.0cm
long, showy; petals dark red to orange-red, glabrous. 4 spp. widely distributed
in mountains of E Brazil (Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Gerais and Espírito
Santo) to C Brazilian Shield (states of Goiás,
Tocantins, Maranhão and Distrito Federal); 4 undescribed species.
159. Caetangil L.P.
Queiroz. Prostrate or twinning subshrubs; inflorescence an axillary elongate
pseudoraceme, with a long and slender peduncle, and remote 2–3-flowered nodes,
flowers shortly pedicellate and provided with a pair of bracteoles just below
the calyx. 4 spp., two accepted and two undescribed, from seasonally dry
vegetation in Chaco (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay WC Brazil), dry seasonal
scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga), and open fields in S Guyana and N
Brazil.
160. Camptosema Hook.
& Arn. Lianas, vines or shrubs, tropical seasonally dry to wet forest or
upland woodland. 4 spp., Bolivia to Brazil (all, two endemic) and NE. Argentina,
in thickets and gallery forests along the streams.
161. Cerradicola L.P.
Queiroz. Mostly perennial erect subshrubs, sometimes prostate but not twinning,
frequently with hard underground rhizomes or xylopodia;
inflorescence an axillary elongate pseudoraceme, flowers shortly pedicellate
and provided with a pair of bracteoles just below the calyx. 16 spp. from central
Brazilian Shield (except one from Bolivia and NW Argentina), three extending to
the E Andean slopes of E Bolivia and three up to NW Argentina; some species
also occur in similar environments in the rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres) of the Espinhaço Range (in the Brazilian
states of Bahia and Minas Gerais).
162. Collaea DC. Subshrubs,
sometimes with xylopodium. Six spp., S
America from Brazil (5, 3 endemic, northward to the Brazilian states of Minas
Gerais and Espírito Santo), Bolivia, Paraguay to N and C Argentina, also in
Peru, in seasonally dry tropical and subtropical lowland to montane shrubland
and grassland; potential as ornamentals.
163. Cratylia Mart.
ex. Benth. Lianas or erect to scandent shrubs. 10 spp. southward from the
Amazon Basin to Paraguay, E Bolivia and Peru, 8 in Brazil (5 endemic), in
seasonally dry forests and woodlands, rain forests and savanna vegetation.
164. Galactia P.
Browne. Prostrate perennials herbs or shrubs; with trailing or twining stems,
pubescent to nearly glabrous; leaves pinnately compound. 99 spp., distributed
in North America, Caribbean and America Central (66), South America (21, 9 in
Brazil, 3 endemic), Australia (6), Asia (4), and Africa (2).
165. Mantiqueira
L.P.
Queiroz. Vines, flowers with a tubular calyx, red petals and the standard petal
spreading and longitudinally folded, delicate inflorescence with linear
2(–3)-flowered nodes. Only one sp., M. bella (Mart. ex Benth.) L.P.
Queiroz, restricted to the Mantiqueira mountain range of E Brazil.
166. Nanogalactia
L.P.Queiroz. Erect or twinning herb, usually under 40 cm tall, the stems
usually under one mm diam., often with xylopodium;
inflorescence mostly an axillary, few-flowered axillary fascicle, sometimes a
slender pseudoraceme with 1–2 nodes, each node vestigial, 1–3-flowered, flowers
pedicellate and provided with a pair of bracteoles just below the calyx. Three
spp., one in Mexico, Texas to Mexico, Colombia, Bolivia to SE & S Brazil
and N Argentina, and a third from Brazil and Argentina.
DIOCLEA GROUP ▸
all genera in South America.
167. Dioclea Kunth. Climbing
shrubs; leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate-elliptic, rounded at base;
inflorescences stiff, woody; corolla: vexillum orbicular, reflexed, auriculate
at base; wings obovate or oblong, free; carina incurved, subrostrate; pod linear-oblong
to ovate-oblong. 14 spp., all in South America up to N Argentina and
Paraguay, slightly centered from Venezuela to Ecuador (5), three up to Central
America or Mexico, in tropical lowland rain forest, riverine or swamp forest
and thicket; seasonally dry tropical to subtropical woodland, wooded grassland
and scrub. 7 spp. in Brazil, two endemic.
168. Cymbosema Benth.
Vines or lianas. Only one sp., C. roseum Benth., Amazonian
Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela; C America; Mexico, in tropical lowland rain
forest and riverine forest.
169. Cleobulia Mart.
ex. Benth. Vines or lianas, or shrubs. 4 spp., one endemic to Mexico and three
endemic to Brazil, in tropical Amazonian rain forest, seasonally dry forest,
oak and pine forest.
170. Macropsychanthus
Harms. Stout, high-climbing lianas with twining stems, less frequently shrubs
or woody vines in open habitats.; leaves pinnately trifoliolate, stipellate or
estipellate; inflorescence a stout, woody, erect pseudoraceme, nodes
multiflorous, woody, stalked and secundiflorous; bracteoles fleshy. 49 spp., pantropical, 41 in New World, 40 in South
America, 28 in Brazil (9 endemic, three of them, from Pará and Rio de Janeiro
states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), 11 spp. from Philippines and Indonesia to New Guinea and
two Pantropical sea-drifted species extending to continental Africa and
Madagascar.
4.13 FABOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE ROBINIEAE (11/75–80) -
outsiders Genistidium (1, Texas to Mexico), Hebestigma (1, Cuba),
Lennea (3, Mexico to Panama), Olneya (1, California to
NW Mexico), Peteria (4, NW U.S.A. to S Mexico), Poitea (15,
Caribbean), Robinia (4, E U.S.A. to N Mexico) and Sphinctospermum
(1, Arizona to S Mexico).
171. Coursetia DC. Trees,
shrubs and herbs. 39 spp., SW U.S.A., Mexico, C America, Caribbean and S
America (17), in Guyana, Venezuela, adjacent Brazil and the Andean cordillera
to N Argentina; also with extensions to Paraguay and E Brazil (6, 3 endemic -
one of them, from Bahia state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book);
seasonally dry tropical and subtropical forest and montane woodland.
172. Gliricidia Kunth. Trees
and shrubs. 5 spp., Mexico and America Central, with G. sepium (Jacq.)
Kunth from Mexico to Colombia and G. brenningii (Harms) Lavin from Colombia
to Peru, seasonally dry tropical, often lowland forest, thicket and thorn
scrub, on hillsides and in exposed or disturbed areas; one sp. in montane
woodland.
The
economically important G. sepium (madre de cacao, madricacao)
is widely used for living fence systems, shade trees for crops, weed and
erosion control, livestock fodder, medicine, insecticides, fuelwood, poles,
green manure, ornamentals and bee forage
173. Poissonia Baill. Trees,
shrubs and herbs. 5 spp., three in Peru and two in Argentina and Bolivia, in
tropical and subtropical seasonally dry forest and shrubland, along river and
stream banks, also in open arid vegetation; used for edible roots and as a soil
stabiliser.
4.14 FABOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE SESBENIEAE (1/60) -
a single genus.
174. Sesbania Scop. Annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs, unarmed; stems long,
green, glabrous, unbranched below; leaves once even-pinnately compound, up to
30 cm long. 60 spp., pantropical, 10 in New World, 7 in South America,
6 in Brazil (1 endemic), in seasonally dry tropical, subtropical and warm
temperate areas, in seasonally wet, flooded or swampy habitats; riverine
forest, woodland, wooded grassland and grassland, on lake margins, river banks
and in coastal areas.
Four
sections are recognised and only in warm temperate to tropical N America are
all four represented; used for forage, fibre (from bark), wood, pulp &
paper, dye, gum, cover crops, green manure, human food (e.g., flowers of S.
grandiflora (L.) Pers.), medicine, ornamentals and fish poisons
(useful species include S. grandiflora (agati or corkwood
tree); S. bispinosa (Jacq.) W.Wight (dhaincha) and S.
exaltata (Raf.) Cory (Colorado River hemp)); some species are invasive
weeds and are toxic to livestock (e.g., S. punicea Benth.).
4.15 FABOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE LOTEAE (19/c
295) - outsiders all from
Old World except Hosackia (11, SW Canada to Guatemala).
175. Acmispon Raf. Herbs. 35 spp., 34 in S Canada to Mexico and A.
subpinnatus (Lag.) D.D.Sokoloff, endemic to in Chile, in warm temperate and
mediterranean desert, grassland, shrubland, woodland and ruderal habitats.
176. Ornithopus L.
Herbs. Six spp., mainly W Europe (north to S Scotland) and Mediterranean region
(incl. N Africa) to Macaronesia, east to Caucasus and Iran, O. micranthus (Benth.)
Arechav. from N
Argentina, Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul state in S Brazil, in mediterranean to
temperate or subtropical grassland and shrubland, often on sandy soils.
Loteae
with lomentaceous fruits are absent from the New World, so Ornithopus is
unusual in this respect; this is the only genus of Loteae that includes both
Old and New World species; O. sativus Brot. (serradella; common
birdsfoot) and other species are cultivated for forage, soil cover, green
manure and for hay and silage
4.16 FABOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE GLYCYRRHIZEAE (1/18) -
a single genus.
177. Glycyrrhiza
L. Herbs. 16 spp., 14 in Old World (Mediterranean to Mongolia, E
& S Australia), one in Canada to NE Mexico and G. astragalina Gillies ex
Hook. & Arn. in Argentina and Chile, mainly
mediterranean, warm temperate and continental temperate grassland, shrubland,
bushland and woodland, often in sandy, marshy and disturbed areas.
G. glabra L.
(liquorice, licorice) roots and its extracts are used in medicine, flavouring
of confectionery and tobacco, human food (roots) and drink (tea), soil binders
and as foaming agents (in industrial products)
4.17 FABOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE HEDYSAREAE (25–27/c.
4,300) - outsiders all in Old World except Oxytropis
(607, 586 in Eurasia and 21 from Alaska to Texas), with radiations in s Africa
(eg. Lessertia, 55 spp.) and Australasia (eg. Swainsona, 85 spp.,
Australia).
178. Astragalus
L. Herbs, vary from short living annual
herbs (ca. 80) to perennial rhizomatous or hemicryptophytic herbs (ca. 2,500)
and to cushion forming spiny shrubs (ca. 300) in habit; leaves once
odd-pinnately compound, stipulate, estipellate; flowers in peduncled, terminal
or axillary heads or head-like or spike-like racemes; petals various shades of
pink, lavender, or purple to white or yellowish herbs or shrubs. 3,092 spp. (second
argest worldwide), c. 2,400 in S and C Europe
(chiefly Mediterranean region, including N Africa, A. atropilosulus (Hochst.)
Bunge subsp. abyssinicus (Hochst.) Gillett up to S
Africa, Middle East, SW Asia and Sino-Himalayan region to W China (c. 1,200,
most diverse in Türkiye, Iran and Afghanistan); also E Europe to C Asia,
Mongolia, Siberia, NE China and Japan (c. 620, mostly in former USSR) and 535
spp. in New World, in W N America (349 in U.S.A., 94 in Mexico, two in
Guatemala) and S America (114), mainly in Argentina (70, from NW to Patagonian
coast), Peru (25), Chile and Bolivia (23), A. distinens Mackloskie
reaching to W Uruguay, and 4 up to Ecuador.
4.18 FABOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE FABEAE (10/c
870) ▸ three subtribes, Parochetinae (1/1,
Asia to Africa) is absent in New World.
SUBTRIBE
TRIFOLIINAE – outsiders Ononis (c 30; Europe, Canary Islands,
Mediterranean, Ethiopia, Iran), Medicago (85–90; Europe, Mediterranean,
Ethiopia, S Africa, Asia), Trigonella (35–40; Macaronesia,
Mediterranean, S Africa, Australia), Melilotus (19; Europe,
Mediterranean, northern Africa, Ethiopia, temperate and subtropical Asia).
179. Trifolium L.
Annual or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, palmately
or pinnately compound, 4th largest diversity of
variegated leaves worlwide. 299 spp. of bee-pollinated herbs,
principally N temperate Eurasian and New World 90, mostly temperate N America),
also tropical and subtropical montane areas: c. 36 in Africa, 15 in S America,
mainly Andes, 3 up to S Brazil, two of these in C & S South America, and
one endemic, mainly mediterranean, temperate and tropical montane grassland;
introduced worldwide for fodder, soil and pasture improvement, as honey plants,
hay and silage, and in horticulture.
T. repens L. (white
clover) is probably the most widely grown species with the greatest impact on
agriculture of any cultivated forage plant; T. pratense L.
(red clover) is also used for medicine; some species are eaten as human food;
trefoil dermatitis associated with photosensitisation is a problem caused by
animal ingestion of some Trifolium species. T. polymorphum
Poir and T. argentinense Speg. are
amphicarpic species, unique among this genus in New World.
SUBTRIBE
VICIINAE ▸ outsider Cicer (46, Helas, Canary
Islands, Morocco, Ethiopia, W and C Asia).
180. Lathyrus L.
Annual or perennial, trailing, sprawling, or ascending to climbing herbs with
winged stems (except in L. venosus); leaves pinnately compound, the
rachis terminating in a tendril that is often branched. 183 spp., widely in
northern Hemisphere up to South America and C Africa. 57 spp. in New World, 26
in South America, 15 in Brazil, none endemic, in temperate, mediterranean and
tropical montane grassland, shrubland and woodland.
Many species are widely introduced and naturalised: used
extensively as cover crops, for fodder; as ornamentals (e.g., L.
odoratus L. (sweet pea), L. latifolius L.
(everlasting pea) and L. sylvestrisL.) and as human food
(e.g., L. sativus (grass pea, Indian pea, chickling
vetch), L. ochrus (L.) DC. and L. montanus Bernh.
(with edible root tubers) and also for erosion control, as green manure and for
medicine; toxins are present in some species, causing lathyrism
181. Vicia L.
Annual, decumbent, trailing to climbing herbs; leaves
once pinnately compound, the rachis tip usually terminating in a simple or
branched tendril, stipulate. 248 spp., widely in northern Hemisphere up to
South America and C Africa. 44 spp. in New World, 30 in South America, 10 in
Brazil, V. hatschbachii Burkart ex Vanni & D.B.Kurtz endemic. Many
species are widely introduced and naturalised (some are weeds); vetches are
used extensively as cover crops, for forage, hay, silage, erosion control and
green manure; V. faba L. (broad bean, fava bean) is a major
pulse crop, also eaten green, with many cultivars in the trade; V.
narbonensis L. is a minor pulse crop; several other species
(e.g., V. sativa L., V. ervilia (L.) Willd.
and V. villosa Roth) are cultivated as fodder; V.
sativa (common vetch) is also used for medicine; in various species
occasional toxicity (causing favism) is found from amino glucosides in seeds.
5. SUBFAMILY
CAESALPINIOIDEAE (148/4,100–4,200) ▸
three major clades, all in South America, with 9 smaller clades.
CLADE
CAESALPINIOIDEAE 1 of 3: CERATONIEAE
5.1 CAESALPINIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CERATONIEAE (7/27)
- outsiders Arcoa (1, Hispaniola); Gymnocladus (6,
5 in E and SE Asia, 1 from Canada to U.S.A.), Ceratonia (2; SE
Mediterranean to Somalia and Arabian Peninsula), Acrocarpus (1; India,
Sri Lanka, SE Asia, Malesia), Tetrapterocarpon (2; Madagascar) and Umtiza (1; E
Cape).
182. Gleditsia L.
Polygamous or dioecious trees or shrubs, usually armed with straight or
branched thorns; leaves alternate, deciduous, once or twice pinnately compound,
sometimes a leaf partly once pinnate, partly two times pinnate. 13 spp., one Caspian area, 9 from India and Japan to New
Guinea, 2 in WC & E. U.S.A. to N Mexico, and G. amorphoides
(Griseb.) Taub. restricted from S Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina.
CLADE
CAESALPINIOIDEAE 2 of 3: PTEROGYNE/CASSIA-CAESALPINIA
5.2 CAESALPINIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE PTEROGYNEAE (1/1)
- a single genus.
183. Pterogyne Tul.
Trees up to 30 m tall. Only one sp., P. nitens Tul. tropical South
America. E Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, N Argentina, seasonally dry tropical to
subtropical woodland and thorn scrub (including dry seasonal scrubland of NE
Brazil (caatinga)), semi-deciduous subtropical forest and liana forest. P.
nitens (viraro, amendoim, tipa or tipa colorado) yields an excellent
timber for cabinetwork, furniture, interior finishing, turnery, flooring,
railway crossties and cooperage.
5.3 CAESALPINIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CASSIEAE (c
19/c 700) - outsiders Latrobea (6; SW W Australia), Distemonanthus (1; tropical
West Africa), Eligmocarpus (1; SE Madagascar), Koompassia
(3; Malesia), Mendoravia (1; Madagascar), Storckiella (4;
NE Queensland, New Caledonia, Fiji) and Zenia (1; S
China, Thailand, Vietnam), Kalappia (1; Sulawesi).
184. Batesia Spruce
ex. Benth. Only one sp., B.
floribunda Spruce ex. Benth., from Amazonia of N Brazil, Colombia,
Brazil and French Guiana.
185. Cassia L.
Trees up to 30 m tall. 37 spp., 14 in Old World (Africa southern of the Sahara,
Madagascar, India to Australia) and 13 spp. native in the Americas, mostly of
the Amazon Basin but one sp. endemic to Mexico (remaining all in South America,
all of then in Brazil, 4 endemic).
186.
Chamaecrista Moench. Erect
annuals, sometimes
with xylopodium; leaves
2-ranked, once even-pinnately compound; petioles with a sessile to stalked, ±
disc-shaped gland; petals yellow, some of which sometimes with a reddish spot
at base. 372
spp., Africa, E Asia, temperate and tropical regions in New World (307, 287 in
South America), highly centered in dry areas in Brazil (280, 232 endemic). 52
spp., in several states, are rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
Chamaecrista
is the largest genus of the Leguminosae subfamily Caesalpinioideae found in the
savannas of C Brazil (cerrado) biome;
it encompasses 117 spp., of which 43 are endemic; in this biome, species of
this genus usually grow in flat areas, slopes, or hilltops, and also in rocky
fields, where they stand out due to their asymmetrical flowers with lively
yellow petals, viscous inflorescence or not, and elastically dehiscent fruits.
Four sections in this genus.
§
sect.
Absus ▸ three
subsections.
§
subsect.
Absus ▸ 20 spp., 17
endemic to Brazil.
§
subsect.
Viscosa ▸ 169 spp., c.
160 in Brazil.
§
subsect.
Zygophyllum ▸ 8 spp., Mexico to South America, 5 endemic to
Brazil.
§
sect.
Apoucouita ▸ 22 spp., Atlantic Forest of NE and SE Brazil
and in Amazonia region of Brazil and surrounding countries.
§
sect.
Baseophyllum ▸ 10 spp. 9 in rocky fields (campo rupestre)
vegetation in NE and SE Brazil, with the exception of the peculiar,
little-known and infrequently collected C. bucherae (Moldenke) H.S.Irwin
& Barneby which is endemic to Cuba.
§
sect.
Chamaecrista ▸ 134 spp., 70 in New World and 64 extra-New
World, in Africa with 36 spp., 3–4 extending to Madagascar; 6 spp. endemic in
Madagascar and one in Aldabra; 12 native in Australia, 5 spp. endemic in India,
3(–4) spp. in continental SE Asia, Java and New Guinea, one sp. endemic in
Philippines, the genus extending into Korea and Japan.
187. Melanoxylum
Schott. Small tree 5-12 m, canopy, with showy yellow flowers; inflorescence a
terminal panicle; leaves imparipinnate, fruits, oblong, curved. Only one sp., M.
brauna Schott, restricted from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro states, reaching in
dry forests of Minas Gerais.
188. Recordoxylon Ducke.
Trees. Three spp.,
Amazonian Brazil (2, one endemic), Guyana, French Guiana and Venezuela (one
endemic), in non-flooded rain forest on terra firme, montane forest, seasonally
flooded riverine forest (várzea).
189. Senna Mill. Annual or
perennial, unarmed herbs or shrubs; leaves once even-pinnately compound;
petiolar glands present or absent; corollas yellow or orange. 290 spp. from
warm-temperate to tropical regions, especially America. 214 spp.
native to the New World, 160 in South America, 84 in Brazil (38 endemic, one of
them, from Bahia state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book).
Arid scrubland, rocky hillsides and deep desert sands, deciduous woodland,
thorn woodland (including dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga)),
savannas of C Brazil (cerrado), few in Amazonian
forest; some endemic on limestone (especially in Madagascar), coastal tropical.
S.
alexandrina Mill., endemic to Brazil, or true senna is well-known as a
laxative; many species are multi-purpose shrubs with numerous medicinal uses,
especially as purgatives; S. alata (L.) Roxb. is universally used
against parasitic skin diseases; timber of some species is used in construction
and for charcoal; occasionally seeds are roasted and ground as a coffee
substitute, less often used as fish poisons and for tanning leather; many are
ornamentals and shade trees widely introduced throughout the tropics.
190. Vouacapoua Aubl.
Trees up to 40 m tall. Three spp., Guianas and Amazonian
Brazil (2, one endemic); tropical America; tropical terra firme rain forest. V.
americana Aubl., partridgewood in the N American timber trade, has
rot-resistent wood, is used for house beams and is a valued commercial wood in
Pará, Brazil; the wood of all species is used for cabinetwork, parquet flooring
and furniture.
5.4 CAESALPINIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CAESALPINIEAE (27/224) -
outsiders all in Old World.
191. Arquita
E. Gagnon, G. P. Lewis & C. E. Hughes. Small to medium-sized,
often decumbent shrubs, 0.3–2.5 m in height, slender in stature, usually with
glandular trichomes on various parts of the plant; young stems and
inflorescence rachises red-orange to maroon. 5 spp., Ecuador to Argentina, in
high Andes.
192. Balsamocarpon
Clos. Shrub 1–2 m tall, with long terete branches
with thin, straight, 3–5 mm long, often caducous spines. Only one sp., B. brevifolium Clos.,
from desert scrub, rocky hillsides in Chile; the fruit resin is used from
tanning.
193. Caesalpinia
L. Shrubs or small trees, usually 1–6 m tall,
armed with curved deflexed prickles, these either in pairs at the base of
leaves, or scattered along the shoots (or both), or sometimes on woody
protuberances at the base of trunks and stems; young shoots terete, glabrous
and eglandular. 10 spp., 8 exclusive from Caribbean, C. cassioides
Willd. from dry valleys of Colombia to Peru, and C. pulcherrima (L.)
Sw., from SE. Mexico to Nicaragua.
194. Cenostigma Tul. Unarmed
multi-stemmed shrubs, small compact trees, (0.3–) 0.5–6 m, or large trees to 35
m tall, the larger trees with fluted trunks at maturity; bark smooth, or
occasionally rough and flaking, brown, grey, or mottled silver or grey; young
shoots terete, glabrous to pubescent, glandular to eglandular. 15 spp., 10 in
South America, all of them in Brazil, six endemic, the majority of species are
found in central and NE Brazil, including parts of the Amazon; 2 species
extend around the circum-Amazonian arc of dry forests and adjacent savannas
of C Brazil (cerrado), including in Paraguay, Argentina and Bolivia,
and one taxon is also found in the seasonally dry inter-Andean valleys of Peru;
species are also found throughout Central America, from Panamá northwards and
in Mexico, extending to the Caribbean, with endemic in Cuba and Hispaniola.
195. Coulteria
Kunth.
Trees or shrubs, 3–20 m tall, unarmed; young twigs with
a dense velvety-bronze pubescence, glabrescent; stipules not seen. 11 spp.,
Mexico and America Central, one extending to Cuba, Jamaica and Curaçao, C. mollis Kunth up to
Venezuela (including Isla Margarita) and Colombia, in seasonally dry tropical
forest, deciduous woodland and dry thorn scrub, some species on limestone.
196. Denisophytum
R.
Vig. Shrubs to small trees, 0.5–2 (–5) m tall, armed with straight or curved,
deflexed prickles, scattered along shoots and also in pairs at the petiole
base; young twigs glabrous to pubescent, eglandular. 8 spp., 4 from Florida,
Caribbean and N Mexico, one from Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay, amd 3 from
tropical Africa to Kenya and Madagascar.
197. Erythrostemon Klotzsch. Shrubs or
small to medium-sized trees varying from (0.5–) 1–12 (– 20) meters tall,
occasionally suffrutices, rarely armed; bark variable, smooth or rough,
sometimes exfoliating, grey, greyish white, pale brown or reddish brown, often
with white or black pustular lenticels. 32 spp., 23 in S U.S.A. and Mexico,
one in Caribbean, 8 in South America, with E. calycina (Benth.)
L.P.Queiroz endemic in dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga) in Bahia and
Pernambuco states, and the other seven in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and
Paraguay, in seasonally dry tropical and subtropical semi-arid thorn scrub (including caatinga), spiny cactus scrub,
woodland and grassland. E. gilliesii (Hook.) Klotzsch (yellow, or desert
bird of paradise) is native from Argentina, Uruguay and Chile, and widely
cultivated as a garden ornamental and is used in revegetation, and possibly
natively recorded for S Brazil.
198. Guilandina L. Lianas and scandent shrubs
characterised by unisexual flowers (morphologically the flowers of at least
some species appear to be hermaphrodite, but lack pollen in the anthers and are
thus cryptically pistillate. 18 spp., pantropical, from as far N as Japan south
to S Africa, one in China (inc. Taiwan), India, Myanmar, Indochina, Hong Kong,
one endemic to Madagascar, one in Australia, and 13 spp. in New Word, 9 in the
Caribbean, two in South America (both in Brazil), in coastal sands and thicket,
secondary forest, lowland rain forest, some on limestone, 0 – 1770 m.
199. Haematoxylum L.
Multi-stemmed shrubs to 3 m, to medium-sized trees, 3–15 m in height, armed
with scattered straight conical spines, 0.5–1.5 cm long on shoots, and the
short, lateral shoots spinescent; mature trees with conspicuously fluted
trunks, shrubs often with ribbed branches; young stems reddish brown to grey,
glabrous to pubescent, eglandular (some stalked glands). 5 spp., two in America
Central (El Salvador to Costa Rica), Mexico, Colombia and Venezuela (only H. brasiletto H. Karst. in South America), and the Caribbean
(perhaps introduced), two endemic to Mexico and one disjunct in Namibia.
The
heartwood of H. campechianum L. (campeche, logwood), is the
source of a colourless chemical haematoxylin which on oxidation turns to
haematein, a commercial dark violet dye used for wool, silk, cotton, fur,
leather, bone and synthetic fibre dying, and with iron chromium mordants to
obtain red and black; also used as a stain in microscopical preparations
(particularly to show up cell nuclei), an ink for writing and painting and the
rich red colour has been used to adulterate wine. The species has minor
medicinal uses; H. brasiletto H.Karst. (brazilette), produces
brasil in used as a bright red dye; both New World species used as ornamentals
and living hedges (H. campechianum cultivated in Africa and Madagascar);
minor uses for furniture and carpentry; bee flowers yield a high quality honey.
200. Hoffmannseggia
Cav. Perennial woody herbs,
most species forming a basal rosette, or subshrubs to 3 m, unarmed, often
arising from bud-bearing and tuberous roots, shoots pubescent and with
gland-tipped trichomes. 23 spp., 10 in SW U.S. to N Mexico, 12 from Peru to
Chile and Argentina, and one in both areas; some SW U.S. species have tubers
that are edible when roasted.
201. Libidibia (DC.)
Schltdl. Small
to medium-sized or large unarmed trees, 6–20+ meters in height; bark hard,
smooth, with a patchwork of shades of grey, white and pale green, often
referred to as snake skin bark. 7 spp., one species in Mexico, one widely
distributed in Brazil, one in Colombia, Venezuela, one in Colombia, Ecuador and
Peru, one in Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina and SW Brazil, one (L. monosperma E.Gagnon
& G.P.Lewis, previously in the monospecific genus Stahlia) endemic
to Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, and L. coriaria (Jacq.)
Schltdl. widely distributed throughout Mexico, America Central, the Caribbean
and NW South America.
Used as
ornamental park and street trees; pods rich in tannins and used commercially in
the tanning industry, pods of some species also used for animal fodder, ink and
local medicines (due to astringent properties of the tannins); wood prized in
turnery, and for parts of guitars and violins, that of Caesalpinia glabrata
Kunth and C. paraguariensis (D.Parodi) Burkart (both species of Libidibia
(partridge wood) but without combinations in the genus) used in decorative
inlay and cabinet work; some species used in heavy construction (railway
sleepers, beams, bridge supports), for tool handles and as firewood; L.
coriaria differs in having white (not yellow) flowers; exserted stamens
with red anthers; rough, fissured bark which flakes away in vertical strips
(not smooth, patchwork bark exfoliating in woody plates), and flowers lacking
the tentacle-like papillae of the other species; all Libidibia species
have indehiscent woody, black or dark brown pods, but those of L. coriaria
are distinct in being curled and twisted.
202. Lophocarpinia
Burkart. Shrub. Shrub 0.5 (– 3) m tall, armed with
scattered straight, conical, 2–5 mm long spines on shoots; leaves and
inflorescences crowded on brachyblasts; shoots glabrous, reddish, the lateral
ones sometimes, spinescent. Only one sp., L. aculeatifolia (Burkart)
Burkart;
Paraguay, N Argentina, possibly also occurring in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil,
in seasonally dry tropical to subtropical woodland (chaco).
203. Paubrasilia E. Gagnon, H. C. Lima
& G. P. Lewis. Medium sized to large trees, 5 – 35 m tall, armed with
small to large upturned prickles, these usually arising from woody
protuberances, one – 20 mm long (the prickles often sparse or lacking on more
mature specimens and larger, older branches); bark chestnut brown to almost
black with greyish pustular lenticels, flaking in large woody plates; heartwood
red, with the trunk exuding a red sap when injured; stipules lanceloate, acute
to acuminate, caducous. Only one sp., P. echinata (Lam.) E.
Gagnon, H. C. Lima & G. P. Lewis, endemic to E Brazil, from Rio Grande do
Norte to Rio de Janeiro in coast, also in Minas Gerais. Widely cultivated in
Brazil as an ornamental street or park tree, and sometimes in plantations;
occur in dry coastal cactus scrub often on rocky outcrops, inland in Atlantic
Forest, and in tall Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas) on
well-drained sandy soil.
204. Pomaria Cav. Small shrubs, subshrubs or perennial herbs, with a moderate
to dense indumentum of simple curled hairs, sometimes also scattered plumose
trichomes, intermixed with sessile, oblate glands (drying black) on stems. 16
spp., 9 in SE U.S.A., C and N Mexico, 4 in S America (dry open areas, SE Brazil
(3, one endemic), Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentina), 3 in S Africa (Namibia,
Botswana and S Africa), mainly in subtropical dry areas of grassland and wooded
grassland and in degraded sites, many on limestone.
205. Stenodrepanum
Harms. Suffrutescent shrub, (10–) 20–40 cm tall, with
bud-bearing and occasionally tuber-forming roots; glabrous, with globose
sessile glands scattered along the branches. Only one sp., S. bergii Harms, endemic to
C and W Argentina, in subtropical wooded grassland and scrub, especially on
salt pans.
206. Tara
Molina. Shrubs or trees, 3–5 (– 8) m tall, armed with
deflexed prickles on the shoots; twigs glabrous to puberulent. Three spp., one
restricted to Mexico, one in Mexico (Yucatan), Nicaragua, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica
and the Bahamas, T. spinosa (Molina) Britton & Rose in S America
(Venezuela to Bolivia and Chile) and cultivated
both within and outside (including Malta, Canary Islands, India, E and NE
Africa) its native range; seasonally dry tropical forest to semi-arid thorn
scrub.
Planted
as living fencelines, the bark of two species with medicinal properties, that
of T. spinosa (Molina) Britton & Rose (tara, spiny
holdback) rich in tannins and used in Peru for tanning leather, dyeing and ink
production (various commercial products sold), also for firewood and gums.
207. Zuccagnia
Cav. Shrubs, 1–5 m. Stipules caducous; leaves
alternate, pinnate, (2–) 3–5 (– 6) cm long. Only one sp., Z. punctata Cav., in the Andes in
Argentina, in dry temperate upland and montane brushland, thicket and sandy
plains. Minor local medicinal uses; the leaves yield a yellow dye.
CLADE
CAESALPINIOIDEAE 3 of 3: MIMOSA/DIMORPHANDRA ALLIANCE
5.5 CAESALPINIOIDEAE
▸ DIMORPHANDRA CLADE A (6/43–63) -
outsiders all in Africa.
208. Campsiandra Benth.
Trees up to 40 m tall. 22 spp., S America, mainly in
the Amazon and Orinoco basins (13 endemic to Venezuela, 5 in Venezuela and
Brazil (of which 2 extend to Colombia, one to Bolivia and one to Colombia,
Bolivia and Peru), one endemic to Peru, one restricted to the Guianas); tropical
riverine and swamp forest (both black and white water rivers) on alluvial
plains, white sand beaches and embankments. 8 spp. in Brazil, one endemic.
209. Dimorphandra Schott.
Trees up to 50 m tall. 26 spp. from South America, 22
in Brazil, 9 endemic, in tropical Amazonian rain forest on terra firme,
periodically inundated forest, permanently humid forest, savannas
of C Brazil (cerrado), dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga)
and
open sandy sites in forest. The wood of some species (e.g., D. exaltata Schott)
used in cabinetwork and for tool handles; the fruits of some species highly
toxic to cattle (e.g., D. mollis Benth. and D. gardneriana Tul.);
the bark of D. mollis used in tanning; several species used as
medicine (e.g., for bioflavonoids) and ornamentals.
210. Dinizia Ducke.
Trees up to 88m, several specimens up to 88.5m tall. Two spp., D. excelsa Ducke
from Amazonian S America (Brazil, Guyana), and D. jueirana-facao G.P. Lewis
& G.S. Siqueira endemic to small area in Atlantic Forest of Espírito Santo
state, Brazil; non-inundated
(often riverine) rain forest, known only by 24 individuals.
D.
excelsa is known as angelim vermelho, red
angelim, angelim pedra, parakwa, and is used for timber (heavy construction,
flooring, stairs, ship building, posts and railway sleepers) and in
reforestation; this species reaches up to 88.5m tall, making the tallest vascular plant in South America, second largest plant in Neotropics, the tallest angiosperm of New World and the tallest non-Malvid angiosperm worldwide.
211. Mora R.H.Schomb.
ex Benth. Trees up to 35 m tall. Six spp., C America, N South America and the
Greater Antilles: two from W Surinam through Guyana to the Orinoco Delta in
Venezuela (one extending to Trinidad), M. oleifera (Triana ex Hemsl.)
Ducke from Nicaragua to Ecuador, M. paraensis (Ducke) Ducke from the
delta of the Amazon in Brazil, and two endemic to the Hispaniola, in tropical
riverine forest, periodically inundated or not, or swampy areas, broad-leaved
humid forest, one sp. just behind the mangrove zone, hill slopes.
M.
excelsa Benth. and M. gonggrijpii (Kleinhoonte)
Sandwith (mora, morabukea, nato, pracuuba) are major timber trees in the
Guianas, especially used in heavy construction, industrial flooring and for
charcoal; the seeds of M. oleifera are thought to be the largest (18 x 15 x 8 cm) dicotyledonous seeds known, and
third in over flowering plants (after
Lodoiscea maldivica and Cocus nucifera L., both Arecaceae) they
are a local source of a red dye; the seeds of M. excelsa are also
large (up to 12 ✕ 7 cm),
being the eighth of all plants; none of this
spp. occur in Brazil, however the Brazilian endemic M. paraensis (Ducke)
Ducke is the largst of all seeds in country,
with 8.3
cm long ✕ 4.5 cm wide ✕ 3.8
cm thick.
5.6 CAESALPINIOIDEAE
▸ SCHIZOLOBIEAE -
outsiders all in Old World except Conzattia (3,
Mexico) and Heteroflorum (1, SW Mexico).
212. Parkinsonia L. Shrubs and trees. 12 spp., 4 in Africa, three from S
U.S.A. to Mexico, two widely from Mexico to South America (both in Brazil) and
three from Peru to souther South America (one of then in Brazil). 5 spp. in
South America, 3 in Brazil, none endemic; seasonally dry tropical bushland,
semidesert scrub, coastal dunes and flood plains.
P.
aculeata L. (Jerusalem thorn, paloverde) is widely
cultivated throughout the tropics as an ornamental and thorn hedge but can
escape to become a weed; also used for medicine and human food (flowers eaten
in Senegal, the seeds of P. africana Sond. used as a coffee
substitute).
213. Peltophorum (Vog.)
Benth. Trees up to 40 m tall. 7 spp., 5 in Old World
(Angola to S Africa, SE China to Indo-China and N Australia), one in E Brazil,
N Uruguay, NE Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia and Caribbean, and one restricted to
Venezuela, seasonally dry tropical and evergreen (mainly lowland) forest,
beaches and mangrove forest, coastal monsoon vine thicket, flood plains and
tidal flats, bushveld and woodland.
Widely
cultivated for ornament and shade; some species used for carpentry, planking,
furniture and fuelwood; leaves used for livestock fodder; some medicinal uses
and dyes.
214. Schizolobium Vogel.
Trees up to 30 m tall. Only one sp., S.
parahyba (Vell.) Blake, from tropical America.
Atlantic SE Brazil (one variety), Amazonian Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru,
Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela, through C America to SE Mexico (the other,
more widely distributed variety); tropical rain forest, mixed and secondary
forest.
S.
parahyba (Vell.) S.F.Blake var. amazonicum (Ducke)
Barneby (quamwood, guapuruvu, reach-for-the-sky, feather-duster tree) is widely
planted as an ornamental (including outside the New World) and as shade trees
(e.g., for coffee).
5.7 CAESALPINIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE TACHIGALEAE (3/82)
- all genera in South America.
215. Arapatiella
Rizzini & A. Matos. Tree. Only one sp., A. psilophylla (Harms)
R.S.Cowan, endemic to Atlantic Forest of Bahia state in NE Brazil, one of them
is a rare
plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
216. Jacqueshuberia Ducke.
Trees. 7 spp., two in Amazonian Brazil (3 in Brazil, two endemic), one in
Guyana, 2 in E Venezuelan, one in Colombia and one in Peru, in tropical
seasonally inundated riverine forest on white sand, montane forest on
sandstone, savanna, open sandy areas by black-water streams of the Amazon
(north-amazonic white-sand savannas known as campinaranas). A wide range
of flower colour, including red, purple and yellow exists in this small genus.
217. Tachigali Aubl. Trees,
sometimes monocarpic, up to 40 m tall. 74 spp., Nicaragua to S Brazil, 72 in
South America, 59 in Brazil (24 endemic, 5 of them, in Amazonas and Rio de
Janeiro states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), mainly of
tropical rain forest, lowland montane forest, seasonally flooded and
non-flooded evergreen lowland forest and woodland, gallery and riparian forest,
sometimes on white sands, also in savannas of C Brazil (cerrado)
and
rocky grasslands (campos rupestres). 25 spp. of this genus,
some from South America, are myrmecophytes.
Various
species used for timber (djedoe, yawaredan, suicide tree (because some species
monocarpic)) for construction, canoes and charcoal; the bark of T. tinctoria (Benth.)
Zarucchi & Herend. used in tanning and as a dye.
5.8 CAESALPINIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE DIPTYCHANDROIDEAE (2/10)
- both genera in South America.
218. Diptychandra Tul. Three spp., D. aurantiaca Tul.C, E and NE Brazil, Paraguay and
Bolivia; and Colombia and Brazil one endemic each, in seasonally dry tropical
forest, gallery forest, savannas of C Brazil (cerrado),
dry
seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga), rocky
grassland and chaco.
219. Moldenhawera Schrad.
Trees or shrubs with an indumentum of principally biramous hairs; stipules
compound or rarely setaceous; leaves compound, pinnate, bipinnate or partially
bipinnate; inflorescences subcorymbose racemes, generally aggregated into
pseudopanicles; second order bracts caducous; flowers tetramerous or
pentamerous, with fleshy reflexed sepals; petals yellow or rarely pink, clawed,
the limb with the margin crenate or lobed, usually fringed. 12 spp., scattered
in several states in E Brazil, centerd in Bahia state, 5 of them, in Bahia,
Maranhão e Espírito Santo states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras
do Brasil’s book.
5.9 CAESALPINIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE MIMOSEAE
(82/3.035–3.150) - 78/3.270–3.320. Tropical,
subtropical and warm-temperate. In
August 2011 the long discussion on the split of the genus Acacia into five
new genera has been ended; Acacia s.s. has c. 1045 spp. in
Australia (of which 941 endemic and 7 extending to Asia, and c. 100 spp. new
and yet to be described fide Maslin et al., 2003),
7 in the Pacific, 3 confined to Asia, 2 in Madagascar and Mascarenes. Archidendron
Clade (8/1,000-1,100, Madagascar, tropical Asia, Australia, islands in
the Pacific) do not occur in South America.
IN
PARAPHYLETIC GRADE OR ISOLATED PHYLOGENETIC POSITION - outsiders Mariosousa (14, SW U.S.A. to America Central), Cylicodiscus
(1, Central Africa), Fillaeopsis (1, W and SW Africa), Newtonia (16,
tropical Africa) and Xerocladia (1, Namibia, Northern Cape).
220. Lachesiodendron P.G.Ribeiro,
L.P.Queiroz & Luckow. Tree (2)3–20 m tall, usually multi-stemmed from the
base, rarely flowering as shrubs ca. 1.5 m tall. Only one sp., L.
viridiflorum (Kunth) P.G.Ribeiro, L.P. Queiroz & Luckow, NE Brazil, N
Paraguay and the adjacent Brazilian Mato Grosso do Sul State, Bolivia, NW
Argentina, NW Peru, W Ecuador, the Caribbean coast of Colombia and Venezuela, S
and W Mexico and N Guatemala.
221. Neltuma L. Spiny, erect to prostrate subshrubs, shrubs and small
trees, (0.1–) 4–10 (–20) m high, usually with a short trunk to 40–60 (-100) cm
diameter. 43
spp.
in New World, 34 spp. in South America, centred in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay
to E Bolivia, Uruguay and S Brazil (4, none endemic) with a minor centre in the
tropical Andean region from Peru, Ecuador and Colombia, cultivated and
naturalised worldwide; tropical to warm temperate seasonally dry forest,
woodland, wooded grassland, semi-xerophytic woodland and shrubland, thorn scrub
and desert, on sandy plains or hills, ravines and along dry stream beds.
Used
since ancient times as human food and drink (from the sweet fleshy pods),
timber (e.g., for construction, fence posts and furniture), livestock fodder,
charcoal, firewood, shade trees, ornamentals, gums, dyes for tanning, medicine,
coffee substitute, bee plants and desert reforestation; major species are N.
juliflora (Sw.) Raf. and N. pallida (Humb. & Bonpl. ex
Willd.) C.E. Hughes & G.P. Lewis, known as mesquite, algarroba and screw
bean; some species are invasive and pernicious weeds; one sp., N. rusciflora
(Griseb.) C.E. Hughes & G.P. Lewis, occurs in Chaco of Argentina and
Bolivia, with one population with two trees in W Pernambuco state (uncommon
distribution).
222. Parasenegalia Seigler &
Ebinger. Trees, shrubs, or lianas, some to 25 m;
prickles and stipular spines absent; leaves alternate, bipinnate; inflorescence
a globose head or cylindrical spike, solitary to small clusters in leaf axis or
in large pseudoracemes or pseudopanicles of globose heads; flowers bracteate,
actinomorphic. 11 spp., tropical areas of the New World, three species
restricted to the Caribbean, one in Belize and Guatemala, 2 in W South America
and 5 endemic to E Brazil.
223. Plathymenia Benth.
Trees up to 30 m tall. Only one sp., P.
reticulata Benth., from Suriname, Brazil, Paraguay and E Bolivia,
seasonally dry tropical forest (and secondary vegetation derived from moist
forest; savannas of C Brazil (cerrado), rocky grassland (campo
rupestre), bushland and scrub).
Used
commercially for timber (vinhatico) in flooring, construction, posts and
furniture; also for reforestation, shade trees, firewood and medicine.
224. Pseudosenegalia
Seigler
& Ebinger. Shrubs or small trees, some to 12 m; prickles and stipular
spines absent; leaves alternate or clustered on short shoots, bipinnate;
inflorescences a cylindrical spike, one to 2 clustered in leaf axils; flowers
bracteate, sessile, actinomorphic, sympetalous, 5-merous. Two spp., known in
dry scrub and thorn-scrub vegetation 1,300 – 3,300 m altitude range in Bolivia.
225. Senegalia Raf.
Shrubs, trees, or lianas, unarmed or armed with
prickles, but without stipular spines. 221 spp., pantropical, 69 in Africa and
Madagascar, of which 7 extend to Asia, 36 restricted to Asia, 2 in northern Australia
and the Pacific (one extending to Asia). 99 in New World, 75 in South America, 62
in Brazil, 33 endemic – 3 of them, all in Bahia state, are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
226. Strombocarpa
(Benth.) Engelm. & A. Gray. Low spiny, sometimes creeping, shrubs or small
trees, 0.15–3 (–18) m high, multi-stemmed from the base or sometimes with a
short trunk to 10–30 (–45) cm diameter. 10 spp., markedly bicentric
amphitropical distribution in arid and semi-arid regions of southern U.S.A. and
northern Mexico (3), and in south-central Peru to Argentina and Chile (7).
PHYLOGENETIC
POSITION UNCERTAIN - outsiders Chidlowia (1, W tropical Africa) and Indopiptadenia
(1, India, Nepal).
227. Cedrelinga Ducke.
Tree with a open, rounded crown up to 50 m tall. Only one sp., C.
cateniformis Ducke, from French Guiana to Bolivia, N Brazil, mainly
Amazonian lowland tropical rain forest to seasonally dry forest, especially
along streams, 50–250 (–800) m; mature trees can attain 60 (–66)m.
This species (cedrorana, tornillo,
huayracaspi) is used in agroforestry for nitrogen fixing, fuelwood, medicine
and timber (for construction, boat building, frames and furniture; a substitute
for mahogany).
228. Pseudosamanea
Harms. Trees. Three spp., one endemic to Cuba, and
two other widely distributed from SW Mexico to Ecuador and Venezuela,
seasonally dry tropics. P.
guachapele (Kunth) Harms occurs in drought-deciduous woodland to 1,000 m, P. cubana (Britton & Rose)
Barneby & J.W.Grimes in wooded grassland (palm-savanna) and along water
courses below 50 m. P. guachapele (guachapele,
frijolillo) is used for timber in shipbuilding (planking, ribs, decking),
railway sleepers, general construction, flooring, decorative veneers and
furniture, and as livestock fodder.
XYLIA CLADE
(6/37-39) ▸ outsiders Adenanthera (13; tropical
Asia and Australia, islands in the Pacific), Amblygonocarpus (1,
tropical Africa to Namibia and Botswana), Calpocalyx (11, tropical W
Africa), Pseudoprosopis (7, tropical Africa), Tetrapleura (1-2,
tropical Africa) and Xylia (1-2, tropical to S Africa, tropical Asia).
229. Pentaclethra Benth.
Trees. Three spp., two in WC Africa and P. macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze in S
and C America (Amazonas north to America Central and
Caribbean), tropical lowland rain forest (often riparian) and secondary
vegetation types; seasonally dry woodland and wooded grassland. Considered a
multi-purpose tree suitable for agroforestry; P. macrophylla (oil
bean tree, ugba, owala) is used for timber (construction), firewood, charcoal,
medicine, fibre, dyes, oils, as soap substitutes, fish poisons, human food
(cooked seeds) and ornamentals; the strongly elastic pods are used as soles for
footwear; timber of P. macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze (gavilán,
paroa-caxi) is used as a substitute for mahogany.
ENTADA CLADE
(3/44) ▸ outsiders Aubrevillea (2, tropical W
and C Africa) and Piptadeniastrum (1, C Africa).
230. Entada Adans. Trees, shrubs and lianas. 40
spp., 28 only in Africa and Madagascar, 8 endemic to Indo-China and
Malesia and Australia, two widely distributed and dispersed by ocean currents (E.
rheedii Spreng. throughout the Palaeotropics and E. gigas (L.)
Fawcett & Rendle in Africa to Neotropics), E.
polystachya (L.) DC. and E. polyphylla Benth.from Mexico to C
Brazil and Caribbean, and E. simplicata (Barneby) Sch. Rodr.
& A. S. Flores, endemic to Roraima state in N Brazil, in tropical lowland
and riverine rain forest, seasonally dry forest, woodland and wooded grassland,
bushland, thicket and dry scrub.
Various
species used as livestock fodder, ground cover, green manure, fibre (in rope
and storage bins), medicine, fish poisons, soap substitutes, firewood, charcoal
and in traditional ceremonies.
The
large round drift seeds of the species listed above emerge from some of the
biggest pods in the Leguminosae (over one metre in length) and are often used
to make jewellery (‘ sea hearts ’); the world's largest
legume fruits (bean pods) are produced by this genus; the longest pods of the America
Centraln E. gigas may be up to 5 feet long (1.5 m); this
gigantic woody vine is truly like Jack's fabulous bean stalk. In Costa Rica it
is called ‘monkey ladder’ or ‘escalera de mono’; the woody seeds of E. gigas are called ‘sea hearts’ and are often
washed down streams to the sea where they drift across the ocean to distant
continents.
DICHROSTACHYS
CLADE (13/c. c. 105) ▸ outsiders all
in Old World except Calliandropsis (1, Mexico) and Mezcala (1,
Mexico).
231. Desmanthus Willd. Unarmed
herbaceous or semi-shrubby perennials, sometimes with xylopodium; leaves twice
even-pinnately compound, with a petiolar gland between the lowest air of pinnae
(gland sometimes minute). 25 spp. from U.S.A. to Argentin and
Chile. 8 spp. in South America, 5 in Brazil, none endemic.
D.
pernambucanus (L.) Thell. (long misinterpreted
as D. virgatus (L.) Willd. (which is nevertheless still a good
species)) is a widely distributed pantropical weed; genus also used as
ornamentals, cattle fodder and in erosion control; D. illinoensis (Michx.)
MacMill. (Illinois or prairie bundleflower, prairie mimosa, spider bean) is
used for human food (leaves, cooked seeds), medicine and is a potential pulse
crop.
232. Leucaena Benth. Trees
or shrubs. 24 spp. from S U.S.A. to Panama, L.
trichodes (Jacq.) Benth. up to N and W coastal regions S to Peru, in tropical
and subtropical seasonally dry forest, semi-arid thorn scrub forest, to warm
temperate open habitats.
L.
leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit is cultivated
pantropically and has become naturalised and weedy in many areas; this and
other species are used for livestock feed, green manure, timber (for
construction, firewood and charcoal), small wood products, soil conservation
(ground cover and reforestation) and human food (unripe pods and seeds).
233. Mimozyganthus Burkart.
Shrubs or small trees. Only one sp., M. carinatus (Griseb.)
Burkart, SE
Bolivia, SW Paraguay, Argentina, in tropical and subtropical arid and semi-arid
scrub bushland (chaco vegetation), often associated with cacti.
234. Neptunia Lour.
Herbs.
Some have sensitive leaves (leaflets folding together
on being touched) as in Mimosa. 22 spp., Australia,
Papuasia through Malesia to Indo-China, India and Sri Lanka, one sp. Pantropical.
New World has 5 spp. from S U.S.A. (1), Mexico, America Central, Caribbean
south to Paraguay and N Argentina, tropical to warm temperate open woodland,
wooded grassland and grassland, floodplains, swamps and other wet areas. 4 spp.
in South America, all in Brazil, one endemic.
N.
oleracea Lour. is often a troublesome weed (with
sensitive leaves); used for medicine, human food (young stems, leaves and pods
are eaten) and as soil binders; produced as a cash crop in SE Asia. Neptunia
is morphologically unlike any other mimosoid
because of its (semi-)aquatic lifestyle.
235. Piptadeniopsis Burkart.
Shrubs or small trees. Only one sp., P. lomentifera Burkart, endemic to Paraguay,
subtropical seasonally dry thorn forest, thicket and scrub (chaco).
236. Prosopidastrum Burkart.
Shrubs. 7 spp., disjunct between Baja California in Mexico (1) and Argentina up
to Bolivia (6), subtropical xerophytic bushland, thicket, grassland and
semi-desert.
PARKIA CLADE
(3/200) ▸ all genera in South America.
237. Anadenanthera Speg.
Trees. 4 spp. in Caribbean (possibly introduceds) and
northern S America to Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay, all in Brazil
(none endemic).
A.
peregrina (L.) Speg. (cohoba, niopo or yopo) is one of
the classic hallucinogens of the Americas, taken as snuff made from the crushed
seeds; A. colubrina (Vell.) Brenan (angico preto, cebil, curupay) is
used for timber (heavy construction, flooring, railway sleepers, turnery) and
leather tanning; seasonally dry tropical to subtropical riverine forest and
forest margins to savannas of C Brazil (cerrado)
and wooded grassland (savanna), from a wide range of
habitats; often planted near villages. A. peregrina (L.) Speg.
(cohoba, niopo or yopo) is one of the classic hallucinogens of the Americas,
taken as snuff made from the crushed seeds; A. colubrina (Vell.)
Brenan (angico preto, cebil, curupay) is used for timber (heavy construction,
flooring, railway sleepers, turnery) and leather tanning.
238. Parkia R. Br. Trees
without spines or prickles, up to 50 m tall; leaves 2-pinnate; pinnae
(3)4–11(–14); leaflets in 10–18(–28) pairs; inflorescence capitate, shortly
claviform, solitary or paniculate; flowers in upper part of heads bisexual, in
lower part male or neuter. 38 spp., pantropical, 17 in Africa-Madagascar
and the Indopacific region, 21 from Honduras in the north to SE coastal Brazil
in the south, all in South America, 17 in Brazil, 4 endemic, in tropical
lowland rain forest (riparian, swamp and non-inundated), hill forest,
seasonally dry forest, savannas of C Brazil (cerrado), wooded
grassland and Atlantic
sandy coastal shrublands (restingas). Of the three sections
in Parkia only sect. Parkia is pantropical, the other two being
restricted to the Neotropics. Brazil has 18 spp., 5 endemic.
P.
speciosa Hassk. is used as human food in SE Asia;
mature and slightly immature green seeds are eaten as a vegetable (petai, sataw
bean, chou dou), sold fresh as bunches of strap-shaped pods in markets and as
pods or loose seeds, eaten fresh or tinned, from supermarkets; seeds are also
fermented and the pulpy endocarp makes a refreshing drink; other species are
used extensively as food in W Africa (e.g., P. biglobosa (Jacq.) G.Don,
or néré, African locust bean); also used as cattle fodder, cordage, shade
trees, medicine and the timber in plywood manufacture, construction, utensils
and as firewood.
239. Vachellia Wight.
& Arn. Shrubs to trees, sometimes with roots
crown. 158 spp.,
pantropical, 73 in Africa and Madagascar of which c. 15 extend to Asia, 21
restricted to Asia, 7 in Australia and the Pacific, 56 spp. in the New World
from California to S Chile and Caribbean, 12 in South America, 5 in Brazil, none
endemic.
STRYPHNODENDRON
CLADE (7/45) ▸ all genera in South America.
240. Gwilymia A.G. Lima,
Paula-Souza & Scalon. Trees 2.5–40 m tall; branches unarmed, not
odoriferous, smooth, usually lenticellate, young shoots and leaves glabrescent,
pubescent, or tomentose and covered with reddish granular trichomes. 7 spp.,
Amazon rainforest, seasonal forests and savannas of Bolivia, Brazil (6, 3 endemic), French Guiana, Guyana and Suriname.
241. Marlimorimia L.P.
Queiroz, L.M. Borges, Marc.F. Simon & P.G. Ribeiro.
Unarmed trees; leaves bipinnate; petiole with an extrafloral nectary well below
the first pair of pinnae, close to the pulvinus, always below mid-petiole;
pinnae 5–10 to many pairs per leaf. Six spp., three endemic to coastal forests
of SE Brazil and remaining three from N Brazil (1) to Costa Rica.
M.
pittieri (Harms) L.P. Queiroz & L.M. Borges is used
for timber (carbonero) in heavy construction, furniture, flooring, posts,
turnery and railway sleepers; tannins are extracted from the bark.
242. Microlobius C.Presl.
Shrubs or small trees. Only one sp., M. foetidus (Jacq.) M.
Sousa & G. Andrade, disjunct in W and S Mexico to Honduras, and
in S Brazil (only Mato Grosso do Sul state), Bolivia, Venezuela, Paraguay and
Argentina, tropical to subtropical seasonally dry forest, thorn scrub and
seasonally wet wooded grassland. Used for traditional medicine; the plant has a
strong garlic or onion-like smell.
243. Naiadendron
A.G.
Lima, Paula-Souza & Scalon. Trees 8–30 m tall; branches unarmed, strongly
striate, castaneous, apex yellow-tomentose and covered with ferruginous
granular trichomes, not odoriferous. Only one sp., N. duckeanum
(Occhioni) A.G. Lima, Paula-Souza & Scalon, endemic to the Amazon
rainforest, being recorded from the Brazilian states of Acre, Amazonas and
Rondônia, on clay or sandy soil in ombrophilous and terra firme forests.
244. Parapiptadenia Brenan.
Trees and shrubs up to 35 m tall. Six spp., SE & E Brazil (all spp., three
endemic), Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina, tropical coastal and Atlantic
sandy coastal shrublands (restingas), secondary growth
forest, woodland and scrub. All species are used as commercial timber (chari,
angico, anchico colorado) in high quality furniture and construction
(e.g., P. rigida (Benth.) Brenan); also used for gums, a
mucilage constituent of medicines and in agroforestry.
245. Pityrocarpa Britton
& Rose. Small trees or shrubs. 7 spp., W
& S Mexico to El Salvador, Venezuela to Guyana, Bolivia, E Brazil (6, 4 endemic),
all in South America, in seasonally dry tropical forests and woodlands in dry
seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga,), western Mexico or in
Venezuelan savannas and Paraguayan Chaco, in tropical coastal
rain forest, gallery forest, secondary forest, woodland, savannas
of C Brazil (cerrado) and dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga).
246. Stryphnodendron Mart. Trees and suffrutices, sometimes
basal burls. 28 spp. from
Nicaragua to Paraguay and S Brazil, 27 in South America, 21 in Brazil, 15 endemic,
in tropical
rain forest and riparian forest, seasonally dry forest, savannas
of C Brazil (cerrado), wooded grassland and dry seasonal scrubland
of NE Brazil (caatinga).
The
bark of S. adstringens (Mart.) Coville (barbatimão) is used for medicine
(possibly effective against leishmaniasis); other uses in agroforestry are for
timber (construction), nitrogen fixing and reforestation (e.g., S.
microstachyum Poepp. & Endl., or vanillio); some species are toxic to
livestock.
MIMOSA CLADE
(3/656) ▸ outsider Adenopodia (7, 4 in tropical Africa, and 3 in Mexico and America
Central).
247. Mimosa L. [4th
BR]
Prostrate, low spreading, or trailing, herbaceous perennials to 4 m long or
erect shrubs, usually armed, sometimes with xylopodium, basal burls, roots crown, or woody
rhizomes; leaves twice even-pinnately compound, the ultimate leaflets
folding together at night, in rain, or on being touched, sensitive to touch or
not so; flowers sweet-scented, in our species in pink to purple (rarely white),
globose heads.
Used as ornamentals, living fences, soil binders, fodder, green manure, shade
plants, fuelwood and medicine (e.g., M. pudica L., the
sensitive plant, sleeping grass, humble plant); many species are weedy, causing
problems in agricultural land.
621 spp., 573 from N U.S.A. to N Argentina and
Caribbean, and 48 in SE tropical Africa, Madagascar and Indian subcontinent.
481 spp. in South America, 391 in Brazil, 282 endemic, in seasonally dry
tropical and subtropical forest, woodland, wooded grassland, thorn forest,
tropical montane woodland, temperate grassland and desert. 26 spp., from
several states, are rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book. 5 sections and 41 series.
§
sect.
Batocaulon ▸ 174 spp., tropical America.
§
sect.
Calothamnos ▸ 26 spp., S & SE Brazil, Uruguay, NE
Argentina and Paraguay, one extending into Bolivia.
§
sect.
Habbasia ▸ 78, all (but two) native in and all (but nine)
endemic to South America, ranging from warm temperate Argentina to the Gulf
States of U.S.A. and the Caribbean; one (M. pellita Humb. & Bonpl.
ex Willd.) circumtropical.
§
sect.
Mimadenia ▸ 15 spp. from S. America, the two extending
only feebly into America Central, and one endemic to W America Central to S
Mexico.
§
sect.
Mimosa ▸ c. 310 spp.,
over range of genus.
248. Piptadenia Benth. Trees up to 30 m tall, shrubs (erect and scandent) and
lianas. 28 spp., S America with centres in Amazonia linking to the Atlantic
forests of Brazil, NE & E Brazil drylands with extension to Venezuela,
sub-Andean drylands in Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia, SE Brazil, 2 spp. widely
distributed in drylands from Mexico and C America to Argentina, in tropical
lowland rain forest, coastal and riparian forest, tropical to subtropical
seasonally dry forest, secondary forest, woodland, dry seasonal scrubland of NE
Brazil (caatinga) and rocky wooded grassland. 18 spp. in Brazil, 11 endemic.
Various
species used for timber (surucuçu, icarapé, soroca, jurema preta, pau jacaré,
angico de bezerro) for construction, posts, tool handles, carving and firewood;
tannins are extracted from the bark.
CALLIANDRA
CLADE (2/165) ▸ all genera in South America.
249. Acaciella
Britton
& Rose. Mostly slender shrubs or small trees and less frequently perennial
herbs, unarmed, glabrous or pubescent; stipules fugacious or persistent,
glabrous or ciliate. 15 spp., U.S.A. to Argentina, east up to W Venezuela,
highly centered in Pacific Mexico, but 3 occur in South America: A.
angustissima (Mill.) Britton & Rose, from U.S.A. to Bolivia and
Argentina; A. glauca (L.) L. Rico, from Caribbean and N Venezuela; and A.
villosa (Sw.) Britton & Rose, from Mexico to Ecuador, absent in
Venezuela.
250. Calliandra Benth.
Trees and shrubs, sometimes with xylopodium. 150 spp., one
in Somalia and Kenya, another in South Africa, and remaining 148 exclusives to
the Americas, ranging from SW U.S.A. to Uruguay, warm temperate Argentina and N
Chile, mostly seasonally dry tropical forest (many riparian), woodland, dry
seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga); savannas
of C Brazil (cerrado) and rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres), some tropical submontane,
several adapted to desert environments. 103 spp. in South America, 79 in
Brazil, 62 endemic – 28 of them, in several states, are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book. Two
subgenera, Afrocalliandra for African members (2), and subg. Calliandra
in New World, with six sections:
§ sect. Androcallis
▸ 76 spp., U.S.A. to Uruguay.
§ sect. Calliandra
▸ 10 spp., Caribbean, Mexico, Guatemala.
§ sect. Microcallis
▸ 6 spp., 3 in NE Brazil, one in Chile, one U.S.A./Mexico,
and one in C & S South America.
§ sect. Monticola
▸ 37 spp., all in Espinhaço Range of E Brazil
§ sect. Septentrionalis
▸ 6 spp., U.S.A. to Mexico.
§ sect. Tsugoides
▸ 4 spp., Guiana Shield
and sand savannas in the Guianas, Venezuela, the Colombian Amazon and the
northern state of Amazonas, Brazil.
Widely cultivated as ornamentals (calliandra, powder puff); used
in agroforestry (e.g., C. houstoniana (Mill.) Standl.
var. calothyrsus (Meisn.) Barneby, as livestock fodder,
fuelwood, green manure, pulp for paper production, erosion control, firebreaks,
reforestation, bee forage, leaf meal (protein source), medicine and as shade
trees.
ZAPOTECA
CLADE (5/46) ▸ outsiders Faidherbia
(1, E Mediterranean, tropical to southern Africa), Sanjappa (1, SW India),
Thailentadopsis (3, Sri Lanka, Thailand, S Vietnam) and Viguieranthus
(18, Madagascar, tropical Asia).
251. Zapoteca H.
M. Hern. Shrubs. 23 spp., Neotropics, 11 from SW U.S.A.
and N Mexico through C America and the Caribbean (6 endemic to Mexico with a
concentration in Oaxaca, 3 endemic in C America and one in Hispaniola). 10 in
South America, 6 restricted to S America and largely circum-Amazonian (4 endemic
in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Brazil one each), 3 widely distributed through N
and S America (one extending to Paraguay and N Argentina); common in open sites
derived from seasonally dry tropical forest, and in arid and semiarid scrubby
vegetation and wet evergreen forest. Brazil has 5 spp., one endemic.
COJOBA CLADE
(3/34) ▸ outsiders Hesperalbizia
(1, Mexico) and Lysiloma (8, Arizona to C Mexico, Florida to Caribbean).
252. Cojoba Britton
& Rose. Trees and shrubs. 15 spp., Caribbean, NW
Andean and trans-Andean S America, SE Mexico and C America, 5 in South America,
only C. chazutensis (Standl.) L. Rico, in Brazil,
in Acre state. C. arborea (L.) Britton & Rose nearly
coextensive with the genus, tropical, mostly wet lowland or submontane forest;
three Caribbean species in seasonally dry scrub forest or in sclerophyllous
shrubland (chaparral). C. arborea (ardilla, jolote beard) is used
as timber, ornamentals and shade trees.
PITHECELLOBIUM
CLADE (5/36) ▸
outsiders Ebenopsis (3, Texas to Mexico), Gretheria
(2, Mexico to Costa Rica), Painteria (2, Mexico) and Ricoa (1,
Mexico).
253. Havardia Small.
5 spp., Texas to Panama, one up Colombia and Venezuela.
254. Pithecellobium Mart.
Trees and shrubs up to 40 m tall. 23 spp., from Mexico,
America Central and Caribbean, 9 in South America, two in Brazil, one endemic,
in lowland seasonally dry tropical woodland and thorn scrub below 500 m, some
to 1550 m, a few on coastal dunes or in riparian woodland.
P. dulce (Roxb.)
Benth. (Madras thorn, Manila tamarind, guayamochil), is a common ornamental,
hedging and shade tree, where it is also grown for the edible pulp in the seed
aril (also made into beverages); other uses include timber (construction and
posts), livestock fodder, firewood, bee forage (honey), seed oils (soap) and
bark for tanning; plants can be tenacious weeds.
255. Sphinga Barneby
& J.W.Grimes. Trees and shrubs. Three spp., Cuba (1), Mexico (2, one
endemic), Guatemala, and NW S America (only S. platyloba (Bertero ex
DC.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes Colombia, Venezuela and extending
into the Caribbean island of Aruba), seasonally dry tropical to arid lowland
and submontane forest, thicket, wooded grassland and thorn scrub.
SAMANEA
CLADE (2/14) ▸ both genera in South America.
256. Chloroleucon (Benth.)
Britton & Rose. Trees and shrubs, characterised
by axillary spines (modified sterile peduncles), striate resting buds and
flowering preceding leafing. 11 spp., America, from NW Mexico (1) to the
Antilles (2), S America (10), in Venezuela and French Guiana to S to Argentina
and SE Brazil (7, two endemic, one of tem, from Bahia state, is a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), in warm
temperate and tropical lowland and less often submontane seasonally dry forest,
xeromorphic brush-woodland, coastal thicket, wooded grassland, shrubland and
desert.
257. Samanea (Benth.) Merr. Trees up to 35 m tall. Three spp.,
mostly circum-Amazonian S America (Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, NE Bolivia,
Paraguay, S, E and N Brazil) to America Central (El Salvador); seasonally dry
tropical deciduous to moist evergreen forest, woodland and wooded grassland. Two
spp. in Brazil, none endemic. S. saman (Jacq.) Merr., from Belize to
Venezuela and Ecuador, is a myrmecophyte.
S. saman (Jacq.) Merr.
(rain tree, saman, monkeypod, coco or cow tamarind) is widely planted in the
Old and New World tropics for shade, as an ornamental and for its nutritious
pods (for livestock fodder and the sweet pulp is a human food, also made into a
beverage); also used for medicine, timber (furniture, general construction,
interior trim, boxes and crates, panelling, plywood and veneer), hats (made
from wood shavings) and bee forage (honey).
JUPUNBA
CLADE (6-7/88) ▸ outsiders Albizia obliquifoliata + Albizia
rhombifolia clade (Africa, posibly in Hydrochorea).
258. Pseudalbizzia Britton &
Rose. Trees, shrubs, and lianas. 17 spp. ranging in distribution from NW Mexico to N
Argentina and including the Caribbean: 3 from Mexico to America Central, one
endemic to Caribbean, one from Mexico to Brazil, and remaining 12 exclusive in
South America, 8 in Brazil (two endemic). Tropical, mostly lowland
(sometimes inundated) or low-montane seasonally dry riparian forest, woodland,
wooded grassland, bushland and thicket; some restricted to rain forest; others
extratropical, rarely in desert foothills, often in secondary vegetation.
Tropical, mostly lowland (sometimes inundated) or low-montane seasonally dry
riparian forest, woodland, wooded grassland, bushland and thicket; some
restricted to rain forest; others extratropical, rarely in desert foothills,
often in secondary vegetation.
Used for timber (construction, furniture, cabinet work, veneers,
general carpentry), livestock fodder, human food (fruit pulp and seeds), bark
(fibre and pulp for paper), medicine, firewood, gums, tannins, dyes, ink,
soaps, fish poisons, ornamentals, street and plantation shade trees and for
reforestation.
259. Punjuba Britton
& Rose. (off Abarema) Unarmed trees;
stipules usually deciduous; branches with indumentum present or glabrous;
leaves bipinnate, alternate, one or two (three) pairs of pinnae; nectaries
sessile between pairs of pinnae and leaflets. Six spp., 5 from Panamá to
Ecuador, and one endemic to Bolivia.
260. Hydrochorea Barneby
& J. W. Grimes. Shrubs and trees, unarmed; branches
grey to brown pilosulous to glabrescent, cylindrical; stipules persistent or
caducous. 10 spp., 7 from S America in the Orinoco and Amazon basins, the
Guianas and in Brazil (all of them, two endemcis) extending into Maranhão and
Mato Grosso do Sul, one sp. from Mexico to Honduras, and two in W Africa from
Seneal to DR Congo, in tropical, often inundated, riparian forest and woodland.
261. Jupunba Britton & Rose. (off Abarema) Unarmed trees; stipules usually
deciduous; branches with indumentum or glabrous; leaves alternate, bipinnate,
with one to 12 (–16) pairs of pinnae; nectaries sessile or elevated, between
the pairs of pinnae and leaflets; leaflets sessile or pedicellate, symmetric or
asymmetric, obovate, oval, rhombic, oblong or linear, chartaceous, coriaceous
or membranaceous. 37 spp., tropical America, 27 in
South America, 22 in Brazil, 10 endemic.
INGA CLADE
(6-9/c. 370) ▸ outsiders Albizia dinklagei + Albizia
altissima (Africa).
262. Abarema Pittier.
Trees. (exc. Punjuba, Jupunba)
Two spp., A. cochliacarpos (Gomes) Barneby & J.W. Grimes and A.
diamantina E. Guerra, Iganci & M.P. Morim, endemic to E Brazil.
263. Blanchetiodendron Barneby & J.W.Grimes.
Small tree with whitish flowers. Only one sp., B.
blanchetii (Benth.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes from NE
Minas Gerais and SE Bahia states, in seasonally dry tropical forest, savannas
of C Brazil (cerrado), liana forest and wooded grassland, 400 – 1,000 m.
264. Inga Mill.
283 spp., Neotropics from in Mexico to Uruguay, including two spp. restricted
to the Caribbean, highest diversity in Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and America
Central. 242 spp. in South America, mostly of lowland and montane rain forest
throughout the humid tropics, 0-3,000 m, half in rain forest on non-flooded
land, half in riparian habitats on periodically flooded land, rarely in
seasonally dry areas. 148 spp. in Brazil, 47 endemic, one of them, from Bahia
state, is a rare
plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
Used as multi-purpose soil restoration and agroforestry trees
(e.g., I. edulis Mart., or ice cream bean, guava machete, ingá
cipó), for edible fruits (the white pulp is eaten or used in flavouring
desserts), shade for crops, leaf mulch, nitrogen fixing properties, timber,
fuelwood and medicine.
265. Leucochloron Barneby &
J.W.Grimes. Trees, occasionally shrubby. 4
of E Brazil, from Bahia to Paraná states), in seasonally
dry tropical, mainly wooded grassland, woodland and dry seasonal scrubland of
NE Brazil (caatinga).
266. Macrosamanea Britton
& Rose. Trees and shrubs. 11 spp., S America, most diverse and numerous in
the Amazon basin extending N into the Orinoco valley and the Guianas, in
tropical, mostly riparian and seasonally flooded forest, two spp. of seasonally
wet sandy wooded grassland (savanna). 9 spp. in Brazil, 3 endemic.
267. Zygia P.
Browne. Trees and shrubs, often cauliflorous.
62 spp., Neotropics, from Mexico and the Greater Antilles to S America (50),
most diverse in America Central and S Mexico (c. 10), Amazonia (c. 10), N and
NW S America (c. 20 spp., most diverse in Colombia and the Guianas), in
tropical, mostly riparian forest and coastal habitats, generally below 900 m,
but a few species reach 2,800 m. Used for soil stabilisation and erosion
control (e.g., Z. longifolia (Willd.) Britton & Rose, or
sotocaballo). 21 spp. in Brazil, 4 endemic.
ALBIZIA
CLADE (3/+12) ▸ outsiders Albizia (Asian, African, Madagascan and Pacific).
268. Boliviadendron E.R. Souza
& C.E. Hughes. Trees. Only one sp., B. bolivianum (C.E. Hughes &
Atahuachi) E.R. Souza & C.E. Hughes, endemic to Bolivia recorded from just
a small number of localities on the eastern flanks of the Andes at
mid-elevations in interior Andean valleys in the Departments of La Paz,
Cochabamba and Santa Cruz.
269. Enterolobium Mart.
Trees up to 50 m tall. 8 spp., Mexico to Uruguay, all
in South America, 7 in Brazil, one endemic, in tropical lowland and submontane
rain forest (terra firme), often along rivers, and seasonally dry low forest, savannas
of C Brazil (cerrado), wooded grassland, dry seasonal
scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga), Atlantic sandy coastal
shrublands (restingas) and inundated grassland (pantanal).
The timber of several species (guanacaste, batibatra, tamboril,
corotu, ear pod tree) is valued for high quality furniture, cabinet work,
joinery, panelling, veneers and water-resistant construction (canal sides and
troughs for example); also used as shade trees, ornamentals and for pasture
improvement, livestock fodder (although the fruits of some species are toxic to
cattle), fibre (for paper), cork, soap substitutes, gums and medicine.
270. Robrichia (Barneby & J.W.Grimes)
A.R.M.Luz & E.R.Souza. Three spp., R. schomburgkii (Benth.)
A.R.M.Luz & E.R.Souza from Mexico to Brazil, and Brazil and French Guaina
one endemic each.
31. ROSALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: BARBEYACEAE (1/1), DIRACHMACEAE (1/2) AND ELAEAGNACEAE
(3/102), AS IN POWO IN JUNE 27, 2024.
LINEAGE
1 of 3: ROSACEAE
ROSACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JULY 07, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species 108/3,400-3,500
(more or less amphimictic species) Distribution Cosmopolitan except
Antarctica, with their largest diversity in subtropical and temperate regions
in the Northern Hemisphere. Habit usually bisexual (sometimes
monoecious, dioecious or polygamous), evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs or
suffrutices, or usually perennial (rarely annual) herbs. Some species are
xerophytes.
SYSTEMATIC three
higher lineages with 14 smaller lineages, subfamily
Dryadoideae (4/21) does not occur in South America. 278 spp. in South
America.
1. SUBFAMILY
ROSOIDEAE (28–31/2,080-2,840)
- two clades, Filipendula clade (1/12; Europe,
temperate Asia, NE North America) does not occur in South America; among
supertribe Rosodae, with five tribes, only tribe Roseae
(1/100–150, temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere, tropical mountains in
Ethiopia, Philippines and Mexico) does not occur in South America.
1.1 ROSOIDAE
▸ TRIBE RUBEAE (1/1,491) ‣
a single genus.
1. Rubus L. 1,491 spp. worldwide, 136 in New World, 52 in South
America. 7 spp. in Brazil, 5up to adjacent platine countries, and two widely in
tropical America, one up to Mexico.
Rubus
has been divided into 12 subgenera of which only few species have been
domesticated; the subg. Orobatus is exclusive to South America;
representatives of the subgenera Rubus and Idaeobatus also are
found in the South America; R. rosifolius Sm. as weed in world. R.
glaucus Benth. fruits are produced from Mexico to Ecuador; they are
consumed fresh and processed for products such as jellies and beverages.
1.2 ROSOIDAE
▸ TRIBE SANGUISORBEAE (12/300–310)
- two subtribes, both in South America.
∎ SUBTRIBE
AGROMONIINAE ‣ outsdier Leucosidea (1; South Africa, Lesotho,
Zimbabwe), Aremonia (1; S and SE Europe), Spenceria (1; W
China), Hagenia (1; Central African mountains, Sudan, Ethiopia to
Zimbabwe)
2. Agrimonia
L. Perennial rhizomatous herbs; leaves interruptedly
imapripinnate. 21 spp., widely distributed in Europe and Asia southwards to Sri
Lanka and Java, 8 from Canada to Guatemala, and two in South America: A.
villosa Cham. & Schltdl in Brazil, grows in 900-1,100 m in mountains
forests of São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul states, also in NE Argentina, and A.
hirsuta Bong. ex C.A. Mey. endemic to S
Brazil.
∎ SUBTRIBE
SANGUISORBIINAE ‣ outsiders Cliffortia (c 120; S Africa to Angola and
Kenya, with their highest diversity in the Cape Provinces), Poterium (13;
Europe, Madeira, Canary Islands, Mediterranean, North Africa, temperate
Asia), Poteridium (1; W U.S.A., NW
Mexico), Sanguisorba (c 15; temperate regions on the Northern
Hemisphere).
3. Acaena Mutis. (inc. Margyricarpus,
Polylepis, Tetraglochin)
Perennial herbs either tufted or stoloniferous, sometimes
cushions, slightly woody at the base,
shrubs,
erect or creeping, sometimes spiny, possibly evergreen, or trees up to 25 m
tall; leaves
are imparipinnate, the leaflets mostly lobed or toothed, the flowers are small,
more or less sessile, clustered in heads or interrupted spikes, petals are
absent and the solitary carpels produce an achene enclosed in a spiny
hypanthium. 108 spp., A. pinnatifida
Ruiz & Pav. in California, Argentina and Chile, South Africa and Hawaii
one endemic each, 22 in Australia and New Zealand, and other 82 confined to
South America and adjacent Antarctic Islands, six in Brazil: three endemic (two
confiend to Santa Catarina state), Acaena [M.] pinnatus (Lam.) Kuntze,
widely distributed in Colombia to Argentina, S Brazil, central Chile, and SE
Uruguay; A. myriophylla Lindl. from S Brazil to E Argentina; and A. eupatoria
Cham. & Schltdl. from S Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay.
Although
some members of the genus are components of the upper montane forest, others
occur in woodlands at elevations as high as 5,200 m, completely surrounded by
puna vegetation and well isolated from any other type of forest; populations
of Acaena [Polylepis] tarapacana Phil. (Bolivia and Cono
Sur) near Nevado Sajama, Bolivia, grow at about 5,600 m in altitude, making the highest record of trees in the world,
displacing records of Abies squamata Masters (Pinaceae) in SW
China.
1.3 ROSOIDAE
▸ TRIBE POTENTILLEAE (11–13/c.
1.360) ‣ two
subtribes, both in South America.
∎ SUBTRIBE
POTENTILIINAE (1/493) ‣ a single genus.
4. Potentilla
L.
505 spp., 161 in New World, 5 in South America, Argentina, Peru and Bolivia one
endemic each, P. heterosepala Fritsch occur from
Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela, and P. dombeyi Nestl. in Ecuador and
Peru.
∎ SUBTRIBE
FRAGARIINAE ‣ outsiders Argentina (c 65; Eurasia to New
Guinea), Comarum (1; temperate regions on the Northern
Hemisphere), Farinopsis (1; Himalayas, Central Asia, Siberia, Mongolia,
China), Sibbaldia (2–4; arctic and alpine regions on the
Northern Hemisphere), Sibbaldianthe (2; Europe to Siberia and
W China), Sibbaldiopsis (1; Pakistan, Kashmir, India, Nepal, Bhutan,
Sikkim, China); Dasiphora (3; temperate regions on the
Northern Hemisphere), Chamaerhodos (7; Central and E Asia, W North
America), Drymocallis (3; Europe, Mediterranean,
temperate Asia), Chamaecallis (1; Afghanistan, Himalayas, SW China,
Burma)
5. Alchemilla L. Perennial herbs and shrubs. 798 spp., mainly Holarctic
distribution with a centre of species richness in western Eurasia but occurs
also in S India, Sri Lanka, Java, China and Japan and on the mountains of
Africa and Madagascar, 67 in New World, from Canada to South America (54), highly
centered in northern Andes, one of the most important and most species rich
groups of plants in the andean páramos, between 2,200 and 5,000 m in elevation,
where they can form dense stands. Only one in E South America, A. parodii
(I.M.Johnst.) Rothm., from S Brazil to S Argentina.
6. Fragaria
L. Perennial rhizomatous herbs, often
stoloniferous. 24 spp., 18 from C to E Asia, up to SE Russia, F. moschata
Duchesne ex Weston and F. viridis Weston widely in Eurasia, F. vesca
L. from North America to Guatemala, Macaronesia, Europe to Siberia and China, F.
cascadensis K.E.Hummer from NW U.S.A., F. virginiana Mill. from E
Canada to N & E.U.S.A. and N Mexico, and F. chiloensis (L.) Mill.
disjunct in Hawaii, California, Bolivia, C & S Chile to S Argentina.
1.4 ROSOIDAE
▸ TRIBE COLURIEAE (2–3/c 60) ‣
outsider Fallugia (1; SW U.S.A., NW Mexico).
7. Geum L. Perennial small rosettes, leaves imparipinnate. 56 spp., one
sp. in South Africa, Tasmania, New Zealand and adjacent islands in subantartic
region, remaining in Europe, Asia, and North and South America, 25 in New
World, 9 in South America: 6 only in Cono Sur, G. boliviense Focke and G.
involucrata Juss. ex Pers. up to Bolivia and S Brazil, and G. peruvianum
Focke from Colombia to Peru, in open vegetation and forests, some weedy.
2. SUBFAMILY
SPIRAEOIDEAE (45/1.040 - 1.330) ‣
7 tribes, Lyonothamneae (1/1, California), Neillieae
(2/25-32, Asia and North America), Sorbarieae
(4/13, Asia, U.S.A., Mexico) and Kerriodae
(7/10, Asia, U.S.A., Mexico) do not occur in South America.
2.1 SPIRAEOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE AMYGDALEAE (1/230
- 490) - a single genus.
8. Prunus L. Trees or shrubs, rarely with thorns, evergreen or
leaf-shedding. 346 spp., cosmopolitan genus, relatively few species in
Neotropics and tropical Africa. 93 in New World, 43 in South America, 8 in
Brazil, 5 of then from Brazil and adjacent countries, P. myrtifolia (L.)
Urb. widely
distributed in New World, and two endemic.
2.2 SPIRAEOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE SPIRAEEAE (8/90-110)
‣ outsiders Aruncus (1; temperate
regions on the Northern Hemisphere), Kelseya (1; W U.S.A.), Eriogynia (1; NW North America), Petrophytum
(3; W North America), Sibiraea (4; the Balkan Peninsula,
Siberia, Central and E Asia), Spiraea (80–100; temperate
regions on the Northern Hemisphere south to Himalayas and Mexico), Xerospiraea (1; Mexico).
9. Holodiscus
(K.
Koch) Maxin. Shrubs, unarmed, leaf sheding, up to 20 m
tall. 7 spp. from Mexico to Guatemala, H. argenteus (L.f.) Maxim.
disjunct in NW Mexico and Colombia; montane habitats, in forests and rocks.
2.3 SPIRAEOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE PYRODAE (27/700-730)
- two subtribes, Gillenieae (1/2, U.S.A.) does not occur in
South America; among the unique lineage in South American, Pyreae, are
three lineages, two in South America, and Vauquelinia Clade (1/2,
Mexico/North American).
∎ KEGENECKIA
LINEAGE (2/4) ‣ outsider Lindleya (1; Mexico)
10. Kageneckia Ruiz &
Pavon. Shrubs or small tres; leaves serrate. Three spp. from Peru, Bolivia,
Chile and Argentina.
∎
PYRINAE (18/690 - 720) ‣
outsiders are Dichotomanthes (1; SW China), Eriobotrya (11–15;
Himalayas, E Asia, mountains in W Malesia), Rhaphiolepis (5; E and SE
Asia), Sorbus (130–140; temperate regions on the Northern
Hemisphere), Amelanchier (c 20; temperate regions on the
Northern Hemisphere south to Guatemala), Pyrus (15–20; Europe,
Mediterranean, temperate Asia), Aronia (c 40; Himalayas to
Japan and Sumatra, E North America, America Central), Malus (c 40;
temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere), Cydonia (1; the
Caucasus, Kurdistan), Docynia (1; E Himalayas, S China, N
Thailand), Pseudocydonia (1; China), Chaenomeles (3; China,
Korean Peninsula, Japan), Cotoneaster (260; temperate regions
in the Old World), Pyracantha (7; NE Spain to northern Iran;
Himalayas; SW to central China inc. Taiwan), Crataegus (140–150;
temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere), Osteomeles (1–3;
China (inc. Taiwan), the Ryukyu islands, the Cook Islands, Tonga, Pitcairn
Island, Rapa Iti, Hawai), Chamaemeles (1; Madeira).
11. Hesperomeles Lindl. 11 spp. restricted from
Colombia to Peru and Bolivia.
LINEAGE
2 of 3: RHAMNOIDS
RHAMNACEAE
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Genera/species 63/940–990
Distribution cosmopolitan except polar areas, with their largest
diversity in tropical and subtropical regions. Habit usually bisexual
(rarely monoecious, dioecious or androdioecious), evergreen or deciduous trees,
shrubs or lianas (sometimes with tendrils or hooks; Crumenaria decumbens
is a perennial herb), often with spines, often xeromorphic. Some species have
phyllocladia and reduced leaves.
They are
characterized by flowers with petal-opposed stamens (obhaplostemony) and a
tendency towards xeromorphism. Obhaplostemony is a relatively rare feature in
angiosperms, and this has resulted in Rhamnaceae being associated with other
families such as Vitaceae and Cornaceae exhibiting this arrangement. The
xeromorphic adaptations exhibited by some members of the family include reduced
or absent leaves, crowding of leaves, shortening of branch axes, presence of
thorns or spines, and a low, shrubby habit. There are few plants of economic
value in Rhamnaceae, the most notable being the jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.),
a fruit tree, and the ornamental shrubs Ceanothus and Colletia.The
xeromorphic adaptations exhibited by some members of the family include reduced
or absent leaves, crowding of leaves, shortening of branch axes, presence of
thorns or spines, and a low, shrubby habit. Colletia
paradoxa (Spreng) Escal from Brazil to Argentina and Chile,
Uruguay and Paraguay exibs curious thorns as leaves, and know as Crucifixion
thorn or Barbd Wire Bush (for obvious reason). Z.
joazeiro is known as joazeiro in NE Brazil.
SYSTEMATIC ten
small lineages do not occur in South America: Ventilagineae (2/20–45,
tropical regions in the Old World), Maesopsideae (1/1, tropical Africa),
Bathiorhamneae (1/7, Madagascar), Doerpfeldieae (1/1, Cuba), Lasiodiscus
clade (1/12, tropical Africa, Madagascar), Emmenosperma clade
(1/5, New Guinea, N and E Australia, New Caledonia, Fiji), Schistocarpaea
clade (1/1, NE Queensland), Phyliceae (3–4/190–195, S Africa,
Madagascar, Mascarene Islands, Amsterdam Island, St. Helena, Tristan da Cunha,
Gouth Island), Ceanothus clade (1/c 55, North America, Mexico,
with their highest diversity in California and NW Mexico) and Pomaderreae
(10/210–220, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, with their highest diversity in
Western Australia). 345 spp. in New World, 112 in South America.
UNPLACED
GENERA
1. Araracuara
Fern. Alonso. Shrubs or small trees, few
ramificated; leaves clustered, up to terminal
branches; inflorescences thyrso-paniculates. Only one spp., A. vetusta
Fern. Alonso, known only rocky fields from Caqueta region, SE Colombia.
1. TRIBE
RHAMNEAE (14/265–270) ‣ outsiders
Rhamnus (c 70; temperate to tropical regions on the Old
World), Berchemiella (2; Japan; Hubei in
China), Ventia (6; North and America Central, Mexico), Rhamnella
(c 10; N Pakistan to China, Korean Peninsula and Japan, New Guinea, E
Queensland, Fiji and Tonga), Dallachya (1; New Guinea, islands in W
Pacific), Berchemia (c 20; E Africa to E Asia, New Caledonia, W
North America), Auerodendron (10; the W Indies), Reynosia (c
15; Florida, America Central, Caribbean).
2. Condalia
Cav. 25 spp., mainly U.S.A. to Guatemala, 7 in South
America, one endemic to
Colombia, one from Caribbean to Venezuela, another
in Peru and Ecuador, remaining four in C Bolivia to C Argentina and SE Brazil
(only C. buxifolia Reissek,
non endemic).
3. Frangula
Mill. Herbs to shrubs or small trees, 5-merous flowers.
56 spp., widely distributed, Eurasia and Magreb. 44 in South to North America,
13 in South America, mainly in Colombia and Venezuela, some up to Cono Sur. 4
spp. in Brazil, one endemic.
4. Karwinskia
Zucc. 19 spp., from Texas to Panamá and Caribbean,
with K. colombiana Dugand & M.C. Johnst. is
endemic to Colombia and K. humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc. Ranges from U.S.A.
to Panamá and Venezuela.
5. Krugiodendron
Urb. Evergreen shrubs or small trees; leaves
opposite, flowers in axillary, sessile or shortly pendunculate. Only one spp., K.
ferreum (Vall.) Urb., Caribbean, S Florida,
Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela.
6. Rhamnidium
Reissek. 11 spp., highly disjunct, 6 only in Caribbean
and 5 from Brazil, two endemic, R.
elaeocarpum Reissek up to Ecuador and two up to Paraguay.
7. Rhamnus
L. 138 spp. widely from N Europe and Africa to New Guinea, 10 in
New World, 9 from Canada to Guatemala and R. diffusa Clos endemic to
Chile.
8. Sageretia
Broingn. 38 spp., 33
from NE Africa to Asia (mostly, China) up to Java, four from U.S.A. and Mexico,and
S. elegans (Kunth) Brongn.
From Mexico to NW Venezuela, NW Argentina and Paraguay.
9. Scutia
Comm. ex Brongn. 5 spp., one in tropics Old World, and
4 in tropical South America, two from
Colombia to Ecuador, S. arenicola (Casar.) Reissek endemic to Brazil,
and S. buxifolia Reissek from Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina and Uruguay.
2. TRIBE
AMPELOZIZIPHEAE (1/1) ‣
a single genus.
10. Ampelozizyphus
Ducke. Vining
shrubs or high-climbing lianas. Three spp., A.
amazonicus Ducke, from Amazon rainforest of Brazil, Colombia (also in
Chocó), Ecuador, Perú, the Orinoco river basin in Venezuela (Bolívar, and
southern Apure states), and Guianas; A. guaquirensis Meier & P. E.
Berry, a tree from Venezuela’s Coastal Cordillera; and A. kuripacorum
Aymard & Castro-Lima, known from Guianía department, Colombia.
A.
amazonicus is
well known as an Amazonian medicinal plant used to treat infections, diseases
(i.e., malaria, stomach pain, liver disorders, gastritis, inflammation of the
prostate, and rheumatism), snake bites, and also as a fortifying tonic and even
as an aphrodisiac.
3. TRIBE
GOUANIEAE (6/c 63) ‣ outsider Helinus (5; tropical and S Africa,
Madagascar, NW India).
11. Alvimiantha Gray-Wilson.
Evergreen climbing shrubs; leaves triplinerved. Only one species, A.
tricamerata Gray-Wilson, endemic to dry regions of NE Brazil.
12. Crumenaria
Mart. Annual or perennial herbs, leafy or
almost leafless, sometimes with xylopodium;
leaves alternate, with stipules; inflorescence a 1-14 flowered umbel, terminal
or axillar; flowers pedicellated, with campanulate or turbinate-campanulate
floral tube. 4 spp. from Brazil, one endemic, the remaining up to Paraguay to
Argentina, C. decumbens
Mart. also in Honduras and Guatemala.
13. Gouania
Jack. Climbing shrubs or lianes; branches
provided with coiled tendrils, pubescent, glabrescent later; leaves alternate,
petiolate; inflorescence a paniculate thyrse; flowers usually bisexual; sepals 5;
petals 5, cucullate; inserted below margin of disc; fruit a schizocarp,
longitudinally 3-winged (or 3-angled), septicidal, separating into 3 woody or
coriaceous, indehiscent cocci; seeds compressed or planoconvex. 73 spp.,
pantropical, and need of revision. 36 spp. in New World, 25 in South America, 16
in Brazil, 4 endemic.
14. Jonstonalia
Tortosa. Climbers with tendrils in
the flowering branches; leaves sparse, elliptic, entire, 3-nerved, petiolate;
flowers in axillary, sessile, 2-flowered inflorescences; fruit schizocarp,
giving rise to three. Only one sp., J. axilliflora
(M.C. Johnst.) Tortosa, endemic to Cajamarca region in Peru.
15. Reissekia Endl.
Evergreen shrubs, flowers in terminal or in axillary cymes; hypanthium shallow.
Only one sp., R. smilacina (Smith) Endl., dry areas in NE Brazil.
4. TRIBE
PALIUREAE (5/110–160) ‣ outsiders
Hovenia (3; Himalayas, N Burma, China, Korean Peninsula,
Japan), Paliurus (5; Mediterranean to Japan), Ziziphus
(70-120; tropical and subtropical regions on Old World), Pseidoziziphus
(2; North America and Mexico).
16. Sarcomphalus
L. Shrubs or small to
medium-sized trees, deciduous, 1–10(–15) m tall, spinose; stems and primary
branches with brownish or greyish bark, branchlets glabrous to pubescent, often
with short, leaf-baring shoots; plants armed by usually paired, non-leafy spines.
29 spp., California to N South America, E Brazil (5, 3 endemic),
and adjacent Andes in Bolivia and Argentina. 13 in South America.
5. COLUBRINA
CLADE (4/c 52) ‣
outsiders Jaffrea (2; New Caledonia), Alphitonia (c 15;
Malesia to New Guinea, N and E Australia, islands in W Pacific, Hawaiian), Granitites
(1; SW Australia)
17. Colubrina
Rich ex Brongn. 44
spp., Asia and Africa, U.S.A. to Argentina, Caribbean. 32 in New
World, 8 in South America, three in Brazil, one
endemic.
6. TRIBE
COLLETIEAE (6/29) ‣ outsider Adolphia (2; SW Unites States, NW Mexico)
18. Colletia
Comm. ex Juss. 5 spp., Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
Chile (also Juan Fernandes), Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil (2, one
endemic).
19. Discaria
Hook. Six spp., Australia
and New Zealand (3), three in Cono Sur, with D. americana Gillies & Hook. up to S Brazil and Uruguay.
20. Kentrothamnus
Suess.
& Overkott. Shrubs 1-4 m. tan; leaves decussate (sometimes slightly offset,
not perfectly opposite); flowers solitary or in few-flowered fascicles,
bisexual, 5-merous, fruit a 3-parted schizocarpous pedestalled capsule ca. 5
mm. long, the 3 parts at maturity separating from each other and from the
pedestal and each splitting in a ventral-apical midline to release the seed. Only
one sp., K. weddellianus (Miers) M. C. Johnst), growing in very arid scrub on rocky mountain-slopes,
and that it grows taller near stream banks than in the more xeric places (1-2
m.), in S Bolivia and NW Argentina.
21. Ochetophila
Poepp. ex Endl. Prostrate to erect, leafy, often spiny shrubs
or trees up to 8 m tall, with actinorhizal root nodules. Two
spp., from Argentina and Chile.
22. Retanilla
(DC.) Brongn. 4 spp.
from Chile and Argentina.
23. Trevoa
Miers
ex. Hook. Three spp., endemic
to Chile.
LINEAGE
3 of 3: CORE MORA/URTICALEAN
ULMACEAE
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Genera/species
7/43–50 Distribution subtropical and temperate regions in North America
and Eurasia, southern America Central, parts of Malesia, with their highest
diversity in temperate regions, also in tropical Africa. Habit bisexual,
monoecious, andromonoecious or polygamomonoecious, evergreen or deciduous trees
or shrubs. Prophylls usually basal. Use ornamental plants, timber,
carpentries.
Family of
about 7 genera and 40 species, distributed in temperate and tropical regions;
in the South America there are two genera and about 12 species. Ulmus
mexicana (Liebm.) Planch., from Mexico to Panamá, is the largest
tree in Mexico and America Central, reaching
into 87 m tall.
Key to
genera of the South American Ulmaceae
1. Fruit a
samara with 2 unequal, falcate wings ------------ Phyllostylon
1. Fruit
drupaceous ------------ Ampelocera
or
1. Samara
1-winged ------------ Ulmus
1. Samara
with 2 unequal and falcate wings ------------ Phyllostylon
Key
differences from similar families
ü Plants
without latex, unarmed (sometimes armed in Cannabaceae, usually with latex in
Moraceae).
ü Leaves
simple, alternate, distichous, sometimes with cystoliths, stipules lateral
(leaves simple or compound, alternate or opposite, without cystoliths, stipules
lateral in Cannabaceae; Moraceae generally with simple leaf, alternate,
ü rarely
opposite, without cystoliths, usually terminal stipule).
ü Perianth
imbricate at pre-anthesis (imbricate in Cannabaceae, imbricate or valvular in
Moraceae).
ü Fruit samara
or drupaceous (drupe or achene in Cannabaceae and Moraceae, sometimes forming
compound fruit (syconium) in the latter).
SYSTEMATIC outsiders
Hemiptelea (1; N China, Korean
Peninsula), Holoptelea (2; W, C and SW tropical
Africa; India), Planera (1; SE U.S.A.), Ulmus (25–30; temperate regions on the
Northern Hemisphere and southwards to N Mexico), Zelkova (6; Crete; E
Türkiye, the Caucasus, N Iran; China (inc. Taiwan), Korean Peninsula,
Japan, Kuril Islands; Sicily; China).
1. Ampelocera Klotzsch. Small to large, monoecious trees; branches without spines;
inflorescences axillary. 10 spp. (9 in South America), 4 from Mexico to Bolivia
and Venezuela, one in Caribbean, 5 in Brazil, four widely in tropical South
America, and one endemic. Bark Ampelocera are hardwood and are used in
building homes, furniture or dormant; the bark of specific A. edentula
Kuhlm. is astringent, toxic and ulcerative, and it is used by the population of
the Pichis valley, Peru, for tattoos.
2. Phyllostylon Capanema ex
Benth. Andromonoecious trees or shrubs, with sriff
irregular branches without spines. Only one sp., P. rhamnoides
(J. Poiss.) Taub. Widely distributed from Mexico to Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay
and Caribbean.
CANNABACEAE
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Genera/species
10/130–180. Distribution tropical and subtropical regions, sometimes
temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Habit usually monoecious,
polygamomonoecious or dioecious (rarely bisexual), usually evergreen (sometimes
deciduous) trees or shrubs (some species of Celtis are lianas),
perennial or annual herbs (Humulus is twining and climbing by means of
specialized hairs). Use ornamental plants, fibre plants (ropes and paper
from phloem of male plants of Cannabis sativa L.), beer spices (Humulus
lupulus L.), seed oils, medicinal plants and narcotics (Cannabis sativa),
timber, carpentries.
The Celtis species
are hard to identify because their flowers are very similar and the
morphological characters usually cited by different authors have great
variation. The taxonomy of the genus requires extensive revision,
because the available studies do not adequately account for the status of the
many published names. Trema micrantha (L.)
Blume is a species of wide geographical distribution and great
morphological variability. Studies on its biology in two natural populations
revealed that several plants do change their sex during the breeding season;
these studies revealed also the occurrence of rare bisexual flowers.
We accept two species for the Neotropical region but the genus, like Celtis,
also needs extensive revision. Some species of Celtis provide
hardwood, some are ornamental or have edible fruits. The fruits of Aphananthe
monoica are also edible. Trema micrantha is an
important species in the regeneration of deforested areas; its fruits are
enjoyed by birds; the bark can be used to make handmade paper and its
timber for manufacturing industrial paper.
Key to
genera of South American Cannabaceae
1. Leaves
opposite; stipules united, leaving a conspicuous interpetiolar scar ------------ Lozanella
1. Leaves
alternate; stipules free or united only at their base -2
2. Trees,
unarmed; tepals induplicate-valvate in bud, stigmas 2, simple ------------ Trema
2. Trees or
shrubs, sometimes scandent, sometimes armed; tepals imbricate in bud, stigmas
2, simple or bifurcate ------------ Celtis
Key
differences from similar families
ü Plants without latex,
sometimes armed, never urticating (latex in all parenchymatic tissues in
Moraceae or restricted to bark in Urticaceae; plants unarmed in Ulmaceae,
Moraceae (except Maclura) and Urticaceae; sometimes urticating in
Urticaceae).
ü Leaves simple,
alternate, distichous, rarely opposite (leaves simple or lobed, alternate,
distichous, spiral or opposite in Moraceae and Urticaceae).
ü Leaves usually 3-nervate
from base (penninerved with secondary venation ending in the teeth of the
margin in Ulmaceae; penninerved or palmate in Moraceae and Urticaceae).
ü Flower unisexual with
apical placentation (flower unisexual or bisexual in Ulmaceae; basal
placentation in Urticaceae).
ü Fruit drupaceous (samara
or nut in Ulmaceae; drupe or achene in Moraceae and Urticaceae, sometimes
forming a compound fruit).
SYSTEMATIC
outsiders Aphananthe (1, Mexico to C America), Gironniera (6; Sri
Lanka, SE Asia, S China to islands in the Pacific), Cannabis (1; C
Asia), Humulus (2–3; temperate regions on the C Hemisphere), Pteroceltis
(1; N and C China), Chaetachme (2; tropical and S
Africa, Madagascar).
1. Celtis L. (inc. Sparrea) Monoecious or rarely polygamoecious tres, shrubs or rarely
lianas, scandent shrubs with spines. 70 spp.,
worldwide, 26 from Mexico and Caribbean islands to Argentina, 15 in South
America, 12 in Brazil, 6 endemic.
2. Lozanella Greenm. Two spp., L.
enantiophylla (Donn. Sm.) Killip & C.V. Morton from Mexico to
Bolivia and
L.
permollis Killip &
C.V. Morton
from tropical Andes.
3. Trema Lour. Monoecious, dioecious, or polygamous tres or shrubs;
branches without spines. 18 spp., 14 in tropical Africa to Oceania, and 4 in
New World, two widely distributed in South America, from U.S.A., Mexico,
and Caribbean islands to N Argentina, both in Brazil, one in Cuba, and one
from Florida to Caribbean.
MORACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 27, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species 48/1,100-1,150
Distribution tropical and subtropical regions; some species in temperate
regions. Habit monoecious or dioecious (rarely gynodioecious), usually
evergreen (sometimes deciduous) trees, shrubs, lianas, suffrutices or perennial
herbs (Dorstenia and other tuberous geophytes or succulents; in Fatoua
annual herbs). Often with large plank buttresses. Certain species of Ficus
are epiphytes, some of which, the ’stranglers’, anchor in the soil by means of
adventitious roots and then ‘strangle’ the host tree by the growth of these
roots causing the death of the host.
The family
is distributed throughout the Neotropics, with a major center of diversity in
northern South America, specifically the Amazon rainforests, where all
Neotropical genera are represented. Dorstenia has a concentration of
species mainly in northern America Central and the Greater Antilles and in the
Atlantic forests of SE Brazil. All genera are endemic and restricted to the
neotropics with the exception of Morus, Trophis, Dorstenia
and Ficus which have a pantropical distribution pattern.
Use
Ornamental plants, fruits (Ficus carica L., Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson)
Fosberg, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., Morus nigra L.), textile
(tapa) and paper (Antiaris, Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér.
ex Vent.), nutrient substrate of silk moth larvae (Bombyx mori on Morus
alba L.), narcotics (Brosimum acutifolium Huber),
medicinal plants, arrow poison, rubber (Castilla elastica
Sessé, Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.), timber. Castilla
elastica is known as caucho in South America, have util latex. The
genus Artocarpus J.R. & G. Foster and Morus alba L. are
naturalized in the Neotropics, grown for their edible fruits.
The
jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) produces massive seed-bearing
fruits on its branches. Native to the Indo-Malaysian region, this tree is grown
throughout the tropics for its pulpy, edible fruit. It belongs to the same
genus as the famous breadfruit (A. altilis). According to Charles Heiser
(Seed to Civilization, 1973), jackfruits may reach nearly three feet (0.9 m)
and weigh up to 75 pounds (34 kg), thus making them the largest
tree-bearing fruits on earth.
The
inflorescences of the family are among the most complex in
Angiosperms; these are often associated with pollination systems in
which plants provide breeding sites as a reward for the pollinator. For the
genus Ficus entomophily is well documented where the pollination is
carried out by wasps of the family Agaonidae (Chalcidoidae, Hymenoptera). The
two neotropical sections Americana and Pharmacosycea are
pollinated by the wasp genera Pegoscapus and Tetrapus
respectively. The Neotropical Castilla elastica Sessé, the New Guinea Antiaropsis
decipiens K. Shum. and probably all species of tribe Castilleae are
pollinated by thrips (Thysanoptera). Although the family always have been
cited, even in the recent scientific literature, as an example of a
wind-pollinated group, probably only 6% of all species of the family are really
anemophilous.
SYSTEMATIC only one lineage absent in South America: Parartocarpeae (3/7; S
Burma, Peninsular Thailand, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra).
371 spp. in New World, 324 in South America, a half in Ficus.
1. TRIBE
ARTOCARPEAE (4/c 65) ‣
outsider Artocarpus (c 60; tropical Asia east to islands in W
Pacific).
1. Acanthinophyllum (off Clarisia) Allemão. Trees. Only one
sp., A. ilicifolium (Spreng.) W.C.Burger, widely in northern South
America up to SE Brazil.
2. Batocarpus H.Karst.
Canopy tree, stems and the shallow roots covered with elevated red lenticels; inflorescences axillary;
pistillate inflorescences multiflorous and globose-capitate; fruiting perianth
green.
Three spp. from Costa Rica to Amazonian rainforest of Bolivia,
all widely distributed, all in Brazil.
3. Clarisia Ruiz &
Pav. Ruiz & Pav. (exc. Acanthinophyllum) Trees or shrubs up to 40
m tall, dioecious; fruit adnate to is fleshy perianth; inflorescences often cauliflorous, or if axillary then the bark at the
base of the trunk reddish; pistillate inflorescences uniflorous or multiflorous
and discoid-capitate; fruiting perianth red, orange, pale yellow, or greenish
yellow).
Three spp., C. biflora Ruiz & Pav. and C. racemosa Ruiz &
Pav. widely from Mexico to Brazil, and C. mexicana (Liebm.) Lanj. from
Mexico to Costa Rica.
2. TRIBE
MOREAE (9/65–70) ‣ outsiders Ampalis
(2, Madagascar and Comoro), Maillardia (2, Madagascar and Comoro), Milicia (2; tropical
Africa), Taxotrophis (6, India to New Guinea).
4. Bagassa Aubl. Trees,
opposite leaves (unique at Moraceae). Only
one sp., B. guianensis Aubl., knows as tatajuba, in Guianas and N
Brazil, in dense canopy rainforest.
5. Morus
L.
Trees, leaves alternate distichous, the margin crenate to serrate. 17 spp., 14
in Asia from Russia and Iran to Indonesia, two only North America from Canada
and U.S.A., one up to Mexico, and M. celtidifolia Kunth. from
Mexico to Bolivia.
6. Paratrophis
Blume.
12 spp., 11 from Borneo to Pacific islands, slightly centered in New Zealand,
and P. insignis (Bureau) E.M.Gardner from Mexico to NW Argentina and
Venezuela.
7. Sorocea A. St-Hil.
Lamina is slightly to pronouncedly inequilateral; leaf margin mostly dentate to
denticulate, sometimes the teeth and acumen spinulose. 22 spp., all in South
America, 4 up to Mexico or America Central, slightly centered in Atlantic
Forest of Brazil. 15 spp. in Brazil, 8 endemic.
8. Trophis P.Browne. 5
spp., tropical America, three in South America, one in Brazil, T. racemosa
(L.) Urb., restricted for Acre state.
3. TRIBE OLMEDIEAE
(2/15) ‣ outsider: Streblus (14;
tropical Africa, Madagascar, SE Asia, E Queensland, E New South Wales, Solomon
Islands, Norfolk Island, New Zealand, Micronesia, Polynesia).
9. Olmedia Ruiz &
Pav. Only one sp., O. aspera Ruiz & Pav., Nicaragua to Bolivia and
Acre state in N Brazil.
4. TRIBE
MACLUREAE (1/11) ‣ a single
genus.
10. Maclura Nutt. Climbers, trees or shrubs up to 37 m tall, dioecious,
straight to curve spines, axillary thorns; inflorescence often with
glands with yellow dye; bracts of male flowers not peltate; bracts of female
flowers sometimes peltate; stigmas usually two, often unequal in length. 13 spp.,
mainly tropical, 4 in New World, M. pomifera (Raf.) C.K. Schneid. in
North America, one endemic to Mexico, M. brasiliensis (Mart.)
Endl. and M. tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. in Neotropics, both in
Brazil, none endemic.
5. TRIBE
DORSTENIEAE (12/140–145) ‣ outsiders Fatoua (2; Madagascar,
E and SE Asia, N and E Australia, New Caledonia), Broussonetia (8;
Madagascar, tropical and subtropical Asia), Malaisia
(1; Malesia), Bleekrodea (4; Madagascar, the Malay Peninsula,
Borneo), Sloetia (1; W Malesia, Philippines, Sulawesi), Utsetela
(2; Gabon, Congo), Trilepisium (1; tropical and S Africa,
Madagascar, Mascarene Islands), Treculia (3; tropical W and C
Africa, Madagascar), Bosqueiopsis (1; tropical Africa), Scyphosyce
(2; tropical W and C Africa), Sloetiopsis (1, Africa).
11. Brosimum Sw. Trees,
monoecious and dioecious up to 40 m tall, inflorescences usually bisexual and
globose, covered with peltate bracts. 19 spp., in Central and South America (all);
17 spp. occur in Brazil, two endemic.
12. Dorstenia L. Herbs,
subshrubs or shrubs, often succulent, oftem with taproots
tubers, monoecious; tepals absent in the pistillate flower, interfloral
bracts simple, expanded receptacle with several minute flowers crowded and
fused with each other, the peripheral ones fused with the margin of the
receptacle; herbaceous habit; inflorescence a receptacle with variable shape -
orbicular, elliptic, obovate, angulate, stellate or furcate. 122 spp., 55 in
New World, 34 in South America (29 in Brazil, 26 endemic, 12 spp. of this genus in Bahia, Espirito Santo, Rio de
Janeiro and Minas Gerais states are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book), more 60 spp. in Africa and only one sp. in Asia; the
neotropical species falls all in the exclusive New World section Dorstenia:
6. TRIBE
FICEAE (1/750–800) ‣ a
single genus.
13. Ficus L. Trees, subshrubs, climbers, stranglers, or woody
epiphytes, monoecious or dioecious, one of
the most diverse genera with regard to habit and life form,
with both deciduous and evergreen free standing trees (up to 40 tall in
Brazil), small shrubs, stranglers, root climbers and creepers, with
inflorescence in urceolate receptacles, often cauliflorous,
the syconium enclosing the flowers, with a narrow opening called an ostiole
allowing the pollination by wasps (Agaonidae, Chalcidoidea, Hymenoptera). 880
spp., 500 in SE Asia/Australasia, 189 in New World, 167 in South America (81 in
Brazil, 16 endemic, 5 of then in Acre, Roraima, Mato
Grosso and Pernambuco (Fernando de Noronha) states are rare plants in Brazil,
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book) including three unvailabke in
distribution (F. llanensis Dugand., F. llewelynii standl., F.
mitrophora Warb.), and 100 in Africa. Six subgenera:
§ subg. Ficus - Malesian
region and mainland Asia.
§ subg. Pharmacosycea
- New World, Pacific to West Africa; two or more
sections.
§ sect. Oreosycea
- 55 spp., centered in Oceania.
§ sect. Pharmacosycea
- free standing terrestrial trees except subsect. Carautae; ca. 35 spp.,
6 in Atlantic Forest; chloroplast genome data confidently resolved
relationships among major groups of figs and largely support current
understanding based on nuclear sequence data including passively pollinated
Neotropical section Pharmacosycea as sister lineage to all other Ficus;
three subsections.
o
subsect.
Carautae - only one sp., F. crassivenosa W.C. Burger, from Costa
Rica to N Brazil, common in lowland region, plants
initially hemi-epiphytic with adventitious roots unique among neotropical subg.
Pharmacosycea.
o
subsect.
Bergianae.
o
subsect.
Petenensis.
§ subg. Urostigma -
New World, Pacific to West Africa.
§ sect. Americana
– tree or shrubs, often hemi-epiphyte; inflorescence a syconium; with a waxy
glandular spot at the base of the midrib of the lower surface of the leaf; ca.
130 spp.
§ subg. Sycidium - West
Africa to Pacific region.
§ subg. Synoecia -
New World, Pacific to West Africa.
§ subg. Sycomorus -
West Africa to Pacific region.
7. TRIBE
CASTILLEAE (11/60–65) ‣
outsiders Sparattosyce (1; New Caledonia), Antiaropsis (2; New
Guinea), Antiaris (1; tropical regions in the Old World),
Mesogyne (1; tropical Africa).
14. Castilla Cerv. Trees, monoecious and dioecious. Three spp. from Mexico to
Bolivia and Brazil (only C. ulei Warb. in Brazil, a
over Amazon rainforest tree), all in South America. Two of them have been
economically important as a source of rubber.
15. Helicostylis Trécul. 8
spp., Central and South America up to Bolivia and Brazil (6, no endemic).
16. Maquira Aubl. Trees, mostly dioecious; fruit adnate to is fleshy
perianth; stipules free, not fully amplexicaulis. 4 spp. from N South America, all widely
and present in Brazil, none endemic.
17. Naucleopsis Miq. 25
spp., all in South America, 4 up to Mesoamerica, 17 in Brazil, 5 endemic.
18. Perebea Aubl. Tress
or shrubs, monoecious and dioecious; stipules free, amplexicaulis. 10 spp., all
in South America, 4 up to Mesoamerica, 8 in Brazil, no endemic.
19. Poulsenia Eggers.
Trees, monoeciuous, aculeate. Only one sp., P. armata (Miq.)
Standl.,
from Mexico to Bolivia up Venezuela, and Acre state in N Brazil.
20. Pseudolmedia Trécul. 11
spp., tropical America, 9 in South America, 5 in Brazil, one endemic.
URTICACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS IN POWO ON JUNE 27, 2024
Genera/species 59/c.
1,300 Distribution cosmopolitan except polar areas, with their largest
diversity in tropical Asia. Habit usually monoecious, polygamomonoecious
or dioecious (rarely bisexual), usually evergreen (sometimes deciduous) trees,
shrubs, lianas or suffrutices, perennial or annual herbs (in Coussapoa
and Poikilospermum usually epiphytes). Young stems and branches often
quadrangular in cross-section. Some arborescent species have buttresses. Cecropia
often live in symbiosis with ants.
The family
is cosmopolitan with c. 49 genera, 2,000 spp. total; and 16 genera, c. 450 spp.
in the Neotropics. Leaves with cystoliths, stipules, inflorescences bracteate, perianth
reduced to a single whorl of tepals. 684 spp. in New World, 377 in
South America.
A poorly
studied family where little is known about generic relationships and where the
monophyly of most genera remains to be tested. Understanding the floral
anatomy, especially with regards to the hypanthium, also needs much work. In
addition, Andean Pilea
is in great need of revision where a large number of new species (c. 50-100)
await description. Where Poikilospermum Zipp.
ex Miq. is described to the Cecropiaceae there is strong evidence for the
inclusion of Cecropiaceae within a monophyletic Urticaceae. Where Poikilospermum is
excluded and ascribed to the Urticaceae, however, the relationship between the
two groups is ambiguous.
Key
differences from similar families:
Ulmaceae:
gynoecium 2-3 carpelled in flower (vs. 1), ovule apical (vs. basal); anthers
not dehiscing explosively (vs. dehiscing explosively).
Moraceae:
gynoecium 2-3 carpelled in flower (rarely fruit) (vs. 1), ovule apical (vs.
basal); anthers not dehiscing explosively (vs. dehiscing explosively).
Key to
genera of Neotropical Urticaceae
1. Leaves
opposite, occasionally strongly unequal at each node and appearing alternate - 2
2. Stems and
leaves with stinging hairs; stipules forked; stigma capitate ------------ Urtica
2. Stems and
leaves without stinging hairs; stipules not forked; stigma capitate or
threadlike - 3
3. Herb,
shrub, small tree or vine; leaves never succulent, with punctiform cystoliths;
stipules narrowly ovate with a length to width ratio > 1:4; stipules free,
lateral; stigma thread-like ------------ Boehmeria
3. Herbs,
epiphytes or shrublets; leaves always succulent, with fusiform, 'V' or 'X'
shaped cystoliths; stipules fused, intrapetiolar, deltate, cordiform,
auriculate, ovate, obovate or oblong with a length to width ratio < 1:4;
stigma capitate ------------ Pilea
1. Leaves
alternate - 4
4. Stipule
scars prominent and completely encircling the stem; trees or shrubs, rarely a
vine; leaves > 50 mm, entire, 3-lobed, palmate or compound pinnatifid, or
palmatifid; secondary and third order venation consistently parallel, tertiary
veins spaced < 1 mm apart; where leaves weakly incised, a tree - 5
5. Leaves
palmately lobed or compound pinnatifid, or palmatifid - 6
6. Flowers
borne in clusters on a cymose inflorescence; seeds > 5 mm diameter ------------ Pourouma
6. Flowers
borne in compact racemes borne on a cymose inflorescence; seeds < 2 mm
diameter ------------ Cecropia
5. Leaves
entire or lobed, where lobed, entire leaves also frequently found on the same
branch - 7
7. Leaves
lobed, although entire leaves also found on the same plant; flowers borne in
clusters on a cymose inflorescence ------------ Pourouma
7. Leaves
entire, never lobed; flowers borne in capitate globose heads borne on a cymose
inflorescence ------------ Coussapoa
4. Stipule
scars not encircling the stem, prominent or not; herbs, and or epiphytes,
shrubs and or vines or trees; leaves 2-400 mm, entire, rarely lobed, never
palmate, compound pinnatifid or palmatifid; the secondary and third order
venation parallel or not, where parallel not consistently so, where leaves >
50 mm, tertiary veins spaced > 1 mm apart - 8
8.
Inflorescences strongly congested; flowers obscured by numerous or prominent
bracteoles - 9
9.
Pistillate inflorescences or portions of inflorescence with 2-4 prominent green
bracts and bracteoles -10
10. Shrubs;
leaf margins dentate or serrate ------------ Hemistylus
10. Herbs;
leaf margins entire - 11
11.
Inflorescences enveloped by two prominent cordiform bracts, which completely
obscure the flowers ------------ Rousselia
11.
Inflorescences subtended by 3-4 linear bracts, which do not completely obscure
the flowers ------------ Parietaria
9.
Pistillate inflorescences with >10 brown, grey-brown, brown or green-brown
bracts and bracteoles - 12
12. Leaf
margins entire ------------ Pouzolzia
12. Leaf
margins dentate, serrate or crenate for some part of its length - 13
13. Leaves
not strongly unequal-sized at consecutive nodes; pistillate perianth tube
absent, bracteoles conspicuous, glossy, much longer than the pistillate flowers
------------ Phenax
13. Leaves
of unequal sized at consecutive nodes or not; pistillate perianth tube present,
bracteoles inconspicuous, papery less than half length of pistillate flowers - 14
14. Leaves
of almost equal size at consecutive nodes or, where of unequal size, not
consistently so; achene easily released from the perianth in fruit, shiny ------------ Pouzolzia
parasitica
14. Leaves
of strongly unequal size at consecutive nodes; achene not easily released from
the perianth in fruit, not shiny - 15
8.
Inflorescences not strongly congested, although flowers can be borne in compact
glomerules or on a few-branched spike-like panicle; flowers not obscured by
prominent bracteoles even though frequently very small - 15
15. Upper
leaf surface with punctiform cystoliths - 16
16. Tree
> 3 m; young stems and leaves with stinging hairs ------------ Discocnide
16. Shrub
< 3 m; young stems and leaves without stinging hairs ------------ Hemistylus
15. Upper
leaf surface with fusiform cystoliths - 17
17. Young
stems and leaves with stinging hairs; stipules forked for 1/2 or more of length
------------ Laportea
17. Young
stems and leaves with or without stinging hairs; stipules forked or not forked,
where forked, divided for 1/3 or less of length - 18
18. Stipules
forked ------------ Urera
18. Stipules
not forked - 19
19.
Pistillate inflorescences pendulous, thread-like; stigma foot-shaped; achene in
fruit dry, not surrounded by a fleshy tepal or panicle branch; pistillate
inflorescences with flowers borne singly along peduncle; plants without
stinging hairs; stems without spines ------------ Myriocarpa.
19.
Pistillate inflorescences erect, not thread-like; stigma penicillate; staminate
inflorescence with flowers borne in clusters of 3-10 - 20
20. Plants
without stinging hairs; pistillate infructescence branches becoming fleshy in
fruit giving the appearance of a spadix ------------ Gyrotaenia
20. Plants
with or without stinging hairs; pistillate infructescence not becoming fleshy,
tepals becoming fleshy ------------ Urera
SYSTEMATIC 3
subfamilies, all in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
CECROPIEAE (c 32/c 500) ‣ outsiders
Leucosyke (c 50; Malesia to Polynesia), Musanga (2; tropical
Africa), Myrianthus (4–7; tropical Africa), Gesnouinia (1; Canary
Islands), Soleirolia (1; Italy, islands in W
Mediterranean); Forsskaolea (6; SE Spain, Canary Islands,
the Cape Verde Islands, Africa, Arabian Peninsula, India), Didymodoxa (3; S
and E tropical Africa to N Ethiopia), Droguetia (7; tropical
to subtropical Africa, NE India to Yunnan and Taiwan in China, and Java), Australina (2; Ethiopia,
Kenya, SE Australia, New Zealand); Oreocnide (c 18; China, Japan,
tropical Asia to New Guinea); Chamabainia (1; tropical
Asia, Taiwan in China), Gonostegia (5; S China, SE Asia to N
Australia), Neodistemon (1; tropical Asia), Pipturus (35–40;
Mascarene Islands, tropical Asia to New Guinea, N Territory and Queensland,
Melanesia, Polynesia incl. Hawai), Neraudia (5; Hawai); Debregeasia (3; Ethiopia,
tropical and subtropical Asia), Astrothalamus (1; W and C
Malesia), Archiboehmeria (1; SE Asia, S China), Sarcochlamys (1; tropical
Asia), Cypholophus (15–30; Malesia to New Guinea and islands in W
Pacific, Taiwan in China).
1. Boehmeria Jacq. Shrubs or small trees, sometimes woody-based herbaceous
perennials, monoecious or dioecious; leaves opposite, lamina triplinerved;
inflorescences axillary, usually spike-like, with flowers gathered in unisexual
glomerules along inflorescence axis (rarely sessile and globular). 51 spp.,
pantropical, 15 in New World, 14 in South America, 5 in Brazil, no endemic.
2. Cecropia
Loefl. Trees, pioneer species characteristic of
disturbed forest, trunks frequently with stilt
or buttress roots, hosting
extensive ant colonies and bearing nodes encircled by prominent stipule
scars, leaves palmately lobed or compound.
63 neotropical, 62 in South America, highly centered and Andean forests. 21
spp. in Brazil, 5 endemic. 47 spp. of this genus, many in South America and
Brazil, are myrmecophytes.
3. Coussapoa Aubl. Trees or shrubs, either hemiepiphitic, with aerial roots,
or terrestrial, with stilt-roots, leaves entire; mainly in lowland forests. 50
spp., from Central and South America (42), 23 spp. in Brazil, 7 endemic, C. arachnoidea
Akkermans & C.C.Berg from Amapá state and C. floccosa Akkermans
& C.C.Berg from Minas Gerais state are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book. C. asperifolia Trécul from norther South America
is a myrmecophyte.
4. Hemistylus Benth. Small trees or shrubs, leaves alternate, long-petiolate,
entire or dentate. 4 spp. from S to Venezuela to Ecuador, with H. odontophylla Wedd. disjunct
in Mexico and H. boehmerioides Benth. also in Brazil.
5. Parietaria L. Herbs, annual or perennial, sparsely to densely pubescent
with hooked and straight, nonstinging hairs on all parts of plant, stinging
hairs absent; stems often branched from base, erect, ascending, or decumbent; leaves
alternate; stipules absent; inflorescences axillary; flowers bisexual,
staminate, or pistillate, proximal flowers usually bisexual and staminate,
distal flowers pistillate. 25 spp., subcosmopolitan distribution, 7 spp. in New
World, all North and America Central except two in South America, one in
Brazil, P. floridana Nutt., also from U.S.A. to Argentina, S Brazil, and Cuba.
6. Phenax Wedd. Shrubs or subshrubs, not urticants. 26 spp., neotropical,
15 in South America, only three spp. in Brazil, all widely distributeds.
7. Pouzolzia
Gaudich. 52 spp., pantropical, 16 spp. in New World, 14 in South
America, only three in Brazil, only one endemic, P. saxophila
Friis, Wilmot-Dear & A.K. Monro, from southern Bahia state.
8. Pourouma Aubl. Tress, often with stilt-roots, often aromatic; leaves
entire or palmate. 31 spp., neotropical, all in South America, 20 in Brazil, two
endemic. P. formicarum Ducke (Brazilian endemic) and P. myrmecophila
Ducke from northern South America are myrmecophytes.
9. Rousselia
Gaudich.
4 spp., Mexico, America Central, Caribbean, R.
erratica Standl. & Steyerm. up to N
Colombia.
2. SUBFAMILY
URTICEAE (c 11/c 210) ‣ outsiders Nanocnide (2; China
(inc. Taiwan), N Vietnam, Korean Peninsula, Japan), Zhengyia (1; Hubei
province in C China), Dendrocnide (37; tropical Asia to New Guinea,
E Queensland, E New South Wales and islands in the Pacific), Discocnide (1; Mexico,
Guatemala), Girardinia (3; E and NE Africa, tropical and subtropical
regions in Africa and Asia); Obetia (19; tropical and S Africa,
Madagascar, Mascarene Islands), Poikilospermum (c 20; E Himalayas,
SE Asia, Malesia).
10. Laportea Gaudich. Herbs or shrubs, urticant. 34 spp., pantropical, three in
New World, only one in South America, the pantropical aggressive weed L.
aestuans (L.) Chew.
11. Urera
Gauduch. Shrubs, small trees and lianas of riparian and
disturbed vegetation, occasionally with stinging hairs on the leaves and
inflorescence, fruit fleshy and brightly coloured or white, urticant. 28 spp.,
Africa and New World (24), 12 in South America, 7 in Brazil, one endemic.
12. Urtica
L. Herbs to shrubs. 71 spp., subcosmopolitan, centered
in Northern Hemisphere, 26 in New World, 20 spp. in South America, mainly in
mountains of Andes, highly centered in Peru and Chile, all in W South America
except U. circularis
(Hicken) Soraru from Bolivia, Argentina to S Brazil, and U.
spathulata Sm., from Argentina, S Brazil,
Paraguay and Uruguay.
3. SUBFAMILY
ELATOSTEMATEAE (7–8/950-1,000) ‣ outsiders Elatostema
(c 300; tropical Old World, 1 in New Zealand), Procris (c 15;
tropical regions in the Old World); Gyrotaenia (5; Caribbean), Meniscogyne
(1; Laos, Vietnam), Lecanthus (3; tropical regions
in the Old World), Petelotiella (1; Indochina).
13. Myriocarpa Benth.
Shrubs or trees, small trees of riparian and disturbed vegetation,
inflorescences few-branched spikes, often long and pendent. 14 spp.,
Neotropical, centered in Mexico and America Central, 8 in South America, only two in Brazil, both widely distributed.
14. Pilea Lindl. Understory herbs, epiphytes or shrublets, opposite succulent leaves with intrapetiolar stipules
(the later rarely much reduced or even absent, in some spp. very aberrant) in
each axil. 609 spp., 396 in New World, 156 in South America, largest centered
in Andes (eg. 67 in Colombia), only 18 in Brazil, 13 endemic; some spp. are
very narrow endemic, e.g. the fully glabrous P. carautae M. D. M.
Vianna & R. J. V. Alves, known only from the Cabo Frio municipality, Rio de
Janeiro, SE Brazil.
P. brasiliensis
Gaglioti, Romaniuc & A.K. Monro, endemic to
savannah of C Brazil, belongs to the Dentatae-group
of Weddell (1869) and the Fallaces group of Killip (1936); it represents
the first record of the Fallaces group in Brazil; it is characterised by
being glabrous, with toothed pinnately veined leaves, petioles of up to 3 cm
long and paniculate inflorescences.
P.
cavernicola A.K. Monro, C.J. Chen &
Y.G. Wei from NW Guangxi Province, ca 500–1,000 m,
caves in limestone karst, growing at any point from the back to the entrance of
the cave, PAR 0.02-1.39 mmol/m2/sec (ca 0.04-2.78 % full daylight), possibly the shadiest plant worldwide.
32. FAGALES
FAMILIES ABSENT IN SOUTH AMERICA: CASUARINACEAE
(4/91) AND TICODENDRACEAE (1/1), AS IN POWO IN JUNE 28, 2024.
New World includes 311 spp. of Fagales in 21 genera, from Canada
to Tierra del Fuego and Caribbean, except Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, French
Guiana, Paraguay, Uruguay and smaller islands. All Fagales from New World are
woody shrubs of trees with entire leaves, strongest uniform in appearance
despites leaf shapes. Largest diversities are U.S.A.
(14/134), Mexico (11/158), Canada
(11/44), America Central (10/35), Colombia
(7/12), Argentina (5/9), Chile
(4/12), Caribbean (3/8), Peru
(3/8), Venezuela (3/7), Ecuador
(3/7) and Bolivia (3/6).
LINEAGE
1 of 4: NOTHOFAGACEAE
NOTHOFAGACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 28, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species
4/34 Distribution southern South America (including Staten Island) south
of 33ºS, New Zealand, Tasmania, E and SE Australia, New Caledonia, New Guinea,
the D’Entrecasteaux Islands (Goodenough, Normandie), New Britain. Habit monoecious,
evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs. Horizontal lenticels often abundant.
Bud scales decussate.
SYSTEMATIC outsider
Trisyngyne (19, 5 in New Caledonia and 14 in New Guinea).
By region,
we have Nothofagaceae in New Guinea (14), southern South America (3/11), New
Zealand (5), New Caledonia (5), and Australia (1). In South America,
diversities are Chile (3/11) and Argentina (2/6).
1. Fuscospora
(R.S.Hill & J.Read) Heenan & Smissen. (off Nothofagus)
Trees up to 30 m high; dichasia with 1 central dimerous flower and 2 lateral
trimerous flowers, or 1 or 0 dimerous flower and 1 trimerous flower; fruits 0–1
dimerous, 1–2 trimerous, or 4–7. 6 spp., in New Zealand (4), F. alessandri
(Espinosa) Heenan & Smissen endemic to center Chile, and one in Tasmania.
2. Lophozonia
Turczaninow. (off Nothofagus)
Trees up to 40 m high; dichasia with 1 central dimerous flower and 2 lateral
trimerous flowers; fruits 1 dimerous or 2 trimerous. 7 spp., New Zealand (1),
Australia (2, New South Wales to Tasmania), and 4 in Chile, two up to W Argentina.
3. Nothofagus
Blume. (exc. Lophozonia,
Fuscospora) Trees up to 45 m high; dichasia
with 1 central dimerous flower and 2 lateral trimerous flowers, or 1 trimerous
flower; fruits 1 dimerous or 1–2 trimerous. 6 spp. in southern South America,
all from Chile, 4 up to Argentina.
LINEAGE
2 of 4: FAGACEAE
FAGACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 28, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species 8/943
Distribution southern Canada southwards to NW South America and Cuba,
temperate parts of Europe and SW Asia, Mediterranean, Himalaya, E Asia to
Russian Far East and Japan, SE Asia, Malesia, New Guinea. Habit usually
monoecious (rarely dioecious), evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs. Use ornamental
plants, fruits (Castanea sativa Mill.), timber, carpentries, barrels,
cork (Quercus suber L.), tanning (tannin from oak galls).
Fagaceae
could be confused with some other members of the Fagales, but differ from them
in possessing the folllowing characters:
Myricaceae:
inferior ovary, absence of pellucid punctuations and peltate scales, nutlike
fruit.
Betulaceae:
fruit subtended by cupule.
Juglandaceae:
simple leaves.
Ticodendraceae:
nutlike fruit, absence of circular stipule scar.
Lauraceae:
Quercus fruits could perhaps be confused with those of the Lauraceae,
but there are many significant differences from that family (lack of typical
Lauraceous odour, generally serrate leaf margins, stipules, stellate hairs
etc.).
SYSTEMATIC two
subfamilies, Fagoideae (1/14)
absent in South America; among Quercoideae (7/),
outsiders are Castanea (9, temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere, E
Mediterranean to N Iran), Castanopsis (144, tropical and subtropical
regions in Asia, with their highest diversity on Borneo), Lithocarpus (348,
India, Sri Lanka, SE Asia, Malesia), Chrysolepis (2, W North America)
and Notholithocarpus (1, SW Oregon, California).
In the New World, there are 206 spp. of Fagaceae in 5 genera: 197
species of Quercus; 4 species of Castanea L., with 3 exclusive to
the eastern USA and 1 distributed from Canada to Virginia (with 5 species also
in Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia); Fagus L., with one species
from eastern Canada to central Mexico (with 11 species in Europe, the Middle
East, and East Asia); Trigonobalanus Forman in the mountains of Colombia
(with 2 species in Asia); and two genera exclusive to the USA: Chrysolepis
Hjelmq. from Oregon to California (2) and Notholithocarpus Manos, Cannon
& S.H. Oh (1) from Oregon and California.
Largest diversities are in U.S.A. (4/87), Mexico (2/135), Canada (2/13,
one Fagus, 12 Quercus), Colombia (2/2), America Central (1/13)
and Caribbean (1/1).
1.
Quercus L. Trees or shrubs with alternate (often closely bunched),
some exceptionally large, dominant overstory trees, perhaps
an almost equal number of species are shrubs or small trees, making
ECM symbioses with fungi, simple,
deciduous or evergreen leaves. 425 spp. in northern temperate zone to south up
in Colombia and Malaysia, particularly in drier habitats
such as chaparral, in edaphically challenging environments, and in some higher
elevation forests. 197 species in New World, one notes
a gradual reduction of oak species diversity from Mexico into America Central: 12
in Canada, 84 in the U.S.A., one in Cuba, 137 in Mexico (nearly absent in
Yucatan and coastal Pacific and Atlantic, 83 endemic), 13 in America Central, and
the single Q. humboldtii Bonpl., subdivided into 2–3 species by
some authors, in Colombia, 1,400 m to 3,300 m altitudinal range. Two subgenera:
§ subg. Quercus
‣ 5 sections.
§ sect. Protobalanus
‣ 5 spp. from U.S.A. to NW Mexico.
§ sect. Ponticae
‣ two spp. in mountainous areas of NETürkiye and
W Georgia (Transcaucasia) and in W North America (N California, S Oregon)
§ sect. Virentes
‣ 7 spp. in SE North America, Mexico, the West
Indies (Cuba), and America Central.
§ sect. Quercus
‣ c. 150 spp. in North America, Mexico, America
Central, western Eurasia, East Asia, and North Africa.
§ sect. Lobatae
‣ 120 spp. in North America, Mexico, America
Central, and Colombia in South America.
§ subg. Cerris
‣ three sections.
§ sect. Cyclobalanopsis
‣ ca. 90 spp. in tropical and subtropical Asia
including the southern Himalayas.
§ sect. Ilex
‣ c. 35 spp. in Eurasia and North Africa.
§ sect Cerris
‣ c. 10-12 spp. in Eurasia and North Africa.
2. Trigonobalanus
Forman. Three spp., T. doichangensis (A.Camus) Forman from
China (SW & S Yunnan) to N Thailand, T. verticillata Forman from
Hainan, Peninsula Malaysia, Sumatera, N. Borneo, Central Sulawesi, and T.
excelsa Lozano, Hern. Cam. & Henao, from central Colombia; this species
is a small tree known only three sites at 1650 to 2,100 m altitudinal range.
LINEAGE
3 of 4: JUGLANDIDS
JUGLANDACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 28, 2024
Genera/species 9/74
Distribution North America, Caribbean, America Central, Andes, SE
Europe, northern Türkiye and eastwards to Himalaya, Assam, E Asia southwards to
northern Vietnam and northwards to Russian Far East; Taiwan (China), SE Asia,
Malesia, New Guinea. Habit usually (sometimes dioecious; in Platycarya
occasionally bisexual), usually evergreen or deciduous trees (rarely shrubs).
Sometimes aromatic. Buds covered by brown hairs, often scaly. Use ornamental
plants, seeds and seed oils (Juglans, Carya), medicinal plants,
timber, carpentries.
Although
closely related to other members of the Fagales, this family is readily
distinguished from all of them by its compound leaves.
Key to
genera of South American Juglandaceae
1. Leaves
alternate ------------ Juglans
1. Leaves
opposite ‣ 2
2. Fruits
with samaroid wings ------------ Oreomunnea
2. Fruits
without samaroid wings ------------ Alfaroa
SYSTEMATIC two
subfamilies, both in South America.
New World
has (4/)39 spp. of Juglandaceae, mainly in Mexico (4/13), America Central
(3/11), U.S.A. (2/16), Colombia (3/3), Canada (2/6), Bolivia (1/3), Venezuela
(1/2), Peru (1/2), Caribbean (1/1), Ecuador (1/1) and Argentina (1/1). Carya
L. includes 7 spp. in Old World and 12 in New World, 11 in U.S.A. (4 endemic, 4
only up to Canada, two only up to Mexico, and C. ovata (Mill.) K.Koch
from E Canada to NE Mexico) and one endemic to Mexico. Alfaroa Standl.
and Oreomunnea Oerst. includes 11 spp. from Mexico (2/4) to Colombia
(2/2). Juglans L. includes 16 spp. in New World, mainly in U.S.A. (5),
Mexico (5), Bolivia (3), Venezuela (2), Peru (2), Canada (1), America Central
(1), Caribbean (1), Colombia (1), Ecuador (1) and Argentina (1).
1. SUBFAMILY
JUGLANDOIDEAE (5/49) ‣ outsiders Cyclocarya (1, E
China to Taiwan), Pterocarya (6, Turkyie, Iran, Caucasus,
Tibet to Vietnan and Japan), Carya (19, E Asia south to N
Vietnam, E North America to C Mexico) and Platycarya (2, C and
E China, Korean Peninsula, Japan, N Vietnam).
1. Juglans
L. Trees. 21 spp. in 4 sections: sect. Trachycaryon with
J. cinerea L. from E Canada to NC & E U.S.A.; sect. Juglans
with J. regia L. from Europe to China and the Himalayas, J. hispanica
D.Rivera from Spain to Italy, N Algeria, W Syria and J. sigillata Dode from
China and India; sect. Cardiocaryon with two spp. from SE Russia,
China, Japan, Korea and Vietnan; and sect. Rhysocaryon, the black
walnuts, 15 spp., endemic to the New World, being restricteds for California
(2), SE Canada to C & E U.S.A. (1), Mexico (2), U.S.A. to Mexico (2),
Mexico to Nicaragua (1), Guatemala (1), Caribbean (1), and 5 in South America:J.
australis Griesb. (S Bolivia and NW Argentina), J. boliviana (C.DC.)
Dode. (Bolivia and Peru), J. venezuelensis Mann (N Venezuela), J.
soratensis W.E.Manning (Bolivia) and J. neotropica Diels. (W
Venezuela to Peru, in altitudes of 1,600 to 3,100 m).
2. SUBFAMILY
ENGELHARDIOIDEAE (4/25) ‣
outsiders
Engelhardia (13, Himalayas to China and Taiwan, SE Asia to New Guinea)
and Rhoiptelea (1, China and Vietnan).
2. Alfaroa
Standl. Trees. 7 spp., six from Mexico to Panamá and A. williamsii
D. E. Stone., from Nicaragua to N Colombia, 1,680 m to 2,300 m altitudinal
range, Antioquia, Huila and Santander.
3. Oreomunnea
Oerst. Trees. 4 spp., two in Mexico and America Central and O.
munchiquensis Lozano & F.González endemic to Andes from 1,500 m to 2,500
m from Cauca Cordillera Occidental, Colombia.
MYRICACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 28, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species
4/52 Distribution.tropical and temperates regions of the world, absent
in E South America. Habit monoecious, andromonoecious or dioecious,
evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs. Usually aromatic. Use spices (Myrica
gale), aromatic waxes, tanninic acid, medicinal plants.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders
Myrica (2, one in North America from Arctic to Virginia, Spain to NW
Russia, NE Russia to Japan in E Asia, one in California), Comptonia (1, E
Canada to SE U.S.A.); Canacomyrica (1, New Caledonia).
New World has
(3/)26 spp.; largest diversities are in U.S.A. (3/9), Canada (3/5), Caribbean
(1/7), Colombia (1/6), America Central (1/5), Peru (1/5), Venezuela (1/4),
Ecuador (1/4), Mexico (1/3), Bolivia (1/2), Argentina (1/1) and Chile (1/1).
1. Morella
L. (inc. Myrica p.p.)
Trees or shrubs, frequently aromatic, often with woody
rhizomes; flowers usually dioecious in bracteates
spikes; male spikes axillary, solitary, usually densely flowered; female spikes
axillary, longer or shorter than the male spikes; perianth 0; drupe small,
globose or ovoid, usually warted and covered with white wax; endocarp hard. Seed
erect; testa membranous; albumen 0; embryo straight with planoconvex fleshy
cotyledons and a short radicle.
48 spp., distributed
throughout the Northern Hemisphere, in Macaronesia to Portugal (1), tropical
Africa to Madagascar and Arabian Peninsula (19), India and China to Malaysia,
Philippines and Thailand (6), and 22 from New World: 5 in Caribbean (3 in Cuba,
Hispaniola and Porto Rico one each), 3 only in U.S.A., two from U.S.A. to
Canada, two from Mexico to Honduras, one in Costa Rica, and nine in South
America, M. cerifera (L.) Small from Alaska to Panamá, Caribbean, and San Andreas
Caribbean Is. off Colombia, M. chavalieri C. Parra-O. in
puna
montane vegetation in Argentina, Peru and Bolivia, M. funckii (A. Chev.)
C. Parra-O. from Colombia to Venezuela, M.
parvifolia (Benth.) C. Parra-O. from Venezuela to
Peru, M. pavonis (C. DC.) Parra-O. in dry coastal areas in N Chile and montanes of S Peru, M.
pubescens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Wilbur. from Costa Rica to Bolivia and Venezuela and Caribbean, M.
rotundata (Steyerm. & Maguire) Parra-Os. in Chimantá
Massif of Guiana Shield, M. interrupta (Benth.) ined. from Colombia to
Bolivia, and M. singularis (C. Parra-O.) C. Parra-O. from Colombia to Ecuador.
LINEAGE
4 of 4: BETULIDS
BETULACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 28, 2024
Genera/species
6/172 Distribution temperate and polar regions in the Northern
Hemisphere and southwards to northern Argentina, North Africa, Himalaya,
Indochina and Sumatra. Habit monoecious, usually deciduous (rarely
evergreen) trees or shrubs. Horizontal lenticels often abundant. Use ornamental
plants, fruits (nuts from Corylus), timber, carpentry, charcoal, brushes
and besoms, birch bark (Betula).
All members
of this family have associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots
(e.g. Frankia species); the wood of Alnus acuminata Kunth is very
hard and is used for many purposes including construction, furniture, matches,
musical instruments, and tool handles. This species is planted as a timber tree
and has also been used for agroforestry in Costa Rica (as a shade tree for
coffee crops).
SYSTEMATIC subfamily
Coryloideae (4/68)
does not occur in South America, and includes Carpinus (43, E Canada to
Texas and Nicaragua, Europe to Iran, E Asia to Vietnan and Thailand), Corylus
(16, C Canada to California and Lousiana, Europe to Iran and C Russia, Russua
Far East to China and Myanmar), Ostrya (8, E Canada to Honduras, France
to Cauacaus, China, Japan, Korea) and Ostryopsis (1, NE & C China);
among Betuloideae (2/104), Betula (63, Arctic
to Texas, Marocco, Iraq, Pakistan, Thailand and Vietnan) is a outsider.
New World
includes (5/)28 spp., in Betula L. (13
spp., seven from Canada to southern U.S.A. in California, Texas and Florida; E
Canada and E U.S.A. one endemic each, three from Old World to W North America
up to southern U.S.A., B. pubescens
Ehrh. from Newfoundland to Greenland, Europe to Russian Far East and N Iran), Corylus
L. (C. americana Walter from Canada to NC & E
U.S.A. and C. cornuta Marshall from Canada to U.S.A.), Carpinus
L. (C. caroliniana Walter from E Canada to SE U.S.A.
and C. tropicalis (Donn.Sm.) Lundell from Mexico to
W Nicaragua), Ostrya Scop. (O.
knowltonii Coville from SW & SC U.S.A. and O.
virginiana (Mill.) K.Koch from C & E Canada, C & E U.S.A. to
Wyoming, Mexico to Honduras) and Alnus
Mill., mainly in U.S.A. (5/22), Canada (4/20), Mexico (3/6), America Central
(3/4) and South America (1/1).
1. Alnus
Mill. Trees, leaves simple, alternate (sometimes almost
distichous), with pinnate venation and serrate or dentate margins, sometimes
with indumentum of simple hairs. Intra-petiolar stipules present; flowers
unisexual (plants monoecious), borne on catkins, subtended by bracts; petals
absent; fruits are one-seeded nuts: flattened, winged and borne in cone-like
structure. 41 spp. from temperate Northern Hemisphere to Himalaya and Andes, 9
in New World, two widely in northern Hemisphere from Arctic to southern U.S.A.
in North America, one in W North America from Alaska to California, one in E
& C U.S.A., one from E Canada to C & E U.S.A., two from SW & SE
U.S.A. to C Mexico, A. jorullensis Kunth from Mexico to Honduras, and A.
acuminata Kunth from Mexico to Bolivia, Venezuela and Argentina.
33. CUCURBITALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: CORYNOCARPACEAE (1/5), DATISCACEAE (1/2) AND TETRAMELACEAE
(2/2), AS IN POWO IN JUNE 17, 2024.
LINEAGE 1 of
3: ANISOPHYLIDS
ANISOPHYLLEACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
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IN POWO ON JUNE 14, 2024
Genera/species
4/57 Distribution northern South America (Amazonas), tropical Africa,
southern India, Sri Lanka, W Malesia. Habit usually monoecious
(sometimes polygamomonoecious or bisexual; in Combretocarpus dioecious),
evergreen trees or shrubs. Most species are anisophyllous (Combretocarpus
is isophyllous).
Often
formerly placed in Rhizophoraceae but differs in the spirally arranged
exstipulate leaves and distinct styles and in the petals not aristate.
Key to
genera of Neotropical Anisophyllaceae
1. Petals
laciniate or clawed; fruit a capsule ------------ Anisophyllea
1. Petals
simple not clawed; fruit a samara ------------ Polygonanthus
SYSTEMATIC
outsiders Poga (1; Guinea to Congo), Combretocarpus (1; W
Malesia).
1. Anisophyllea
R. Br & Sabine. Trees or shrubs to 38 m,
monoecious; inflorescence an axillary panicle; flowers hermaphrodite or
unisexual; petals 3-laciniate; fruit a berry or drupe. 53 spp., of which 25 are
in Malesia, 21 in mainland Africa, 5 in Madagascar, and two in South America, A. manausense Pires &
W.A.Rodrigues, known only in Central Amazon rainforest around Manaus and
west to the Rio Demeni, between Manaus and Itacoatiara (Amazonas state) and
Loreto region in Peru and in Colombia; and A. guianensis Sandw., from
Guyana and Amazonas state, Brazil.
2. Polygonanthus Ducke. Small
trees, leaves distichous; inflorescence racemose but appearing spicate, winged
samaras. Two spp., extreme rares tress in Amazon rainforest: P. amazonicus Kuhlm.
occurs in municipality of Maues, and reports in Acre and Pará states, in with
river’s beach; P.
punctulatus Ducke is
from Rio Negro from Brazil and SE Colombia.
LINEAGE 2 of
3: CORIARIIDS
CORIARIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS IN POWO ON JUNE 17, 2024
Genera/species
1/15 Distribution Mexico, America Central, W South America (the Andes
from Colombia southwards to central Chile), W Mediterranean, Helas, temperate
and subtropical Himalaya, Japan, Taiwan in China, Philippines, New Guinea, New
Zealand, islands in the SW Pacific (Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Samoa
Islands, Society Islands, etc.). Habit usually dioecious (sometimes
monoecious, andromonoecious, gynomonoecious or polygamomonoecious, rarely
bisexual), evergreen or deciduous shrubs (sometimes suffrutices or small
trees). Some branches with limitied growth similar to pinnate leaves. Buds usually
perulate.
SYSTEMATIC a
single genus.
1. Coriaria L.
Suffruticose erect or scandent, evergreen shrubs;
branching (resembling compound leaves), leaves opposite, simple, coriaceous,
abaxial surface puberulent, margins entire, primary venation palmate;
inflorescences terminal or from previous season's growth, racemose; flowers
many, small, bracteate, bisexual, actinomorphic, pentamerous; fruit a
pseudo-drupe or achene, small ca. 2-3mm long; seed 1-10, compressed. 13 spp.,
12 in W Mediterranean, Himalayas to Japan, Taiwan in China, Philippines
and New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, New Zealand (7 endemic), Samoa,
Society Islands and other islands in the South Pacific, and C. ruscifolia L.,
recorded growing as part of the pioneer community following
volcanic activity; nitrogen-fixing roots with characteristic nodules; check
under leaves for the pendent racemose inflorescence; fruits enclosed by fleshy
corolla, are reported to contain poisonous compounds; flowers are wind
pollinated, in two taxa:
■ subsp. microphylla (Poir.)
J.E.Skog: New Guinea to New Zealand, Mexico to Peru, Venezuela.
■ subsp. ruscifolia:
New Zealand to S. Pacific, C & S Chile to SW Argentina.
LINEAGE 3 of
3: CUCURBITIDS
BEGONIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 17, 2024
Genera/species
2/2,093 Distribution tropical and subtropical regions in
the Southern and Northern Hemispheres, especially northern South America and
tropical Asia. Habit usually monoecious (male flowers are produced ab
initio, and subsequently female flowers; rarely dioecious), usually more or
less succulent perennial herbs with tuber (in Hillebrandia round) or
rhizome (in Begonia rhizome, rarely tuber), sometimes climbing,
sometimes somewhat woody below and frutescent. Nodes swollen.
Begoniaceae
includes the monotypic genus Hillebrandia,
distinguished by a semi-inferior ovary, incompletely closed ovary, fruits that
dehisce between the styles, and more numerous, more highly differentiated
sepals and petals. It is the only member of the family native to Hawaii. Begonia
is extensively widely distributed.
Key
differences from similar families
ü in Datiscaceae fruits
dehisce between the styles, pistillate flower tepals are absent in Datiscaceae.
ü in Begoniaceae fruits
dehisce between the wings, pistillate flower tepals (2-)3-5(6-8), never absent.
SYSTEMATIC outsider
Hillebrandia (1; Hawaii).
1. Begonia L. Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs or subshrubs, frequently
succulent, erect or climbing, rarely epiphytic; stems erect or creeping, with
rhizomes or tubers, generally fleshy; leaves alternate, simple, entire or
lobed, margins serrate, asymmetric, venation palmate or pinnate, the genus with
largest diversity of variegated leaves worldwide
(221); petiolate; inflorescences cymous or thyrsoid; flowers unisexual
(plants monoecious or dioecious), white, pink or reddish; fruits usually
loculicidal capsules, frequently chartaceous, seeds numerous, small
(235-)300-600(-1450). 2,092 spp., largely distributed in the tropical and
subtropical areas of the world, and within this area is absent only from
Australia and Polynesia; 682 spp. in New World, 468
in South America, the eleventh largest genus in
Brazil, with 254 spp. (231 endemic) in almost all ecosystems, except
in the mangroves, with approximately 180 species in the Atlantic Forest, and
about 177 restricted to this domain; 27 spp., all in SE region and some in
Santa Catarina state, are rare species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book. 33 sections in New World:
Due to
its many forms and ranges of habits, and variation of leaves and flowers, Begonia
is one of the most diverse genus worldwide.
§
Parietoplacentaria (3, Mexico
to Panama), Urniformia (1,
Guatemala to Panama) and Quadriperigonia (20, Mexico to
Honduras) has 24 spp. do not occur in South America.
§
Barya (2, Ecuador
and Peru), Australes (20,
Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru), Gobenia (16 Colombia
to Peru), Hidristyles (11,
Colombia, Argentina, Peru and Bolivia), Eupetalum (16,
Venezuela to Argentina), Microtuberosa (1, Peru), Pilderia (6, Guyana
to Peru and Trinidad e Tobago), Semibegoniella (15,
Colombia and Ecuador), Warburginna (1, Bolivia) have
together 88 spp., are restricted to South America but do not occur in Brazil. B. elachista Moonlight
& Tebbitt from E Peru, unique member of sect. Microtuberosa, is the world smallest species of genus, that reaches
maturity at fewer than 5 cm in height.
§
Astrothrix (5, Espirito
Santo and Rio de Janeiro states), Gaerdtia (8, Espírito Santo,
Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), Kollmannia (2, Espirito
Santo state), Latistigma (5, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de
Janeiro, São Paulo), Pereirae (5, Minas Gerais, Rio
de Janeiro, São Paulo), Solananthera (3, E Brazil), Stellandrae (1, São
Paulo), Tetrachia (16, E
Brazil) and Trachelocarpus (5, Paraná,
Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo) have 50 spp together. and they are
all endemic to Brazil - with emphasis on largest Tetrachia.
§ Lepsia
(8, Panamá and tropical South America), Pritzelia
(148, tropical South America to Costa Rica), Rossmannia
(1, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru) and Donaldia
(3, over tropical South America) together have 170 spp. and occur exclusively
in South America (all including Brazil) except for a few that extend as far as
Costa Rica.
§ Ephemera
(14, over tropical South America), Knesbeckia
(52, over tropical New World), Wageneria
(7, over tropical New World) occur from Mesoamerica to Brazil and together
contain 73 spp.
§ Gireoudia
(111, Mexico to Ecuador and Venezuela), Casparia
(33, Costa Rica to Peru) and Ruizopavonia
(32, Mexico to Bolivia) occur from Mexico (or Costa Rica) to the Central Andes
and Venezuela (but not in Brazil) and together have 171 spp.
§ Cyathocnemis
has 18 spp. from Colombia to Bolivia, but 4 spp. Brazil and Venezuela may
belong to this group.
§ 41 spp are
allocated in the section Begonia endemic to
the Caribbean and 5 spp. quite isolated from E Brazil and Paraguay.
§ Doratometra
section has 8 spp. spread across tropical America, inc. B.
wallichiana Lehm. also collected from Vietnan (!), possibly due to human
dispersion.
CUCURBITACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 17, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species 101/945–975
Distribution tropical and subtropical regions, especially rainforests in
South America and drier parts of Africa, relatively few species in Australasia
and in temperate regions. Habit monoecious, andromonoecious,
gynomonoecious, polygamomonoecious, dioecious, androdioecious, and
gynodioecious (in Actinostemma and Schizopepon sometimes
bisexual), usually perennial herbs, almost never self-supporting, mostly
climbing or winding (rarely lianas, shrubs or tree, secondarily woody, or
annual herbs; Dendrosicyos extremely pachycaul and secondarily
arborescent with soft juicy stem). Many species are xerophytes.
Approximately
120 genera and 760 spp. with mostly tropical distribution, as they do not
tolerate sub-zero temperatures; mainly herbaceous or vines
lianas, few trees or shrubs. Due to its economic importance, the genus Cucurbita has been studied
in detail from the point of view of its domestication. Easy to recognize at
family level, the difficulties of determining Cucurbitaceae to genus and
species are mainly caused by their unisexual flowers borne in different types
of inflorescences (female flowers tend to be large, solitary and axillary,
while the male inflorescences are racemose or paniculate and the flowers are
smaller and early deciduous). Fruit
normally a hard-skinned berry known as a pepo, green, white, yellow, orange or
tinged with red, often spotted or striped, sometimes soft-walled, small berries
(Melothria, some Cayaponia), sometimes fleshy capsules with
irregular, explosive dehiscence (Cyclanthera), rarely capsular or
samaroid, 1-many seeded.
Key
differences from similar families differs from Begoniaceae in
climbing habit, presence of tendrils and bilaterally symmetric leaves; from
other climbers and vines such as Vitaceae, Sapindaceae and Passifloraceae in
unisexual flowers and inferior ovary.
Momordica
charantia L invasive. Cultivated genera of Neotropical origin (Cucurbita) and introduced
ones (Citrullus lanatus
(Thunb.) – watermelon; Cucumis
L.) are of major importance as food and forage crops. South America has about
360 species of Cucurbitaceae that descend from just a few transoceanic
dispersal events, mostly from Africa to South America. Of course,
the undisputed record for the world's largest fruit is
a 1337 pound pumpkin, a member of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae).
SYSTEMATIC ten
small lineages are absent in South America:
Gomphogyneae (5/56, E and tropical Asia, E Queensland,
Fiji, with their largest diversity in SE Asia), Alsomitra
(1/1, SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea), Actinostemmateae
(1/4, India, China (inc. Taiwan) and E Siberia to Korean Peninsula and Japan,,
Laos, Vietnam), Indofevilleeae (1/1,
Assam, Bhutan, Tibet), Thladiantheae
(2/30–35, temperate Asia, E and tropical Asia to Taiwan in China and Malesia), Siraitieae
(1/5, E Himalayas, S China, Thailand, Vietnam, Malesia, tropical Africa), Momordiceae
(1/35–40, tropical and subtropical Africa, Arabian Peninsula, tropical Asia to
E Queensland), Joliffieae (3/9,
tropical Africa, Madagascar), Bryonieae
(3/18, Europe, Mediterranean, North Africa, Canary Islands, SW and Central
Asia, NW and C Australia) and Schizopeponeae
(2/9, Himalayas, Tibet, China, Japan).
10 genera of Cucurbitaceae from the New World do not occur in
South America, comprising a total of 37 spp.: Echinocystis (1, Canada to
WC & E U.S.A), Marah (8, W Canada to NW Mexico), Brandegea
(1, SW U.S.A., NW Mexico), Ibervillea (8, Arizona to Oklahoma and
Guatemala), Peponopsis (1, Mexico), Cionosicys (4, Mexico to America
Central, Caribbean), Polyclathra (1, Mexico to America Central), Schizocarpum
(10, Mexico to Guatemala), Linnaeosicyos (1, Hispaniola) and Penelopeia
(2, Hispaniola).
1. TRIBE
TRICERATIEAE (5/23) ‣
outsider Cyclantheropsis (3; tropical Africa, Madagascar).
1. Anisosperma Silva
Manso. (off Fevillea) Dioecious, perennials, woody
climber, to several meters long. Only one sp., A.
passiflora (Vell.) S. Manso, from gallery forest in SE Brazil
from Bahia to Santa Catarina states.
2. Fevillea
L. (exc. Anisosperma). 7 spp., widely
in Mexico, Central and South America (6), 4 in Brazil, one endemic, F.
bahiense G. Rob. & Wunderlin in Bahia state in Brazil (a rare
plants in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
3. Pteropepon (Cogn.)
Cogn. 5 spp. (all from South Americs), 4 from America
Central to Argentina and P. deltoideus Cogn. in Brazil, Peru, Ecuador
and Colombia; in humid ravines close to rivers, primary rainforest, and
secondary scrub.
4. Sicydium Schltdl.
9 spp. in Central to tropical South America (6, 3 in Brazil, none endemic), and
the Caribbean and Mexico; in disturbed tropical and deciduous forest and along
rivers, in dry forest and among shrubs of coastal lowlands; flowering and
fruiting all year.
2. TRIBE ZANONIEAE (4/11–13)
‣ outsiders Gerrardanthus (5; tropical
and southern Africa), Zanonia (1; tropical Asia), Xerosicyos
(3; Madagascar).
5. Siolmatra Baill.
Two spp., S. brasiliensis (Cogn.) Baill. and S pentaphylla Harms
(both in Brazil, none endemic), over Amazon rainforest up
to Argentina.
3. TRIBE
SICYOEAE (12/c 265) ‣ outsiders
Nothoalsomitra (1; Queensland); Trichosanthes (83;
tropical Asia to Queensland and in the Pacific), Hodgsonia (2; Assam,
Bhutan, China, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Malesia, tropical Asia), Linnaeosicyos
(1; Hispaniola), Echinocystis (1; North America), Marah (8;
U.S.A., Mexico).
6. Cyclanthera
Schrad. Delicate climber, flowers
small and white or cream, fruit clavate
and explosive, spiny, seeds ruminated at the edges. 45 spp. in S
U.S.A., Mexico, Central and South America (22), one species extending into the
Galapagos archipelago; roadsides, forest clearings, on riverbanks and
cultivated ground, hedges, tropical deciduous forest, in humid lowland forest,
dry xeric forest, and montane cloud forest; C. pedata (L.) Schrad. is
cultivated in Asia; 9 in Brazil, C. tenuifolia Cogn.
endemic.
7. Echinopepon Naudin. 19 spp., U.S.A. to Northern
Argentina, in forest clearings, semi-deserts and ravines, on hillsides,
roadsides, sand dunes and seaside gravel shores, some are weeds of cultivated
ground; two spp. in South America, E. disjunctus Pozner from
Cono Sur, and E. racemosus (Steud.) C. Jeffrey
widely distributed in tropical New World.
8.
Hanburia Seem. 7 spp. from Mexico to Peru and
Venezuela, 5 in South America; in primary and disturbed rainforest, deciduous
forest, and cloud forest.
9. Luffa Mill. Monoecious, annual, prostrate or scandent
herbs; leaves simple, palmately 5–7-lobed, petiolate, asperulose or scabrid,
petiolate. fruit
globose to cylindric, rostrate, smooth, ribbed or spiny, dry, brownish,
fibrous, dehiscent by an apical operculum. 9 spp.,
three in the New World, L. quinquefida (Hook. & Arn.) Seem. occurring
from Gulf of California to Nicaragua, L. operculata (L.)
Cogn. from Panamá to S Brazil, absent in Bolivia and barely in Amazon rainforest;
and L. astorii Svenson in coastal
Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru; 4 in Asia, some shared with North Africa, and L.
saccata F.Muell. ex I.Telford in N Australia.
10. Sicyos L. (inc. Sechiopsis, Sicyocaulis, Parasycios, Microsechium, Sicyosperma) Monoecious, annual, climbing or trailing herbs;
stems usually ± hairy; tendrils 3–5-fid; leaves simple, palmately 5- lobed,
broadly ovate- or reniform-cordate in outline. 77 spp., 55
mostly from Mexico to Argentina (27 in South America), 14 in Hawaii, two in
North America, 2 in Australia, one in New Zealand, Norfolk and Lord Howe, two
in Galapagos (known only from the type collection and apparently extinct), S. polyacanthus
Cogn. introduced in Africa; forest margins, hillsides, clearings,
roadsides, pastures, seabird colonies. 4 spp. in
Brazil, two endemic.
4. TRIBE
CONIANDREAE (19/147–156) ‣
outsiders Bambekea (1; tropical Africa), Eureiandra (8;
tropical and subtropical Africa, Madagascar, Socotra), Dendrosicyos (1;
Yemen, Socotra), Seyrigia (5; Madagascar), Trochomeriopsis (1; Madagascar), Corallocarpus (13–16;
tropical Africa, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan, India), Kedrostis (c
20; Africa, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula, India, Sri Lanka, W Malesia), Ibervillea (8,
Texas to Guatemala).
11. Apodanthera
Arn. Monoecious or dioecious herbaceous climbers or trailers up 5m long. 25
spp., from Texas to Mexico and disjunct in South America (21); 9 in Brazil, 7
endemic; A. sagittifolia (Griseb.) Mart. Crov. from S
Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay is the southernmost record of
Cucurbitaceae in New World, and maybe extinct in Brazil;
three spp. from Bahia state are rare plants in Brazil by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book; three sections:
§ sect. Apodanthera ‣
20 spp., Ecuador to Cono Sur and S Brazil (only 5 spp., 2 endemic).
§ sect. Pseudoapodanthera ‣
six species endemic to NE Brazil.
§ sect. Cucurbitopsis ‣
6 spp., U.S.A. to Mexico.
12. Ceratosanthes Adans. 11 spp., 10
in Brazil, 7 endemic (3 only in Fernando de Noronha, all rare
plants in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), two up to
Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina, one endemic to Paraguay, and C. palmata (L.)
Urb. widely in tropical South America and Lesser Antilles.
13. Cucurbitella Walp. Only one variable sp., C.
asperata (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Walp., in Bolivia, Argentina,
Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay; in dry bushland, along roadsides, and on disturbed
ground.
14. Doyerea
Grosourdi. Only one
sp., D. emetocathartica Grosourdy, Caribbean, America Central, Venezuela
and Colombia, disjunct in E Brazil.
15. Gurania Forest
liana with showy orange/yellow flowers arranged in
pseudo-umbel; some species are many ornamental. 48 spp., in Central to South
America (47), in tropical forests; 33 spp. in Brazil, 19 endemic; 5 spp., one
lack origin (G. velutina Cogn.),
others in Pará, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro states, are rare plants
in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
16. Halosicyos
Mart. Crov. Dioecious perennial, herbaceous climber
or trailer with large woodt rootstock. Only one sp., H. ragonesei Mart.
Crov., endemic to C Argentina; on sand soils and in halophilous bushlands on
the border of salinas.
17. Helmontia Cogn.
Appearing dioecious, but almost certainly monoecious, with plants first male,
then family, perennial, herbaceous, or woody climbers, to several meters long.
Three spp., in rainforest of Guianas, Venezuela amd Brazil (two spp., none endemic).
18. Melothrianthus
Mart.Crov. Dioecious, herbaceous climbres or trailers, foetid. Only one sp., M. smilacifolius (Cogn.)
Mart.Crov, endemic to E Brazil, maily Espirito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul, also
Bahia, Goiás and Distrito Federal; humid places; possibly 2–3 additional as yet
undescribed species.
19. Psiguria Neck.
ex Arn. Monoecious, perennial, vines with simple tendrils, herbaceous but some
becoming woody with greater stem size and age; leaves petiolate; inflorescences
pedunculate racemes or corymbs; staminate flowers axillary, corolla rotate,
orange, pink, or red. Pistillate flowers axillary or terminal; corolla rotate,
orange, pink, or red; fruit a pepo, oblong, indehiscent, solid green or with
lighter green or white stripes, 18–80 mm long, 10–24 mm wide, wall 0.7–3.0 mm
thick. 6 spp. in Central to South America, in tropical forests, 5 in South
America, three in Brazil: P. ternata (M. Roem.) C. Jeffrey also
in Peru, Bolivia and Paraguay; P. triphylla (Miq.) C. Jeffrey in
over Neotropics; and P. umbrosa (Kunth) C. Jeffrey in Caribbean
Venezuela, French Guiana and some populations in E Brazil.
20. Wilbrandia Silva
Manso. Monoecious or dioecious, perennial climber or trailer with wood
rootstock. 5 spp., from Argentina, Brazil (all species, two endemic, with W. glaziovii Cogn. from Rio
de Janeiro state a rare plant in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book) and
Paraguay, and rainforest and secondary scrub; W. hibiscoides Silva Manso also
in Guianas (probably a mistake).
5. TRIBE
BENINCASEAE (24/204–214) ‣
outsiders Citrullus (4; Mediterranean, North Africa, tropical and S Africa,
W Asia), Peponium (c 20; tropical and subtropical Africa,
Madagascar, Seychelles), Lagenaria (6; tropical Africa, Madagascar,
one species, L. siceraria, pantropical), Acanthosicyos (1; Angola,
Namibia, Botswana, South Africa), Raphidiocystis (4; tropical
Africa, Madagascar), Cephalopentandra (1; NE tropical Africa),
Lemurosicyos (1; Madagascar), Solena (3; tropical
Asia), Borneosicyos (1; Sarawak, Sabah), Benincasa (2; New
Caledonia, New Ireland, New Guinea, Queensland; known only from
cultivation), Ctenolepis (1; Madagascar), Dactyliandra (2; the
Namib desert in Angola and Namibia, the Thar desert in Pakistan and India; Kenya),
Khmeriosicyos (1; Cambodia; probably extinct), Papuasicyos (c
8; New Guinea), Scopellaria (2; Yunnan, SE Asia, W
Malesia to Philippines), Trochomeria (8; subtropical and
tropical Africa), Indomelothria (2; SE Asia, W Malesia), Ruthalicia
(2; tropical W Africa), Muellerargia (2; Madagascar; the
Lesser Sunda Islands, Timor, tropical N Australia), Cucumis (c
55; subtropical and tropical regions in the Old World), Zehneria (c
60; tropical regions in the Old World), Diplocyclos (4–5; subtropical
and tropical Africa, tropical Asia, tropical Australia), Coccinia (c
25; tropical and southern Africa, one species, C. cordifolia, also in
tropical Asia).
21. Melothria
L. Annual or perennial herbs, scadent or prostate, fragile. 14 spp., Central
and South America (11); 9 in Brazil, M. hirsuta Cogn. endemic; M.
sphaerocarpa (Cogn.) H. Schaef. & S.S. Renner disjunct of Central and
South America and W tropical Africa;
roadsides, and cultivated ground, arid plains, clearing, forets margins, grass
or woodlands.
6. TRIBE
CUCURBITEAE (11/100–110) ‣
outsiders Polyclathra (1; Mexico, America Central), Peponopsis (1; Mexico), Sicana (3; America
Central, Caribbean), enelopeia (2; Hispaniola), Schizocarpum (11;
Mexico, Guatemala), Cionosicyos (4; America Central,
Cuba, Jamaica).
22. Abobra
Naudin. Dioecious, herbaceous, perennial trailer, to 7m long, with
feshy rootstock. Only one sp., A. tenuifolia (G. in Hook) Cogn. in S
Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay; in xeric bushlands and dry soils.
23. Calycophysum
Trianna. Monoecious, perennial or woody climbers, root
non-tuberous, to 10 m long. 4 spp. from Venezuela to Bolivia, in Andean cloud
forests and lowland rainforests.
24. Cayaponia
Silva Manso. (inc. Selysia)
Monoecious or rarely dioecious, herbaceous or suffrutescent, often
much-branched climbers or creepers, to 20 m long, with perennial roots; leaves triangular-ovate,
shallowly 3-palmatilobed, 3-nerved; fruit dry. 78 spp.,
mainly in South America (71), few in America Central, Mexico, U.S.A.; one sp.
endemic to Fernando de Noronha Island; one in W Africa and Madagascar; 55 spp.
in Brazil, 27 endemic, 4 of them from Minas Gerais, Bahia, Goias and C.
noronhae C. Jeffrey, endemic to Fernando de Noronha islands in Atlantic
Ocean, are rare plants in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
25. Cucurbita
L. Monoecious, perennial or annual,
herbaceous climbers or trailers to 6m long. 18 spp., 5 domesticated and 13 wild,
in tropical and subtropical America; disturbed places, humid ravines,
floodplants, tropical deciduous forests, grasslands, deserts, rocky hillsides
and oak-pine forests: 5 endemic to Mexico, 5 from Mexico to U.S.A. (one up to
Caribbean), one from Mexico to America Central, C. andreana
Naudin from Bolivia to NC Argentina and Uruguay, and C.
ecuadorensis Cutler & Whitaker from Ecuador and Peru. Five
of the wild Cucurbita species are xerophytic perennials
that occur in Mexico and the SW U.S.A.; seven wild species are mesophytic
annuals that occur in Mexico, the SE and SC U.S.A., and Central and South
America. 5 domesticated species (subfossil records of C. pepo L. and C. moschata
Duchesne ex Poir. from America Central and the northern Andes indicate that
squashes are among the oldest neotropical domesticated plants):
■
C. argyrosperma Huber from Mexico to Nicaragua.
■ C.
ficifolia Bouche from Peru to Bolivia.
■ C.
maxima Duchesne, a cultigen from Bolivia to N. Argentina, probably
derived from C. andreana.
■ C.
moschata Duchesne, a cultigen from Mexico to Guatemala, probably derived
from C. lundelliana.
■ C.
pepo L., a cultigen from Mexico, probably derived from subsp. fraterna.
26. Sicana
Naudin. 4 spp., three in Caribbean, and S.
odorifera (Vell.) Naudin from Peru to Bolivia.
27. Tecunumania
Standl. & Steyerm. Two spp., one from Mexico to Costa Rica,
and T. stothertiae Cornejo & Schaefer. endemic to
Ecuador.
34. CELASTRALES
TWO
FAMILIES, BOTH IN SOUTH AMERICA.
LEPIDOBOTRIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
SEE
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3.
Genera /species
2/2 Distribution tropical W Africa, America Central and northern South
America to Peru. Habit dioecious, evergreen trees (or shrubs?).
SYSTEMATIC outsider
Lepidobotrys (1; tropical W Africa).
1. Ruptiliocarpon Hammel
& N.Zamora. High tree, in dense rainforests. Only one sp., R. caracolito
Hammel & N.Zamora from C Suriname, W Colombia (50 m to 800 m, in Antioquia,
Valle), NE Peru (center Loreto), Costa Rica and Nicaragua, and recently
discovery in Acre and Rondona states in NW Brazil.
CELASTRACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS IN POWO ON JUNE 20, 2024 +
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3.
Genera/species 98/1,280–1,290
Distribution mainly tropical and subtropical regions in the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres; some species in temperate areas; Pottingeria acuminata:
Assam (Naga Hills), upper Burma, NW Thailand. Habit bisexual,
monoecious, andromonoecious, polygamomonoecious?, dioecious, gynodioecious, or
polygamodioecious?, usually evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs or lianas
(rarely herbs, suffrutices, or ericoid or epiphytic shrubs; Stackhousia
usually annual or perennial herbs, sometimes succulent). With or without spines
(Acanthothamnus and Canotia with glandular stems). Branches
rarely photosynthesizing phyllocladia. Bark often yellow (due to triterpenic
compounds).
Several
Neotropical species (Anthodon decussatum Ruiz & Pav., Cuervea
crenulata Mennega, Elachyptera festiva (Miers) A.C. Sm., E.
floribunda (Benth.) A.C. Sm., E. micrantha (Cambess.) A.C. Sm.,
Hippocratea volubilis L., Prionostemma aspera (Lam.) Miers,
Pristimera celastroides (Kunth) A.C. Sm., P. nervosa (Miers) A.C.
Sm., P. verrucosa (Kunth) Miers., Semialarium mexicanum (Miers)
Mennega, S. paniculatum (Mart.) N. Hallé) are large lianas that grow
both along borders and inside forests where wind may or may not help with
dispersal; other Neotropical species (Cuervea kappleriana (Miq.) A.C.
Sm., Hylenaea comosa (Sw.) Miers, H. praecelsa (Miers) A.C. Sm.,
and Pristimera tenuiflora (Mart. ex Peyr.) A.C. Sm.), are water-dispersed
and have been reported from riparian and floodplain forests.
13 New World genera does not occur in South America: Euonymus
L. (145, Old World to Queensland, N. & C. America up to Costa Rica, 11 in
New World), Parnassia (56, subarctic & subalpine World to NE Mexico
and N Sumatera, 10 in New World), Paxistima (2, W Canada to N Mexico), Canotia
(2, SW U.S.A. to N Mexico), Mortonia (7, SW & SC U.S.A. to Mexico), Rzedowskia
(1, E Mexico), Acanthothamnus (1, Mexico), Orthosphenia (1, NE
Mexico), Quetzalia (8, Mexico to Panamá), Wimmeria (17, Mexico to
Panamá), Gyminda (4, Mexico to America Central, Caribbean), Tetrasiphon
(1, Jamaica) and Torralbasia (1, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico).
SYSTEMATIC two
high clades, both in South America.
1. CLADE
PARNASSIOIDEAE (2/70) - outsider Parnassia (c 70;
cold-temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere south to Morocco, Sumatra and
Mexico, with their largest diversity in Himalayas, W China and NW North
America).
1. Lepuropetalon
Elliott. Many small annual succulent herbs ca. 2 cm tall, rarely larger, the smallest
terrestrial angiosperm from several countries as Brazil
and Chile, winter growing, leaves spathulated, flowers incompiscuous, corolla
absent, usually solitary, if not then paired; tannin sacs visible as red lines
or dots on the leaves and calyx, especially when dry. Only one sp., L.
spathulatum (Muehl.) Eliot, found by looking very carefully in disturbed
areas, growing amidst grasses and other small annual herbs, mosses and
liverworts, some times in damp and often sandy soil and outcrops., in
disjunct areas of SW U.S.A., Mexico, chefly along the Andes of Ecuador, central
Chile, S Brazil (recorded of Porto Alegre municipality [Morro São Pedro
region], in Rio Grande do Sul state), NE Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
2. SUBFAMILY
CELASTROIDEAE (96/1,180 – 1,210)
- 14 lineages (four genera unplaced); six outside South America: Pottingerioideae
(2/5, SE Asia, SW U.S.A., northern Mexico), Monimopetalum clade
(1/1, China), Gymnosporia Clade (8/113, Tropical and
subtropical regions in the Old World, tropical Asia to tropical Australia and
New Caledonia, Caribbean), Old World
Maytenus Clade (6-7/8-?, Old World), Salaciopsis
Clade (1/6, New Caledonia) and Sarawakodendroideae
(1/1, Borneo).
CELASTROIDEAE
▸ UNPLACED GENERA
2. Goniodiscus
Kuhlm. Trees, glabrous, tree, fruit a large drupe, seed exalbuminous, oily.
Only one sp., G. elaeospermus Kuhlm.,
endemic to Amazon rainforest (only Amazonas state) in Brazil; the oil extracted
from its seeds supported a small business at the type location.
3. Prionostemma
Miers. Tall,
glabrous scandent shrubs; without latex; leaves
opposite, entire, rarely dentate; inflorescences axillary, rarely terminal,
thyrsoid; flowers bisexual, 5-merous, disk fleshy, annular-pulvinate, entire,
extrastaminal. 4 spp., P. asperum
(Lam.) Miers from Mexico, America Central, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela,
Colombia, Bolivia, Brazil, and three in Africa and India,
savannas and forests.
2.1 CELASTROIDEAE
▸ MICROTROPIS CLADE (3/99)
- outsiders Microtropis (66; tropical Asia), Quetzalia (11;
S Mexico, America Central).
4. Zinowiewia Turcz.
Trees or shrubs, leaves opposite; fruit like Plenckia,
a samara with a lateral-apical wing, oblanceolate or obovate, curved like a
sable. 14 spp., Mexico to Peru, 6 in South America, Venezuela (one
endemic), Colombia (2 endemic),
Ecuador (one endemic), Peru and Bolivia, with Z.
australis Lundell also collected in Roraima state in N Brazil.
2.2 CELASTROIDEAE
▸ STACKHOUSIOIDEAE (18/89)
- outsiders are Wilczekra (1; Central
Africa); Hexaspora (1; NE Queensland); Menepetalum
(4; New Caledonia), Dinghoua
(1; NE Queensland), Apatophyllum
(5; Queensland, New South Wales), Psammomoya
(4; W Australia); Tripterococcus (4; W
Australia), Macgregoria (1; C Australia), Stackhousia
(16; Malesia to New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Micronesia); Denhamia
(10; N and E Australia), Brassiantha
(1; New Guinea), Hedraianthera (1;
Queensland, New South Wales), Dicarpellum
(4; New Caledonia), Hypsophila
(3; NE Queensland), Siphonodon
(6; tropical Asia to New Guinea, E Queensland, NE New South Wales), Peripterygia
(1; New Caledonia), Xenodrys
(1; Madagascar).
5. Crossopetalum
P. Browne. Small trees or shrubs,
inflorescence axillary, cymose, ovary (2-) 4-locular with ovules erect, small
drupes. 31 spp. in Florida, Caribbean to
Venezuela, two in South America, C. rhacoma Crantz, America
Central to Caribbean Is. of Colombia, Antilhas, and C. parviflorum
(Hemsl.) Lundell disjunct from Mexico to America Central and Peru.
2.3 CELASTROIDEAE
▸ BREXIOIDEAE (15/108–123)
- outsiders are all in Madagascar except Brexia
(1 or 12; coastal regions in tropical E Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles), Kokoona
(10; Sri Lanka to Malesia), Lophopetalum
(18–20; tropical Asia to tropical Australia); Pleurostylia
(5; tropical and S Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene Islands, tropical Asia to New
Guinea, N Australia, New Caledonia).
6. Elaeodendron Jacq. Trees, evergreen dioecious, pistillate
flowers with petaloid staminodes (Neotropics), fruit a large indehiscent drupe
with a hard stone enclosing seeds. 39 spp., 5 spp. in New World, one in Bermuda,
three only in Caribbean, and E.
xylocarpum (Vent.) DC. from Mexico, America
Central, Caribbean and Venezuela.
2.4 CELASTROIDEAE
▸ SALACIODEAE (5/270)
- outsiders are Salacighia (2; tropical W and C Africa
to Angola), Thyrsosalacia (2; Central Africa).
7. Cheiloclinium
Miers. Lianas os scandent trees or shrubs,
glabrous or glabrescent; leaves opposite, entire, crenate, or
serrate; inflorescence axillary, thyrsoid or cymose; flowers bisexual,
5-merous. 13 spp., all in South America, 4 up to Mesoamerica (only one in
Mexico) to SE Brazil (11 in Brazil, two endemic), humid forests.
8. Peritassa
Miers. Lianas os scedent trees or shrubs, often with xylopodium;
glabrous (some inflorescence pilose); leaves opposite,
subopposite, or alternate, entire, crenate, or serrate; inflorescences
axillary, thyrsoid or cymose; flowers bisexual, 5-merous. 21 spp., humid
forests, of Costa Rica to Paraguay, all in South America, 16 in Brazil, 8 endemic;
two spp., both collected in Espírito Santo state,
are rare species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
9. Salacia L. Tall unarmed lianas or scadent shrubs, rarely completely
erect trees or shrubs, often with xylopodium,
glabrous or glabrescent; leaves opposite or suboppposite, rarely
alternate, entire, crenate, or serrate; inflorescence axillary or caulifllrous,
thyrsoid, cymose or fasciculate. 214 spp., Old and New World Tropics,
Australia, humid forests to dry scrub and grasslands, 42 spp. in New World, 36
in South America, 27 in Brazil, 6 endemic; S. nemorosa Lombardi is
a rare species in Brazil, collected in Espírito Santo state, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
10. Tontelea
Miers. Lianas os scedent trees or shrubs, glabrous or
puberulent, often with xylopodium;
leaves opposite to subopposite, entire, crenate or serrate; inflorescence
axillary, thyrsoid, rarely cymose; flowers bisexual, 5-merous. 19 spp., all in
South America, two up to Mexico and America Central, from lowands to 1,800 m
alt; 15 spp. in Brazil, 4 endemic.
2.5 CELASTROIDEAE
▸ HIPPOCRATEOIDEAE (18/106)
- outsiders are Plagiopteron (1; S
China, S Burma, Thailand); Helictonema
(1; tropical Africa); Arnicratea
(3; India to SE Asia), Bequaertia
(1; tropical Africa), Apodostigma
(1; tropical Africa, Madagascar), Reissantia (7;
tropical regions in the Old World), Loeseneriella
(16; tropical regions in the Old World), Campylostemon
(10; tropical Africa), Tristemonanthus
(2; tropical W and C Africa), Simicratea
(1; Angola), Trochantha (2;
tropical Africa).
11. Anthodon Ruiz & Pavon. Lianas, glabrous;
leaves opppsite or subopposite, crenulate or serrulate; inflorescences
axillary, cymose; flowers bisexual, 5-merous; petals regularly serrate; disk
fleshy, copular, entire, extrastaminal. Only one sp., A.
decussatus Ruiz & Pav. from America Central, Venezuela, Guianas,
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil and Cono Sur.
12. Cuervea
Triana ex Miers. Tall-growing, unarmed lianes; latex present or absent;
leaves opposite or subopposite, entire, crenulate, or denticulate;
inflorescences axillary, rarely terminal, cymose or thyrsoid; flowers bisexual,
large, 5-merous; disk membranous, copular, entire or lobed. 7 spp., two in
Africa, Caribbean islands (three endemic, St Vincent, Cuba, and Jamaica), C.
kappleriana (Miq.) A.C. Sm. from Mexico to Bolivia, Guianas and Caribbean,
and C. crenulata Mennega endemic to Brazil, and at
humid to gallery forests.
13. Elachyptera
A.C.Sm. Glabrous lianes or scrambling shrubs; latex
absent, glabrous (inflorescences sometimes puburulent); leaves opposite
or subopposite, entire, crenulate, or serrate; inflorecences axillary or
terminal, cymose or thyrsoid; flowers bisexual, 5-merous, disk almost fleshy. 8
spp., 4 in Africa and one in Madagascar, 4 of Mexico to SE Brazil (all 4,
slightly centered within up to Bolivia and Argentina, one
endemic, E. coriacea Lombardi, from Bahia state a rare
species in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book),
in humid forests to dry thickets, mangroves swamps.
14. Hippocratea L.
Lianas, puberulent or glabrescent; leaves opposite, entire, crenate, or
serrulate; inflorescences axillary, cymose or thyrsoid; flowers bisexual,
5-merous; disk fleshy, pulvinate or cupular, entire, extrastaminal. 4
spp., three in tropical Africa and H. volubilis
L. from Central and South America, scatered in almost all countries, at humid
to gallery forests, 0-1,800 m.
15. Hylenaea Miers Trees or lianas, glabrous;
leaves oppsoite or subopposite, entire; inflorescences axillary or terminal,
thyrsoid; flowers bisexual, 5-meroys; disk membranous or more or less fleshy,
cupular, entire. Three spp., Central and South America, forests, two well
distributed (both in Brazil) and H.
unguiculata Mennega more restricted,
from Brazil and Suriname.
16. Pristimera
Miers. Lianas or scandent shrubs, glabrous or
puberulent;
older stems normally terete, with pale yellow wood; latex usually absent;
leaves opposite or subopposite, entire or serrulate; inflorescences axillary,
rarely terminal, cymose, rarely thyrsoid; flowers bisexual, small, 5-merous,
fleshy. 37 spp., Indonesia, Madagascar, Africa (12), 10 in New World tropics
from Mexico to Cono Sur and Caribbean, humid forests to dry tickets; 7 spp. in
South America, 4 spp. in Brazil, P. sclerophylla
Lombardi endemic.
17. Semialarium
N.Hallé. Trees or lianas, puberulent or glabescent;
leaves opposite, rarely subopposite, crenulate or serrulate; inflorescences
axillary, rarely terminal, thyrsoid; flowers bisexual, 5-merous, fleshy,
entire. Two spp., S. mexicanum (Miers) Mennega
from Mexico, Venezuela and America Central, and S. paniculatum (Mart.)
N. Hallé from Brazil, Colombia and Paraguay, forests, to 1,300 m.
2.6 CELASTROIDEAE
▸ AMERICAN MAYTENUS CLADE (4/145-160)
- all genera in South America.
18. Fraunhofera
Mart. Trees or shrubs, pubescents, sessile and pubescent leaves, axillary and
terminal racemose inflorescences with strigose peduncle, fruit possibly a
drupe. Only one sp., F.
multiflora
Mart., endemic to NE Brazil, in deciduous forets.
19. Maytenus
L. (exc. Monteverdia p.p.). Shrubs to trees, often with woody
rhizomes. 32 spp., Florida and Texas to subantarctic regions in Tierra del
Fuego, Argentina, with a large altitudinal variation from sea level to ca. 3,900
m elevation in the Andean mountains. 24 spp. in South America, only the
southern South American M. boaria Molina occur in Brazil, in high
elevations in Minas Gerais to Santa Catarina states.
20. Monteverdia A. Rich. (inc. Maytenus p.p.) Membranaceous, chartaceous or coriaceous leaves that are spirally or
distichously arranged; axillary fasciculate or cymose inflorescences that are
sometimes reduced to an individual flower; flowers with two carpels, two ovules
per carpel; capsular fruits with coriaceous pericarp that open by two reflexing
or (rarely) upright valves; white arils that completely cover the seeds. 120
spp., over New World, 78 in South America, 50 in Brazil, 34 endemic; 7 spp. of this genus are rare in Brazil, all treelets in
Bahia, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book. M.
multicostata Cornejo & Biral (Ecuador) has the largest
fruits in the genus (to 3.5 cm long).
21. Plenckia
Reissek. Trees or shrubs, glabrous, often dioecious,
leaves alternate, fruit a samara with an apical wing, surrounding seed,
elongate or oblong, symmetrical, and eventually septicidally dehiscent capsule
with age. Three spp. from Bolivia, Brazil (two, none endemic)
and Paraguay.
2.7 CELASTROIDEAE
▸ CELASTROIDEAE (10/200)
- outsiders are Tripterygium (1; China
inc. Taiwan); Paxistima (2; North
America), Wimmeria (12; America Central); Acanthothamnus
(1; Mexico), Canotia (2; SW
U.S.A); Euonymus (c 130; temperate regions on the
Northern Hemisphere, E Australia, Tasmania), Glyptopetalum
(c 20; tropical Asia), Torralbasia
(1; Caribbean), Xylonymus
(1; W New Guinea).
22. Celastrus
L. Scadent shrubs, glabrous, rarely pubescents. 44
spp., 7 in New World, restricteds in Colombia/Panamá region (2), Mexico to
Nicaragua region (3), Canada to U.S.A. (1), and C. grenadensis Urb.,
from Mexico to Bolivia, Windward Is. to N Venezuela, and SE Brazil.
2.8 CELASTROIDEAE
▸ SCHAEFFERIA CLADE (5/32)
- outsiders are Orthosphenia (1;
Mexico), Rzedowskia (1; Mexico).
23. Haydenoxylon M.
P. Simmons. Dioecious trees, inflorescence large, cymose with 4-merous flowers,
fruit a loculicidal capsule, 2-4 lobed. 4 spp., one in Colombia to Peru; two in
Mexico and America Central (inc. H. calzadae (Lundell) Biral off VPA);
and H. urbanianum (Loes.) M. P. Simmons from Colombia to Bolivia
and Acre state in Brazil.
24. Schaefferia Jacq. Trees or shrubs, glabrous
or rarely puberulent. 15 spp. from Mexico to Argentina and Uruguay, 4 spp. in
South America, only the platine species S. argentinensis Speg. in
Brazil, dry, rochy woodlands, hummocks, thickets.
35. OXALIDALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: CEPHALOTACEAE (1/1) AND HUACEAE (2/4), AS
IN POWO IN JUNE 21, 2024.
LINEAGE 1 of
2: OXALIDS
CONNARACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 21, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species
13(own data, with Berberdinia)/160-190
Distribution pantropical, southwards to Uruguay, South Africa and
Queensland. Habit usually bisexual (sometimes monoecious, rarely
dioecious), usually evergreen (sometimes deciduous) shrubs or lianas (sometimes
trees). Many species are poisonous. All five genera are native.
Three out of the 5 native genera are endemic to Neotropics. Their geographic
distribution within the region is given above under "Distribution in the
Neotropics". About 70 spp. in Brazil.
The family
is pantropical and includes 16 genera and about 300-350 species. Its center of
distribution is W Africa. In the Neotropics there are 5 genera and 111 species.
While most species are found mostly within the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn,
two taxa extend past 27° S in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil: Connarus rostratus (Vell.) L.B.Sm.
and Rourea gracilis G.Schellenb. Both Rourea
(Rourea induta Planch.) and Connarus (Connarus suberosus
Planch.) are important components of savannas of C Brazil (cerrado).
Key
differences from similar families - the lack of stipules is a
key difference from the Leguminosae in sterile herbarium material.
Use
Timber, medicinal plants, seed oil (Connarus).
SYSTEMATIC
outsiders are Ellipanthus (6; coastal regions in tropical E Africa,
Madagascar, tropical Asia), Hemandradenia (2; tropical W and C Africa), Burttia
(1; C Tanzania), Vismianthus (2; Mlinguru in SE Tanzania; SW Burma); Jollydora
(3; E Nigeria to Angola); Manotes (4–5; tropical Africa); Cnestis
(13; tropical Africa, Madagascar, one species in tropical Asia), Agelaea
(8; tropical Africa, Madagascar, tropical Asia)
Keys to
genera of Neotropical Connaraceae
1. Carpel
solitary at flowering stage; petals with glandular punctuations ------------ Connarus
1. Carpels 5
at flowering stage; petals without glandular punctuations - 2
2. Sepals
valvate or only narrowly imbricate; inflorescence (and fruit) densely pilose ------------ Cnestidium
2. Sepals
imbricate; inflorescence (and fruit) usually glabrous or villous but not
densely pilose - 3
3. Ovary
slightly stipitate; leaves consistently trifoliolate; leaflets papillose below ------------ Pseudoconnarus
3. Ovary
sessile; leaves uni-, tri- or multifoliolate; leaflets usually without - 4
4. Flowers
produced before or approximately at the same time as the leaves ------------ Bernardinia
4. Flowers
produced after the leaves ------------ Rourea
1. Bernardinia
Planch. (off Rourea) Only one
sp., B. fluminensis (Gardner) Planch., endemic to E part of Brazil, in
states of Bahia, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, extending north to Pará and
south to São Paulo.
2. Cnestidium Planch. Lianas with imparipinnate leaves, inflorescence a
panicle. Three spp., C.
guianensis (G. Schellenb.) G. Schellenb. in the Guianas and E
Venezuela, C. rufescens
Planch. is known from Mexico to Colombia, W Venezuela, Ecuador and Cuba, and C. froesii Pires in
known only N Brazil (only type collection, Amazonas state) and Venezuela.
3.
Connarus L. Lianas or lianescent
shrubs with cylindric branches; leaves trifoliolate or imparipinnate; leaflets
opposite or not, often acuminate, often glandular-punctate; inflorescence an
axillary panicle, often appearing terminal and more compound due to reduced
leaf development; flowers bisexual, heterostylous; pedicels with a distinct
joint; sepals 5; petals 5, longer than sepals, free or coherent, usually white;
follicle red, opening lengthwise, usually along ventral suture; seed solitary,
attached to ventral side of follicle. 106 spp., pantropical, 62 in New World, 53
in South America, 36 in Brazil, 24 endemic, 6 of then from Pará,
Rio de Janeiro, Bahia and Minas Gerais states are rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
4. Pseudoconnarus Radlk. Trifoliolate
leaves, always with papillae on the lower surface of the leaflets. 5 spp.,
Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Peru, and the states of Acre, Amazonas
and Pará in Brazil (3, none endemic).
5. Rourea Aubl. (exc. Bernardinia) Shrubs to trees, often with roots
crown. 82 spp., pantropical,
50 in New World, 46 in South America, 39 in Brazil, 23 endemic, 7
of them from Bahia, São Paulo, Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso and Maranhão
states are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
OXALIDACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 21, 2024
Genera/species 5/669
Distribution Tropical and subtropical regions, few species of Oxalis
in temperate areas (some species of Oxalis are widely distributed
weeds). Habit Usually bisexual (in Dapania androdioecious),
evergreen shrubs or trees (rarely lianas) or perennial (rarely annual) herbs,
often with root tubers, sometimes succulent. Some species are xerophytes or
helophytes. Juice often bitter. Some species of Oxalis have CAM
physiology. Two neotropical genera: Oxalis and Biophytum.
359 spp. in
New World. Oxalis corniculata
L. and O. pes-caprae L. are naturalized,
and O. tetraphylla (L.) DC. is
cultivated. O. tuberosa Molina, known as maca, is an herbaceous perennial plant that
overwinters as underground stem tubers. The plant was brought into cultivation
in the central and southern Andes for its tubers, which are used as a root
vegetable. The plant is not known in the wild, but populations of wild Oxalis
species that bear smaller tubers are known from four areas of the central
Andean region.
Distinguishing
characters (always present)
ü compound (or
unifoliolate) leaves.
ü determinate
inflorescences.
ü perfect,
radial, hypogenous flowers.
ü ten stamens
with two different lengths.
ü fruits
loculicidal capsules.
SYSTEMATIC
outsiders Averrhoa (5; Malesia), Dapania (3; Madagascar,
Malesia), Sarcotheca (12; W Malesia)
1. Biophytum
DC. Herbs up to 1m, stems sometimes woody;
imparipinnate leaves clustered at the branch apices, and the terminal leaflet
is reduced to a bristle-like mucro. 81 spp., pantropical, 36 in New World, 30
in South America, in rain forests or disturbed areas from sea level to about
2,000 m alt., slightly centered in Andes and Guiana Shield. 8 spp. in Brazil, all
from mountains of northern Amazon rainforest, one endemic.
2. Oxalis
L. Annual or perennial herbs, bulb-like tubers, bulbs or fleshy rhizomes,
sometimes succulent, with shrubs/vines in South America, one aquatic in South
Africa, often cushions in Andes; trifoliolate leaves, either pinnate or
palmately arranged. 568 spp., widely distributed, 320 in New World, from which 269
species are found throughout South America, found in both temperate and
tropical habitats, growing from sea level to an altitude of more than 3,700 m -
with the largest diversity in terms of Oxalis growth forms, including
shrubs, herbs, annuals, vines and geophytes; c. 210 species are endemic to
South Africa, all bulbous perennials with above-ground plant parts borne on
seasonal rhizomes emergent during the rainy season. 99 spp. in Brazil, 58 endemic;
10 species of this genus in several Brazilian states rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book. 4 subgenera and 28 sections, based mainly on
characters of the leaf:
§ subg. Oxalis
‣ 413 spp., worldwide, highly centered in the
Andean mountains from Colombia to Bolivia, also very diverse in South Africa;
19 sections. 42 spp. in Brazil.
§ subg. Monoxalis ‣
two spp. herbaceous, O. dichondrifolia A. Gray and O. robusta Kunth,
from the SW U.S.A. and Mexico.
§ subg. Thamnoxys ‣
72 spp., mainly in Brazilian Shield in central and E Brazil (54);
nine sections have been recognized:
§ sect. Foliosae ‣
5 spp.
§ sect. Hedysaroideae ‣
6 spp.
§ sect. Holophyllum ‣
8 spp.
§ sect. Phyllodoxys ‣
2 spp.
§ sect. Pleiocarpa ‣
only one sp., O. glaucescens Norlind, endemic to Brazil.
§ sect. Polymorphae ‣
14 spp., from Atlantic Forest except O. alstonii Lourteig and O.
roselata A. St.-Hil. up to dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga)
and savannas of C Brazil (cerrado).
§ sect. Psoraleoideae ‣
5 spp.
§ sect. Robustae ‣
9 spp.
§ sect.
Thamnoxys ‣ 27 spp.,
two in Cuba, 6 in Andes, and 19 in Brazil.
§ subg. Trifidus ‣
two spp., O. sleumeri Lourteig and
O. tacorensis Burtt,
from NE Chile, NW Argentina and SW Bolivia.
Oxalis is the only eudicot genus to evolve geographically, morphologically,
and taxonomically diverse clades of bulb-bearing species, and two major radiations of bulb-bearing species exist within
the genus. More than 200 species of caulescent, tunicate-bulbed (onion-like) Oxalis
are centered on the Cape Floristic Region in southern Africa. In addition,
around 60 species of acaulescent, imbricate-bulbed (lily-like) Oxalis occupy
the Americas with a broad distribution in mountainous areas from Patagonia to
the NE U.S.A. O. gigantea Barnéoud, endemic to Chile, is largest species of genus.
LINEAGE 2 of
2: CUNONIIDS
BRUNELLIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 21, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species
1/60 Distribution Mexico to Bolivia and Caribbean. Habit evergreen
trees, unarmed.
The presence
of interpetiolar stipules and stipels on the rachis of the compound leaves or
on the petiole of the unifoliolate leaves are diagnostic and are particularly
useful to distinguish them from high altitude species of Turpinia
(Staphylaceae). The latter present the same variation of the leaves but without
stipules and stipels.
SYSTEMATIC a
single genus.
1. Brunellia
Ruiz & Pavon. Tree or treelets; plants
dioecious or gynodioecious; stem and branches terete, unbranched in lower part;
branch nodes swollen; leaves petiolate, stipulate, unifoliolate or
multifoliolate with 3-26(30) leaflets, opposite or whorled; inflorescences
proliferating monotelic thyrso-paniculate, generally pedunculate; flowers
apetalous, 4-16 mm in diameter, usually largest in unifoliolate species; fruit
of various follicles; seeds red, 2 to 3 per follicle. 60 spp., one only to
Mexico/America Central, 6 shared from Central and South America (B.
comocladifolia Bonpl. also in
Antilles), 54 from Venezuela to Bolivia (montane forests, either at lower
elevations such as from 600 to 2,000 m, or much higher, usually between 2,800
and 3,800 m, a single spp., B. hygrothermica
Cuatrec., grows in the superhumid sea-level region, high diversity in
Colombia, 36), and B. neblinensis Steyerm. & Cualtrec, in high shrub
land in Mount Neblina in S Venezuela and N Brazil.
CUNONIACEAE
§
REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON JUNE 21, 2024
Genera/species
27/315–325 Distribution mainly the Southern Hemisphere between 13ºS and
35ºS, with their largest diversity in Australia, New Caledonia and New Guinea,
few species northwards to Philippines, Mexico and Caribbean. Habit usually
bisexual (rarely andromonoecious, polygamomonoecious, dioecious,
androdioecious, gynodioecious, or polygamodioecious), usually evergreen (rarely
deciduous) trees or shrubs (some species of Weinmannia are lianas or
hemi-epiphytes). Some species are xerophytes. Bark provided with numerous
lignified cells and usually with lenticels. Species in
several genera, including Weinmannia
and Eucryphia, are
sources of nectar for honey.
Key
differences from similar families - Weinmannia
resembles Brunellia and Staphylea in having opposite, usually
toothed leaves (simple or pinnate in Brunellia, imparipinnate in Staphylea)
and stipules (interpetiolar in Brunellia, free-lateral in Staphylea),
and all three genera occur in montane neotropical forest. Weinmannia can
be distinguished as follows:
ü it has a
syncarpous ovary (2 carpels) with free stylodia (vs carpels free, 4-6 [-8] in Brunellia;
carpels 2-3, partially free or united at level of ovary, stylodia fused
distally in Staphylea);
ü axillary
racemes (vs axillary panicles/thyrses in Brunellia; axillary or terminal
panicles in Staphylea);
ü stipels
absent at base of leaflets in compound leaves (vs stipels present in Brunellia;
small glands present in Staphylea);
ü petals
caducous, often falling like a cap (vs absent in Brunellia; present and
not caducous in Staphylea);
ü seeds hairy
(vs arillate in Brunellia; without aril or hairs in Staphylea).
Key to
genera of Neotropical Cunoniaceae:
1.
Flowers large (3-5 cm diameter) with showy petals, solitary ------------ Eucryphia
1.
Flowers small (< 1 cm diameter) with or without petals, several to many per
inflorescence - 2
2.
Inflorescence paniculate/thyrsoid; stipules free-lateral (4 per node); venation
craspedodromous ------------ Caldcluvia
2.
Inflorescence of axillary racemes (panicle in one species of Weinmannia
from Colombia); stipules various; venation semi-craspedodromous - 3
3.
Leaves palmately compound; stipules free-lateral (4 per node); corolla absent ------------ Lamanonia
3.
Leaves simple or imparipinnately compound; stipules interpetiolar (2 per node);
corolla present but caducous ------------ Weinmannia
SYSTEMATIC tribes Spiraeanthemeae
(2/20, Moluccas, New Guinea, NE Queensland, New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa, Solomon
Islands, Vanuatu), Hooglandiaclade (1/1, New Caledonia), Bauereae
(1/4, SE Australia, Tasmania), Davidsonia clade (1/3, E Queensland, New
South Wales), Aistopetalumclade (1/2, New Guinea), Schizomerieae
(4/14, Cape, Moluccas, New Guinea, E Queensland, NE New South Wales, Solomon
Islands, New Zealand, W Tasmania), Acrophyllum clade (1/1, New South
Wales), Gillbeeaclade (1/3, New Guinea, Queensland) and Codieae
(3/16, Moluccas, Queensland, New South Wales, New Caledonia) do not occur in
South America.
1.1 TRIBE
EUCRYPHIEAE (1/7) ‣ a single genus.
1. Eucryphia
Cav. 7 spp., 5 in Australia and Tasmania and two in
Chile and Argentina.
1.2 TRIBE
GEISSOIEAE (4/25) ‣ outsiders Pseudoweinmannia (2; Queensland, New South
Wales), Karrabina (2; Queensland, New South Wales), Geissois (16;
New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Fiji, Santa Cruz Islands).
2. Lamanonia
Vell. Small to medium-sized trees or occasionally shrubs characterized by
opposite and decussate, palmately compound leaves, each usually composed of
three or five leaflets that always have toothed margins. 6 spp., almost all
restricted of forests in Central, E and S Brazil, except two reaching
to Argentina and Paraguay; L. brasiliensis Zickel
& Leitão from Distrito Federal and L. chabertii (Pamp.)
L.B. Sm. from São Paulo state are rare plants in Brazil,
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
1.3 TRIBE
CALDCLUVIEAE (4/10) ‣ outsiders Opocunonia (1; E Malesia to New Guinea, Solomon
Islands), Ackama (10; Sulawesi, Philippines, Moluccas, New Guinea,
Solomon Islands, Queensland, New South Wales, North Island of New Zealand).
3. Caldcluvia
D. Don. Only one sp., C. paniculata (Cav.)
D. Don in central Chile and Argentina; forest.
1.4 TRIBE
CUNONIEAE (4/210-220) ‣ outsiders Vesselowskya (2;
Queensland, New South Wales), Pterophylla (68, Madagascar, Comoros, Malesia,
Pacific Islands), Pancheria (c 30; New Caledonia), Cunonia (c 25;
New Caledonia, one species in W and E Cape and KwaZulu-Natal).
4.
Weinmannia L. 91 spp., two in Mascarenes Islands and 89
in New World, from Mexico to Cono Sur, Caribbean, South America (82), with
the greatest concentration of species in Colombia (35), Ecuador (30) and Peru
(43), mostly in forest, especially montane tropical forest and subtropical
forest, extending into temperate forest in the south, often a significant
component of cloud forests in the Andes where several species can co-occur at
one locality or in a single altitudinal zone; absent from the lowlands of the
Amazon rainforest. 7 spp. in Brazil, three endemic, W. pinnata L.,
a very variable and widely distributed tree, ranging from S Mexico to Brazil,
and W. organensis Gardner also in
Peru.
ELAEOCARPACEAE
§
REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON JUNE 21, 2024
Genera/species
12/c. 550 Distribution Mexico, America Central, Caribbean, South America
southwards to southern Chile, Madagascar, Mauritius, Socotra, E Himalaya, E and
S India, Sri Lanka, E Asia to Japan, SE Asia, Malesia, New Guinea, Melanesia,
Samoa, Tonga, and other Pacific islands, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand. Habit
usually bisexual (rarely monoecious or dioecious), evergreen trees, shrubs or
suffrutices; a large number of species are xerophytes.
Trees,
shrubs or herbs. Trunks sometimes with buttresses. Sloanea is only genus
without petals. All taxa listed are native. The genus Elaeocarpus L. is cultivated in Brazil. Two
genera and 41 spp. in Brazil. The fruits of Sloanea are armed or smooth
woody capsules; in Crinodendron the fruits are dehiscent and winged, and
in Vallea they are fleshy and berry-like.
Crayn et al.
(2006) demosntrated that Sloanea is a monophyletic sister-group of the
clade formed by Vallea and Aristotelia. In the same study, Crinodendron
was also considered as monophyletic, and forming a sister-group with Peripentadenia.
SYSTEMATIC two
tribes, both in South America.
1.1 TRIBE
ELAEOCARPEAE (9/c. 435) ‣ outsiders Peripentadenia
(2; Queensland), Dubouzetia (11; Moluccas, New Guinea, Northern
Territory, Queensland, New Caledonia), Tremandra (2; W Australia), Platytheca
(2; W Australia), Tetratheca (c 40; W Australia, S Australia to
Queensland, Tasmania), Elaeocarpus (c 350; Madagascar, tropical and
subtropical Asia and eastwards to New Caledonia, New Zealand and Hawaii), Sericolea
(16; E Malesia), Aceratium (c 20; E Malesia and eastwards to Queensland,
Solomon Islands and Vanuatu).
1. Crinodendron
Molina. 4 spp., two endemic to in Chile, C. tucumanum Lillo in Bolivia
and Argentina, and C. brasiliense Reitz & L.B. Sm. in south Brazil,
a shrub with white flowers, very narrow endemic of Bom Retiro municipality,
Santa Catarina state, in nebular forests.
1.2 TRIBE
SLOANEEAE (3/165) ‣ all genera occur in South America.
2. Aristoelia
L’ Her. 5 spp., A. chilensis (Molina) Stuntz from Chile, remaining 4 in
New Zealand, Tasmania and New South Wales.
3. Sloanea
L. Small to large trees up to 40 m tall, often
butteressed; occasionally shrubby; leaves sometimes subopposute; inflorescence
cymose, thyrsoid, a fascicle or raceme, or flowers solitary; fruit woody. 187
spp., 133 spp. in Central and South America (104), 54 in Old World, Madagascar
(3), NE India & Nepal (4), Burma (7), China (12-15), Vietnam (6), Borneo
(2), New Guinea (18), New Caledonia (9) and Australia (4). 50 spp. in Brazil (10
endemic), widely distributed in country. One undeterminated sp. fom tropical
America is myrmecophyte.
4. Vallea Mutis
ex L.f. Shrubs or trees, pink flowered. Two spp. in Venezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina, in the lower slopes of Andes.
36. MALPIGHIALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: BALANOPACEAE (1/9), CENTROPLACACEAE (2/9), CTENOLOPHONACEAE
(1/2), IRVINGIACEAE (4/12), LOPHOPYXIDACEAE (1/1), PANDACEAE
(3/17) AND RAFFLESIACEAE (3/49), AS IN POWO IN
JUNE 29, 2024.
APODANTHACEAE
§ PARASITIC (Prosopanche –
... - Mitrastemon – APODANTHACEAE – SANTALALES – Lennoa – OROBANCHACEAE
- Cuscuta)
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 17, 2024
Genera/species
2/12 Distribution California, Florida, Caribbean, Mexico, America
Central, South America southwards to central Argentina, E Mediterranean, from
SE Türkiye to northern Iran, tropical E Africa, SW Australia. Habit usually
monoecious or dioecious (rarely bisexual), achlorophyllous herbaceous
endophytes without rhizome or normal roots. Root or stem holoendoparasites (Apodanthes
on Salicaceae [e.g. Casearia and Xylosma], Burseraceae and
Meliaceae; Pilostyles on Fabaceae).
Vegetative
body resembling fungal mycelium (endophytic tissues in host plant). Stem
and leaves absent; flowers are the only visible part outside the host
(solitary, in groups or rows); flowers unisexual and very small, a few mm in
diametre, subtended by scalelike bracts; the structures around the flowers are
referred to here as bracts, but they have also been called leaves (scale-like),
scales or sepals (the inner whorl) by different authors; isophasic
parasitism.
SYSTEMATIC
both genera in South America.
1. Apodanthes Poit. Isophasic
trunk holoparasitic, flowers less than 10mm; the bracts are whitish and yellow
to orange, brown or red, free in the inner and outer whorls and connate in the
middle ones. Only one sp., A. caseariae Poit., from Guatemala, Honduras,
Costa-Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, N & E
Brazil, Peru and Bolivia, parasiting only plants of the families Salicaceae (Casearia and Xylosma), some Burseraceae and Meliaceae. A.
minarum Vattimo of Minas Gerais state is a rare species in Brazil by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, but it’s non-valid species.
2. Pilostyles Guill. Isophasic
trunk holoparasitic, flowers less than 10mm, the
smallest of all parasitic plants; dioecious (rarely monoecious), bracts
are red to brown and free, cleistogamous in mexican endemic. 11 spp., one
in Iran, Turkyie and Syria, one in tropical southern Africa, three in SW
Australia, and 6 in New World: three in Mexico, one reaching into Honduras,
another up to U.S.A., and three in South America: P. berteroi Guillemin in Adesmia
of Chile,
Argentina, Peru, and Bolivia; P. blanchetii (Gardner) R.Br. in Mimosa,
Bauhinia, Cassia, Dioclea, Galactia and Schnella
at Jamaica, Cayman Is., Costa Rica to Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil, Argentina and
Uruguay; and P. boyacensis González F, Pabón-Mora
in dry interandean valleys of the Colombian E Cordillera, 2,000-2,415 m
elevation range, parasiting Dalea cuatrecasasii Killip ex Barneby (Fabaceae).
LINEAGE
1 de 6: RHIZOPHORIDS
RHIZOPHORACEAE
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IN POWO ON JUNE 29, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species
15/150–160 Distribution Pantropical, Pacific and Atlantic coasts of
Central and South America, the Caribbean, Atlantic and eastern coasts of
Africa, Pacific and Indian Ocean islands, with their highest diversity in
Madagascar and tropical Asia. Habits Usually bisexual (rarely
polygamomonoecious), evergreen trees or shrubs. Many species are mangrove
trees. Pneumatophores (in Gynotrocheae and Rhizophoreae) and
stilt roots often present. The family consists of 14 genera
and about one hundred species distributed around the tropics. Three genera
occur in Amazon rainforest, Rhizophora that is confined to coastal
mangrove forest.
SYSTEMATIC three
tribes; Gynotrocheae (4/30–32, Madagascar, tropical Asia to
tropical Australia, islands in W Pacific) does not occur in New World.
Key to genera of Neotropical Rhizophoraceae
1. Ovary inferior; fruit a
viviparous drupe; plants with stilt roots ------------ Rhizophora
1. Ovary superior; fruit a capsule,
plants without stilt roots - 2
2. Flowers hermaphrodite; leaves
opposite; petals fimbriate or laciniate; inflorescence of
solitary flowers or sessile clusters ------------ Cassipourea
2. Flowers dioecious; leaves verticellate;
petals laciniate; inflorescence a corymobose panicle with
long peduncle ------------ Sterigmapetalum
1. TRIBE
MACARISIEAE (8/105–115) ‣ outsiders Macarisia (8;
Madagascar), Anopyxis (3; tropical Africa), Blepharistemma (1; SW
India), Comiphyton (1; Gabon to E Congo).
1. Paradrypetes Kuhlm. Dioecious trees; leaves opposite, entire or more often
serrate with few to many spinose teeth, without imbedded glands; inflorescences
epipetiolar (the leaf blade sometimes aborting and leaving only a scar),
ebracteate, cymose (dichasial); staminate flowers numerous; fruit a glabrous
drupe. Two spp.,
P. ilicifolia Kuhlman, along rivers in the Atlantic rain forest of Brazil, in the states of
Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais, and P. subintegrifolia G.A.
Levin, from Iaco and Tarauaca
drainages of SW Amazonas and Acre, Brazil, and Ecuador (Napo region), in varzea
forest.
2. Cassipourea Aubl. Trees or shrubs, leaves opposite and decussate;
inflorescences solitary flowers or fasciculate groups, axillary, sessile or
pedicellate; flowers hermaphrodite; disk fleshy or membraneous, dentate; calyx
tube campanulate, 4-5-lobed, the lobes erect, valvate; petals 4-5, unguiculate,
fimbriate, folded in bud, white; fruit an ovoid capsule. 72 spp., Africa, India
and New World (14), mainly African. 14 spp. from Mexico to Brazil and Caribbean,
10 in South America, only 4 in Brazil, one endemic.
3. Sterigmapetalum
Kuhlm. Small to large trees; leaves 2-5 verticellate;
stipules interpetiolar or axillary, coriaceous; inflorescence of pedunculate,
corymbose, dichotomous panicles, with bracts and bracteoles; flowers dioecious;
calyx 6-7 lobed in female flowers, 5-6 lobed in male flowers; fruit an
obovate-oblong capsule, 5-6 locular with 2 seeds in each locules, septicidal. 9
spp., in Colombia, Guianas and Venezuela (mainly species), and central Amazon
rainforest west to Iquitos, Peru. 4 spp. in Brazil, one endemic.
2. TRIBE
RHIZOPHOREAE (4/18–19) ‣
outsiders 4/19. Bruguiera (6; coasts of tropical East
Africa and east to Samoa), Kandelia (2; coasts of India and
Bangladesh to Borneo, China and Kyushu in S Japan), Ceriops (5;
coasts of East Africa and India to Queensland, Melanesia, Micronesia and N to
SE China).
4. Rhizophora L. Mangroves, with
rhizophores. 6 spp. and 5 hybrids, two species and one hybrid in New World: R.
mangle L. from
Florida to southern Brazil, C Mexico to northern Peru, Fiji, New Caledonia,
Tonga, Samoa, and American Samoa - Bermuda is the most northerly extent of its
range; presence on the mid-Atlantic islands (St. Helena and Ascension) has been
reported for this species, but this is not confirme; R. racemosa G.Mey occur
from Costa Rica to Maranhão state in northern Brazil in Atlantic coast, and
Costa Rica to Pacific Coast of Colombia, also W Africa Guinea Gulf, from S
Mauritania to Angola; and the hybrid Rhizophora ✕ harrisonii Leechm.
from Mexico, America Central, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela,
Guianas, Colombia, Ecuador, and Brazil (only Pará and Maranhão
states).
ERYTHROXYLACEAE
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Genera/species
4/282 Distribution pantropical (especially the Andes, Amazonas and
Madagascar), southwards to C Chile and Argentina, South Africa and eastern
India. Habit usually bisexual (rarely dioecious), evergreen small trees
or shrubs. Branches often covered with distichous scale-like rudimentary
leaves. Buds perulate.
Recent
molecular studies, supported by various morphological and anatomic characters,
have shown affinity between Erythroxylaceae and Rhizophoraceae, and
suggest that they belong to the order Malpighiales, sensu APG I (1998); in the
classification proposed by the APG II (2003), the large affinity and the set of
characters shared by both families led Erythroxylaceae
and Rhizophoraceae to be considered, optionally, as a single Family;
the main characters shared by the two families are: alkaloids from the tropane
and pyrrolidine groups, the presence of colleters, terminal buds
protected by stipules and green embryos.
Use
Medicinal plants, cocaine (Erythroxylon coca Lam.,
E. novogranatense (D. Morris) Hieron.), timber, tar, dyeing substances.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders
all in Africa: Aneulophus (2; tropical W and C Africa), Nectaropetalum (5; tropical
and southern Africa, Madagascar), Pinacopodium (2; tropical Africa).
1. Erythroxylum
P.Browne. Glabrous shrubs or small trees, sometimes with woody
rhizomes or xylopodium; branchlets
erect to spreading; leaves simple, entire, alternate, pinnately veined;
inflorescences fasciculate at nodes, sometimes short-pedunculate, with 1-many
flowers; small, actinomorphic, bisexual or unisexual, calyx lobes 5,
persistent, valvate, sepals united below; petals 5, free, alternate with
sepals, imbricate in bud; fruits small, drupaceous and one-seeded. Seeds with
straight embryo, with or without endosperm. 270 spp., pantropical, 204 spp.
native in New World, from Mexico, Mesoamerica, Caribbean, South America (178). 135 spp. in
Brazil, 89 endemic, highly centered in Bahia state with 25 spp. 7 spp. in seven
states are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
Some
native species of Erythroxylum,
referred to in the literature as having pharmacological potential because they
contain alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids, are widely used in medicine;
among these is E. coca
Lam., from which the cocaine alkaloid is extracted. It has been used since 1879
as a local anaesthetic and for terminally ill patients (Brompton
cocktail), but mainly illegally as a recreational drug sold in major urban
centers to a considerable addict population; this species has long been used as
a ritualistic psychoactive medicinal plant by a host of South American tribes.
In Brazil, E.
vacciniifolium Mart., popularly known as catuaba, is used to stimulate the
central nervous system in addition to exhibiting aphrodisiac properties; E. pelleterianum A. St.-Hil.
is used to treat stomach pains; E.
myrsinites Mart. and E.
suberosum A. St.-Hil. are used in the tanning industry.
LINEAGE
2 de 6: OCHNOIDS
OCHNACEAE
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ANNEX 3
Genera/species 36/565–575
Distribution pantropical (few subtropical species), mainly in America
Central, the Caribbean and tropical South America, with their largest diversity
in Amazon rainforest. Habit usually bisexual
(sometimes polygamomonoecious, dioecious, androdioecious, or
polygamodioecious), evergreen trees, shrubs or lianas, rarely perennial herbs. Almost
all Ochnaceae are evergreen shrubs or small trees; none genera in New World are
tall trees, and herbs occur only in Sauvagesia.
SYSTEMATIC three
subfamilies, Medusagynoideae (1/1, Mahé in Seychelles) does not occur in
South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
QUIINOIDEAE (4/50–55) ‣
all genera occur in South America.
1. Froesia Pires.
Shrubs or trees, unbranched stems bears a rosette of huge leaves and is
terminated by inflorescences. 5 spp. in northern South America up to Peru, 3 in
Brazil (two endemic to Venezuela), F. crassiflora Pires & Fróes endemic, a
rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
2. Lacunaria Ducke.
Shrubs or medium-sized trees with a more or less regular branching pattern;
leaves of adult plants simple; leaves are simple and disposed in whorls of
(3–)4(–6); inflorescences are bracteate and mostly axillary, sometimes terminal;
flowers actinomorphic, small, and subglobose in bud; petal color white or
yellow; fruits are berry-like and possess a fibrous pericarp with longitudinal
large ‘resiniferous’ lacunae. 7 spp. from northern South America, L. crenata
(Tul.) A.C. Sm. widely
distributed up
to Nicaragua and Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil (where all species occur,
two endemic, both rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book) and
Bolivia, mostly in Amazon rainforests.
3. Quiina Aubl. Trees;
leaves of adult plants simple. 40 spp., one in Jamaica, and 39 in
mainland (all in South America), from Belize and Jamaica to Bolivia and
southern Brazil (29, 13 endemic), moist in the Amazon rainforest.
4. Touroulia Aubl. Trees;
leaves of adult plants compound. Two spp. restricted to northern South America
(except Ecuador and Peru), mostly in the Amazon forests, both in Brazil, none
endemic.
2. SUBFAMILY
OCHNOIDEAE (24/515–520) - four lineages; Testulea clade (1/1, Gabon)
does not occur in South America.
2.1
OCHNOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
LUXEMBURGIOIDEAE (2/23) - both genera ocur in South America.
5. Luxemburgia
A. St.-Hil. 20 spp., mainly in Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais
state; a few spp. in Goiás, Bahia, and in granitic outcrops in Espírito Santo
and Rio de Janeiro states, all above 1,000 m elevation range; eight species
(seven in Minas Gerais and one in Bahia state) are rare plants in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
6. Philacra Dwyer. 4
spp., all in the Guiana Shield of Venezuela, two up to Amazonas state in
northern Brazil, 800-2,000 m elevation range.
2.2. OCHNOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
SAUVAGESIOIDEAE (16/c 85)
- outsiders Neckia (1; W Malesia, Philippines), Schuurmansia (18;
C Malesia to New Guinea), Schuurmansiella (1; NW Borneo), Euthemis
(2; SE Asia to Borneo), Indosinia (1; southern Vietnam).
7. Adenarake Maguire
& Wurdack. Two spp., endemic to Pantepui Life Zone, Mount Neblina in
Venenzuela and Brazil (only A. muriculata Maguire & Wurdack, no
endemic) up to Guyana, 1,500-2,800 m elevation range.
8. Blastemanthus Planch. Two
spp., endemic to the Guiana Shield of Colombia to Guyana and northern Brazil (both
species, one endemic), 100-200 m elevation range.
9. Cespedesia Goudot.Only
one sp., C. spathulata (Ruiz. & Pav.) Planch., America Central,
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil.
10. Godoya Ruiz &
Pav.Two spp., G. antioquiensis
Planch.
and G. obovata Ruiz & Pav.,
Colombia to Bolivia.
11. Krukoviella A.C.Sm.Only
one sp., K. disticha (Tieghem) Dwyer, western Amazon rainforest, in Brazil
(Amazonas state), Peru and Ecuador (Zamora-Chinchipe).
12. Poecilandra Tul.Two
spp., restricteds for to the Guiana Shield of Colombia to Guyana and Brazil (both,
none endemic), 500-2,800 m elevation range.
13. Rhytidanthera
(Planch.)
Tieghem. Only
genus of Ochnaceae with compound leaves. 4 spp. from
Andean Colombia, one up to NE Venezuela.
14. Sauvagesia L. Herbs,
perennial or annual, completely glabrous, with erect shoots and frequently
elongate-ascending branches from base; leaves blade scale,acicular, bristle or
latifolius, in some species in end of the branches; with actinomorphic flowers
with pink or white petals; inflorescence paniculate to racemose and
terminal or reduced to solitary or rarely paired flowers in axils of foliage
leaves. 52 spp., one only in tropical Africa, 51 in New World, 50 in South
America (40 in Brazil, 23 endemic; 4 spp., 3 in Bahia state and one in Goiás
state are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), 5 up to
Mexico, America Central and Caribbean, inc. S. erecta L., with a worldwide
distribution; most species either endemic to white-sand forests and remnant
areas of the Guiana Shield in Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil and Guyana, or to
campos along the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil. Two
sections:
§ sect. Sauvagesia ‣ two
subsections:
§ subsect. Sauvagesia ‣ comprises the type, S.
erecta L., and allies, including representatives of the former separate
genera Pentaspatella, Roraimanthus and Leitgebia; this
clade is sister to Adenarake.
§ subsect. Vellozianae ‣ some species of the
formerly independent Lavradia (S. capillaris (A.St.-Hil.) Sastre,
S. glandulosa (A.St.-Hil.) Sastre), one of many spectacular
radiations in the rocky grasslands (campos rupestres) of the Espinhaço
Range, including the monocot genera Vellozia (Velloziaceae) and Leiothrix
(Eriocaulaceae), the Asclepiadoideae genera Hemipogon and Minaria
(Apocynaceae), Merianthera (Melastomataceae), Oocephalus
(Lamiaceae), Richterago (Asteraceae), and the legumes Calliandra
sect. Monticola and Baseophyllum
clade of Chamaecrista.
§ sect. Imthurnianae ‣ 3 spp.,
Colombia to Guinanas and N Brazil (only one).
Sastre's
(1978, 1981) infrageneric classification of Sauvagesia might provide a
solution to the issue of the two clades with a nested Adenarake. Thus, Adenarake
might be kept as a distinct genus if clade A is established as a different
genus (e.g., as Lavradia). However, without a comprehensive taxonomic
treatment of the genus at hand, it is beyond the scope of the present study to
judge if this is a sound solution to the problem or whether a broad concept is
to be preferred, including both clades plus Adenarake in Sauvagesia.
15. Tyleria Gleason,
Steyerm. & Wurdack. 14 spp., all endemic to the Guiana Shield of Venezuela
but one up to Guyana and three up to northern Brazil (only Amazonas state), 1,200-2,500
m elevation range.
16. Wallacea Spruce ex Benth. &
Hook.f. Two spp. endemic to the Guiana Shield of white-sand forests in SE
Colombia, southern Venezuela and northern Brazil (both species in all three
countries), 100-200 m elevation range.
2.3 OCHNOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
OCHNOIDEAE (9/c 385) - outsiders Lophira (2;
tropical W and C Africa), Campylospermum (c 65; tropical C and
E Africa, Madagascar, tropical Asia), Idertia (2; W and C tropical
Africa, São Tomé), Brackenridgea (10; tropical regions in the
Old World), Rhabdophyllum (4; W and C tropical Africa), Ochna (c
85; tropical regions in the Old World).
17. Elvasia DC. 14 spp.,
13 in South America, 10 in Brazil, 5 endemic (three of then, all in Espírito
Santo state, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book); two
subgenera:
§ subg. Elvasia ‣
4-5 spp., star-shaped fruits and a distribution concentrated in the Amazon rainforest.
§ subg.
Hostmannia ‣ 9-10 spp., globular fruits and a
circum-Amazonian distribution, one up to America Central; E. kollmannii Fraga & M.M.
Saavedra has elliptic-coriaceous leaves, with acute to mucronate apex, and
flowers with white petals, a unique character in Elvasia; E. gigantifolia Fraga & M.M.
Saavedra has the largest leaves in Elvasia,
up 35 cm long.
18. Ouratea Aubl. Shrubs or small
trees, remarkable leaves with the secondary veins strongly curving upwards near
the usually serrate margin and continuing almost as submarginal veins, with
pseudoapocarpic gynoecium with a gynobasic style and a gynophore that develops,
in the ripe fruit, into a reddish carpophore that displays black mericarps
derived from fertilized 1-ovulate units, and mainly yellow flowers. 288 spp.
in Central and South America (252). 142 spp. in Brazil, 101 endemic (4, in
Tocantins, Bahia and Minas Gerais states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book).
O. cauliflora
Fraga
& Saavedra, narrow endemic to
Espírito Santo state is the only cauliflorous
species in this genus, and one by two of white
flowers in this genus together O.
cassinefolia (DC.) Engl.,
endemic to Pará and Maranhão
states.
19. Perissocarpa Steyerm. & Maguire. Three spp., one endemic to at
high-elevation areas in the Andes in Peru, and two remaining from Coastal Cordillera of Venezuela, and the western portion of the Guiana
Shield in Amazonas state of northern Brazil (both species, none endemic),
Guyana and Venezuela.
BONNETIACEAE
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Genera/species
3/37 Distribution Archytaea and Bonnetia: northern South
America, the Caribbean; Ploiarium: Cambodia, W Malesia, Moluccas, New
Guinea. Habit bisexual, evergreen subpachycaul trees or shrubs. Use
ornamental plants. Three genera and about 40 spp., northern South
America, Caribbean, SE Asia, W Malesia, Moluccas and New Guinea. Two genera in
New World, all endemic.
SYSTEMATIC outsider
Ploiarium (3, Cambodia, W Malesia, Halmahera, New Guinea).
1. Archytaea
Mart. Two spp., endemic to the Guiana Shield region and adjacent
lowlands in Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil (A. triflora
Mart., no endemic) and Guyana, ranging from 50-2,000 m elevation range.
2. Bonnetia Mart. Trees or shrubs. 32 spp., 29 in Guiana Shield
(Colombia, Brazil (10 in this portion, two endemic), Venezuela (19 endemic),
one up to along
the Andes to Peru, B. bahiensis Turcz. and B. stricta (Nees) Nees
& Mart. from rocky grasslands (campos rupestres) of Bahia to
Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas) of Rio de Janeiro state,
and B. cubensis (Britton) Howard in Cuba and Porto Rico.
CLUSIACEAE
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Genera/species 18/860–870
Distribution pantropical. Habit usually bisexual (rarely
polygamomonoecious, in e.g. Clusia and Garcinia also dioecious),
evergreen trees or shrubs (in Clusia sometimes lianas or epiphytes, also
with CAM physiology).
The family
occurs in most Neotropical habitats, from sea level to 3,500 m altitude (spp.
of Clusia).
Diversity of genera is highest on the Guiana Shield and surrounding areas
whereas species diversity is highest in and near the northern Andes. The
Caribbean are poor in species. Most species are found in rainforests but
species of Clusia
and Garcinia also
occur in dry, open habitats. Pollination mechanisms are highly diverse and
pollinators include bees, wasps, perching birds, bats, flies, beetles, moths,
cockroaches and perhaps small arboreal mammals. Several species are cultivated
as fruit trees, e.g. Platonia insignis Mart.
(known as bacuri) and Garcinia
spp. The latex has several traditional technical and
medicinal uses, and contains compounds with antibiotic and antitumor activity.
SYSTEMATIC
three tribes, all in South America.
1. TRIBE CLUSIEAE (6/c.
430) ‣ all genera occur in South America.
1. Arawakia L. Marinho.
(off Tovomita) Trees or shrubs; exudate
white; leaves clustered at the apex of the branches; leaf blades fleshy;
inflorescence terminal; flowers with buds enclosed by the outer sepals; petals
white to yellowish; fruit a capsules purplish-red when mature; petals and staminodes
caducous, sepals persistent and adpressed to the fruit; seeds one per locule,
arillate, the aril orange. 18 spp., Nicaragua to Bolivia, usually in highlands
in the Andes and the Guiana Shield (mainly elevations from 100-1,700 m),
although some species reach lowlands in America Central and Colombia, only the
widely distributed A. weddelliana (Planch. & Triana) L. Marinho in
Brazil, known only in Amazonas state.
With at
least 4 species restricted of America Central, South America has a maximum of
14 spp.
2. Chrysochlamys Poepp. &
Endl. Shrubs or trees; latex o ten milky white or yellow. 36 spp. of Mexico, America
Central (9 restricted, one shared with South America), Lesser Antilles,
northern South America (25); only 3 in Brazil, none endemic.
3. Clusia L. (inc. Havetiopsis, Quapoya)
Hemiepiphytes, lianas, small trees and shrubs with fleshy capsules and seed
less than 6 mm long with an orange aril; flowers often with resin; their leaves
are reference because their curious venation. 328 spp., all Neotropical, 273 in
South America, 83 in Brazil, 35 endemic.
Clusia L.
(Clusiaceae), Clusiella Planch & Triana (Calophyllaceae)
and Dalechampia Plum. ex L. (Euphorbiaceae) are the only known genera to offer resin as a reward for
some groups of bees that use it in nest construction.
4. Dystovomita (Engl.)D’Arcy. Two spp.
from Nicaragua to Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, and Venezuela, both in South
America.
5. Tovomita Aubl. (exc. Arawakia) Trees or shrubs, sometimes hemiepiphytics,
glabrous the latex often white or yellowish. 76 spp., of South and America
Central, 75 in South America (one restricted for Caribbean), 45 in Brazil, 17
endemic, typically found in lowland rainforests and lower montane forests, very
rarely in in other environments, as white sand forests of Peru and Colombia.
6. Tovomitopsis Planch.
& Triana. Two spp., restricted of SE Brazil, from Minas Gerais to Paraná
state.
2. TRIBE GARCINIEAE (1/100-300)
- only one genus.
7. Garcinia L. Shrubs or
trees, generally glabrous. 404 spp., pantropical, many species has sweet edible
fruits; 14 sections, only one occur in New World, sect. Rheedia, with
c.40 spp. from New World and Madagascar. 37 spp. in New World, 19 in South
America, 11 in Brazil, 4 endemic.
3. TRIBE SYMPHONIEAE (7/50-52)
‣ outsiders Pentadesma (c 15;
tropical Africa), Montrouziera (5; New Caledonia).
8. Lorostemon Sw. Largest
trees, bark with latex white to yellow. 4 spp. from Guyana to Colombia and
northern Brazil (3, one endemic), in Amazonas and Pará states).
9. Moronobea Aubl. Medium
to large trees, glabrous; bark with latex yellow; edible fruits. 7 spp.,
endemic to the Guiana Shield of Veneuela, Guianas, Colombia and northern Brazil
(5, two endemic, M. pulchra Ducke, from Amazonas state, is a rare plant
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), except by M. coccinea
Aubl., which occurs in central Amazon rainforest of Brazil up to
Bolivia.
10. Platonia Raf. Large
tree to 40 m tall, fruit edible with a tart but sweet. Only one sp., P.
insignis Mart., endemic to the Guiana Shield in Colombia, Venezuela,
Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and northern Brazil, from Roraima and Amazonas
to N Piaui state.
11. Symphonia L. Medium or
large trees, with a straight bole and a crown of short horizontal branches; leaves
opposite, petiolate, entire, ± coriaceous; inflorescence a terminal, one to
many-flowered, corymbose or umbellate cyme; flowers bisexual, pedicellate; fruit
a 1–3-seeded berry with tough epidermis; seeds large, with a fibrous aril. 16 spp., all
confined to Madagascar except S. globulifera L.f., found in Africa and from Mexico
to Bolivia, Brazil and Caribbean; this species yields a resin of economic
importance.
12. Thysanostemon Maguire. Two
spp., endemic to the Guiana Shield in Guyana, 900-1,000 m elevation range
CALOPHYLLACEAE
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Genera/species
13/c. 480 Distribution pantropical. Habit usually bisexual
(occasionally cryptic-dioecious, rarely andromonoecious), usually evergreen
trees (sometimes shrubs or epiphytes). The family
comprises some important timber trees, particularly Calophyllum spp. Several
species are cultivated as fruit trees, e.g. Mammea
americana L. Wood of Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess., known
as guanandi in Brazil, that is very used in Brazil by the traditional
communities. The wood is ideal for the production of canoes, masts for ships,
beams, for civil construction, internal works, floors, woodwork and carpentry.
Use
Ornamental plants, fruits (Mammea americana L. etc), perfumes (Mammea
siamensis T.Anders.), medicinal plants, cosmetics, dyeing substances, seed
oils, timber.
SYSTEMATIC:
two clades; Endodesmia Clade (2/2, W Africa) does not occur in
South America; among Calophylleae, three tribes, all in South America.
1.
CALOPHYLLUM GROUP (6/290) ‣ outsiders
are Mammea (45, tropical regions on both hemispheres, two in New World
from Mexico to Panama), Mesua (c 40; tropical Asia), Kayea (7; SE
Asia, Malesia to New Guinea), Agasthiyamalaia (1; W Ghats), Poeciloneuron (2;
S India).
1. Calophyllum L. Trees up
to 40 m tall, rarely shrubs, glabrescent, buds finely tomentose; latex sulfur
yellow with a fain-greenish tint; flowers bisexual, terminal or axillary,
in few- to many-flowered racemes or paniculate cymes or rarely reduced to 1–3. ca. 185 spp.,
most abundant in tropical Asia and Australasia, but also occurring in
Madagascar, Mascarene Islands, East Africa, 11 in New World, endemic in Cuba
(3), Brazil (2), Costa Rica (1), Panama (1), Ecuador (1), Peru (1), and widely
in tropical America, C. brasiliense Cambess. and C. longifolium
Willd.
In
1810, the imperial government reserved to the state the monopoly of exploration
of C. brasiliense
Cambess wood for use exclusively in the production of
masts and crossjacks for ships, and, therefore, it
is the country’s first hardwood (law
of January 7th, 1835).
2.
KIELMEYERA GROUP (3/70) ‣ all genera
occur in South America.
2. Caraipa Aubl. Shrubs
or trees with sparse latex, alternate leaves, or shrubs in
tepuis. 42 spp., Colombia to French Guiana, Peru, and northern and NE Brazil (25,
10 endemic), from terra-firme forest, flooded forest, seasonally wet forest,
and white-sand vegetation to the top of mountains and tepuis, rare in Andes;
two spp. from Mount Aracá are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
3. Haploclathra Benth. 4
spp. from Amazon rainforest of Brazilian (all, one endemic), Colombia, Guyana
and Peru.
4. Kielmeyera Mart. &
Zucc. Trees, shrubs or subshrubs, sometimes with xylopodium;
glabrous or with simple, bifid or dendritic trichomes and with spiraled
alternate leaves; inflorescences are terminal, cymose, with monoclinous or
staminate flowers, a pentamerous perianth, white or pinkish corolla, and
usually asymmetric petals; fruits are septicidal woody capsules with numerous
winged seeds. 55 spp., five in Brazil up to Bolivia, K.
coriacea Mart. & Zucc. in Brazil, Bolívia and Paraguay, Peru and
Bolivia one endemic each, and remaining 47 endemic to Brazil (11, in several
states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
3. MAHUREA
GROUP (4/26) ‣ all genera occur in South America.
5. Clusiella Planch.
& Triana. Slender epiphytic lianas or shrubs. 8 spp. from Costa Rica
to Peru, Venezuela, Guyana and northern Brazil (2, Amazonas, Acre and Pará,
none endemic). 7 in South America (one only America Central), mainly in
Colombia and Ecuador.
Clusia L.
(Clusiaceae), Clusiella Planch & Triana (Calophyllaceae)
and Dalechampia Plum. ex L. (Euphorbiaceae) are the only known genera to offer resin as a reward for
some groups of bees that use it in
nest construction.
6. Mahurea Aubl. Shrubs
to medium sized trees; wood reddish. Two spp., M. exstipulata Benth. of
Guyana to Colombia, northern Brazil and Peru, M. palustris Aubl. from
coastal French Guiana, Suriname and adjacent Brazil.
7. Marila Sw. Shrubs
or trees; leaves opposite; latex white, brown, yellow, or clear. 19 spp. from
Mexico to Bolivia, 15 in South America, only two spp. in Brazil, none endemic.
8. Neotatea Maguire.
Shrubs or small trees with few, thick branches. Three spp. endemic to the Guiana
Shield in Colombia and Venezuela, and possibly in Brazil (Mount Neblina), 200-2,000
m elevation range.
HYPERICACEAE
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Genera/species
6/602 Distribution cosmopolitan except polar areas. Habit bisexual,
evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs or herbs. Species in dry areas sometimes
with lignotuber. Cosmopolitan family with four neotropical
genera, two restricted from montane of south Mexico and Guatemala; Hypericum
is most non-lowland habitats, Vismia prefer this regions.
SYSTEMATIC three
tribes, Cratoxyleae (2/8, Madagascar, Burma, S China, SE Asia, Malesia
to the Lesser Sunda Islands) does not in South America.
1. TRIBE
HYPERICEAE (1/512) ‣ only one genus.
1. Hypericum L. Shrubs or perennial (some annual) herbs, plants glabrous,
with pellucid plands, sometimes with roots crown;
mainly yellow flowers. 512 spp., nearly cosmopolitan, 187 in New World, with
main centers of diversity in Eurasia (more than 230) and South America (96, mainly in paramos in Andes), and smaller ones in
North America (c. 40), SE Asia (c. 47), and Africa (c. 30), mostly temperate
areas, as Argentina. 20 in Brazil, nine endemic, H. pedersenii N.Robson,
from Rio Grande do Sul state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book. Hypericum has two subgenera:
§ subg. Brathys
- three sections:
§ sect. Brathys
‣ 88 spp., Andes S to Peru & Bolivia, C
& E North America.
§ sect. Myriandra
‣ 30 spp., E North America, Mexico, Greater
Antilles, Bahamas, Bermuda.
§ sect. Trigynobrathys
‣ 59 spp., New World, E & S Asia, Australia,
New Zealand, Hawaii, tropical & S Africa.
§ subg. Hypericum
‣ 27 sections, Old World and six from North
America up to America Central, one endemic to Mexico.
Although
predominately a high-elevation group in the Neotropics, a small number of
herbaceous Hypericum species has adapted to lower elevations,
distributed below 3,000 to less than 1,000 m in lowland regions of temperate
South America.
2. TRIBE
VISMIEAE (3/100) ‣
outsiders Harungana (3, tropical Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius) and Psorospermum (50,
tropical Africa, Madagascar).
2. Vismia Vand. Small trees, shrubs or lianas; leaves opposite, branches
near spreading, with simple trichomes, ferruginous; yellow to orande latex,
darkening to reddish on exposure; inflorescences terminal or axillary
cymes, cymose panicles or glomerules; flowers bisexual, regular. 47 spp., Mexico to
Brazil, 46 in South America, 31 in Brazil, 8 endemic.
PODOSTEMACEAE
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Genera/species 52/295–300
Distribution tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate regions in the
Southern and Northern Hemispheres, with their largest diversity in America
Central and tropical South America. Habit annual or perennial, aquatic
herbs, often bizarre in form, sometimes resembling lichens, bryophytes,
seaweeds, or unlike any other plants; Leaves with variable size and shape,
sessile or petiolate, generally with sheath, linear, lanceolate, palmate, reniform,
cordate, obovate, reduced to capillary filaments, or thalloid, margin entire or
dichotomically subdivided; uninerved, penninerved ou palminerved, surface
smooth, papilose or spinulose, phyllotaxy opposite, spiraled, distichous,
tristichous, rosulate or fasciculate. haptophytes, attached by adhesive hairs
to rock or other hard objects in flowing freshwater, mostly in rapids and
waterfalls; roots usually photosynthetic, creeping or partly floating,
thread-like, ribbon-shaped, crustose (foliose), sometimes short-lived or
absent. Shoots nearly always arising as endogenous buds from roots; stems
reduced or elongate, simple or branched, sometimes dimorphic, occasionally only
present when flowering.
The
interpretation of the vegetative body is controversial; many Podostemaceae have
a flattened photosynthetic body which adheres to a hard substrate; it has been
called a ‘thallus’ because the conventional demarcation into stem, leaf and
root is usually not obvious, and various botanists have denied or doubted the
homology of this vegetative body with stems (caulomes), leaves (phyllomes) and
roots of other angiosperms. In the Neotropics (20 genera and
150 spp.) it ranges from C Mexico to northern Paraguay and Argentina.
SYSTEMATIC three
subfamilies, all in South America, one restricted.
1. SUBFAMILY
TRISTICHOIDEAE (6/15–16) ‣
outsiders Indotristicha (3; India), Dalzellia (6;
Sri Lanka to S China and SE Asia), Indodalzellia (1; S India),
Cussetia (2; Thailand, Cambodia, Laos; possibly extinct); Terniopsis (1–5;
S China, Thailand, the Malay Peninsula).
1. Tristicha Touars. (inc. Heterotristicha)
Herbs with branching
roots, adhered to the substrate; branches prostrate, attached or floating,
0.2–15 cm long; leaves with phyllotaxy tristichous, laxly or densely arranged
along the stem, membranous, sessile, entire, rarely lobed; flowers axillary or
terminal, solitary or not, surrounded by membranous
leaves. Only one polymorphic sp., T. trifaria
(Bory ex Willd.) Spreng., widely distributed in tropical and subtropical
America (Nicaragua to Colombia, Brazil, Guianas, Argentina and Paraguay),
Africa and Asia; possibly two different species.
2. SUBFAMILY
WEDDELLINOIDEAE (1/1) ‣
only one genus.
2. Weddellina (Warm.)
Engl. Plant scaly; flowers terminal, solitary. Only one sp., W. squamulosa Tul.,
northern to center South America from Colombia to French Guiana and northern
Brazil, 100-400 m elevation range.
3. SUBFAMILY
PODOSTEMOIDEAE (50/278) ‣
two subgroups, one monotypic, another the core.
3.1 PODOSTEMOIDEAE
▸ DIAMANTINA
CLADE (1/1) - a single genus.
3. Diamantina Novelo, C.T. Philbrick
& Irgang.
Roots prostrate, elongate, dorsiventrally flattened, sometimes intertwined,
green and photosynthetic, branched, with asymmetric root cap, attached to solid
substrata via holdfasts (haptera) and adhesive hairs; unique
Podostemaceae in New World with digitate leaves. Only one sp., D.
lombardii Novelo, C.T. Philbrick & Irgang, endemic to the state of
Minas Gerais, in the basin of the Rio Preto, and is known from only two
localities: Rio Preto (Parque Estadual do Rio Preto) and Rio do Peixe.
3.2 PODOSTEMOIDEAE
▸ CORE
PODOSTEMOIDEAE (49/287) - outisiders Noveloa (2; Mexico,
America Central), Inversodicraea (4; tropical Africa), Monandriella (1;
Cameroon), Saxicolella (1; tropical W and C Africa), Ledermanniella
(45–50; tropical and S Africa), Letestuella (1; Kunene River
in Namibia), Stonesia (2; tropical W and C Africa), Macropodiella
(4–6; tropical W and C Africa), Leiothylax (2; tropical
Africa), Winklerella (1; tropical W Africa), Dicraeanthus
(4; tropical W and C Africa), Djinga (1; Cameroon), Endocaulos (1; Madagascar),
Thelethylax (2; Madagascar), Angolaea (1; Angola), Paleodicraeia
(1; Madagascar), Sphaerothylax (2; tropical and S Africa, Madagascar), Maferria (1;
SW India), Zehnderia (1; Cameroon); Cladopus (10; S
China, S Japan, SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea and NE Queensland), Paracladopus
(2; Thailand); Hydrodiscus (1; Laos), Hydrobryum (5–10;
S India, E Nepal, Assam, China, S Japan), Hanseniella (2;
Thailand), Thawatchaia (1; Thailand); Willisia (1–2; Kerala
in S India), Zeylanidium (5; India, Sri Lanka), Griffithella (1; W
Ghats in India), Farmeria (1; Sri Lanka), Polypleurum
(4; India, Sri Lanka, NE Thailand), Diplobryum (4; Laos,
S Vietnam).
4. Apinagia Tul. 37
spp., Colombia to and Uruguay, mainly in Guiana and Brazil Shields (21 in
Brazil, 12 endemic).
5. Autana C. T.
Philbrick. Aquatic herbs, presumed perennial, attached to rocks in river rapids
and waterfalls; roots not seen; stems prostrate or upright, the flattened stems
repeatedly dichotomously or subdichotomously branched. Only one sp., A.
andersonii C. T. Philbrick, known from four rivers that drain into the
Orinoco River, Venezuela; the species is common where it occurs.
6. Castelnavia Tul. &
Wedd. Herbs, often with dense, moss-like growth or forming dense carpet like
growt; stems (shoot system) prostrate, tightly attached to substratum
throughout, cylindrical to flattened, repeatedly dichotomously,
subdichotomously, or irregularly branched. 12 spp., from Tocantins River
complex (Para, Tocantins, Goiás and Mato Grosso), two reaching into Minas
Gerais, one up to E Bolivia, another up to Suriname.
7. Ceratolacis
(Tul.)
Wedd. Two spp., endemic to Brazil, scattered in Tocantins, Minas Gerais and
Pernambuco states.
8. Cipoia C.T.Philbrick, Novelo
& Irgang.
Roots prostrate, elongate, dorsiventrally flattened to elliptical in
cross-section, sometimes intertwined, green and photosynthetic branched, with
asymmetric root cap, attached to rocks via holdfasts (haptera) and adhesive
hairs. Two spp., C & SE region of the state of Minas Gerais.
9. Lophogyne Tul. 13 spp., 11 in Brazil (8 endemic, three up to Guianas and
Venezuela), one exclusively to Guianas, another in Venezuela and Suriname.
10. Marathrum Humb. &
Bonpl. 11 spp., six endemic in Mexico (3), Cuba (1), Peru (1), Guyana (1), three
from Mexico/America Central to South America, and two widely in South America.
Three spp. in Brazil, none endemic.
11. Mourera Aubl. 8 spp. from Brazil (5 endemic), three of them up to
Colombia through Guiana Shield and Bolivia, Paraguay and northern Argentina.
12. Oserya Tul. &
Wedd. 5 spp. from northern South America in Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela to
center Brazil (4, one endemic).
13. Podostemum Michx. 11 spp., P. rutifolium Warm. widely
distributed from Mexico to Colombia, S Brazil to NE Argentina, one from North
America to Caribbean and America Central, and remaining nine in S & SE
Brazil (6 endemic), three of then up to Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
14. Rhyncholacis Tul. 28 spp., endemic to the Guiana Shield of northern Brazil (14, 7
endemic), Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela, 100-1,200 m elevation
range.
15. Wettsteiniola Suess.
Thalloid irregular, peltate, 5–10 mm diam.; leaves bipinnate, 8–10 cm long,
petiole 4–5 cm long, 3–5mm diam., rachis flattened; first division of the sheet
up to 1.5 cm long, secondary divisions repeatedly furcated, last divisions
numerous, filiform, 2–4 cm long, stipules up to 3 mm wide; flowers in
fascicules, arising from the thalloid base. Three spp., endemic of Paraná River
Basin, one very rare from Argentina, W. pinnata Suess.
narrow endemic to São Paulo and Paraná states, and W. accorsii (Toledo)
P. Royen widely distributed from Paraná state in Brazil to northern Argentina and Paraguay.
LINEAGE
3 de 6: CLADE MALPIGHIIDS
PUTRANJIVACEAE
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Genera/species
2/220 Distribution pantropical, subtropical East Asia, SE Africa,
Madagascar, New Caledonia and eastern Australia. Habit Usually dioecious
(some species of Drypetes monoecious or polygamodioecious), evergreen
trees or shrubs. Trees or rarely shrubs, lacking latex and
extrafloral nectaries. The Putranjivaceae are represented by one genus in the
Neotropics, occurring in several vegetation types but usually in tropical moist
forests: In the New World the majority of species are Caribbean.
SYSTEMATIC
outsider Putranjiva (4, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka,
Himalayas, S China (inc. Taiwan), SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea, Japan, Ryukyu
Islands).
1. Drypetes
Banks ex Lam. Trees or treelets, dioecious, leaves with
entire blades, inflorescences axillary or cauliflorous,
fruits drupaceous. 216 spp., 120 in Asia, 75 in Africa, and 20 in New World, 20
spp., 15 restricteds for Florida to Caribbean and Bahamas (7), Mexico to America
Central (4), Venezuela (1), Peru (1), Bolivia (1), SE Brazil (D.
sessiliflora Allemão, endemic to Atlantic Forest of E Brazil, from Bahia to
Rio de Janeiro states), and 5 widely: D. lateriflora (Sw.) Krug &
Urb. (S Florida, Mexico to America Central, Caribbean), D. standleyi
G.L.Webster (Nicaragua to Venezuela and Ecuador), D. fanshawei Sandwith
(Venezuela to French Guiana, Ecuador), D. amazonica Steyerm. (Ecuador to
Bolivia and Brazil) and D. variabilis Uittien (Colombia to French
Guiana, Ecuador, N Brazil).
CARYOCARACEAE
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Genera/species
2/25 Distribution America Central from Costa Rica to Paraguay, tropical
South America, with their largest diversity in Amazon rainforest.
Habit bisexual, evergreen trees or, sometimes, shrubs or suffrutices. Confined
to the Neotropics, from Costa Rica to South America.
SYSTEMATIC both genera
occur in South America.
1. Anthodiscus G.F.W.Meyer.
Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, trifoliate; stipels and stipules 0; flowers
medium sized. 10 spp., in Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru and W Amazon rainforest of Brazil (3,
none endemic).
2. Caryocar L.Trees, sometimes large up to 50 m tall, one of
them the tallest Malphighiales from Brazil, or rarely shrubs or sufrutices, sometimes with xylopodium; leaves opposite, also trifoliate; flowers large. 16 spp.,
from Costa Rica (up 3 in America Central), Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela,
the Guianas to central Atlantic coastal Brazil (12, two endemic); C. brasiliense Cambess. is common
throughout the savannas of C Brazil (cerrado); C. gracile
Wittm. is endemic to white sand areas of NW Amazon rainforest; C. cuneatum
Wittm. in the dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga); C. montanum
Prance occurs at about 1,000 m in the Guiana Shield.
ELATYNACEAE
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Genera/species
2/57 Distribution cosmopolitan except polar areas, with their largest
diversity in tropical regions. Habit bisexual, usually perennial or
annual herbs (Bergia suffruticosa is suffrutescent). A large number of
species are aquatic, whereas others are amphibious helophytes.
The family
has historically been considered closely related to the Clusiaceae.
However, recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that it is sister to
Malpighiaceae, in the order Malpighiales. Some
members of Elatine
are cultivated in aquaria, and a few species of Bergia employed in traditional medicine.
Otherwise the family is of little economic importance.
SYSTEMATIC both genera
occur in South America.
1. Bergia L.
Annual [or perennial], herbaceous [or suffrutescent],
simple to much-branched procumbent to ascendent plants of moist, disturbed
soils: often occurring on sand bars along rivers, but never truly aquatic. 29
spp., mostly Old World, centered in S Africa, also in SE Asia (5) and Malesia
and Australia (2), three spp. in the New World, B. texana Seub. ex Walp. from
northern Mexico, and California to Washington in U.S.A., one endemic to Cuba, and
the little-known B.
arenaroides Fenzl is endemic to Brazil, known only two sets in northern
Minas Gerais state, collecteds in 1816-1821 and the last in 1914, possibly
extinct.
2. Elatine L. Small, aquatic or emergent, opportunistic annual plants
(except E. alsinastrum L.), rarely suffrutescent, herbaceous annuals or
short-lived perennials of marshes, streambanks, shores of lakes and ponds, mud
flats, pools, ditches, and rice fields, with life cycle either while completely
submersed under water; flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, [2
or] 3 [or 4]-merous. 28 spp., cosmopolitan, Eurasia and North Africa (12),
India/Malesia (2), S Africa (2, Zimbabwe and Namibia), Australia, New Zealand,
and Fiji (1), 15 in New World, North America and Mexico (6, 5 exclusive, one
also in Arctc Eurasia), 5 spp. from Andes, from Venezuela to Argentina and
Chile, E. brachysperma A.Gray disjunct in North America, Peru to NE.
Argentina, one in NE Argentina, and E. lindbergii Rohrb. endemic to SE
and S Brazil, from Minas Gerais to Paraná states.
MALPIGHIACEAE
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ANNEX 3
Genera/species
77/1,035-1,040 Distribution tropical and subtropical regions, with their
largest diversity in tropical South America. Habit usually bisexual
(rarely polygamomonoecious), evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs, suffrutices
or lianas. Malpighiaceae are an angiosperm family of trees, shrubs, and vines
in the tropical and subtropical forests and savannas of the New and Old Worlds.
They comprise 1,300 spp. in 77 genera, with 150 species belonging to 17
exclusively Old World genera. The majority of the genera and species are found
in the New World, and the only members of the family found in both hemispheres
are two species of New World genera that also occur in coastal W Africa.
About 45
genera and 530 spp. in Brazil, 90 Byrsonima and 95 Heteropterys. Malpighia
emarginata D.C.is a tropical fruit-bearing shrub or small tree in this
family. Common names include acerola, Barbados cherry, Caribbean cherry and
wild crepemyrtle. Acerola is native to Yucatan, and found in South America,
southern Mexico and America Central, but is now also being grown as far north
as Texas and in subtropical areas of Asia, like India. Byrsonima species
is popularly known as ‘murici’. There are several properties attributed to the
leaves of Byrsonima species including febrifuge, to treat
gastrointestinal dysfunctions and skin diseases. Ayahuasca is any of
various psychoactive infusions or decoctions prepared from the Banisteriopsis
spp. is vine, usually mixed with the leaves of dimethyltryptamine
(DMT)-containing species of shrubs from the genus Psychotria.
Only two
shared Old/New World: Heteropterys and Stigmaphyllon.
Bunchosia, Malpighia and
Byrsonima ate the
three arborescent genera of Malpighiaceae with fleshy, bird-dispersed fruits.
SYSTEMATIC two
subfamilies, both in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
BYRSONIMOIDEAE (10/215–240) ‣
three
tribes, all in South America.
1.1 BYRSONIMIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
BYRSONIMEAE (3/c 180) - all genera occur in South America.
1. Blepharandra Griseb. Trees or
shrubs; leaves eglandular; inflorescence terminal,
unbranched or basally ternate, each branch a pseudoraceme composed of
1–several-flowered cincinni; corolla bilaterally symmetrical; petals white,
pink, or red, the posterior petal pale yellow in two species; fruit dry, indehiscent. 6 spp., endemic to the Guiana Shield of
Colombia, Guyana, southern Venezuela and Amazon rainforest of northern Brazil (5, two endemic), at 100-2200 m elevation
range.
2. Byrsonima H. B. K. Trees, shrubs, or subshrubs, sometimes
with woody rhizomes or xylopodium, never vines; inflorescence terminal, mostly a pseudoraceme of
1-flowered non-decussate cincinni but in some species a raceme of few-flowered
cincinni; corolla bilaterally
symmetrical; petals light or medium yellow, white, pink, or red, glabrous in
most species; fruit a drupe, the thin flesh green turning
yellow, orange, red, purple, blue, or blue-black at maturity. 162 spp., from
southern Mexico, SE Florida, and the Caribbean to SE Brazil, absent in
Argentina, centered in South America (144), in wet forests, but the genus is
most diverse in savannas and other relatively open types of vegetation. 115
spp. in Brazil, 62 endemic, 9 of then from several states are rare plants in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
Fruits
of B. crassifolia (L.) H.
B. K. sens. lat., which are yellow and about the size of a cherry, are gathered
from wild and cultivated trees from Mexico to C South America and sold in
markets under the names chaparro, chaparro manteco, muricí,
murucí, nance, nanche, and nancite;
the fruits are eaten as is or used to make ice cream (Belém) or wine (Costa
Rica), and in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico they are sold preserved in a
sweet syrup; the astringent qualities of the bark, for which the genus was
named, are no longer important in tanning leather, but one does occasionally
see a comment on a plant label that the bark is a febrifuge.
3. Diacidia Griseb. Trees, shrubs, or subshrubs; vegetative
hairs mostly basifixed or sub-basifixed;
leaves eglandular;
inflorescence terminal, a simple or compound thyrse
composed of several-flowered non-decussate cincinni or a pseudoraceme of
1-flowered cincinni; corolla bilaterally symmetrical; petals light
yellow, often with red claws. 11 spp., collected among granitic outcrops and in
meadows, savannas, scrub, and rocky tepui slope forests, at 100-2,300 m
elevation range, in two subgenera:
§ subg.
Sipapoa ‣ 10 spp., on mountains of southern Venezuela (7
endemic) and adjacent Brazil (3, only Amazonas state, D. aracaensis W.R.
Anderson endemic).
§ subg.
Diacidia ‣ D. galphimioides
Griseb., widely distributed in the
drainages of Río Negro and Río Vaupés in Venezuela, Colombia, and Amazonas
state in northern Brazil.
1.2 BYRSONIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
ACMANTHEREAE (3/14) - all genera occur in South America.
4. Acmanthera (Adr. Juss.)
Griseb. Trees, shrubs, or subshrubs; inflorescence an axillary shoot with 1 internode and
1 node below a pseudoraceme of single or clustered non-decussate flowers; corolla bilaterally symmetrical; petals mostly
white, occasionally described as pinkish or pale yellow, glabrous or abaxially
hairy; lateral petals entire, erose, or denticulate; fruit dry. 7 spp., all Brazilian endemic,
most from near rivers in forests that are periodically flooded, in the Amazon
rainforest; one species is known from north-amazonic white-sand savannas (campinaranas)
in Amazonas state, another from savannas (cerrado) of Piauí state; this
species, with another three in Amazonas state are rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
5. Coleostachys Adr. Juss. Shrub or treelet 1.5–4 m tall,
monopodial; leaves eglandular; inflorescence an elongated axillary spike (unique spikes among Malpighiaceae); petals white,
abaxially sericeous in center, the posterior also sparsely sericeous adaxially
on claw and base of limb; lateral petals entire; fruit dry.
Only one sp., C. genipifolia Adr. Juss., imperfectly known from few
collections in wet forests of the Amazon rainforest of French Guiana and
adjacent Brazil (Amapá, Pará and Maranhão states).
6. Pterandra Adr. Juss. Trees, shrubs, or subshrubs;
vegetative hairs medifixed in most species, basifixed in one; inflorescences lateral, a series of 2–6-flowered
sessile or subsessile fascicles; corolla almost radially symmetrical; petals
white or greenish yellow or green, becoming yellowish in age, or pink,
abaxially sparsely to densely hairy;
fruit dry. 15 spp., two in Panamá and remaninig 13 in South
America, mainly Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil (8, 7 endemic, three of then
are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), mainly in wet or
mesic forests, but a few (including the only species that is widely distributed
and well collected, P. pyroidea A.Juss.) inhabit
campos and savannas of C Brazil (cerrado).
1.3 BYRSONIMIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
GALPHIMIEAE (3/41) - all genera occur in South
America.
7. Galphimia Cav. Shrubs or subshrubs, occasionally small
trees; inflorescence terminal, erect, a pseudoraceme of
single flowers; corolla varying from moderately bilaterally
symmetrical to nearly radial; petals bright yellow, often suffused with red or
turning red in age, glabrous or sparsely hairy on abaxial midrib, minutely
denticulate or slightly erose. 26 spp., 21 in North
American, mostly Mexican but extending as far north as Texas and as far south
as Nicaragua, one from Mexico to Brazil, and 4 exclusives to South America (3
of these in Brazil, one endemic), in seasonally dry, open habitats of in
Paraguay (one endemic), Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia and over Brazil (4, G.
brasiliensis (L.) A. Juss. endemic, in Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, and
Bahia).
8. Spachea A.Juss. (inc. Andersoniella,
Lophanthera) Shrubs or trees; leaves usually
bearing glands immersed in both surfaces of lamina; inflorescence terminal or lateral, sometimes
pendent, an unbranched raceme of few-flowered cincinni or a pseudoraceme of
single flowers; corolla bilaterally symmetrical; petals pink
or white, minutely denticulate or fimbriate, glabrous or with a few hairs at
base of claw. 11 spp., one in Cuba, two in America Central, two in Colombia
(one up to Panama), S. elegans (G.Mey.) A.Juss., Panama to N Brazil,
Cuba and Trinidad, and 5 in northern South America, all in Brazil, two endemic;
wet forests, mostly at low elevations, along rivers in wet forests or in
sandy open places near rivers, and the cocci are very probably dispersed by
water. S. lactescens (Ducke) R.F.Almeida
& M.Pell., a only Brazilian endemic, is an ornamental street
tree, which is interesting given the fact that the species is rare in nature,
known from only a few collections in Xingu Valley in Pará state, northern
Brazil.
9. Verrucularina A. Juss. Shrubs; leaves eglandular; inflorescence terminal, erect, an unbranched, often
corymbose raceme of few-flowered cincinni or single flowers; corolla bilaterally symmetrical, the posterior
petal somewhat larger than the lateral petals; petals bright yellow, glabrous
or sparsely red-tomentose abaxially on claw or narrow crest of limb,
denticulate to subentire. Two spp. in Brazil, but very high disjuncts: V.
piresii (W.R. Anderson) Rauschert from sandy savannas on Mount Aracá in
Amazonas state, near Venezuela, and V. glaucophylla (A. Juss.) Rauschert
from shrubby vegetation on sandstone hills in central Bahia.
2. SUBFAMILY
MALPIGHIOIDEAE (c 63/1.170-1.205) ‣
11 lineages, Acridocarpeae
(2/38, tropical regions in the Old World) is sister to the remaining
Malpighioideae e only lineage among this subfamily absent in South America.
2.1 MALPIGHIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
MCVAUGHIOIDEAE (3/7)
- all genera in South America.
10. Burdachia Mart. ex Endl. Trees or
shrubs; lamina bearing several–many glands in abaxial
surface; inflorescence terminal, single or 2 or 3 together,
each usually divided near base into 3 (–5) axes, each axis a raceme of short
1–6-flowered cincinni; corolla bilaterally symmetrical; petals pink
or white, glabrous; limb of outermost petal concave; lateral petals with the
margin entire; fruit dry, indehiscent. Three spp. in Guyana
and Amazon rainforest of Venezuela, Colombia, Peru and Brazil (all, one
endemic), and in lowland forests near rivers or in low, periodically flooded
places; the dry indehiscent fruits are well adapted for dispersal by water.
11. Glandonia Griseb. Trees or
shrubs; inflorescence terminal, mostly unbranched, a raceme
of short 2–5-flowered cincinni; corolla without a plane of symmetry; petals
white or lateral petals white and posterior petal yellow, glabrous or bearing a
tuft of hairs abaxially at base of claw; fruit dry, indehiscent. Three spp. from Amazonas
state in northern Brazil (two endemic), with G. williamsii Steyerm. up
to Colombia, Venezuela, in lowland forests along rivers or in areas
periodically flooded.
12. Mcvaughia W. R.
Anderson. Shrubs; inflorescence terminal, unbranched but sometimes
ternate, each axis a raceme of short 2–7-flowered cincinni; bracts and
bracteoles persistent; lowest bracteole and alternate subsequent bracteoles
bearing 1 large eccentric abaxial gland; pedicel straight in bud. corolla bilaterally symmetrical; petals bright
yellow, glabrous; fruit a dry, indehiscent nut. Three spp. in dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga) on
sandy soils of lowland NE Bahia and SE Piauí states, and sandy coastal plains
in Sergipe state, all in NE Brazil and state endemic.
2.2. MALPIGHIOIDEAE
▸ BARNEBYA CLADE
(1/2) - a single genus.
13. Barnebya W. R.
Anderson & B. Gates. Trees or woody vines; leaves alternate
or appearing opposite when leaves are crowded; inflorescence terminal, unbranched or
with a dominant axis and many weaker axes from near base; flowers with the
calyx, corolla, and androecium perigynous; corolla bilaterally symmetrical; petals
yellow, glabrous or thinly sericeous abaxially on claw; fruit
dry. Two spp. of lowland wet and dry forests and dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga),
from Piauí and Pernambuco to São Paulo.
2.3 MALPIGHIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
PTILOCHAETOIDEAE (4/5) - outsider Lasiocarpus (5; Mexico)
14. Dinemandra A. Juss. (inc. Dinemagonum) Ericoid
shrubs. Two spp., endemic to N Chile.
15. Ptilochaeta Turcz.
4
spp. from Brazil (P. glabra Nied. endemic), three up to northern
Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay.
2.4 MALPIGHIOIDEAE
▸ BUNCHOSIEAE (5/105–110)
- outsiders Echinopterys (2; Mexico), Tristellateia (c
20; Madagascar, one in tropical Africa, another in tropical Asia and eastwards
to tropical Australia and New Caledonia).
16. Bunchosia
H. B. K.
Trees or shrubs; inflorescence mostly unbranched but ternate in a few
species, axillary; corolla bilaterally
symmetrical; petals lemon-yellow or occasionally whitish, usually glabrous; fruit indehiscent, a berry of 2 or 3
1-seeded pyrenes in a common fleshy exocarp, yellow, orange, or red at
maturity, the pyrenes free from each other at maturity, with a smooth, brittle,
cartilaginous wall. 89 spp., from Mexico and the Caribbean to SE Brazil (17, 6
endemic, one of then from Bahia state is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book) and adjacent Argentina, in habitats including
relatively dry woodlands, savannas, and wet forests, mainly in the periphery of
the Amazon rainforest and the Brazilian Shield, also in wet forests of eastern
Ecuador and Peru. 49 spp. in South America; the flesh of the fruits is edible,
with the fruits of some species reaching the size of small plums.
17. Heladena
Adr. Juss. Woody vine, occasionally described as a shrub or small
tree; vegetative hairs medifixed; leaves opposite;
inflorescence unbranched, terminating a leafy branch
with full-sized leaves or lateral, axillary to a full-sized leaf and then
usually bearing 1 pair of much-reduced leaves, these often deciduous; pedicels
pedunculate; corolla bilaterally symmetrical; fruit dry. Two spp.,
one in Cuba and H. multiflora (Hook. & Arn.) Nied., southern
Brazil, Paraguay, and NE Argentina, in gallery forest or woodland, often near
rivers.
18. Thryallis Mart. Scandent
shrubs and woody vines; vegetative hairs stellate; leaves bearing
1 or 2 pairs of glands at apex of petiole and/or on base of lamina; inflorescences terminal and lateral, variously
grouped; corolla bilaterally symmetrical; petals
glabrous, the limb oblate (wider than long); lateral petals with the margin
erose or irregularly dentate to nearly lacerate; fruit dry. 5 spp. of Brazil (three endemic,
T. parviflora C.E.Anderson from Distrito Federal is a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), two of then up to adjacent Paraguay
and Bolivia, mainly of open habitats, thickets, dry
seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga),
secondary forest, roadsides, but they have occasionally been reported from
gallery forest.
2.5 MALPIGHIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
HIRAEEAE (5/50) - outsider Psychopterys (8,
southern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala).
19. Adelphia
W. R. Anderson. Woody vines; leaves opposite;
inflorescence an open, elongated, axillary or
terminal panicle or pseudoraceme with the flowers borne singly or (most often)
in 2s, 3s, or 4s; floriferous peduncles well developed; samaras separating from a short pyramidal
torus. 4 spp., Colombia and Peru one endemic each, one from in wet evergreen or
semideciduous forests of Jamaica, SE Mexico to Venezuela and Ecuador, and A.
macrophylla (Rusby) W.R. Anderson in Peru, Bolivia and Acre state in Amazon
rainforest of Brazil.
20. Excentradenia W.R.Anderson.
Woody vines; leaves opposite, subopposite, or alternate; Inflorescence a single short axillary raceme of 3–7
(–9) 4-flowered umbels, with 1 umbel terminal and the other 1–4 pairs axillary
to bracts bearing stipules and often petiole glands; corolla bilaterally symmetrical, petals bright
yellow, glabrous; samaras with a large, membranous. 4 spp. from northern South America, two only in Venezuela and
adjacent Guianas, another only in Bolivia, and E.
primaeva (W.R. Anderson) W.R. Anderson, a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book, only in Amazonas state in northern Brazil.
21. Hiraea Jacq. Woody
vines, sometimes shrubby; leaves mostly opposite, sometimes ternate; inflorescences axillary, usually 1–several umbels of
4–many flowers, the umbels when 4-flowered often borne in a cyme; corolla bilaterally symmetrical; petals mostly
yellow or yellow turning orange or red, glabrous; samaras separating from a very low
pyramidal torus. 77 spp., from W
Mexico to Paraguay and adjacent Argentina and SE Brazil (24, 15 endemic), also
in Lesser Antilles (Grenada, St. Lucia), in diverse habitats but avoiding very
dry vegetation types. 70 spp. in South America.
22. Lophopterys
Adr. Juss. Woody vines or shrubs (small trees); inflorescence paniculate, rarely simple, the flowers
ultimately borne in pseudoracemes; corolla bilaterally
symmetrical; petals bright yellow, glabrous or only very sparsely sericeous
abaxially; samaras separating from a short pyramidal
torus. 7 spp., from Colombia to SE Brazil, Bolivia to French Guiana, wider in
tropical continent. Three in Brazil, L. floribunda W.R. Anderson &
C. Davis endemic.
2.6 MALPIGHIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE HIPTAGEAE (17/377)
- outsiders Chlorohiptage (1, Vietnan), Hiptage (30–35;
Mauritius, Sri Lanka, northern Pakistan, southern Himalayas to S China inc. Taiwan,
SE Asia, Malesia to Fiji), Flabellariopsis (1; tropical
Africa), Flabellaria (1; tropical Africa).
23. Alicia W.R.Anderson.
Vines, white, pink, or lilac corolla. Two spp., both
over South America and in Brazil, none endemic.
24. Callaeum
Small.
Woody vines, or shrubs with scadent or trailing branches. 11 spp., 8 from Texas
to Honduras, one in Andes to Ecuador to Peru, C. antifebrile (Griseb.)
D.M. Johnson in northern South America up to Brazil, and C. psilophyllum
(A. Juss.) D.M. Johnson in Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay.
25. Carolus W.R.Anderson. Woody vines. 6
spp., one in Panama, another in Ecuador to Peru, two endemic to Brazil, C.
chlorocarpus (A. Juss.) W.R. Anderson in Brazil and adjacent Brazil and
Cono Sur, and C. sinemariensis (Aubl.) W.R. Anderson in over tropical
neotropics.
26. Christianella W.R.Anderson. Woody vines, or shrubby in open habitats. 5
spp., one from Mexico to Panama and 4 in South America, from Guianas to Cono
Sur, in forests, roadsides thickets, and shrubby savannas. 4 spp. in Brazil, C.
paludicola (W.R. Anderson) W.R. Anderson endemic.
27. Dicella Griseb.
Woody vines; inflorescences a decompound panicle the flowers borne ultimately
in short pseudoracemes with decussate bracts; petals yellow, abaxially densely
sericeous; fruit composed of a dry, hard, indehicent, nut-like structure. 7
spp., one in Costa Rica, two endemic to Brazil, three from Brazil to Bolivia
and Paraguay, and one from Colombia and Peru to center Brazil.
28. Glicophyllum R.F.Almeida. Woody vines, scandent shrubs or subshrubs. 26 spp., in
evergreen, seasonally dry forests and savannas from Mexico, Central and South
America (24). 17 spp. in Brazil, 10 endemic.
29. Heteropterys
Kunth. Woody vines, shrubs or small trees; leaves usually bearing glands;
flowers borne in umbels, corymbs, or pseudoracemes; these single or grouped in
racemes or panicles, axillary or terminal; petals mostly yellow or pink. 164
spp., from Mexico to Argentina (except Chile), Caribbean and Africa, with one widely
distributed, mostly Caribbean species, H. leona (Cav.) Exell, is also
found in low wet places along the coast of W Africa from Senegal to Angola. 151
spp. in South America, 110 spp. in Brazil, 68 endemic, 11 of then, from
several states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book; two
subgenus, four sections and six subsections (Aptychia, Metallophyllis,
Parabanisteria, Rhodopetalis, Stenophyllarion and Xanthopetalis),
all in Brazil, belongs this genus.
H. aphrodisiaca O. Mach., endemic to the Brazilian scrubland
regions, is traditionally used in folk medicine as an aphrodisiac, a stimulant
and in the treatment of nervous weakness; the herb has been found to reduce the
toxic effects of cyclosporin A on rat testis, increase tendon strength with
endurance training in rats, and improve memory in aged rats. Additionally, an
aliphatic nitro compound extracted from the root was found to have
antimicrobial and antiviral effects in vitro.
30. Jubelina A.Juss.
Woody vines; leaves with the petiole eglandular; inflorescence axillary and
terminal, decompound, thyrsiform, containing much-reduced bract-like leaves
below the floriferous bracts; petals yellow or pink or pink and white; fruit
breaking apart into 3 samaras. 6 spp. from northern South America in French
Guiana to Peru, northern Brazil (2, none endemic), one up to Costa Rica.
31. Malpighiodes
Nied. 4
spp. in northern South America from Colombia to French Guiana and Brazil (two,
Amazonas and Pará states, M. bracteosa (Griseb.) W.R. Anderson endemic).
32. Mezia Schwacke ex Nied. Woody vines, shrubs, or small trees; leaves with the petiole
eglandular; inflorescences tighly reddish- or brown-sericeous throughrout,
axillary and terminal, often decompound; petals yellow; fruit breaking apart into 3
samaras. 15 spp. of South
America to Bolivia and French Guiana (one up to Panama),
8 in Brazil, two endemic, mainly forests.
33. Niedenzuella W.R.Anderson.
18 spp. from South America, one up to America Central, 15 in Brazil, 6 endemic.
34. Tetrapterys
Cav. Woody vines or shrubs, occasionally described as small trees, oftem with xylopodium; leaves usually bearing glands; flowers
borne in umbels, corymbs, or pseudoracemes, these often grouped in panicles;
petals yellow or pink; fruits breaking apart into 3 samaras. 53 spp., Mexico to
South America (except Chile and Uruguay). 36 in South America, 15 in Brazil, 5
endemic. T. cordifolia W.R.Anderson from Mount Aracá in Amazonas state
is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
35. Tricomaria Hook. &
Arn. Multi-branched shrub. Only one sp., T. usillo Hook. &
Arn., endemic to dry vegetation in W Argentina.
2.7 MALPIGHIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE GAUDICHAUDIEAE (15/445–450)
- outsiders Aspicarpa (4, U.S.A. to
Mexico), Sphedamnocarpus (18; tropical and southern Africa,
Madagascar), Philgamia (4; Madagascar), Cottsia (3;
southern U.S.A., northern Mexico).
36. Banisteriopsis
C.B.Rob. ex Small. Vines, shrubs, or
rarely small trees; leaves bearing glands on petiole or abaxial surface of
blade or both; petals yellow, pink, or white, usually lateral 4 spreading or
reflexed and the posterior erect; fruit breaking apart into 3 samaras. 62
spp. from South America except one from Caribbean, six up to Mexico and America
Central. 48 in Brazil, 30 endemic, 10 of then, from Goiás, Minas Gerais and Rio
de Janeiro states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s
book.
37. Bronwenia W.R.Anderson
& C.C.Davis. Woody vines
or shrubs, when shrubby the branches often twining; leaves decussate;
inflorescence axillary or terminal, paniculate or
dichasial; corolla bilaterally symmetrical; petals yellow,
glabrous, the posterior petal different in size, shape, and stance from the
lateral 4; fruit dry,
breaking apart at maturity into 3 samaras. 10 spp. of South America, three up
to Mexico and America Central, mostly in wet forests and savannas in South
America, often in drier vegetations in America Central and Mexico. Brazil has 8
spp., five endemic, two of then, from Amazonas and Mato Grosso do Sul states,
are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book; moist forests,
seasonally dry forests, tropical deciduous forests, dry thickets.
38. Camarea A.St.-Hil. Erect or climbing shrubs, sometimes with ericoid leaves and xylopodium.
9 spp. from Brazil, all endemic except C. affinis A. St.-Hil. also in
southern Guyana, Suriname and savannas of Brazil and Paraguay.
39. Diplopterys A.Juss.
Woody vines; inflorescences axillary, shorter then the subtending leaves, of
1-several simple 4-flowered umbels or 1-several racemes of up to 7 4-flowered
umbels; petals yellow, long-fimbriate. 31 spp., one endemic to
Mexico, three from Central and South America, remaining 27 only South America,
over tropical regions of continent, 21 in Brazil, 10 endemic, two of then (both
in Bahia state) are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
40. Gaudichaudia
Hicken.
Lianas and subshrubs. 20 spp.
from Mexico (16 endemic) and America Central, one extends into NW South America
in Venezuela and Colombia.
41. Janusia A.Juss. 10
spp. of Brazil (6 endemic, one of then from Bahia state
is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book) from southern
Amazonas to coast of NE region and Rio Grande do Sul, four of then up to
Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay and Venezuela.
42. Mamedea
R.F.Almeida & M.Pell. (off Aspicarpa) Rrect shrub to
subshrub habit, present xylopodium, leaves entire at base, umbels,
1–4-flowered. 7 spp., Bolivia to Brazil, NE Argentina and Uruguay. 4 spp. in
Brazil, one endemic.
43. Mionandra Griseb. 4
spp. from N Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay (one endemic).
44. Peixotoa A.Juss. Shrubs,
subshrubs, or vines; vegetative hairs medifixed and mostly stalked, the stalk
nearly or quite absent in a few species; inflorescences terminal and/or axillary, with flowers
borne in umbels of 4 - 8, the umbels variously grouped in compound
inflorescences; corolla bilaterally symmetrical; petals
yellow, glabrous, fimbriate or denticulate on the marginar; fruit dry. 29 spp., 28 spp. of Brazil, only three extending of
adjacent Bolivia and Paraguay and one endemic to
Paraguay; the shrubby spp., occur mostly in savannas of C Brazil
(cerrado), while the
vines are in woodylands, gallery forests margins; 10 spp. in several center and
southern states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
45. Schwannia Endl. 5 spp. from N
& E Brazil, one up to Venezuela.
46. Stigmaphyllon A.Juss. Woody or
herbaceous vines, a few species shrubby; leaves with the blade entire or lobed;
inflorescence unbranched or more commonly a dichasium (or occasionally a small
thyrse) of congested pseudoracemes, these corymbose or umbellate; petals yellow
or yellow and red; fruit dry, breaking
apart into 3 samaras. 119 ssp. in two
subgenera:
§ subg.
Stigmaphyllon ‣
97 spp., mostly twining woody vines or rarely shrubs native to the Neotropics
from southern Mexico to northern Argentina, except Chile and the high Andes, 13
in Caribbean. S.
bannisterioides
(L.)
C.E.Anderson. is also found in seashore vegetation
along the Atlantic Coast from southern Mexico to northern Brazil, in the
Caribbean, and along the coast of W Africa (Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra
Leone). 81 spp. in South America, 50 in Brazil, 35 endemic, 11 of then, in
several states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
§ subg.
Ryssopterys ‣
21 species of woody vines of the Taiwan in China, Ryukyu Islands, Sunda Islands
(except Borneo and Sumatra), New Guinea, Queensland (Australia), New Caledonia,
Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Micronesia, Palau, and Philippines.
2.8 MALPIGHIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
MALPIGHIEAE (12/253)
- outsiders Calcicola (2; Mexico), Aspidopterys (c 25; tropical
Asia), Caucanthus (3; E and NE Africa, Arabian
Peninsula), Triaspis (c 15; tropical and southern Africa), Digoniopterys
(1; Madagascar), Rhynchophora (2; Madagascar), Madagasikaria (1;
Madagascar), Microsteira (c 25; Madagascar).
47. Amorimia W.R.Anderson. Woody vines,
sometimes described as shrubs; leaves usually opposite, sometimes subopposite
or alternate; inflorescence with the flowers borne in elongated
terminal or axillary pseudoracemes or panicles; corolla bilaterally
symmetrical; petals yellow or yellow turning red-orange in age; fruit dry,
breaking apart into samaras separating from a short or moderately high
pyramidal torus. 15 spp. from South America, found in diverse habitats from
Argentina and northern Colombia to Rio Grande do Sul state in Brazil (12, 9 endemic,
one of then from Minas Gerais state a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book). Two subgenera:
§ subg. Amorimia ‣ 8 spp., all
in Brazil and endemic except by A. exotropica (Griseb.) W.R.Anderson up
to E Paraguay.
§ subg. Uncinae ‣ 7 spp.,
Colombia, Ecuador and Peru one endemic each, one in northern Brazil, Peru and
Bolivia, and remaining three endemic to Brazil.
48. Ectopopterys W.R.Anderson. Woody vine; inflorescence a terminal and lateral panicle, the
flowers borne in decussate 4-flowered umbels, 6-flowered corymbs, or
pseudoracemes; floriferous peduncle well developed; bracts and bracteoles
eglandular; corolla bilaterally symmetrical, the posterior
petal very different from the lateral 4; petals light yellow, glabrous; lateral
petals with the margin dentate; fruit dry. One woody vine, E. soejartoi W.R.
Anderson, in lowlands wet forests of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
49. Malpighia L. Shrubs or
trees up to 10 (–24) m tall; inflorescence axillary, an unbranched pseudoraceme
congested in most species into a dense corymb or umbel, in some species with
only 1-2 flowers; bracts and bracteoles eglandular; pedicels pedunculate; flowers bilaterally symmetrical in calyx,
corolla, and androecium; petals pink, lavender, or white, glabrous or
nearly so; fruit fleshy, mostly indehiscent, drupes or
berries, usually red at maturity. 108 spp., 23 only
in Mexico (21 endemic) and America Central, 59 exclusively Caribbean, three in
Caribbean and mainland Mesoamerica, and 4 up to South America, two only up to
northern Colombia, and two others up to Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela.
M. glabra L., in relatively
dry deciduous or semi-deciduous forests, occasionally in the understory of
lowland evergreen forests, 200-300 m, from southern Texas to Ecuador, Greater
Antilles, and Venezuela, and M. emarginata DC., which occus in South
America in dry areas with xerophytic vegetation, near sea level to 200 m,
common in the coastal lowlands of northern Venezuela, where perhaps native, and
elsewhere cultivated; apparently native from Mexico to Honduras, elsewhere in America
Central and the Caribbean probably escaped from cultivation, apparently native
in NW Colombia.
50. Mascagnia (Bertero ex DC.) Colla. Twining
vines with woody stems varying from slender to stout, occasionally described as
shrubby; leaves decussate; inflorescences elongated or occasionally congested
pseudoracemes, single or grouped in panicles; flowers bilaterally symmetrical
in all whorls, bisexual; petals yellow, pink, white, or various shades
of lilac, blue, or purple, glabrous, entire, erose, or dentate; fruit dry.
48 spp. from northern Mexico to northern Argentina and SE Brazil (19, 5 endemic,
two of then, in Mato Grosso and Espírito Santo states, are rare plants in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book) and in the Caribbean, growing in
diverse habitats. 35 spp. in South America.
LINEAGE
4 de 6: CLADE CHRISOBALANIDS
TRIGONIACEAE
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Genera/species
5/33 Distribution Madagascar, W Malesia, America Central, tropical South
America. Habit bisexual, evergreen trees, shrubs or lianas. Trigonia nivea Cambess. and Trigonia villosa Aubl. var. villosa are used as
ornamentals. As medicine has T.
nivea var. candida
used in the cure of renal diseases in Paraty municipality, Rio de Janeiro
state, and Trigonia microcarpa
Sagot ex Warm. is used by the indians in the Amazon rainforest to increase
uterine contractions in childbirth.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders Humbertiodendron (1, E
Madagascar) and Trigoniastrum (1, Thailand
to Borneo).
1. Isidodendron Fernández-Alonso Pérez
& Idarraga.
Tall trees; papilionaceous flowers. Only one sp., I. tripterocarpum
Fern. Alonso, Pérez Zab. & Idárraga, in tropical moist forests, primary or
secondary and altered zones of Colombia.
2. Trigonia Aubl.
Treelets, shrubs, scandent shrubs or lianas; papilionaceous flowers. 29 spp.,
all in South America, two up to America Central and Mexico, inhabiting primary
forests, others are colonial, pioneer being among the contingent that arises in
degraded areas in the three Americas, up to Argentina. 21
spp. in Brazil, 7 endemic.
3. Trigoniodendron E.F. Guim. &
Miguel.
High trees; papilionaceous flowers. Only one sp., T. spiritusanctense E.F. Guim. & Miguel.,
in the Atlantic Forest of Espírito Santo state in SE Brazil.
DICHAPETALACEAE
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Genera/species
3/206 Distribution pantropical, southwards to SE and southern Africa. Habit
usually at least morphologically bisexual (at least sometimes functionally
monoecious or dioecious), evergreen trees, shrubs or lianas. Sometimes
xerophytic. Lenticels often numerous. Trees, shrubs, lianas, or
suffruticose subshrubs. A tropical family of about 240 species in three genera,
distributed throughout the lowland tropical regions of both hemispheres (but
absent from Polynesia and Micronesia), extending into the subtropics in Africa
and India.
Use
Medicinal plants, arrow poisons, mammal pesticides. Some
species are poisonous, especially to cattle; many
members of this family has true epiphylly, with inflorescences in many positions
at leaves.
SYSTEMATIC a phylogeny
is carried out by a research group in Wageningen. Tapura is
nested in Dichapetalum, according to Yakandawala & al. (2010);
all genera occur in South America.
1. Dichapetalum Thouars. Mainly lianas, a few small trees or shrubs;
some spp. may be either shrubs or lianas or even small trees. 156 spp., 90
in Africa, 7 in Madagascar, 16 in SE Asia to Pacifico, 30 in New World, 18 in
South America, 8 in Brazil, one endemic.
2. Stephanopodium Poepp. Small to medium-sized
trees, small incompiscuous inflorescences. 14 spp. (13 in South America), 7
from Nicaragua to Peru, and 7 endemic to Atlantic Forest of SE Brazil from
Bahia to Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais states.
3. Tapura Aubl. 36 spp., 10 in tropical
Africa and 26 in tropical America, 21 in South America, 14 in Brazil, 5 endemic,
including 4 in Atlantic Forest, all endemic within.
EUPHRONIACEAE
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Genera/species
1/3 Distribution northern tropical South America (Guiana
Shield). Habit bisexual, evergreen tree or shrub. Confined to
Amazon rainforest of Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela; a
single genus;
the unique family endemic to the Guiana Shield.
The family
Euphroniaceae is placed in the order Malpighiales, closest
to Chrysobalanaceae in the APG III classification (Stevens, 2008; APG
III, 2009). Takhtajan (1997) placed the family in the Chrysobalanales,
together with Trigoniaceae, Dichapetalaceae and Chrysobalanaceae. It
was considered by Cronquist (1982) as part of the Vochysiaceae, while
Marcano-Berti (1989) segregated the genus Euphronia and gave
it family status.
Key
differences from similar families
Superficially
resembling Vochysiaceae and Trigoniaceae, but keyed out as follows:
1. Leaves
alternate (but see also Trigoniodendron) ------------
Euphroniaceae
1. Leaves
opposite or in whorls - 2
2. Calyx
spurred; petals 0-5, without a spur ------------ Vochysiaceae
2. Calyx
without a spur; petals 5, one of which is spurred ------------
Trigoniaceae.
From
Chrysobalanaceae it can be keyed out as follows:
1. Petals 3;
staminodes present; ovary 3-locular; fruit a 1-seeded capsule ------------
Euphroniaceae
1. Petals 5;
staminodes absent; ovary 1-2-locular; fruit a drupe ------------
Chrysobalanaceae
SYSTEMATIC only one
genus from South America.
1. Euphronia Mart. &
Zucc. Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, simple, lower surface covered
with greyish white hairs; inflorescences terminal or axillary racemes; flowers
bisexual, zygomorphic; sepals 5, imbricate, connate at the base, unequal;
petals 3, purplish, contorted, free, clawed; fruits septicidal capsules, with
persistent sepals and androecium; seeds 1 per locule, slightly winged at the
base. Three spp., two from Colombia to Guyana and E. hirtelloides Mart. in
Venezuela, N Brazil, Colombia, in savannas on white sand or rocky areas,
or on exposed sandstone outcrops, or in riparian forests; at elevations of
100-1,400(-2,000) m, abundant in north-amazonic white-sand savannas (campinaranas)
in Rio Anauá and Upper Rio Negro in Jau national Park in Amazonas state in
northern Brazil.
CHRYSOBALANACEAE
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Genera/species 27/525–530
Distribution tropical and subtropical regions in the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres, including SE U.S.A.,
SE Africa, with their largest diversity in Central and South America and the
Caribbean. Habit usually bisexual (rarely andromonoecious or
gynomonoecious), evergreen trees or shrubs. Lenticels abundant. Tress
or shrubs; from SE U.S.A., the Caribbean and Mexico to southern Brazil and
Paraguay. Originally classified subfamily of the Rosaceae.
Almost all taxa are native and endemic except of two taxa which occur outside
the Neotropics: Chrysobalanus
icaco L.and Parinari excelsa Sabine. Cultivated
taxa include Neocarya
macrophylla
(Sabine) Prance ex F. White and Maranthes corymbosa
Blume.
SYSTEMATIC
outsiders Geobalanus (3, SE U.S.A., Mexico, America
Central), Maranthes (12; ten species in tropical Africa, one
species, M. corymbosa, in tropical Asia and east to islands in the
Pacific, one species, M. panamensis, in Nicaragua, Costa Rica and
Panamá), Kostermanthus (3; W Malesia, Sulawesi), Neocarya (1;
tropical W Africa), Bafodeya (1; tropical W Africa), Magnistipula
(12; tropical Africa, Madagascar), Parastemon (3; Nicobar
Islands, Malesia to New Guinea), Grangeria (2; Madagascar,
Mauritius, Réunion), Dactyladenia (c 30; tropical Africa), Atuna (8;
tropical Asia to Samoa), Angelesia (3; SE Asia,
Malesia), Hunga (11; New Guinea, New Caledonia, the Loyalty
Islands), Afrolicania (1; tropical W and C Africa).
1. Acioa Aubl. 6 spp.
from Colombia, Peru, Brazil (all species, two endemic) and French Guiana.
2. Chrysobalanus L. Shrubs or
trees; leaves suborbicular to lanceolate-elliptic, petiolate, lower leaf
surface glabrous or with a few stiff appressed hairs; inflorescence a short,
few-flowered raceme of cymules or cymose throughout, or a false raceme or a
subsessile fascicle; flowers regular; petals 5, longer than sepals; fruit a
small, glabrous drupe. Three spp., C. prancei I.M. Turner from
Brazil and Venezuela, C. icaco L. from Florida and Mexico to Caribbean
and South America, also in Africa, and C. cuspidatus Griseb. ex Duss in
Lesser Antilles.
3. Cordillera Sothers
& Prance. Trees; leaves with caducous stipules; inflorescences terminal
little-branched panicles; rachis and branches with a few minute appressed
hairs. Only one sp., C. platycalyx (Cuatrec.) Sothers & Prance, in
higher altitude Andean and America Centraln forests, from Costa Rica and Panamá
to Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela, from 1,000-2,700 m, and has been recorded
as low as 250 m.
4. Couepia Aubl. Trees
or shrubs. 63 spp., widely distributed throughout continental Neotropics, 57 in
South America, 52 in Brazil, 29 endemic, 14 in several states are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
5. Exellodendron Prance. 5
spp., Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas and Brazil (all species, three endemic, E.
gracile (Kuhlm.) Prance from Espírito Santo state is a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
6. Gaulettia Sothers &
Prance. Trees or shrubs; leaf venation reticulate on the abaxial surface and
with hair-filled stomatal cavities, leaves often with a whitish bloom on
abaxial surface; inflorescence and axis densely ferrugineous (except for G.
elata); inflorescence panicles or racemes; calyx lobes acuminate or rounded;
petals 5, white. 9 spp., throughout the Amazon rainforest of Peru,
Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil (6, Acre, Amazonas, Para, Amapá and
Rondonia, one endemic) and the Guianas.
7. Hirtella L. Trees,
sometimes flowering as shrubs; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-elliptic,
petiolate, lower surface glabrous or with a few strigose or strigulose hairs;
stipules subulate, persistent; inflorescence many-flowered, usually a lax
raceme or an elongate thyrse; flowers slightly irregular; petals 5, shorter
than sepals; fruit a drupe with scanty mesocarp and smooth. 110 spp., 108
widely distributed throughout Neotropics, including Caribbean (101 in South
America),
Madagascar and mainland Africa one exclusive each. 69 spp. in Brazil, 28 endemic, 9 in several
states are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book. 7 spp. from tropical America (inc. Brazil) are myrmecophites. H.
magnifolia Prance (N Brazil, Peru and Colombia) has the largest leaves of any species in this genus, up to
40 cm in fertiles branches.
8. Hymenopus (Benth.)
Sothers & Prance. Trees; leaf lower surface glabrous or hirsute, never
tomentose, pulverulent, farinaceous nor with stomatal cavities; inflorescences
terminal and subterminal panicles or racemose panicles. 28 spp. from Costa
Rica, Panamá, Trinidad and Tobago, to northern South America (25) in Colombia,
Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and in Brazil (20, 4 endemic),
mainly in the Amazon rainforest.
9. Leptobalanus (Benth.)
Sothers & Prance. Trees; leaf lower surface glabrous, tomentose or lanate,
stomatal cavities present or absent. Petiole with or without glands.
Inflorescence panicle, racemose panicle or panicle of cymes. 31 spp., from
Mexico, America Central and the Caribbean through to northern South America
(26), the Guianas, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and SE Brazil (16, 3 endemic); L.
maguirei (Prance) Sothers & Prance from Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do
Sul states is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
10. Licania Aubl. Trees,
shrubs, sometimes geoxylic; leaf lanate,
pulverulent-furfuraceous, pulverulent farinaceous, or glabrous, with or without
stomatal cavities; petiole with a pair of glands present or not; inflorescences
racemose panicles, panicles or spikes; petals absent. 102 spp., two of which
imperfectly known, distributed throughout Central and South America (101) and
in the Leeward Islands, from Mexico and Costa Rica to SE Brazil (74, 25 endemic);
11 spp. from Amapá, Bahia, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo and
Amazonas states are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book
11. Microdesmia (Benth.)
Sothers & Prance. Trees; leaf lower surface lanate and deeply reticulate;
stomatal cavities present; petals 5. Two spp., M. arborea (Seem.)
Sothers & Prance widely distributed from Mexico and America Central
to NW South America (Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador) and in Brazil
in the state of Acre, and M. rigida (Benth.) Sothers & Prance restricted
to NE Brazil.
12. Moquilea Aubl. Trees
up to 40 m tall; leaf lower surface glabrous or lanate, never with stomatal
cavities. Petiole with or without glands; inflorescence panicles, racemes or
racemose panicles. 54 spp. distributed from Mexico, America Central, the
Leeward and Windward Islands, and throughout South America (47, Guianas,
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil); the largest leaves of Chrysobalanaceae occurs in M. gentry (Prance) Sothers &
Prance of Bajo Calima region in Colombian Chocó. 15 spp. in Brazil, 7 endemic,
two of then in Pará and Maranhão states are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book.
13. Parinari Aubl. Shrubs
or trees, sometimes with woody rhizomes. 39
spp., 20 in Africa and SE Asia and Australasia, 19 from America Central and
throughout South America (all species), and one, P. excelsa Sabine,
also in Africa. 14 spp. in Brazil, 5 endemic; two spp., in Bahia state, are
rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
14. Parinariopsis
(Huber) Sothers & Prance. Trees; leaf lower surface deeply reticulate and
lanate; inflorescence panicles. Only one sp., P. licaniiflora (Sagot)
Sothers & Prance, from Guianas, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru and Amazon rainforest
of Brazil in Acre, Amazonas and Pará states.
LINEAGE
5 de 6: CLADE SALIC/VIOLOIDS
HUMIRIACEAE
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Genera/species
8/51 Distribution southern Mexico, America Central, tropical South
America; one species of Sacoglottis in tropical W Africa. Habit bisexual,
evergreen trees or shrubs. Young branches angular in cross-section. Often with
aromatic juice; wood hard, aromatic, often with balsamic sap, heartwood reddish,
alburnum yellow or yellowish.
SYSTEMATIC all genera
occur in South America.
1. Duckesia Cuatrec. Two
spp., D.
verrucosa
(Ducke) Cuatrec. from to northern Brazil and E Peru and D. liesneri
K.Wurdack & C.E.Zartman endemic to Venezuela.
2. Endopleura Cuatrec. Tree
(up 30 m tall) with a red trunk with wood very hard. Only one sp., E. uchi (Huber)
Cuatrec., Bolivia
(Pando), Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondonia), Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela;
50–620 m elevation, terra firme; their edible and medicinal fruits are
known as uxi.
3. Humiria Aubl. 4 spp., Colombia,
Venezuela (all species, one endemic), Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Peru and
Brazil (3, none endemic).
4. Humiriastrum Cuatrec. 16
spp., all in South America, one up to Nicaragua, reaching French Guiana and
Brazil (8, 4 endemic).
5. Hylocarpa Cuatrec. Only
one spp., H.
heterocarpa
(Ducke) Cuatrec, largest tree endemic to the Guiana Shield of Upper Rio
Negro, in a very small dense forest in NW Amazonas state in Brazil.
6. Sacoglottis Mart. Trees up
to 40 m tall. 11 spp., S. gabonensis (Baill.) Urb. in W Africa
(Liberia,
Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, Cameroun, Gabon and the DRC) and remaining 10 from Costa
Rica, Trinidad, St. Vincent, Panamá, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam,
French Guiana and Brazil (4, none endemic); S.
ovicarpa of Bajo
Calima region in Colombian Choco is possibly the largest-fruited
Humiriaceae. 8 spp. in South America.
7. Schistostemon Cuatrec. 9 spp.,
Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Peru, northern & C Brazil (2,
none endemic), in Amazon rainforest.
8. Vantanea Aubl. 23
spp., Costa Rica to Bolivia, reaching French Guiana and southern Brazil (14, up
to Santa Catarina state, 10 endemic). 21 in South America.
ACHARIACEAE
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Genera/species
31/c. 145 Distribution pantropical, with few species in southern Africa.
Habit usually dioecious (rarely monoecious), evergreen trees or shrubs (Acharieae
consist of climbing herbs); fruits often highly ornamented (tubercles, warts,
or thick spines in Lindackeria; thin bristles in Mayna; wings or
lacerate wings in Carpotroche).
Achariaceae
were traditionally a small South African family of flowering plants. The family
is not very diverse in the Neotropics; more genera and spp. occur in tropical
Africa and Asia. Four genera and 17 spp. in Brazil. Recent phylogenetic
analyses using DNA sequence data affirm that Achariaceae s.s. are nested within the
cyanogenic taxa of the former Flacourtiaceae (tribes Pangieae, Lindackerieae
[Oncobeae, in part], and Erythrospermeae). Occasionally, the taxa of the former
Flacourtiaceae have been segregated from Achariaceae into the family Kiggelariaceae,
but more recent studies do not support this exclusion.
Key
differences from similar families Achariaceae are a heterogeneous
spices, but spices the Neotropical taxa (except for Chiangiodendron)
belong to tribe Lindackerieae, which are usually distinctive in having longer
and more numerous petals than sepals, linear -elongate anthers, and
ornamented fruits; most Achariaceae, including Chiangiodendron,
also have flexed petioles with thickened bases and spices.
SYSTEMATIC 4 subtribes,
Pangieae (10/29, 7 monotypic genera, Old World, Mexico, America Central),
Acharieae (3/3, S Africa) and Erythrospermeae (7/32, Old World)
do not occur in South America; outsiders in Lindackerieae, the sole
tribe in South America, are Buchnerodendron (2; C and tropical
East Africa), Caloncoba (c 10; tropical Africa), Camptostylus
(2; tropical W and C Africa), Grandidiera (1; tropical E
Africa), Peterodendron (1; tropical E Africa), Poggea
(4–6; tropical W and C Africa), Prockiopsis (3; Madagascar), Xylotheca (10–13;
E and S Africa).
Key to genera of South American Achariaceae
1. Style 1; fruit surface with warts or coarse, fibrous
spines ------------ Lindackeria
1. Styles (2-)3-8(-10); fruit surface smooth, with vertical
ridges or wings, or covered with slender bristles - 2
2. Leaf venation Clusia-like ------------ Kuhlmanniodendron
2. Leaf venation not Clusia-like - 3
3. Fruit berry-like, with a thin fruit wall, covered with
slender bristles; styles (2-)3-4(-5) ------------
Mayna
3. Fruit capsular, with a thick fibrous fruit wall, with
vertical ridges or wings; styles (4-)6-7(-8 ------------
Carpotroche
1. Carpotroche Endl. Trees, fruits winged, sometimes
wings lacerate,
some species cauliflorous. 12 spp.,
one in Nicaragua, two from Central to South America, nine only in tropical
South America. 8 spp. in Brazil, two endemic, only C. brasiliensis (Raddi) Endl. in Atlantic
coast of Brazil. C. froesiana Sleumer, from Amazonas state, is a rare
plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
2. Kuhlmanniodendron Fiaschi
& Groppo. Treelets to trees 7-14 m tall, 2-8 until first ramification;
inflorescence botryoid, axillary, usually restricted to the terminal portion of
the branches, but sometimes cauliflorous below
leaves; flowers unisexual, 1.0–1.5 cm in diameter, axillary to
supra-axillary to the bracts; fruits baccate, dry, indehiscent. Two spp.
from rainforests of Espírito Santo and cocoa region in Bahia states in Atlantic
Forest of E Brazil, found at northern sea-level forests as well as in the more
interior montane and submontane forests.
3. Lindackeria C.Presl. Unarmed shrubs or trees; leaves simple; margins usually
toothed; petioles sometimes elongate; stipules present; flowers bisexual or
male by abortion, in racemes or solitary in axils; sepals 3, imbricate,
concave; petals 6–12, imbricate, not much longer than sepals; fruit a globose,
woody; seeds 1–3, with cordate cotyledons. 14 spp., 8 in Africa, 6
in South America, one up to Mexico. 5 spp. in Brazil, 4 endemic.
4. Mayna Aubl. Trees
or shrubs, fruits with slender bristles. 6 spp., 4 from Colombia and Ecuador,
one disjunct in Colombia and Mexico, and M. odorata Aubl. from Mexico to
Bolivia, Brazil and Venezuela.
GOUPIACEAE
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Genera/species
1/2 Distribution northern tropical South America (Guyana, Suriname,
northern Brazil), America Central. Habit bisexual, evergreen trees or
shrubs. Goupiacea is a Neotropical family with sole one genus.
SYSTEMATIC a single
species in this family.
1. Goupia Aubl. Tree, large, fast-growing tree growing up to 40 m tall
with a trunk up to 1.32 m diameter, often buttressed at the base up to 2 m
diameter, with rough, silvery grey to reddish-grey bark;
aluminium-accumulating, and disagreeable smell. Two spp., G. guatemalensis
Lundell from Guatemala to Honduras and G. glabra Aubl. from Panama to French
Guiana, Bolivia and N Brazil. Known as Cupiuba (Brazil), Saino (Colombia) and
Kopi (Suriname); has been used in carpentary and for railway sleepers.
VIOLACEAE
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Genera/species
24/c. 750 Distribution cosmopolitan except polar areas. Habit usually
bisexual (in Melicytus dioecious), perennial or annual herbs, evergreen
or deciduous shrubs or trees (rarely lianas). Herbs,
subshrubs, shrubs, treelets, trees (Rinoreocarpos), less frequently
lianas (Hybanthopsis). Violaceae a widely distributed family, comprising
23 genera and approximately 900 spp. Roughly half the species of the species
belongs to the predominantely herbaceous genus Viola, which are
concentrated the northern Hemisphere and mountains areas oat the tropical
regions.
SYSTEMATIC two
subfamilies, both in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
FUSISPERMOIDEAE (1/3) ‣ a
single genus.
1. Fusispermum
Hekking. Trees, leaves oblanceolate; flowers in axillary paniculate cymes.
Three spp., one in Panamá, and two in Colombia (one endemic), Ecuador
and Peru.
2. SUBFAMILY
VIOLOIDEAE (31/c. 750) ‣ 31
monophyletic lineages, 28 named genera and 3 not yet; of 28 named
genera, 8 do not occur in New World (Agathea, Melicytus, Isodendrion,
Afrohybanthus, Pigea, Decorsella, Allexis and Scyphellandra, with 66
species in total); 5 occur only in North/America Central (Cubelium,
Hybanthus, Mayanaea, Mexion and Ixchelia, with 9 spp. in total);
remaining 15 are South American.
2. Amphirrhox Spreng. Two
spp., A. longifolia (A. St.-Hil.) Spreng., from America Central to C
& E razil, and A. grandifolia Melch. endemic to E Brazil.
3. Anchietea A.St.-Hil.
Liana or reclining shrubs; fruits as membranaceous, inflated capsules, usually
prematurely exposing the strongly flattened seeds to maturation; flowers with nectar spurs. 8 spp., widely distributed in South
America, two endemic to Peru, one in the Andes from Colombia to Bolivia, five
in extra-Amazonia South America - all of then in Brazil, three endemic, inc.
Bahia and Espírito Santo states narrow endemic.
4. Bribria Wahlert
& H. E. Ballard. Trees to 30 m tall; leaves alternately arranged,
inflorescences axillary, lateral to terminal, 1–5-fascicled, thyrsoid, lateral
cymules 1–9-flowered, sometimes accompanied by aborted flower buds; pedicels to
7.5 mm long; flowers weakly zygomorphic; buds orbicular, ellipsoid, or ovoid.
Three spp., America Central and Venezuela one endemic each, and B. apiculata
(Hekking) Wahlert & H. E. Ballard from America Central, Ecuador, Peru,
Bolivia and northern Brazil.
5. Calyptrion Gring.
Vines, large, with zygomorphic leaves, flowers with nectar
suprs. 4 spp. native to Amazon rainforests, one extending north up to
Mexico, mainly grow along seasonally flooded forest (igapó); three spp.
in Brazil, none endemic.
6. Hybanthopsis Paula-Souza.
Twining herbs; leaves serrate, the teeth glandular, stipules 2; flowers
solitary, axillary, sepals 5, free, lilac or purplish, sometimes with darker
linear markings, solitary, axillary; corolla strongly zygomorphic, petals 5,
free, the anterior petal clawed, concave or saccate at base; capsule
thinwalled, chartaceous, opening by a single longitudinal slit. Only one sp., H.
bahiensis Paula-Souza,
endemic to dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga) of
southern and SE Bahia state, E Brazil, near Itaberaba municipality, and is
commonly found in disturbed areas such as forest borders and roadsides.
7. Hybanthus Jacq.
Herbs
with axillary solitary flowers on very long filiform pedicels, strongly
zygomorphic corollas with a strongly clawed bottom petal, medially positioned
globose staminal glands, and pale yellow minutely alveolate seeds. 29 spp., six
in Angola to S. Africa, NE. Trop. Africa, Arabian Pen., SW. Pacific, and 23 in
New World from Mexico to Uruguay and Caribbean. 5 spp. in South America, 3 in
Brazil, none endemic, Paraguay and Venezuela one each.
8. Leonia Ruiz &
Pav. Trees, leaves oblanceolate. 23 spp. from forests of Belize to
northern South America (18). 7 spp. in Brazil, one endemic.
9. Noisettia Kunth.
Subwoody, strongly zygomorphic and conspicuously spurred
to long-spurred flowers. Only one sp., N. orchidiflora (Rudge)
Gingins, Peru to E coast of South America in Brazil and French Guiana.
10. Orthion Standl.
& Steyerm. Trees to shrubs, leaves lanceolate or oblonceolate. 6 spp. from
Mexico and America Central, O. guatemalense Lundell up to northern
Colombia.
11. Paypayrola Aubl.
Trees or shrubs; leaves lanceolate or oblonceolate, sometimes cauliflorous. 9 spp., southern America Central,
northern and E South America (8). 5 in Brazil, one endemic.
12. Pombalia Vand. Annual or
perennial herbs, subshrubs, shrubs or small trees, sometimes with a woody and
gemmiferous well-developed root system; plants glabrous or variously hairy;
leaves either all alternate, or all opposite, or the basal ones opposite
turning alternate towards the apex of the branches, sometimes with very reduced
internodes and clustered in short shoots; flowers strongly zygomorphic due a
very differentiated anterior petal, bisexual. 42 spp., over New World, only one
sp. Worldwide. 32 in South America, 26 in Brazil, 9 endemic.
13. Rinorea Aubl. 212
spp., pantropical, including 47 spp. in New World, at Mexico, America Central,
northern South America (41) and E coast of South America. 26 spp. in Brazil, 7
endemic (3, from Maranhão, Amazonas and Espírito Santo states are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book); two sects. in New World:
§
sect.
Pubiflora ‣ 33 spp., distribution similar to that of sect.
Rinorea (see below), but species of this also occur in Mexico,
Mesoamerica, Bolivia, Guyana, Surinam, and Trinidad.
§
sect.
Rinorea ‣ 13 spp.,
from Panamá to the greater Amazon rainforest of South America and
the Coastal Cordillera in Venezuela, and disjunctly so in the Atlantic Coastal
Forests in Espírito Santo and Bahia States of Brazil, where they commonly grow
in primary or disturbed rainforest on terra firma or in periodically inundated
areas, or in drier savanna, gallery, and seasonally dry forests.
14. Schweiggeria Spreng.
Shrubs strongly zygomorphic and conspicuously spurred to long-spurred flowers. Two
spp., S.
fruticosa Spreng.
endemic to E Brazil and one endemic to Mexico.
15. Viola L. Annual or perennial acaulescent or caulescent herbs, often
cushions (unique among Malpighiales), shrubs
or very rarely treelets; flowers axillary and solitary, rarely in cymes;
corolla white to yellow, orange or blue or multicolored with or without yellow
throat, strongly zygomorphic, bottom petal slightly to much shorter than others
and weakly differentiated, spur scarcely exserted to very long; nectar spurs in some species, inc. Brazilian ones.
691 spp., widely distributed in temperate regions and montane areas in tropics
worldwide, 267 in New World, mainly America Central and W South America (152, 110
in Cono Sur); extant chromosome numbers range from diploid 2n = 4 in V.
modesta Fenzl. from C Asia, among lowest number
known in angiosperms and also found in five other genera unrelated to Viola
and Violaceae, to at least 20-ploid 2n = ca. 160 in V. arborescens L. Two subgenera, 31 sections,
and 20 subsections.
§ subg. Neoandinium
‣ 139
spp. in 11 section, 7 only from Argentina and Chile, sect. Inconspicuiflos
(8) is endemic to Peru, and three remainig widely in W South America.
§ subg. Viola ‣
20
sections, of which 7 occur in South America: sect. Chilenium (2,
Colombia to Patagonia), sect. Leptidium (18, Mexico to Bolivia, Lesser
Antilles, SE Brazil), sect. Nosphinium subsect. Mexicanae (10, Mexico to
Ecuador), sect. Rubellium (3, endemic to C Chile), sect. Tridens
(1, Chile and Argentina), sect. Viola subsect. Rostratae (51,
north-temperate, except for V. huidobrii Gay in Argentina and Chile, and
one in New Guinea), sect. Xanthidium (2, Peru to N Argentina).
Sect. Leptidium includes the three Brazilian species, all
endemic, V. cerasifolia A.St.-Hil., V.
gracillima A.St.-Hil. and V. subdimidiata A.St.-Hil.,
very genetically related and small perennial herbs, endemic
of country, mainly in montane forests and grasslands in highlands.
In
broader comparisons with the world’s known violet flora the V. lilliputana
H. H. Iltis & H. E. Ballard (endemic to C Peru) also appears to be one of
the world’s smallest violets (if not the smallest)
and surely stands as one of the smallest
terrestrial dicots, with the entire
aboveground plant body scarcely topping 1.1 cm in height - rivaled in stature
only by sporadic and particularly diminutive individuals of certain species in
the annual V. parvula Tineo complex (wild pansies of sect. Melanium
W. Becker) of SE Europe and adjacent W Asia.
PASSIFLORACEAE
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AS
IN POWO ON OCTOBER 25, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN
ANNEX 3
Genera/species 30/c.
924 Distribution tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate regions in the
Northern and Southern Hemispheres (Malesherbioideae only W South America), with
their highest diversity in tropical America (nearly all Turneroideae) and
Africa. Habit usually bisexual (in, e.g., Adenia dioecious),
usually perennial or annual herbs, climbing and twining with tendrils, or
evergreen shrubs or lianas (rarely small trees). Tendrils simple or branched,
axillary, usually consisting of modified pedicels or inflorescences, often
oblique relative to the branch and evil-smelling. Some species are xerophytes.
SYSTEMATIC four
subfamilies, all in South America, two restricteds.
1. SUBFAMILY
MALESHERBIOIDEAE (1/24) ‣
a single genus.
1. Malesherbia
Ruiz & Pav. Shrubs, subshrubs, or annual or
perennial xerophytic herbs, often cyanogenic, erect or procumbent, from 15 cm
to 2 m tall; inflorescences axillary or terminal, usually racemes or leafy
panicles, rarely fasciculate or flowers solitary; flowers campanulate or
funnel-shaped; fruits stipitate capsules, enclosed by the persistent floral
tube; seeds 1 to many, ovoid, exarillate, reticulately ridged, pitted, with an
oily endosperm. 25 spp., 11 endemic to Andean valleys east of
Lima to center Peru, and two in both Chile and Peru, in the coastal fog zones
and lomas vegetation; 9 endemic to Chile and 3 in both Argentina and Chile, in
mediterranean, desert and dry montane habitats of varying aridity; most species
prefer rocky, sunny areas inhabited by few other plants.
2. SUBFAMILY
TURNEROIDEAE (13/227) ‣ outsiders
Adenoa (1, E Cuba), Erblichia (1, Mexico to Panamá), Mathurina (1;
Rodriguez), Arboa (2; Madagascar), Stapfiella (4;
tropical Africa), Hyalocalyx (1; SE tropical Africa, Madagascar), Tricliceras (11;
tropical and subtropical Africa), Loewia (1; NE tropical Africa), Afroqueta (1;
South Africa, Swaziland), Streptopetalum (3–6; tropical and S
Africa).
Brazil holds
the top number of species in Turneroideae (157, 82% of the American species are
native, and 73% of them are endemic to this country), the highest number of endemic
in being found in the mountains of the states Bahia, Goiás and Minas Gerais;
all genera in New World are native, some species are cultivated, as T. subulata Sm. (buttercup,
chanana, guarujá); sometimes weedy.
Key
to South America genera of Turneroideae
1. Indument
with porrect-stellate tector trichomes; corona on petals and sepals ------------ Piriqueta
1. Indument
never por-rect-stellate tector trichomes; corona absent, rarely a membranous
ligule, but then only on petals - 2
2 Sepals
free from each other or almost so ------------ Pibiria
2. Sepals
fused to each other, usually by 1/3 of their length - 3
3. petals
white with yellow base or, when yellow, pink, or red, the stamens are pilose
and only basi-dorsi-ventrally adnate to the floral tube ------------ Oxossia
3. petals
usually yellow, when white, the stamens are glabrous and/or with margins adnate
to the petal claws, forming nectariferous pockets ------------ Turnera
2. Oxossia
L. Rocha. Subshrubs to shrubs, rarely trees,up to 3m high; leaves medium to
large (2–21.5cm long); extrafloral nectaries rarely absent; inflorescences
elongated to abbreviated racemes, head-like, spike-like, terminal or lateral,
rarely solitary flower; flowers heterostylous,usually small; fruit globose to
ovoid; seeds obovoid to pyriform. 15 spp. of Brazil, two up to Venezuela and
Guyana, seven of then are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s
book, mainly in Bahia state; most in rainforests in the Atlantic forest and
Amazon rainforest,
with some species occurring in dry seasonal scrubland
of NE Brazil (caatinga), rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres) and the savannas of C
Brazil (cerrado).
3. Piriqueta
Aubl. Herbs, subshrubs or shrubs, sometimes with xylopodium;
leaves rarely with nectaries; flowers solitary, sometimes gathered in cymose
inflorescences, hardly ever in an apical raceme; peduncle and pedicel
developed, bracteoles generally wanting; capsule granulose, in a few species
smooth; seeds obovoid, reticulate. 47 spp. from southern U.S.A
to northern Argentina and Uruguay, 44 in South America, 40 in Brazil (28 endemic,
15 of then are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, 10
only in Bahia), centered in Diamantina Range in center Bahia state.
4. Turnera L. Herbs, subshrubs, shrubs or
treelets with simple hairs; leaves often with nectaries; flowers solitary or
gathered in cymose or racemose inflorescences; peduncle absent or developed,
often adnate to the petiole (true epiphylly);
petals ligulate in a few species; capsule granulose or smooth; seeds obovoid.
138 spp., two in Africa (T. thomasii (Urb.) Story in Kenya and T.
oculata Story in Angola and Namibia), 137 in New World, from southern
U.S.A. to Argentina, 130 in South America, and centered in Brazil
(114, 81 endemic, 26 are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s
book), extreme highly centered in Minas Gerais, Bahia and Goiás states. 11
series:
§ ser Annularis
‣ 3 spp., Mexico and northern America Central
(e.g., T. odorata Richard), but is also found from Venezuela to Brazil
in Amazonian savanna and rainforest.
§ ser. Anomalae
‣ 14 spp., South America, mainly in Brazil, SE
Bolivia and NW Paraguay. It is mostly found in dry
seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga) and in Chaco, and wet Amazonian tropical forests, as well as
occasionally in the savannas of C Brazil (cerrado) and
Atlantic Forest.
§ ser. Cristatae
‣ a single species, T. sidoides L., from
montane areas in Bolivia to sea level in Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina.
§ ser. Leiocarpeae
‣ 56 spp., Mexico to Argentina and mostly
comprises narrowly distributed species, including many that are known only from
the type specimen; most species occur in Brazil (50), mainly in mountain ranges
in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia and in C Brazil in Goiás State, in savannas of C
Brazil (cerrado), rocky grasslands (campos
rupestres) and in dry seasonal scrubland
of NE Brazil (caatinga).
§ ser. Microphyllae
‣ 3 spp., NE region of Brazil and Minas Gerais,
mainly in dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga) and occasionally in rocky grasslands (campos rupestres); however, T. diffusa Willd. ex Schult is widely
distributed in dry forests throughout Mesoamerica, the Caribbean Islands,
Mexico, and the southern U.S.A. (Texas).
§ ser Papilliferae
‣ two spp., NE Brazil, in dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga), but T. chamaedrifolia Cambess. is widely distributed and
also occurs in areas of the savannas of C Brazil (cerrado),
Atlantic Forest, and disturbed vegetation.
§ ser. Rinoreifoliae
‣ 6 spp., from Panamá to Argentina, in
seasonally inundated forests, gallery forests dry
seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga), Atlantic Forest in the South and SE regions of
Brazil, and eastern portion of the Andes from southern Ecuador to NE Argentina,
as well as the western portion of the savannas of C Brazil (cerrado).
§ ser. Salicifoliae
‣ 6 spp., South America, mainly in wet Amazonian
tropical forests, occasionally in the Amazonian savanna, in the Guianas,
Suriname, Venezuela, and Brazil.
§ ser. Sessilifoliae
‣ two spp., restricted to Brazil in rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres) and savannas of
the Espinhaço Range, in Minas Gerais.
§ ser. Stenodyctieae
‣ 10 spp., South America, in wet forests,
floodplains and sometimes savannas (a few species), in northern Amazonia, in
Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, Suriname, NW Peru, northern Bolivia, and northern
Brazil.
§ ser Turnera
‣ 28 spp., in the New World and Africa (2), is
the most geographically widely distributed subseries, and occurs in all
tropical biomes including very dry and disturbed habitats.
3. SUBFAMILY
PIBIRIOIDEAE (1/1) ‣
a single genus from Guyana. In 1993, a shrub Pibiria flava Maas with
yellow flowers reminiscent of but obviously distinct from Turnera was
found near Mabura Hill in C Guyana, which was recollected in 2000. The
mysterious species belongs to Passifloraceae, in which it is well supported as
sister to Turneroideae, and because it lacks several floral characters
typically (but not universally) found in this subfamily (heterostylous, fused
sepals/petals, adnation of the stamens to the calyx, presence of a corolla and
clawed petals), proposed a new subfamily, Pibirioideae, to accommodate it.
5. Pibiria
Harms. Shrub with yellow flower. Only one sp., P. flava Maas, endemic to
Mabura Hill in C Guyana.
4. SUBFAMILY
PASSIFLOROIDEAE (c 16/c 620) ‣
two clades with a status of subfamilies if Passforaceae s.s. is desmembered of
Turneraceae and Maleseherbiaceae; Paropsioideae
(6/20–27, Tropical Africa, Madagascar, East Malesia) absent. Among
Passifloroideae, outsiders are Adenia (90–95; tropical regions in the
Old World, with their highest diversity in tropical Africa); Basananthe
(37; tropical and S Africa), Deidamia (5; Madagascar), Efulensia
(2; tropical Africa), Schlechterina (1; tropical East Africa), Crossostemma
(1; tropical Africa).
Distribution
Tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate regions in the Northern and Southern
Hemispheres, with their highest diversity in tropical America and Africa. Habit
Usually bisexual (in, e.g., Adenia dioecious), usually perennial or
annual herbs, usually climbing and twining with tendrils, or evergreen shrubs
or lianas (rarely small trees). Tendrils simple or branched, axillary, usually
consisting of modified pedicels or inflorescences, often oblique relative to
the branch. Some species are xerophytes. Only Passiflora in Argentina.
6. Ancistrotryrsus
Harms. Woody vines with hooks; flowers in cymose inflorescences. Three spp.,
from tropical Amazon rainforest up Guiana Shield, all in Brazil,
no endemic.
7. Dilkea
Mast. Woody vines or small trees, without tendrils, or rarely with a few poorly
developed ones; flowers in axillary or terminal glomerules or short-spicate,
rarely solitary, hermaphrodite, red or white; sepals 4-5; petals 4-5; fruit
globose or ovoid. 13 spp., Panamá to tropical South America in Amazon rainforest,
5 in Brazil, two endemic, in two subgenera:
§ subg.
Epkia ‣ 6 shrubs or small trees with a strongly
rhythmic growth and usually without tendrils, centered in Guiana Shield.
§ subg.
Dilkea ‣ 6 spp. of lianas or climbing shrubs, or small
shrubs in the case of D. margaritae Cervi, with a continuous growth and
thick tendrils trifid at the apex, from Panamá to Amapá (Brazil) and from
Amazon rainforest
of Bolivia to the Guianas, centered in Ecuador and Peru.
8. Mitostemma Mast. Scandents shrubs; flowers usually in short, terminal
or axillary racemes; calyx much reduced; sepals 4; petals 4; corona in 3 series
of filaments; stamens 8 or 10, inserted on the floor of the hypanthium near the
base of the ovary, free, or united close to the base; gynophore erect; ovary
1-celled, with 4 parietal placentae; styles 4, distinct to the base; stigmas
reniform-capitate; fruit ovoid. Three spp., one only in Guyana, M.
glaziovii Mast. in Brazil and Guianas, and M.
brevifilis Gontsch. endemic to vast area in C & E Brazil.
9. Passiflora L.
Mostly perennial climbers, a few small
trees up to 20m tall, sometimes with xylopodium,
shrubs, herbaceous vines and even annuals; Passiflora possibly contains
the greatest variation in leaf blade of any plant genus.
594 spp., 28 from India to New Zealand and 566 in New
World, 438 in South America, and 163 in Brazil, 85 endemic. 12
spp. of Passiflora are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book, in over country. 5 subgenera:
§
subg. Astrophea ‣
62 spp. in five sections, with their center of diversity being in lowland areas of northern
South America. 31 spp. in Brazil in section Capreolata (4), Leptopoda
(2), Pseudoastrophea (17) and Botryastrophea (8, in series Botryastrophea
and Carneae); section Astrophea, which includes all tree members
of this genus (9 spp., all but one from Colombia, 4 exclusives), occur only
from Costa Rica to Venezuela and Peru.
§
subg. Decaloba ‣
230 spp. in 8 subsections, Auriculata, Bryonioides, Cieca, Decaloba and
Multiflora occur in Brazil, remaining absent : Disemma (all 21 Old
World members in subgenus), Hahniopathanthus (5, Mexico to Colombia and
Venezuela) and Pterosperma (4, Mexico to Panamá); only 19 spp. in
Brazil.
§
subg. Deidamioides ‣
13 spp. in five sections: Polyanthea (1, Venezuela, Guianas, N Brazil), Mayapathanthus
(2, Mexico to Costa Rica), Tetrastylis (4, endemic to Atlantic
Forest of Brazil), Tryphostemmatoides (4, Nicaragua to Ecuador) and Deidamioides
(1, endemic to Brazil).
§
subg. Passiflora ‣ endemic
to New World, 255 spp. in six supersections, Passiflora, Stipulata,
Laurifolia, Coccinea and Distephana occur in Brazil, Tacsonia (62-64,
all restricted to the high Andes at 1,700 to approximately 4,000 m), the
trumpett Passiflora, Venezuela to Bolivia, and comprises mainly species
with showy flowers, is absent; within this group; P. antioquiensis
H.Karst, endemic to Colombia, is possibly the largest
flower of genus.
Passiflora supersect. Tacsonia
is characterized by several morphological traits, suggesting that the group
might be monophyletic, although this has not really been tested. The
best-sampled phylogeny so far included only seven Tacsonia species,
which formed a clade. While most species of the supersection have
hummingbird-adapted flowers, the longest tubed-flowers are restricted to 37
species pollinated by the sword-billed hummingbird, Ensifera ensifera,
whereas the 19 species with shorter tubed red flowers (hypanthium 1–3 cm long)
are pollinated by shorter billed hummingbirds. Bats pollinate another seven
species that have greenish or white flowers. Like most Passiflora, Tacsonia
species are self-incompatible and depend on cross-pollination to set seed.
§
subg. Tetrapathea ‣ 3 spp., Australasia to New
Zealand.
LACISTEMACEAE
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AS IN POWO ON JUNE 30, 2024
Genera/species
2/17 Distribution Caribbean (Jamaica), southern Mexico southwards to SE
Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina. Habit bisexual,
evergreen trees or shrubs. Use
Timber.
SYSTEMATIC
both genera occur in South America.
1. Lacistema
Sw.
Small trees. 12 spp. from forests of South America (mainly
Amazon rainforest), L. aggregatum
Rusby is a fairly common and widely distributed species in the
Neotropics, from Mexico to SE Brazil, Uruguay, and NE
Argentina. 11 in Brazil (exception is one from Ecuador to Bolivia), 4 endemic.
2. Lozania Mutis ex
Caldas. 5 spp., Nicaragua to Peru and Amazonas state in northern Brazil (only L.
klugii (Mansf.) Mansf., no endemic).
SALICACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
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SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species
52/1,080-1,090 Distribution mainly tropical and subtropical areas, some
genera in temperate regions, few in Australia, absent from New Zealand; Salix
and Populus mainly in temperate regions and some species of Salix
only in arctic areas in the Northern Hemisphere. Habit usually bisexual
(sometimes dioecious, e.g., Salix, Populus, Chosenia, and Scyphostegia),
evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs (some genera climbing; few species of Salix
dwarf shrubs); Casearia sometimes with phyllanthoid branching:
orthotropic branches with reduced spiral leaves, and plagiotropic branches
sylleptic with normal leaves distichous).Salicaceae
were traditionally a mostly temperate family consisting of 2 genera, Populus (poplars,
cottonwoods) and Salix
(willows, vime in Portuguese). In general, tropical members of
the family Salicaceae have few economic uses. The mostly temperate genus Salix is one of the early
sources of aspirin precursors.
Use
Ornamental plants, matches (Populus), baskets (withies from Salix),
bioenergy (Salix), timber, protective plantations (against wind and
erosion), fruits (Dovyalis), medicinal plants.Salix
species (willows) are very important in management of ecosystems such as
prevention of erosion, bioremediation of soil and they provide a specialised habitat
for other organisms. Both Salix
and Populus are
potential biofuel sources. In the Neotropics, genera like Casearia and Macrohasseltia are
occasionally used for wood, and the genus Ryania
has toxic compounds used in poisons and insecticides. Despite their lack of use
in the Neotropics, Salicaceae are common elements of tropical forests.
18 genera
and about 100 spp. in Brazil.
SYSTEMATIC clades
Scyphostegieae (2/2, N and C Borneo, Yunnan) and Scolopieae (5/43,
tropical regions in the Old World) do not occur in South America.
1.
SUBFAMILY SAMYDEAE (14/c
230) ‣ outsiders Ophiobotrys (1;
tropical W and C Africa), Osmelia (4; Sri Lanka,
Malesia), Pseudosmelia (1; Moluccas), Trichostephanus
(2; tropical W and C Africa).
1. Casearia Jacq. Shrubs
to trees, sometimes basal
burls. 251 spp. worldwide, 113 in New World, in Antilles, Mexico,
Central and South America (79). 57 spp. in Brazil, 19 endemic, C. neblinae
Sleumer is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, endemic
to region of Mount Neblina.
2. Irenodendron M.H. Alford & Dement. Unarmed shrubs or trees, to
20 m tall and 30 cm dbh; leaves simple, alternate, pinnately veined;
inflorescences axillary, rarely supra-axillary, fascicles of 3–10
flowers; flowers bisexual, sepals (4–)5(–6), imbricate, pale green to
white to pink, petals absent; fruits capsules; seeds 1–few, arillate. Three
spp., Amazon rainforest of Brazil (2, none endemic), Colombia, Guyana, Peru,
and Venezuela; mixed evergreen forest, terra firme, often along streams,
north-amazonic white-sand savannas (campinaranas), and Pacific of
Colombia, collection from Colombia possibly a new species.
3. Lunania Hook. 15 spp., southern
Mexico, America Central, Cuba, Jamaica, only L. parviflora Spruce ex
Benth. in South America, in over Amazon rainforest.
4. Piparea Aubl. Trees. Three spp. from Mexico to
Bolivia and northern Brazil (all, none endemic).
5. Ryania Vahl. 9 spp.
from South America, one up to America Central. 8 spp. in Brazil (the exception
in one species from Colombia and Venezuela), two endemic.
6. Tetrathylacium Poepp. 6 spp., endemic in Ecuador
(3) and Peru (1), T. johansenii Standl. from America Central to
Colombia, and T. macrophyllum Poepp. from America Central to Bolivia and
Brazil. T. macrophyllum Poepp. from Costa Rica to Brazil is a myrmecophite.
2.
SUBFAMILY PROCKIEAE (9/67)
‣ outsider Hasseltiopsis (1; America
Central).
7. Abatia Ruiz & Pav. Small to
médium-sized shrubs, many stamens. 10 spp., mountain regions in tropical
America, nine in South America. 4 spp. in Brazil, three endemic (all are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, in Minas Gerais and Rio de
Janeiro states), A. angeliana M.H. Alford up to Cono Sur.
8. Azara Ruiz
& Pav. Shrubs to small trees, sometimes with lignotubers.
11 spp., 10 confined to Chile and Argentina, A.
salicifolia Griseb. up to Bolivia, and A. uruguayensis (Speg.)
Sleumer from southern Brazil and Uruguay.
9. Banara Aubl. 34 spp., tropical
America, 19 in South America, 10 spp. in Brazil, three endemic, including B.
trinitatis Sleumer endemic, restricted of Trindad Is. in Atlantic Ocean, a
rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
10. Hasseltia Kunth. 6 spp. from southern
Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia, 5 in South America, Venezuela, Colombia and Peru
one endemic each, only the widely distributed H. floribunda Kunth in
Brazil.
11. Macrothumia M.H.Alford.
Trees with 30 m tall; leaves simple, chartaceous, alternate; inflorescence a
terminal, congested, fascicle or umbel-like raceme; flowers creamy-yellow, 1 cm
diameter; fruits capsular, globose. Only one sp., M. kuhlmannii
(Sleumer) M.H.Alford, from Atlantic forest of Alagoas, Bahia, Minas Gerais and
Espírito Santo states in E Brazil.
12. Neosprucea Sleumer. 10 spp., one in center Guyana, and
remaining nine from Colombia to Peru, one up to Panama.
13. Pineda Ruiz & Pav. Two
spp. from Andes of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.
14. Prockia L. 7 spp., southern Mexico to northern
Argentina, three in South America, one in Venezuela, another in Ecuador and
Peru, and the widely distributed P. crucis P. Browne ex L., unique in
Brazil.
3.
SUBFAMILY SALICEAE (12/545–550)
‣ oustiders Populus (35–40;
Northern Hemisphere, P. ilicifolia, in East Africa), Bennettiodendron (7;
S China, tropical Asia), Olmediella (1; C America), Idesia (1;
China, Japan), Carrierea (4; S and SW China, SE Asia), Itoa (1;
S China, tropical Asia), Lasiochlamys (11; New Caledonia), Ludia
(27; tropical E Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene slands), Poliothyrsis (1;
China), Tisonia (14; Madagascar).
15. Macrohasseltia L.O. Williams. Only one sp., M. macroterantha (Standl. & L.O.
Williams) L.O. Williams, from southern Belize to NW Colombia.
16. Salix L. 471 spp., distributed across the
temperate to arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, entering tropical
regions along montane ranges; 275 are found in China, 107 in the former Soviet
Union, 65 in Europe, and 107 in North America north of Mexico. The only species
native to South America is S. humboldtiana Willd., a small to
medium-sized tree, which grows wild along watercourses in from Mexico to
Argentina and southern Brazil (in several many ecossystems), Chile, Uruguay and
Caribbean.
4.
SUBFAMILY HOMALIEAE
(8/c 200) ‣ outsiders Bartholomaea (3; America
Central), Bivinia (1; tropical East Africa, Madagascar), Byrsanthus (1;
tropical W Africa), Calantica (10; Madagascar), Dissomeria
(2; tropical Africa), Neopringlea (3; southern Mexico,
Guatemala), Bembicia (1; Madagascar).
17. Homalium Jacq. 177 spp., tropical and
subtropical regions on both hemispheres, three in the New
World, one endemic to Mexico and two remaining widely distributed in
Neotropics.
5.
SUBFAMILY ONCOBEAE (6/120–140) ‣ outsiders Oncoba (c 30; tropical and S Africa, Arabian
Peninsula), Flacourtia (22; tropical and S Africa, Madagascar,
SE Asia, Malesia to Fiji), Dovyalis (17; tropical and S
Africa, Madagascar, tropical Asia from Sri Lanka to New Guinea), Trimeria (2; tropical
East Africa to S Africa).
18. Pleuranthodendron L. O. Williams. Only one sp., P. lindenii (Turcz.) Sleumer,
from Mexico,
America Central, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and northern Brazil.
19. Xylosma G. Forst. 112 spp., E and SE Asia,
Malesia to New Guinea, eastern Queensland, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Polynesia,
Guam, and 58 spp. in New World, America Central, the Caribbean including
Hispaniola, northern South America (28). 10 spp. in Brazil, one endemic.
LINEAGE
6 de 6: EUPHORBIIDS REALM
PHYLLANTHACEAE
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SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species 61/1,950-2,000
Distribution mainly in tropical regions, with their largest diversity in
Malesia. Habit usually monoecious or dioecious (rarely bisexual),
usually evergreen (sometimes deciduous) trees or shrubs (sometimes climbing),
perennial or annual herbs. Some species are xeromorphic shrubs or herbs with
ericoid leaves (some species of Phyllanthus have phyllocladia, others
are limnic and floating); branches often dimorphic.
Phyllanthaceae
are represented by 19 genera in South America, and occur in several
vegetation types, especially in rainforest, savanna and associated ecosystems.
Only Margaritaria and Phyllanthus in Argentina. A number of taxa
are regionally cultivated for their fleshy edible fruits [e.g., P. acidus (L.)
Skeels, P. emblica L., Baccaurea spp., Antidesma spp.].
SYSTEMATIC two
subfamilies, both in South America.
UNPLACED PHYLLANTHACEAE ‣ Ashtonia
(2), Chonocentrum (1).
1. Chonocentrum Pierre ex Pax &
Hoffm. Only
one sp., C. cyathophorum
(Müll. Arg.) Pax & Hoffm., endemic to the Guiana Shield of Upper Rio Negro
in northern Amazonas state in Brazil, in areas with 100 m elevation range.
1. SUBFAMILY
PHYLLANTHOIDEAE (30/1,500-1,550) ‣
outsiders Notoleptopus (1; Malesia to New Guinea and N Australia), Poranthera
(14; Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand), Pseudophyllanthus (1; S Africa),
Phyllanthopsis (2; Texas, Mexico), Actephila (c 35; S China,
tropical Asia to Queensland, New South Wales and islands in the Pacific), Leptopus
(10; the Caucasus, Iran and Himalayas to China and SE Asia), Heywoodia
(1; tropical Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, E Cape), Chascotheca (1; Cuba,
Hispaniola), Dicoelia (1; W Malesia), Wielandia (13; Kenya,
Madagascar, the Comoros, Seychelles), Lingelsheimia (6; C Africa to
Tanzania, Madagascar), Plagiocladus (1; C Africa), Richeriella
(1; India, Hainan, Thailand, W and C Malesia), Heterosavia (4; Florida
Keys, C America, Cuba, Bahamas, Grand Cayman), Securinega (5;
Madagascar, Mascarene Islands), Lachnostylis (3; Cape), Keayodendron
(1; Ivory Coast to Cameroon), Cleistanthus (c 140; tropical regions in
the Old World), Pseudolachnostylis (1; tropical and S Africa), Pentabrachion
(1; Cameroon, Gabon), Bridelia (c 50; tropical Africa and Madagascar to
N Australia and islands in the Pacific).
2. Amanoa Aublet. Trees,
glabrous in all parts; leaves alternate, petiolate; flowers in solitary,
subglobose, sessile, terminal and axillary heads surrounded by coriaceous
bracts, capsule separating into 2-valved cocci; seeds solitary by abortion,
shining, testa crustaceous; endosperm thin or absent. 17 spp., through the
tropics of Africa (2) and the Americas (15), mainly in the northern portion of
South America (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and French Guiana) or along
the rainforests, montane and gallery forests and savanna, one up to Belize and
one restricted of Lesser Antilles. Brazil has 10 spp., two endemic.
3. Andrachne
L.
21 spp., with a primarily Tethyan distribution from Persia through
Mediterranean to the Caribbean, two in New World, A. brittonii Urb. in
Caribbean and A. microphylla (Lam.) Baill. disjunct from Baja California
in Mexico and pacific coast of Peru.
4. Astrocasia B.L.Rob & Greenm. 5 spp., 4
from Mexico and America Central, A. jacobinensis (Mull. Arg.) G.
L. Webster from E Brazil disjunct in Bolivia (its transfer from Phyllanthus
is supported by genetic data) and A. tremula (Griseb.) G.L.
Webster, distributed from Mexico and Cuba to Bolivia and E Brazil, absent in
Guianas; its species grow mainly in savanna vegetation in open areas.
5. Cicca L. (off Phyllanthus) Herbs, shrubs or trees, monoecious
or dioecious, branching (non-)phyllanthoid, branchlets (bi)pinnatiform
(sometimes further ramified), rarely opposite (subg. Menarda (Comm. ex
A.Juss.) R.W.Bouman), sometimes specialized in vegetative and floriferous
branchlets. 42 spp. in 4 subgenera, all from Old World except Cicca
subg. Cicca sect. Cicca, with 3 spp., C. acida (L.)
Merrill (ex Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels, endemic to N Brazil), C.
chacoensis (Morong) R.W.Bouman in Bolivia, Brazil and Southern Cone, and C.
elsiae (Urban) R.W.Bouman from Mexico, America Central, Trinidad &
Tobago, Venezuela, Guianas and Colombia.
6. Croizatia
Steyerm.
Shrubs. 5 spp. from Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador, one up to Panamá.
7. Discocarpus Klotzsch. 4
spp. from Brazil (all species, one endemic), French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname,
Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela, distributed through the rainforest and swamp
forest of Amazon rainforest up to semideciduous forests of eastern (Bahia,
Maranhão) and central Brazil (Goiás).
8. Flueggea Willd. 18
spp., widely distributed in tropical to warm temperate regions, only three in
New World: F. acidoton Griseb. (Caribbean), F. elliptica
(Spreng.) Baill. (Ecuador), and F. schuechiana (Müll.Arg.) G.L.Webster
in Bahia and Pernambuco states in NE Brazil, where they grow in the edges of
secondary forest.
9. Gonatogyne
Klotzsch
ex Müll. Arg. Only one sp., G. brasiliensis (Baill.) Müll. Arg., of SE
Brazil.
10. Margaritaria L. f. 13
spp., distributed thorough tropical America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. 4
spp. in New World, three restricted of Caribbean and M. nobilis L.f.,
the most widely distributed species of genus in the Neotropics in almost all
countries, growing in seasonal, rain and gallery forest.
11. Meineckia Baill.
Monoecious or dioecious, glabrous shrubs or subherbaceous undershrubs; leaves alternate;
flowers axillary, in unisexual or bisexual fascicles; male flowers on long,
very slender pedicels, sepals 5, imbricate, petals 0; female flowers on very
long, slender pedicels distinctly articulate near base; sepals and disc as in
male flowers; fruits 3-lobed; seeds often 1 per locule. 32 spp., almost all in
Old World except three in New World, two from Mexico to Honduras and M.
neogranatensis (Müll. Arg.) G.L. Webster, highly disjunct in Nicaragua,
Colombia and E Brazil.
12. Moeroris Raf. (off Phyllanthus) Herbs, (sub)shrubs or small trees,
monoecious or dioecious, branching (sub-)phyllanthoid (nonphyllanthoid in M.
arenaria (A.Gray) R.W.Bouman), branchlets pinnatiform (rarely
bi-pinnatiform in subgenus Tenellanthus. 197 spp. in three subgenera.
§ sub. Moeroris ‣ 179 spp.,
154 in Old World, 15 endemic to Caribbean, M. stipulata Raf. and M.
caribaea (Urban) R.W.Bouman widely in tropical New World, two endemic to
Mexico; M. minutula R.W.Bouman, M. microphylla (Kunth)
R.W.Bouman, M. lindbergii (Müller) R.W.Bouman wider in South America,
one in West Indies up to North America; M. vichadensis (Croizat)
R.W.Bouman endemic to Colombia; and M. leptophylla (Müller) R.W.Bouman
endemic to Brazil.
§ subg. Swartziani ‣ 4 spp., M.
abnormis (Baillon) R.W.Bouman endemic to North America, and 3 in Africa.
§ subg. Tenellanthus
‣ 16 spp., Old
World.
13. Phyllanthus L. (exc. Cicca, Moeroris)
Small herbs to treelets, filocladoid in some spp., also
aquatic, microphyllous, palm-like, with phyllanthoid branching (often absent),
staminate flowers with a generally segmented glandular disk, pistillate flowers
with an entire glandular disk, and diversely sculptured seed coats; it has a
diversity of growth forms (annual, arborescent, aquatic, pachycaulous, and
phyllocladous), chromosome numbers, and pollen types rivalling that of any
genus of flowering plants. 232 spp., New World with some weeds in Old World,
from the SE of the U.S.A. to Argentina, including the Caribbean and Chile, 150
in South America, 100 in Brazil, 76 endemic, in several ecosystems, being more
frequent in open vegetation, e.g. dry savannas, dry seasonal scrubland of NE
Brazil (caatinga), and rocky grasslands, or in disturbed areas, some
widely distributed over Neotropics, but majority restricted. 5 subgenera,
listed below:
§ sect. Ciccopsis
(unplaced subgenus) ‣ one sp.,
endemic to Cuba.
§ sect. Omphacodes
(unplaced subgenus) ‣ one sp.,
endemic to Caribbean.
§ subg. Ciccastrum ‣
two spp., over tropical New World.
§ subg. Conami
‣ 12 spp., endemic to tropical America, with
three sections: Apolepsis (1, tropical
America), Calodyction (1, Mexico and Guatemala) and Conami
(10, tropical America).
§ subg. Microglochidium ‣
23 spp., tropical America.
§ subg. Phyllanthus ‣
5 sections, 72 spp.
§ sect. Antipodanthus ‣
6 spp. from Brazil, one up to Bolivia and Paraguay.
§ sect. Choretropsis ‣
two subsections, 13 spp., all endemic to Brazil; the absence
of leaves has led to the formation of palisade-like tissue in the entire stem
and branchlets, and sometimes to the enlargement of these organs to supply the
photosynthetic requirements. Such modified branchlets are the main distinctive
characteristics of the species in sections Xylophylla (L.) Baill.
(Caribbean) and Choretropsis Müell. (Brazil). The diversity of branchlet
shapes in the Brazilian species occur at two subsections in section Choretropsis:
subsect. Choretropsis (P. goianensis L.J.M. Santiago, P.
choretroides Müll. Arg., P. spartioides Pax & K. Hoffm.)
characterized by cylindrical branchlets, and subsect. Applanata (P.
angustissimus Müll. Arg., P. klotzschianus Müll. Arg., P.
edmundoi L.J.M. Santiago, P. flagelliformis Müll. Arg., and P.
gladiatus Müll. Arg.) with develops flattened branchlets.
o subsections
Applanata ‣
8 spp., all endemic to Brazil.
o subsect.
Choretropsis ‣
5 spp., all endemic to Brazil.
§ sect Loxopodium ‣
8 spp., tropical America. P. fluitans Benth.
ex Mull.Arg., from this section, it’s the unique aquatic
plant of Euphorbiaceae and related families known, growing in
rivers and lagoons in tropical areas from Mexico to Brazil; it is a
free-floating aquatic perennial that grows to 2” tall and spreads to 5” or
more, sometimes a aggressive weed in temperate regions, such as Florida
peninsula.
§ sect. Phyllanthus ‣
three subsections, 44 spp., 3 of them, all endemic to Brazil, unplaced at
subsection level.
o subsect. Almadensis ‣
only one sp., P. almadensis Muller,
endemic to Brazil.
o subsect. Clausseniani ‣
31 spp., tropical South America.
o subsect. Phyllanthus ‣ 9
spp., P. niruri L. wider in tropical America,
remaining endemic in Brazil, Bolivia and Trinidad & Tobago.
§ sect. Pityrocladus ‣
6 spp., South and America Central.
§ subg. Xylophylla ‣
14 sections, 92 spp., and 4 unplaced at section level, inc. P.
bahianus Mull. Arg.
§ sect. Adianthoides ‣
7 spp., tropical America.
§ sect. Asterandra ‣
two spp., wider in tropcal America.
§ sect. Callitrichoides ‣
one sp., endemic to Cuba.
§ sect. Cyclathera ‣
4 spp., Caribbean.
§ sect. Diplocicca ‣
only one sp., P. octomerus Mull. Arg.,
endemic to Brazil.
§ sect. Elutanthos ‣
24 spp., widely distributed in tropical America.
§ sect. Epistylium ‣ 3 spp., Caribbean.
§ sect. Glyptothamnus ‣
one sp., Cuba.
§ sect. Hylaeanthus ‣
8 spp., tropical America.
§ sect. Orbicularia ‣
13 spp., Caribbean.
§ sect. Oxalistylis ‣
only one sp., P. salviifolius Kunth, from
Costa Rica to Peru and Venezuela.
§ sect. Thamnocharis ‣
3 spp., endemic to Cuba.
§ sect. Williamiandra ‣
4 spp., Caribbean.
§ sect. Xylophylla ‣
16 spp., Caribbean.
14. Savia Willd. Two
spp., S. sessiliflora (Sw.) Willd. occur is highly disjunct in
Mexico, northern Venezuela, Caribbean and Brazil and S. dictyocarpa
Müll. Arg. occur in SE Brazil and adjacent Bolivia and Paraguay, frequently in
the Atlantic Forest.
15. Tacarcuna
Huft.
Trees; the previously unrecorded high stamen number in T. amanoifolia Huft.
(14–19, among the highest in Phyllanthaceae)
suggests this taxon is derived. Three spp., one from Venezuela and two in
Colombia and Peru, one reaching to Panamá.
2. SUBFAMILY
ANTIDESMATOIDEAE (20/435-440) ‣
outsiders Bischofia (2; China, India to E Asia, Melanesia and Polynesia to Samoa
and Niue), Spondianthus (1; tropical E and C Africa), Uapaca (c
50; tropical Africa, Madagascar), Protomegabaria (3; tropical
W and C Africa), Aporosa (75–80; tropical Asia to Solomon
Islands), Maesobotrya (c 20; tropical Africa), Baccaurea
(c 45; tropical Asia, islands in W Pacific), Distichirhops (3;
Borneo, New Guinea), Nothobaccaurea (2; Solomon Islands,
Fiji), Leptonema (2; Madagascar), Apodiscus (1;
tropical W Africa), Martretia (1; tropical W and C
Africa), Antidesma (c 170; tropical and subtropical regions in
the Old World), Thecacoris (c 25; tropical Africa,
Madagascar), Hymenocardia (6; tropical and S Africa, SE Asia,
Sumatra).
16. Celianella
Jabl.
Only one sp., C. montana Jabl., endemic to the Guiana
Shield of
Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolivar) where it inhabits scrub-savanna on tepui summits,
1,000-1,500 m elevation range.
17. Didymocistus Kuhlmann.
Only one sp., D. chrysadenius Kuhlm., of Amazonas state in northern
Brazil, Colombia and Peru.
18. Hieronyma Allemão. Trees
up to 30 m tall. 22 spp., New World, 12 in South America, only two in Brazil,
both are widely distributed in the rainforest and submontane forest of the over
Neotropics.
19. Jablonskia Webster.
Only one sp., J. congesta G.L. Webster, confined to Amazon rainforest of
Guianas to Peru and Brazil; largely associated with watercourses or within.
20. Phyllanoa
Croizat.
Tree. Only one sp., P. colombiana Croizat, known from a single location
near the summit of the Cordillera Occidental west of Cali in Valle del Cauca
Department, in dense montane rain forest between 1,900 and 2,350 m. elevation.
The population is on the edge of La Elvira National Protective Forest Reserve
and inside the Cuenca Alta del Rio Cali National Protective Forest Reserve.
21. Richeria Vahl. Shrubs
or trees (2-25 m tall), dioecious; leaves simple, alternate, chartaceous or
coriaceous; inflorescence in spikes or racemes, cauliflorous,
sometimes axillary, solitary or adensed; fruits capsule. Three spp., one from
Colombia and Ecuador, R. dressleri G. L. Webester in Costa Rica,
Panamá, Ecuador and in a small-forested area in Ducke Reserve in Amazonas
state, Brazil; and the widely
distributed R. grandis
Vahl; mainly in riparian forest of the over Neotropics.
PICRODENDRACEAE
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Genera/species 25/90–94
Distribution mainly tropical regions, with their largest diversity in
New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia and Madagascar. Habit usually
monoecious or dioecious (rarely bisexual), evergreen or deciduous trees or
shrubs, perennial herbs; many species are stem succulents or twining.
The
Picrodendraceae are represented by 5 genera in the Neotropics, all endemic with
quite restricted distribution, occurring in several lowland vegetation types
including humid evergreen forests, dry deciduous forests or arid scrubland. Picrodendron
is endemic to Caribbean. Picrodendron
(embryos with ruminate cotyledons, bitter taste of bark
etc.) are very unusual by the cited characters, but seem to be part of the
Picrodendraceae, supported by the characteristic pollen.
Podocalyx is still
insufficiently known. Therefore the exact circumscription of the family is not
completely settled.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders are Picrodendron (1,
Caribbean), Tetracoccus (5, SW U.S.A., NW
Mexico), Hyaenanche (1; W Cape), Austrobuxus (c
28; W Malesia, E Queensland, New Caledonia, Fiji), Dissiliaria (6;
Queensland), Sankowskya (1; Queensland), Whyanbeelia
(1; Queensland), Choriceras (2; New Guinea, Northern
Territory, Queensland), Petalostigma (5; Papua New Guinea,
Queensland, New South Wales, Northern Territory, W Australia), Kairothamnus (1; New
Guinea), Scagea (2; New Caledonia), Neoroepera (2;
Queensland), Micrantheum (4; South Australia to Queensland,
Tasmania), Stachystemon (9; W Australia), Pseudanthus (9;
Australia, Tasmania), Oldfieldia (4; tropical Africa), Aristogeitonia
(7; tropical Africa, Madagascar), Mischodon (1; India, Sri Lanka), Voatamalo
(2; Madagascar) and Androstachys (1; tropical Africa, Madagascar).
1. Parodiodendron
Hunz.
Only one sp., P.
marginivillosum (Speg.) Hunz., in drier forests of Bolivia and NW
Argentina.
2. Piranhea Baill. 4
spp., one endemic to Mexico and three in Amazon rainforest of SE
Colombia, Venezuela and northern to E Brazil (al, P. securinega
Radcl.-Sm. & J.A. Ratter endemic).
3. Podocalyx Klotzsch. Shrubs to treelts, dioicous; leaves eliptic,
membranaceous; inflorescence terminal, in peseduo-spiciforme. Only one sp., P. loranthoides Klotzsch,
restricted to Colombia, Peru, Venezuela and N Brazil, with a notorious
collection (unique extra-amazonic) of Alagoas state in E Brazil.
LINACEAE
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Genera/species 9/284
Distribution Linoideae: cosmopolitan except polar areas, mostly
temperate and subtropical regions; Hugonieae: pantropical. Habit bisexual,
evergreen trees, shrubs, suffrutices or lianas, perennial, biennial or annual
herbs. Some species are xerophytes. Hugonieae are often lianas with tendrils
formed by basal branches of the inflorescences.
Use
Ornamental plants (Linum, Reinwardtia), textile and paper, seed
oils, timber, medicinal plants, fruits (Hugonia).
Moreover, Linum flowers are more showy with convolute yellow, blue or
red petals, which are larger than the sepals.
SYSTEMATIC two
tribes, both in South America.
1. TRIBE
HUGONIEAE (5/60)
‣ outsiders Hugonia (48,
Africa and Madagascar to New Caledonia and Fiji), Indorouchera (1,
Vietnan to Borneo) and Radiola (1, Europe, Africa).
1. Hebepetalum
Benth. Trees, shrubs or often lianas with branch tendrils. Three
spp. in Amazon rainforest of South America, two in Brazil, none
endemic.
2. Roucheria
Planch. 7 spp. from Amazon rainforest of
South America, mainly in Colombia (6), 5 in Brazil (none
endemic; Colombia and Venezuela one endemic each), one up to America
Central.
2. TRIBE
LINEAE (4/224) ‣ outsiders Anisadenia (2, Himalayas
to C China and N Thailand), Reinwardtia (3, N Pakistan, N
India, S Himalayas, China, SE Asia) and Tirpitzia (4, SW
China, northern Thailand, Vietnam).
3. Linum
L. Annual or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, sessile,
simple, entire; stipular glands present or not so; flowers in terminal cymes or
sometimes in racemose or paniculate inflorescences. 215 spp., subcosmopolitan, 77
in the New World tropics and subtropics. 18 spp. in South America, all from
Ecuador to southern Brazil (six, one endemic) and Chile.
IXONANTHACEAE
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Genera/species 4/18
Distribution Himalaya, NE India, S China, SE Asia, Malesia, New Guinea,
NE South America, tropical Africa. Habit usually bisexual (rarely
unisexual), evergreen trees or shrubs. Trees or
shrubs; family with five genera and about 30 spp.; Ixonanthes (3) occurs
from China to New Guinea. Two genera in New World.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders Ixonanthes (3, NE India, E Himalayas, S
China, SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea) and Phyllocosmus (5, Africa).
1. Cyrillopsis
Kuhlm. Two spp. from Venezuela (one
endemic) to northern Brazil (C. paraensis Kuhlm.) and French
Guiana, 100-1,100 m elevation range.
2. Ochthocosmus Benth.
8 spp., one from Cabinda in SW Africa, and 7 from Guiana
Shield in South America, six in Venezuela, 4 up to Brazil, 4 up to Colombia,
two up to Guyana, and O. barrae Hallier f. from Brazil to Bolivia.
PERACEAE
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Genera/species 5/97
Distribution pantropical. Habit usually dioecious
(sometimes monoecious, especially in Pera), evergreen trees or
shrubs (sometimes perennial herbs, more or less lignified at base).
SYSTEMATIC outsiders Clutia (53,
tropical and subtropical Africa to South Africa, Arabian Peninsula) and Trigonopleura (3,
Sumatra and Malaysia to Philippines and Sulawesi).
1. Chaetocarpus
Thwaites.
Trees or
shrubs, dioecious, with a hirsute and sericeous indumentum; leaves alternate,
simple, entire, penninerved, eglandular; flowers in axillary fascicles, the
male fascicles many-flowered, the female fascicles few-flowered; flowers small;
petals absent; fruit ellipsoid-subglobose, dehiscing into bivalve cocci; seeds
compressed-ovoid. 16 spp., 7 in Africa, Madagascar and SE Asia, 9 of New
World, 5 in Caribbean, three in Bolivia, two of them up to Brazil, and
C. schomburgkianus (Kuntze) Pax & K.Hoffm. widely from Colombia to
French Guiana and N Brazil.
2. Pera Mutis. Trees or shrubs, cymose inflorescence,
which can be either unisexual or bissexual with flowers minute enveloped by a
fragrant, somewhat globose, showy (yellow, cream, white, and sometimes red)
involucral bract. 32 spp. in tropical New World, Caribbean (9), Brazil (8),
Bolivia (1), Colombia (1), Panamá (1), Brazil into adjacent Bolivia or
Venezuela (3), America Central to Mexico or Caribbean (2), and 7 widely
distributeds, all in South America, six of them in Brazil.
Two
spp. are known to have ethnobotanical uses: P. glabrata (Schott) Baill.,
which is used to make wooden clogs in Brazil, and P. benensis Rusby,
used by the Chimane Indians from Bolivia to treat cutaneous leishmaniosis.
3. Pogonophora
Miers ex Benth. Trees or
shrubs, 1.5 – 25 m tall; leaves simples, alternate; inflorescences in
panicles, the female more long than male; fruits capsules. Two spp., one in W
Africa (Gabon and Republic of Congo) and P.
schomburgkiana Miers ex Benth. in the rainforests of Colombia to French
Guiana, Bolivia up to SE Brazil.
EUPHORBIACEAE
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ANNEX 3
Genera/species 228/c.
6,745 Distribution
cosmopolitan except polar areas, but mainly tropical, with their largest
species diversity (Euphorbia)
in S Africa, Mediterranean and the irano-turanian regions, and southern North
America. Habit
monoecious or dioecious, evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs, perennial or
annual herbs (rarely lianas; many species are stem succulents and xerophytes).
CAM and C4 physiologies present in many species (i.a. Chamaesyce subclade of Euphorbia).
Four,
originally paleotropical, genera are cultivated with a single species each: Aleurites (candle nut),
Codiaeum (garden
croton), Ricinus
(castor oil), Vernicia
(tung oil). Hevea brasiliensis L.,
the Pará rubber tree, often simply called rubber tree (knows as seringueira in
Brazil), is the most economically important member of the genus Hevea.
It is of major economic importance because its sap-like extract (known as
latex) is the primary source of natural rubber.
Euphorbiaceae
are pantropical and comprise c. 230 genera and c. 5,700 spp.; in the Neotropics
they are represented by 85 genera and c. 2,600 spp.; 79 of the 82 genera are
native; 61 of these are endemic. The flowers are very small,
and in many cases, it is not necessary to study their characters for generic
identification; the family is very rich in extrafloral nectaries (on floral
bracts, stipules and leaves), and shows a large variation in the type of hairs.
SYSTEMATIC six
lineages; basal clades Cheilosoideae (2/7, S
Burma, Nicobar Islands, Malesia to New Guinea, Solomon Islands) and Suregada
clade (1–2/c 30, tropical regions in the Old World) do not occur in New
World.
1. SUBFAMILY
ADENOCLINOIDEAE (6/67) -
outsiders Endospermum (11; SE Asia, Malesia to
Fiji); Klaineanthus (1; Nigeria to Gabon), Adenocline (8;
S Africa north to Malawi), Ditta (2; Cuba, Hispaniola,
Puerto Rico).
1. Omphalea
L. 20 spp., tropical regions on both hemispheres, 8 in New World, two in South
America, O. diandra L., widely distributed in Neotropics, and O. brasiliensis
Mull. Arg., endemic to Bahia state, Brazil.
2. Tetrorchidium
Poepp. & Endl. Shrubs, lianes or trees, exuding a milky sap; leaves alternate
or sometimes opposite on main axes, simple; inflorescences leaf-opposed; male
flowers in simple, dense spikes; female flowers in 3–5-flowered umbels; fruit (2)3-
locular and -lobed, seeds compressed-ellipsoid, sarcotesta orangered, endotesta
foveolate, black. 23 spp., 5 in tropical center Africa and 18 in tropical
America up to Argentina, 12 in South America, 4 in Brazil, two endemic.
2. SUBFAMILY
ACALYPHOIDEAE (c. 98/1,940–1,975) - 14 tribes;
tribes
Sphyranthereae (1/2, Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands), Pycnocomeae
(6/51, Africa and Madagascar), Erismantheae (3/5, SE Asia, Hainan,
W Malesia, Sumatra, Borneo, N Papua New Guinea), Epiprineae (8/33,
tropical Africa, Madagascar, Socotra, Sri Lanka, S India to Hainan and New
Guinea, Queensland), Ampereae (2/19, Australia) and Agrostistachydeae (4/11,
tropical Africa, S India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malesia to New Guinea) do not
occur in South America.
2.1 ACALYPHOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
ACALYPHEAE (c. 53/1,250-1,300) - outsiders Claoxylon (c
115; Madagascar, tropical Asia, N and E Australia, Melanesia, Hawaii), Crotonogynopsis
(2; tropical Africa), Discoclaoxylon (4; tropical Africa, São
Tomé); Erythrococca (c 40; tropical and S Africa, S Arabian
Peninsula), Micrococca (12; tropical Africa, Madagascar,
Arabian Peninsula, tropical Asia to the Malay Peninsula); Sampantaea
(1; Thailand, Cambodia), Wetria (2; Burma, Thailand,
W Malesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Queensland); Lasiococca (5;
Himalayas, Hainan, Vietnam, the Malay Peninsula), Spathiostemon (2; Peninsular
Thailand, Malesia to New Guinea), Homonoia (3; Malesia New Guinea); Lobanilia (8;
Madagascar); Macaranga (305–310; tropical regions in the Old
World); Mareya (4; tropical W and C Africa); Mercurialis (12;
Europe, Mediterranean, temperate Asia to N Thailand), Seidelia (2;
N and W Cape, Free State), Leidesia (1; S Africa); Ricinus (1; E
and NE Africa, Arabian Peninsula, SW Asia), Adriana (2; Australia);
Mallotus (120–125; tropical Asia to tropical Australia and islands
in the Pacific, two species in tropical Africa and Madagascar); Blumeodendron
(5; SE Asia, Andaman Islands, Malesia to New Guinea), Podadenia (1; Sri
Lanka), Ptychopyxis (13; Peninsular Thailand, Malesia to New
Guinea), Botryophora (1; SE Asia, W Malesia); Afrotrewia (1; Cameroon,
Gabon).
3. Acalypha L. Herbs to
shrubs with variable hairs but not urticating, sometimes with xylopodium, leaves simple and serrate-crenate,
inflorescences simple, bracts of pistillate flowers accrescent, conspicuous and
often serrate to lobed, stigmas laciniate -multifid. 429
spp., pantropical, of which 254 are from New World, 101 in South America, 38 in
Brazil, 18 endemic.
4. Avellanita
Phil.
Only one sp. A. bustillosii Phil., restricted of Chile.
5. Cleidion Blume. 33
spp., tropical regions on both hemispheres, 3 spp. in New World, from Mexico to
Bolivia and Brazil (2, none endemic).
6. Dysopsis
Baill.
Small herb with suborbicular crenate leaves. Three spp., one fom Costa Rica to
Colombia, one from Ecuador to Chile and Argentina, and one from Juan Fernandez,
being a in montane habitats.
2.2 ACALYPHOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
ADELIEAE (5/c. 70) - outsiders Enriquebeltrania (2; Mexico), Garciadelia (4; Hispaniola), Lasiocroton (c
25; Cuba), Leucocroton (26–27; Cuba); 50 only in Cuba
7. Adelia
L. 10 spp. from southern Texas to Argentina, Caribbean and Brazil (only one,
also in Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina). 3 in South America, scattered.
8. Philyra
Klotzsch. Shrubs, dioiceous, stems spinescent, alternate leaves, chartaceous;
inflorescence axillary, racemose. Only one sp., P. brasiliensis Klotzsch, from Paraguay, NE
Argentina, southern Brazil, and areas in Bahia and Alagoas states
2.3 ACALYPHOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
ALCHORNEEAE (7/c. 90) - outsiders Bocquillonia (14; New
Caledonia), Orfilea (4; Madagascar, Mauritius); Aubletiana (2; Cameroon,
Gabon), Mareyopsis (2; C Africa).
9. Alchornea Sw. Shrubs
to trees up to 30 m high, rarely lianas, mainly dioecious; leaves are often
coriaceous and distinctly triplinerved and/or distinctly dentate, the
infloresces usually compound. 51 spp., tropical regions on both hemispheres,
with 28 in New World, 26 in South America, 8 in Brazil, none endemic.
10. Aparisthmium
Endl. Dioecious trees (2-25 m tall), rarely monoecious; leaves peninerved;
inflorescences male as spikes or receme spiciform; inflorescences female in
racemes terminal or axillary; fuits capsules, seeds 3. Only one sp., A. cordatum (A. Juss.) Baill., over tropical South
America.
11. Conceveiba Aubl. Shrubs
to trees, leaves simple, alternate; inflorescence panicle or corymbiform,
flowers subsessile, sessile or pedicelate; calyx gamosepalous. 15 spp. Belize
to Brazil, 14 in South America, three up/or to America Central, 8 in Brazil,
one endemic. C. martiana Baill. from northern South America is a myrmecophyte.
2.4 ACALYPHOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
BERNARDIEAE (3/80) - outsider Discocleidion (1; C
China, the Ryukyu Islands).
12. Adenophaedra
(Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. Dieocious shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, penninerved;
staminate inflorescences in spiciform racemes or panicles, pistillate in
panicles, often racemes; petals absent; fruit a capsule. Three spp.,
two widely from America Central to Guianas, Ecuador and Brazil, and A.
cearensis Secco, endemic and rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book, known only from Ceará state.
13. Bernardia
Houst. ex Mill. 77 spp., California to Uruguay, Caribbean, 41 in South America,
with their largest diversity in Brazil (25, 20 endemic).
2.5 ACALYPHOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
CARYODENDREAE (4/8) - outsider Discoglypremna (1; tropical
Africa).
14. Alchorneopsis
Müll.Arg. Dioecious trees (6-28 m tall), leaves alternate, trinerved; all
inflorescences in spiciform racemes; fruit a capsule. Two spp., one from Puerto
Rico and A. floribunda (Benth.) Müll. Arg. in America
Central, Caribbean, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela, Guianas, Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil.
15. Bahiana J.F.Carrión.
Shrub to trees, flowers diminute, trilocular fruits. Two spp., B. pyriformis
J.F.Carrión, known only from dry mountainous region in center Bahia state, NE Brazil,
and B. occidentalis K. Wurdack, endemic to Peru.
16. Caryodendron
H.Karst. 4 spp. from northern South America, one up to America Central. Two
spp. in Brazil, one endemic.
2.6 ACALYPHOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CAPERONIEAE (1/42) -
a single genus.
17. Caperonia A.St.-Hil. Herbs
to small shrubs, characterized by leaves with a typical venation, the straight
side veins running directly into the serrate margin of the blade
(craspedodromous). 37
spp., tropical Africa, Madagascar, 31 in tropical America, 29 in South America,
19 in Brazil, 12 endemic.
2.7 ACALYPHOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE DITAXEAE (1/62) -
a single genus.
18. Argythamnia P.Browne. 64
spp., tropical and subtropical America, 22 in South America, 11 in Brazil, six
endemic.
2.8 ACALYPHOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
CHROZOPHOREAE (7/c. 61) - outsiders Chrozophora (11;
Mediterranean, tropical East Africa, SW and S Asia to Thailand); Doryxylon (1; Luzon,
the Lesser Sunda Islands), Melanolepis (2; SE Asia to
islands in the Pacific, Taiwan in China), Sumbaviopsis (1; Assam,
SE Asia, W Malesia), Thyrsanthera (1; SE Asia); Speranskia
(3; S China, N Burma)
19. Chiropetalum
A.Juss. 23 spp., two in Mexico and Texas, remaining 21 in Peru to Chile, up to
Paraguay and southern Brazil (10, 7 endemic).
2.9 ACALYPHOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
PLUKENETIEAE (17/c. 340) - outsiders Ctenomeria (2; South
Africa), Megistostigma (5; Yunnan, SE Asia, W
Malesia), Cnesmone (11; Assam, SE Asia, W Malesia), Platygyna
(7; Cuba), Acidoton (6; Hispaniola and Jamaica), Zuckertia
(2; Mexico, America Central), Pachystylidium (1; India,
SE Asia to C Malesia), Sphaerostylis (2; Madagascar).
20. Angostylis
Benth. Two spp., A. longifolia Benth. from Brazil in Amazonas, in areas
of 100 m elevation range, and A. tabulamontana Croizat from Suriname.
21. Astrococcus
Benth. Only one sp., A.
cornutus Benth., endemic to the Guiana Shield of
Colombia, Venezuela and Amazonas state in Brazil, 100-200 m elevation range.
22. Bia
Klotzchia. Monoecious herbs, twining vines or suberect perennial shrubs, and
subshrubs; leaves alternate, simple, membranaceous, petiolate; Inflorescences
oppositifolious, terminal, a bifurcated raceme with one branch staminate and
the other pistillate; flowers pedicellate; staminate flowers in threes or
solitary; pistillate flowers always solitary. 5 spp. from South America and
Panama, all in Brazil, B. capivarensis D.Medeiros, L.Senna & R.J.V.
Alves endemic.
23. Chicomendes W.Cordeiro
& M.F.Sales. Herbs with lanceolate leaves. Only one sp., C. rubiginosus
(Huft) W.Cordeiro, Athiê-Souza & A.L.Melo, known only two locations, one in
Loreto in N Peru, another from W Amazonas state, N Brazil.
24. Dalechampia Plum. ex L. Twining vines, erect or decumbent herbs, and rarely
subshrubs, with stinging hairs (trichomes) and pseudanthal inflorescences
composed of two involucral bracts, a staminate pleiochasium with 7–15 staminate
flowers and three pistillate flowers, often clusters of resiniferous glands.
122 spp. from Mexico to tropical America, Africa, Arabian Pen., S China to
tropical Asia, 98 spp. from New World, mainly in South America (89), 74 in
Brazil, 38 endemic, one of them, from Amazonas state, is a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
Clusia L.
(Clusiaceae), Clusiella Planch & Triana (Calophyllaceae)
and Dalechampia Plum. ex L. (Euphorbiaceae) are the only known genera to offer resin as a reward for
some groups of bees that use it in nest construction.
25. Gitara Pax & K.
Hoffm. Only one sp., G. nicaraguensis (Hemsl.) Card.-McTeag. & L.J.
Gillespie, in America
Central, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and N Brazil.
26. Haematostemon
(Müll.Arg.)
Pax & K.Hoffm. Two spp., endemic to the Guiana Shield, H. coriaceus
(Baill.) Pax & K. Hoffm. in Venezuela, Brazil (only Amazonas state) and
Colombia, and H. guianensis Sandwith only Guyana, 100-200 m elevation
range.
27. Monadelpha
L.J.Gillespie & Card.-McTeag. Climbing vines, apparently monoecious; latex
absent; stems twining; stems, leaves and inflorescences with stinging and
simple hairs. Only one sp., M. guayanensis (L.J.Gillespie) L.J.Gillespie
& Card.-McTeag., known only three collectons in southern Venezuela (two)
and one a single imprecise in Amazonas state, northern Brazil, along Jurua
Valley.
28. Plukenetia L. Climbing
vines to lianas, hairs simple, leaves simple, conspicuously glandular at base,
inflorescences leaf-opposed, racemose-paniculate, flowers and fruits 4-merous
(the 4-merous flowers distinguish it from several similar genera). 22 spp.,
tropical Africa, Madagascar, P. corniculata Sm. in tropical Asia, 14 in tropical
America, 13 in South America, 7 in Brazil, one endemic.
29. Romanoa
Trevis. Vines. Only one sp., R. tamnoides
(A.
Juss) Radcl.-Sm., from E & S Brazil and adjacent areas of
Paraguay and Bolivia.
30. Tragia L. (exc. Monadelpha) Herbs to subshrubs, often twining,
sometimes with xylopodium; indumentum of
simple and urticating hairs, leaves simple and often serrate, inflorescences
often leaf-opposed, racemose, staminate flowers with 2-50 stamens; some smaller
similar genera differ in minor floral characters, and the generic limits are
not completely solved yet. 156 spp., tropical and subtropical regions on both
hemispheres, with 62 in New World, 32 in South America, 19 in Brazil, 7 endemic.
3. SUBFAMILY
CROTONOIDEAE (60/2,010-2,020) ‣
10 subtribes, Ricinocarpeae (8/79, Australia, Borneo, New Caledonia)
and Ricinodendreae (5/11, tropical East Africa, Madagascar, India,
Sri Lanka, New Guinea) do not occur in South America.
3.1 CROTONOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
ALEURITIDEAE (15/60) - outsiders Aleurites (2; tropical
Asia to islands in W Pacific), Vernicia (3; Burma, SE
Asia, Malesia and S China to Japan); Benoistia (3; Madagascar); Cyrtogonone
(1; tropical W Africa), Crotonogyne (16; tropical
Africa), Manniophyton (1; W and C tropical Africa to
Angola); Grossera (8; tropical Africa, Madagascar), Cavacoa
(3; tropical Africa), Tannodia (9; tropical Africa, Madagascar), Tapoides
(1; Borneo); Neoboutonia (3; tropical Africa); Deutzianthus (2;
northern Vietnam; Sumatra), Oligoceras (1; Vietnam), Paracroton
(4; S India, Sri Lanka, Malesia to New Guinea); Mildbraedia (5; W and C
tropical Africa to Mozambique).
31. Garcia Vahl ex
Rohr. Two spp. from Mexico, G. nutans Vahl ex Rohr up to Colombia.
3.2 CROTONOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
CODIAEEAE (15/c. 180) - outsiders Alphandia (3; New
Guinea, New Caledonia, Vanuatu), Baliospermum (5; Himalayas,
Tibet, Yunnan, Indochina, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Sumbawa), Baloghia (15;
Queensland, New South Wales, Norfolk Island, New Caledonia), Blachia (11;
India, Andaman Islands, S China, SE Asia, Philippines), Codiaeum (16–17;
Malesia to New Guinea, tropical Australia and New Caledonia), Dimorphocalyx (17;
India, Sri Lanka to Philippines, New Guinea and tropical Australia), Fontainea
(9; New Guinea, Queensland, New Caledonia, Vanuatu), Hylandia (1; Queensland), Ostodes (2; Assam,
Himalayas, SE Asia to Java and Borneo), Pantadenia (3; Madagascar;
Thailand, Indochina), Strophioblachia (1; Yunnan, Hainan,
Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines, Sulawesi); Trigonostemon (c
85; India and China to Philippines, New Guinea, Queensland and Fiji).
32. Dodecastigma Ducke. Three
spp. of South America, from French Guiana to northern Brazil (all, none endemic),
Peru and Bolivia
33. Pausandra Radlk.
Shrubs to trees, leaves alternate, penninerved; inflorescences axillary or
terminal, in spikes with solitary flowers to 3-chasia; staminate flowers
incompiscuous, pistillate flowers medium-sized; fruit a capsule. 8 spp. from
South America (all in Brazil, three endemic), one up Honduras.
3.3 CROTONOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
CROTONEAE (6/c. 1250) - all genera in South America.
34. Astraea Klotzsch. Similar
to Croton but usually with lobed leaves and with staminate flowers with
a glabrous receptacle. 13 spp., two widely distributed from Florida, Mexico to
tropical America, eight endemic to Brazil, and three sligtly widey in South
America. 10 spp. in Brazil, all in South America.
35. Acidocroton Griseb. 12
spp. distributed in Caribbean (10), Mexico (1) and N Colombia (A. gentryi
Fern. Alonso & R. Jaram.).
36. Brasiliocroton P.E.Berry &
Cordeiro.
Monoecious tree 3–15 m tall, diameter of main trunk to 30 cm; trunk sulcate
with smooth bark; inflorescence a terminal bisexual panicle, with a main
terminal rachis and several subterminal axillary branches; flowers cream to
white, greenish in bud, mostly staminate. Two spp. from nonflooded, primary or
secondary forests and in low, at the edge of rain forests, seasonally dry
forests, and secondary forests, coastal forests at elevations of 50–800 m, in
remnants of the Atlantic Forest in southern Bahia, Espírito Santo, and E Minas
Gerais states, and disjunct in northern Maranhão state.
37. Croton L. [6th
BR]
Herbs to trees or lianas, sometimes with xylopodium;
branches sometimes resinous, leaves vriated; hairs dendritic or lepidote leaves
usually simple with a pair of basal glands, inflorescences mostly simple,
staminate flowers with a pubescent receptacle and with numerous stamens
inclinate in bud; fruit a capsule. 1,124 spp., pantropical, 744 species in New
World, 517 in South America, 339 in Brazil, 248 endemic, 5 of them are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book,
in Minas Gerais, Amazonas and Pará states; 31 sections in New World, Croton subg. Croton is
exclusively from Old World.
§
subg.
Quadrilobi (Müll. Arg.) Pax in Engl. & Prantl
§
sect.
Olivacei ‣ a single sp., forests
in Ecuador and Peru.
§
sect.
Sampatik ‣
4 spp.,
widely distributed in South America in the Amazon-Orinoco rainforests to the
foothills of the Andes and in the Atlantic Forests of SE Brazil, from 100-900
m.
§
sect.
Quadrilobi ‣ a single sp., only
one sp. endemic to low-elevation moist forests in southern Bahia, Brazil.
§
sect.
Pachypodi ‣ 5 spp., a mainly South
American group that reaches its northern limit in Costa Rica; it is found in
humid montane and lower montane forests in Costa Rica, Panamá, Colombia,
Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia, from 50-1,200 m.
§
sect.
Moacroton ‣ 8 spp., endemic to
Caribbean.
§
sect.
Nubigeni ‣ a single sp., endemic to
Honduras and Nicaragua.
§
sect.
Alabamenses ‣ a single sp., endemic to U.S.A.
§
sect.
Corinthii ‣ a single sp., endemic to
Costa Rica.
§
sect.
Corylocroton ‣ 11 spp., deciduous
forests of the Antilles, southern Mexico, and South America, and evergreen
cloud forests of America Central, from sea level to 1,600 m.
§
subg.
Adenophylli
§
sect.
Cyclostigma ‣
41 spp.;
secondary
vegetation, roadsides, river banks, and landslide areas of dry to wet forests
from central Mexico and America Central to tropical and subtropical South
America, from sea level to 3,000 m. C.
amenthiformis Riina from Ecuador and N Peru is unique
within Croton because of its peculiar pendant inflorescence with
congested flowers and dimorphic bracts.
§
sect.
Adenophylli ‣ 223 spp., in a wide
variety of habitats, many of them semiarid and often in secondary vegetation,
in the southern U.S.A., Mexico, America Central, the Caribbean, and
all countries of South America, from sea level to 3,000 m.
§
subg.
Geiseleria
§
sect.
Cupreati ‣ a single sp., Andean
cloud forests of northern Ecuador and SE Colombia.
§
sect.
Eremocarpus ‣ a single sp., Mexico and U.S.A.
§
sect.
Cuneati ‣ 11 spp., entirely South
American section, including the adjacent Caribbean island of Trinidad, consists
of rainforest trees found from seasonally flooded riparian Amazon rainforest lowland forests on the
slopes of tepuis in the Guiana Shield and the Venezuelan Coastal Range, from
100 - 2500 m.
§
sect.
Eluteria ‣ 22 spp.
o subsect. Eluteria ‣ 15 spp., widely
distributed in the Caribbean, and from Mexico to tropical South America; dry,
open vegetation to rainforests, from 0- 1,700 m.
o subsect. Cubenses ‣ 4 spp., endemic to
Cuba; dry, scrubby vegetation from sea level to 500 m.
o subsect. Jamaicenses ‣ 3 spp., endemic to
Jamaica; dry, scrubby vegetation on limestone and moister upland areas, from
sea level to 700 m.
§
sect.
Crotonopsis ‣ a single sp., endemic to U.S.A.
§
sect.
Argyranthemi ‣ 2 spp., Mexico and U.S.A.
§
sect.
Drepadenium ‣ 6 spp., a
primarily North American group which would be endemic to Mexico and the U.S.A.
except for the widely distributed, sand dune species C.
punctatus Jacq., which extends along the Atlantic coast to northern South
America (absent in Brazil).
§
sect.
Prisci ‣ 3 spp., occurring
in moist forests of the Brazilian states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and
Bahia.
§
sect.
Pedicellati ‣ 20 spp., distributed
disjunctly between Mexico and South America, with its greatest diversity in
eastern Brazil; it is found in scrubby tropical deciduous forests in Mexico and
Brazil, as well as in dry inter-Andean valleys in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia,
from 200-2,500 m.
§
sect.
Lamprocroton ‣ 37 spp.
o subsect. Lamprocroton
‣ 17 spp., a South
American group is most diverse in Brazil, but extends into adjacent Paraguay,
Argentina, Uruguay, and Bolivia; it is found most commonly in open vegetation
on sandy or rocky ground, including rock outcrops, from 100-2,800 m, but some
members are also known from riparian and swampy habitats
o subsect. Argentini ‣ 20 spp., entirely South
American, but its center of diversity appears to be south of Brazil in Uruguay
and Argentina.
§
sect.
Luetzelburgiorum ‣ a single sp., C.
luetzelburgii Pax & K. Hoffm., restricted to the
Diamantina Range of center Bahia.
§
sect.
Cleodora ‣ 18 spp., inhabit moist
or seasonally dry forests in tropical South America, America Central, and into
central Mexico.
§
sect.
Cordiifolii ‣ a single sp., dry seasonal
scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga), in Bahia.
§
sect.
Eutropia ‣ a single sp., endemic
to Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas) of E Brazil from sea
level to 150 m.
§
sect.
Geiseleria ‣ 82 spp., fields,
roadsides, waste places, open and mostly dry vegetation, deciduous to
occasionally moist forests, widely distributed in the New World from the U.S.A.
to
Argentina, from sea level to 1,800 m. C. glandulosus L. and C. hirtus
L’Hér have been introduced as weeds in Africa and Australia.
§
sect.
Barhamia ‣ 84 spp.
o subsect. Barhamia ‣ 19 spp., widely
distributed in the Caribbean and Central and South America, with its greatest
diversity in Brazil. It is found in mostly open, dry vegetation from 100-1,200
m.
o subsect. Astraeopsis ‣ 4 spp., Caribbean and
the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico and adjacent parts of Belize. Open, scrubby
vegetation, usually on limestone, from sea level to 300 m.
o subsect. Medea ‣ 45 spp., Brazil,
Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina; temperate and subtropical, generally open
vegetation, from sea level to 1,000 m.
o subsect. Micranthi ‣ 13 spp., Mexico,
Caribbean, and Central and South America; sand barrens, coastal regions, waste
places, and other open vegetation, from sea level to 1,500 m.
o subsect. Sellowiorum ‣ 3 spp., sandy soils in
open vegetation in eastern Brazil. C. sellowii Baill. occurrs at lower
elevations in Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas) from sea
level to 100 m. C. myrsinites Baill. and C. schultesii Müll. Arg.
occupy rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres) habitats from 800 to 1,500 m.
§
sect.
Luntia ‣ 19 spp., widely
distributed across tropical South America and extends into America Central in
Panamá, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua. Its members are found in primary to
secondary moist forests and disturbed sites, often near streams, from sea level
to 3000 m.
§
sect.
Julocroton ‣ 41 spp., primarily
South American group with its greatest diversity in Brazil, but a few species
extend into the rest of tropical South America, and one species, C. argenteus L., extends
throughout America Central, the Caribbean, and up to the southern U.S.A.
§
sect.
Lasiogyne ‣ 43 spp., widely
distributed in the New World tropics and subtropics, occurring mostly in dry
forest and scrub vegetation, from sea level to 1,000 m.; 11 spp. in Brazil, 6
endemic.
§
sect.
Heptallon ‣ 9 spp., Mexico and U.S.A.
38. Sagotia Baill. Three
spp., from America Central and northern Colombia to Mato Grosso and
Maranhão state, and Bolivia. All spp. in Brazil, none endemic.
39. Sandwithia Lanj. Trees;
leaves simple; inflorescence in panicle or fascicle; all flowers pedicelate,
leaves present. Only one sp., S. guyanensis Lanj., from Colombia to
French Guiana to northern Brazil in Amazonas, Roraima and Amapá states.
3.4 CROTONOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
ELATERIOSPERMEAE (2/3) - outsider Elateriospermum (1; Peninsular
Thailand, W Malesia).
40. Glycydendron
Ducke. Dioecious trees, 15-30 m tall; white latex; leaves palmatinerved;
inflorescences stamineta in panicles, inflorescences pistilate in racemes;
fruits a drupe. Two spp., G. amazonicum Ducke, in over Amazon
rainforests, and G.
espiritosantense Kuhlm. endemic to Espírito Santo state in E
Brazil.
3.5 CROTONOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
HEVEEAE (1/10) - a single genus.
41. Hevea Aubl. Trees,
sometimes emergent canopy up to 50 m tall, one
of them the tallest Malpighiales from Brazil; hairs simple, leaves
3-foliolate, inflorescences pseudopaniculate, flowers without petals. 10 spp.
from the Amazon rainforest, all in Brazil (two endemic, one of them, from Pará
state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book).
3.6 CROTONOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
JATROPHEAE (3/190) - all genera occur in South America.
42. Jatropha L. Herbs to
trees, sometimes succulent, often with a thick rootstock, hairs simple, leaves
variously shaped but often palmately lobed, stipules often conspicuous and
multifid, inflorescences dichotomous, corymbiform, flowers with distinct
sepalas and petals. 175 spp., tropical and subtropical regions on both
hemispheres, North America, with 91 in New World, 31 in South America, 16 in
Brazil, 7 endemic.
43. Joannesia Vell. Trees
up to 30 m tall. Two spp. J. heveoides Ducke from Amazonas rainforest
region and J. princeps Vell. in E Brazil, fro Maranhão to Paraná state.
44. Vaupesia R.E.Schult.
Only one sp., V. cataractarum R.E. Schult.,
Colombia, Amazonas and Roraima states in NW Brazil.
3.7 CROTONOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
MANIHOTEAE (2/c. 200) - both genera occur in South America.
45. Cnidoscolus Pohl. Herbs
to trees, similar to Jatropha, but plants with urticating hairs or
bristles, leaves biglandular at base, flowers with a petaloid perianth but
without separate petals. 92 from U.S.A. to Argentina and Caribbean, mainly
Mexico (27, 21 endemic) and Brazil (38, 31 endemic). 59 in South America; C.
vitifolius (Mill.) Pohl from Brazil can have a distinct, though
short, swollen trunk and relatively few basal branches, but it branches
copiously thereafter, leaving the general impression of a shrub rather than a
tree. Eight sections:
§
sect.
Acrandrae ‣ two spp., Cuba and Rep. Dominicana.
§
sect.
Calyptrosolen ‣ 20 spp., mainly in Mexico and America Central
but with a few species in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela.
§
sect.
Cnidoscolus ‣ 10 spp., 8 endemic to Brazil and two endemic
to Peru.
§
sect.
Graminifolius ‣ only one sp., C. graminifolius Fern.
Casas, known only from the state of Tocantins, Brazil.
§
sect.
Jussieuia ‣ 25 spp., vast majority endemic or microendemic
to Brazil, but some are restricted to the Northern Hemisphere (C. texanus
(Müll. Arg.) Small, C. stimulosus (Michx.) Engelm. & A. Gray); this
section also includes the most widespread species in the genus, C. urens (L.)
Arthur, reported from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica,
Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay,
Peru, Suriname, Venezuela and Caribbean.
§
sect.
Vitifoliae ‣ 25 spp., mainly in Brazil and Paraguay but
with a few species reaching Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru.
§
sect.
Oligandrae ‣ 3 spp., all endemic to Brazil.
§
sect.
Platyandrae ‣ two spp., endemic to Cuba.
46. Manihot Mill.
Acaulescent shrubs (in center Brazil) to medium sized trees, sometimes
vine-like (7, mainly in Brazil), including perennial subshrubs with large taproot tubers or xylopodium;
and whose stems frequently die back to the root crown in response to dry
periods or fires; somes species lactescents and rubber-producing; not
urticating, leaves simple (all in South America) to palmately lobed, often
pruinose-glaucescent, eglandular but stipellate at base, inflorescences
racemose-paniculate, flowers without petals; lactiferous spp., mainly in
tree-habit types. 162 spp., tropical and subtropical America, centered in
Goiás/Minas Gerais in C Brazil (38-40), Mexico (21, 14 endemic), NE Brazil
(16), Mato Grosso and adjacent Bolivia (6), mainly dry places, barely in
forets, often dominat. 141 spp. in South America, 126 in Brazil, 107 are endemic
and 40 have been reported from the state of Goiás.
§
sect.
Anisophyllae ‣ two spp., Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay.
§
sect.
Brevipetiolatae ‣ 6 spp., C Brazil.
§
sect.
Caerulescentes ‣ two spp., Brazil to
Paraguay.
§
sect.
Carthaginensis ‣ two spp., N Venezuela
to N Colombia.
§
sect.
Crotalaria ‣ 4 spp., Paraguay to Brazil.
§
sect.
Foetidae ‣ 6 spp., endemic to Mexico.
§
sect.
Glazioviinae ‣ 7 spp., NE Brazil.
§
sect.
Graciles ‣ 10 spp., C Brazil to Paraguay and NE
Argentina.
§
sect.
Grandibracteatae ‣ only one sp., M.
tomentosa Pohl., endemic to C Brazil.
§
sect.
Heterophyllae ‣ 15 spp., Colombia to N Pará state, Andes from
Peru an Bolivia, and Bahia to N Argentina.
§
sect.
Manihot ‣ only one
sp., M. esculenta Cranz., a cultigen possibly native from Brazil. M.
esculenta Crantz, the cassava or mandioca, sometimes escribed as the ‘bread
of the tropics’, is a woody shrub of the spurge family native to Brazil and
Paraguay, one of the most drought-tolerant crops, extensively cultivated as an
annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy,
tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates, providing a basic diet for
around 500 million people; just is a 15 crop plants provide 90 % of the world’s
food energy intake, and cassava is the fifth most
produced food in world, with 233 milion tons in 2008, after rice, maize,
wheat and potato, and given the highest yield of carbohydrates per cultivated
area among crop plants, except for sugar cane and sygar beets; wild populations
of Manihot esculenta subspecies flabellifolia, shown to be the
progenitor of domesticated cassava, are centered in WC Brazil.
§
sect.
Parvibracteatae ‣ 11 spp., Arizona in
U.S.A. to Panamá.
§
sect.
Peruviana ‣ 3 spp., Ecuador and Peru to NE Brazil.
§
sect.
Peltata ‣ 3 spp.,
Brazil to Paraguay.
§
sect.
Quinquelobae ‣ 14 spp., endemic to C Brazil.
§
sect.
Sinuatae ‣ two spp., Peru to N Argentina and C Brazil.
§
sect.
Stipularis ‣ 5 spp., Goiás and Minas Gerais states in C
Brazil.
§
sect.
Tripartitae ‣ only one sp., M. tripartita (Spreng.)
Müll.Arg., from Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia.
§
sect.
Variifoliae ‣ two spp., Paraguay and Mato Grosso do Sul
state in Brazil.
3.8 CROTONOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
MICRANDREAE (2/12) - both genera occur in South America.
47. Micrandra Benth.
Monoecious trees, leaves alternate, penninerved, stipulate; inflorescences
bissexual, in panicles simple or composed, axillary or terminal, flowers
apetalous; fruit a capsule. Nine spp., Amazon rainforest of tropical South
America, 7 in Brazil, none endemic.
48. Micrandropsis W.A.Rodrigues. Only one
sp., M. scleroxylon (W.A.Rodrigues) W.A.Rodrigues, from Brazil
(Amazonas) and SE Colombia.
4. SUBFAMILY
EUPHORBIOIDEAE (38/2.410–2.420) ‣ 3
tribes, all in South America.
4.1 EUPHORBIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
STOMATOCALYCEAE (4/9) - outsiders Plagiostyles (2; Nigeria,
Gabon, Congo), Pimelodendron (4; Malesia to New Guinea,
Queensland); Hamilcoa (1; Nigeria, Cameroon).
49. Nealchornea
Huber. Dioecious trees, icthiotoxic; latex whitish or yellowish, sweet; leaves
alternate; Inflorescense male in panicles, with flowers apetalous; female
inflorescences in racemes, flowers also apetalous; fruits indehicent. Two spp.
from E Colombia to Peru and Amazonas state in northern Brazil (both, one
endemic)
4.2 EUPHORBIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
EUPHORBIEAE (5/c. 2060) - outsiders Anthostema (3; tropical
W Africa, Madagascar), Dichostemma (2; C Africa;
Cameroon); Neoguillauminia (1; New Caledonia), Calycopeplus (5;
northern Australia, W Australia).
50. Euphorbia L. Herbs to
shrubs or succulents, small trees, prostrate or
decumbent, all produce a mostly white latex which they exude when cut,
and this sap is often toxic, characterized by the unique pseudanthium of
much-reduced flowers (cyathium); recently all cyathia-bearing species were
united into one single genus; thus, this feature is present in every species of
the genus but nowhere else in the plant kingdom. 2,053 spp. (5th
largest worldwide), fully cosmopolitan; succulent
spurges are most diverse in southern and E Africa and Madagascar, but they also
occur in tropical Asia and the Americas. 546 in New
World, 246 in Mexico (129 endemic), 194 in South America, 73 in
Brazil (42 endemic). 4 subgenera, three in New World (59 section joined) and
South America (12 sections within):
The most morphological
diverse genus of angiosperms in Brazil, and the 6ª largest group of succulent species worldwide,
with c. 650 spp. E. laevigata Lam. (endemic to Brazil) unplaced.
§ subg. Athymalus ‣
7 sections, only Old World.
§ sect. Antso ‣
only one sp., E. antso Denis.,
from W and SW Madagascar (Toliara Region), in semiarid, deciduous forests and
scrub, often on soils derived from limestone, from sea level to 500 m.
§ sect. Pseudacalypha ‣
11 spp., Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan and the southern Arabian Peninsula (Oman,
Yemen), extending to Angola, Egypt, Kenya and Tanzania; the non-succulent
species occur in open, disturbed habitats, rocky terrain, sheltered among
stones or under small shrubs; from sea level to 1,800 m.
§ sect. Lyciopsis ‣
19 spp., WC to E and NE Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (Oman, Saudi Arabia,
Yemen, Socotra), extending into Angola, Botswana and Namibia; dry stony areas
among deciduous shrubs and trees, gypsum, limestones, granites, or sand dunes,
from sea level to 2,100 m.
§ sect. Crotonoides ‣
8 spp., S to E Africa, in Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe,
Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania, Kenya, Sudan and Ethiopia; on grassy hillsides, in
leaf-litter under trees in dry open woodlands, on sand or loam, sometimes in
disturbed patches, 200–3,000 m.
§ sect. Somalica ‣
13 spp., Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia and Yemen (Socotra); dry, largely
deciduous bushland in open flats, on slopes of rocky hills and escarpments,
from near sea level to 1,000 m.
§ sect. Balsamis ‣
9 spp., S Arabian Peninsula up into Iran, also to Sudan (Red Sea Hills),
Somalia, Socotran Archipelago (Abd al Kuri only), as well as in West Africa and
the Canary Islands, on dry stony slopes or stony flat plains and they sometimes
form the dominant component of the otherwise very scanty vegetation.
§ sect. Anthacanthae ‣ 87
spp. found in southern Africa to very sparsely distributed over the rest of
sub-Saharan Africa; bare, dry, stony plains with little other vegetation to
deep Kalahari sand among scattered clumps of grass and trees to among fynbos
vegetation, from sea level to 2,700 m.
§ subg. Esula
‣ 457 spp.,
worldwide, 21 sections, only sect. Helisocopia in South America.
§ sect. Aphyllis ‣
23 spp., Macaronesian islands (except for the Azores), southern coast of
Portugal, and the Atlantic coast of Morocco and Western Sahara, Africa, S
Arabian Peninsula, Socotra, and Madagascar.
§ sect. Arvales ‣
7 spp., Mediterranean region and neighboring areas, Canary Islands, Iranian
highlands, central Asia to N Afghanistan, W China, and India; on open stony or
gravelly slopes, in steppes and deserts, in fields and by roadsides.
§ sect. Biumbellatae ‣
3 spp., endemic to the W Mediterranean region (Spain, France, Italy, Algeria,
Morocco, Tunisia).
§ sect. Calyptratae ‣
two spp., deserts and steppes of N Africa (E.
calyptrata Coss. & Durieu) and Iran (E. connata Boiss.).
§ sect. Chylogala ‣
4 spp., Mediterranean region, Arabian Peninsula, SW and C Asia (to N PamirAlay
and W Tien-shan); in deserts and steppes, on stony mountain slopes and by dry
streams, or in fallow fields.
§ sect. Esula ‣
96 spp., widespread in Europe and Asia, also in Africa, Madagascar, Réunion,
Indonesia (Java), New Zealand, and Samoa, introduced in the New World and
elsewhere; in meadows (lowland to montane), steppes, semideserts, riparian and
littoral vegetation, sometimes in forests, weedy in arable lands, along roads
and other disturbed areas.
§ sect. Exiguae ‣
5 spp., S Europe, northern Africa, Asia, Macaronesia, Mauritius, the Comoros,
and Madagascar; in grasslands, rocky or sandy subdeserts, rock fissures in
mountains, weedy areas, abandoned cultivated areas, from sea level to 2,200 m.
§ sect. Guyonianae ‣
only one sp., E. guyoniana Boiss.
& Reut., from NW Africa (Morocco to Libya); dunes and sandy areas on the
northern edge of the Saharan Desert.
§ sect. Helioscopia ‣
136 spp., most diverse across Eurasia and North Africa, but a few species also
present in eastern Africa, Macaronesia, and the New World (26); the range of
habitats is very diverse, from montane forests to steppes, rocky outcrops and
wetlands, with a few weedy species; most species are associated with mountains
and are fairly mesic, although some are widely distributed in lowland areas. 2 spp.
in South America, E. philippiana (Klotzsch
& Garcke) Boiss., widely disjunct to central Chile and is the only species
in subg. Esula endemic to South America, and one in Brazil, E.
spathulata Lam. disjunct from Canada to Mexico, and southern Brazil, NE
Argentina and Uruguay.
§ sect. Herpetorrhizae ‣
12 spp., Asia, from Türkiye and Caucasus to Kuwait, Pakistan, and Afghanistan,
and into W China; on sand, clay and saline soils in deserts and steppes, and on
stony slopes of mountains.
§ sect. Holophyllum ‣
27 spp., mountainous areas of E and C Asia, the Himalayas, S Siberia, NE China,
Korea, and Japan, with one species disjunct in the Iberian Peninsula; in
forests, steppes, on rock outcrops, and in alpine meadows.
§ sect. Lagascae ‣
3 spp., Canary Islands, Mediterranean region, and western part of Iranian
highlands, in grasslands and ruderal habitats.
§ sect. Lathyris ‣
only one sp., E. lathyris L., found
mostly in cultivation or near human settlements, in two main areas: eastern
Asia and the Mediterranean, but also widely distributed by humans and found in
temperate or subtropical regions worldwide.
§ sect. Myrsiniteae ‣
14 spp., Mediterranean region, Caucasus to the Iranian highlands, usually
growing in dry, exposed, rocky habitats.
§ sect. Pachycladae ‣
two spp., Circum-Mediterranean region; both species are mainly littoral, but
can penetrate up to 100 km inland, in summer-arid areas, on coastal sands in
littoral scrub, on edges of roads and trails, on substrates of siliceous,
schistose, gypseous, volcanic, or calcareous origin, from sea level to 800 m
§ sect. Paralias ‣
12 spp., Mediterranean region, Balkans, Caucasus, Macaronesia (including
Azores), with E. tricotoma Kutnh in S
Florida, SE Mexico to Belize, Bahamas, Cuba, Cayman Islands; often in coastal
sandy habitats but some species farther inland and upland.
§ sect. Patellares ‣
14 spp., Mediterranean region and mountains of central Europe, the Balkan
Peninsula, Caucasus, and Iranian highlands; in forests and montane meadows or
rocky habitats.
§ sect. Pithyusa ‣
50 spp., mainly Mediterranean and neighboring areas, Iranian highlands and
montane regions of central Asia, with a few species in the steppe zone of
Eurasia and in the mountains of eastern Asia (at least as far east as
Thailand); on rocky (calcareous) substrates, in steppes and steppe-like
grasslands, deserts, dry scrub, and gypsum hills, sometimes weedy.
§ sect. Sclerocyathium ‣
9 spp., SW and central Asia, including the Himalayas; on dry stony mountain
slopes, sometimes in steppes.
§ sect. Szovitsiae ‣
only one sp., E. szovitsii Fisch. &
C.A. Mey., from Caucasus, Türkiye, Iranian highlands, southern part of central
Asia; on gravel slopes, screes, stream beds, or in steppes.
§ sect. Tithymalus ‣
35 spp., 7 native to and restricted to the Old World from the eastern
Mediterranean region to Iran and the Arabian Peninsula; E.
peplus L. is also presumably native to the Mediterranean region but is
now widespread worldwide; the remaining species are native to the New World from
U.S.A., Canada, Mexico, America Central, Hispaniola. Many of them are
restricted to relatively high montane habitats, but others occur at lower
elevations and are either widespread or local.
§ subg. Chamaescyce
- 566-574 spp. worldwide, 15 sects., 4 in South America; subg. Chamaescyce
is the only taxonomic group at the lower level than the genus with
photosynthesis C3, C2, C4 and CAM, with C2 in this group occurring
only in E. acuta Engelm. (U.S.A.) and E. johnstoni Mayfield
(Mexico).
§ sect.
Alectoroctonum ‣
115 spp., widespread in the New World from Canada to Argentina, with a
center of diversity in Mexico and America Central; tropical and subtropical
forests, desert scrub, and disturbed areas, sea level to 3,000 m; three species
in Brazil, E. estevesii
N. F. A. Zimmermann & P. J. Braun and E. sarcoceras O.L.M. Silva
& Cordeiro endemic, and E. insulana Vell. up to over South America.
§ sect.
Anisophyllum ‣
two subsections.
o subsect. Acutae ‣ two
spp., W Texas and Mexico (Coahuila, Durango, Tamaulipas); grassland to
desert scrub in and around the Chihuahuan Desert on sandy or gravelly limestone
substrates, 200–1,500 m.
o subsect. Hypericifoliae ‣
365 spp., warm, arid and semi-arid vegetation or disturbed habitats, and
summer annuals in temperate areas; worldwide, from sea level to 4,000 m; 30
spp. in Brazil, 11 endemic.
§ sect.
Articulofruticosae ‣ 18-26 spp.,
most
diverse in the arid winterrainfall region of W South Africa and S Namibia,
extending into southern Angola and Botswana and east to KwaZulu-Natal, South
Africa; growing in sandy soils or on rock outcrops, in low shrublands to
deserts and consolidated dunes, from sea level to ca. 2,000 m
§ sect.
Bosseriae ‣ 3 spp., SW and S Madagascar, in xerophytic
vegetation, ca. 50–500 m.
§ sect.
Cheirolepidium ‣ two spp., from N Africa
through Central Asia; fallow fields and dry, open habitats, 500–1,500 m.
§ sect.
Crossadenia ‣
two subsections.
o subsect. Apparicianae ‣
4 spp., E. flaviana Carn.-Torres & Cordeiro; E.
sobolifera O.L.M. Silva & P.J.Braun; E. appariciana Rizz. and E. teres
M. Machado & Hofacker, all endemic to Bahia state, Brazil, growing on
granitic domes (inselbergs) or sandstone outcrops, 250–1,200 m.
o subsect. Ephedropepplus ‣
8 spp., 7 endemic to NE Brazil in Tocantins, Bahia, Goiás, Minas Gerais,
Distrito Federal, Pernambuco and Piauí states, in rocky grasslands vegetation
on sandy substrates and Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas), sea level
to 1,400 m, and E. riinae V.W.Steinm. from Bolivia
and Mato Grosso state in Brazil; E. gymnoclada
Boiss. is the only aphyllous in this group.
§ sect.
Denisiae ‣ two spp., southern Madagascar, in xerophytic
vegetation, sea level to 200 m.
§ sect.
Eremophyton ‣ 3 spp., Australia,
New Caledonia, Vanuatu; coastal sands to inland desert and scrub, sea level to
600 m.
§ sect.
Espinosae ‣ two spp., S and E Africa (Angola, Botswana,
Namibia, N South Africa, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe); hilly,
deciduous woodlands, 300–1,400 m.
§ sect.
Frondosae ‣ 7 spp., E to southern Africa (Angola,
Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania,
Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe) and Arabian Peninsula (Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen);
open to dense bushland, forest, 400–2,700 m.
§ sect.
Gueinziae ‣ only E. gueinzii
Boiss., South Africa (Mpumalanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, E Cape),
Lesotho, and Swaziland; grasslands on rocky slopes and above sandstone cliffs,
200-2,000 m.
§ sect.
Plagianthae ‣ two spp., southern
Madagascar, in xerophytic and semi-xerophytic vegetation; sea level to 1,000 m.
§ sect.
Poinsettia ‣
4 subsections.
o subsect. Lacerae ‣ two
spp., W & C Mexico; xerophytic scrub, wooded ravines, 900–2,500 m.
o subsect. Erianthae ‣
only E. eriantha Benth., SE U.S.A.
(Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas) and northern Mexico (Baja California,
Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Sonora); desert scrub and
thorn scrub on rocky slopes and along washes, sea level to 900 m.
o subsect. Extipulatae ‣ two
spp., SW U.S.A. to S Mexico; desert scrub, grasslands, oak forest,
riparian areas.
o subsect. Stormieae ‣
21 spp., widespread in the New World, from Canada to Argentina, but with a
center of distribution in Mexico; in a wide variety of habitats from desert
scrub to moist montane forests, sea level to 2,700 m; two spp. in Brazil, E.
zonosperma Müll. Arg endemic and the widely E.
heterophylla L.
§ sect.
Scatorhizae ‣ 7 spp., Africa
(Angola, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania), Arabia (Saudi Arabia, Yemen),
India; rocky or sandy scrub or deserts, 200–1,850 m.
§ sect.
Tenellae ‣ 4 spp., Southern Africa (Angola, Botswana,
Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe); in open desert areas, exposed gravelly or
sandy soils and rocky slopes, ca. 100-1,100 m.
§ subg. Euphorbia
- 661 spp. worldwide, 21 sects., eight occur in South America.
§ sect.
Brasilienses ‣ 5 spp. from
Espírito Santo, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Paraiba and Pernambuco, in rocky uplands
(campos rupestres), grasslands, thorn scrub, and tropical deciduous forest; E.
phosphorea Mart. is the largest growing succulent Brazilian spurges.
§ sect. Calyculatae ‣
2 spp., Mexico (Jalisco, Michoacán, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Mexico, Oaxaca,
Puebla); deciduous montane woodlands, oak and pine oak forest, sometimes on
lava flows, 1,600–2,300 m.
§ sect.
Crepidaria ‣ 15
spp., Mexico (highest diversity), America Central, Caribbean, northern South
America; in South America only one, E. tithymaloides
L., in over Caribbean Basin up to Mexico, Florida, Colombia, Venezuela and
Guyana; desert scrub, as well as dry and wet tropical forests, sea level
to ca. 800 m; unique members of genus with nectar spurs.
§ sect. Cubanthus ‣ two
subsections.
o subsect. Cubanthus ‣
6 spp., Caribbean (Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica); scrub forest mostly on
limestone, sea level to 500 m.
o subsect. Moa ‣
3 spp., E Cuba; scrub and forests on serpentine soils, sea level to 800 m.
§ sect.
Denisophorbia ‣ 13 spp., Madagascar,
Mayotte and Comoro Islands, Seychelles, Mauritius.
§ sect.
Deuterocalli ‣ 3 spp., widespread
in Madagascar, mostly in dry scrub or among rocks in moister habitats, sea
level to ca. 500 m.
§ sect. Euphorbia ‣
244 spp., widespread across most of Africa, Arabian Peninsula, and in
southern Asia from Pakistan to Malaysia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea; in a
wide variety of habitats, but especially in arid landscapes, open areas, dry
forests, scrub, rock outcrops, with some species occurring in moist forests.
§ sect.
Euphorbiastrum ‣ 6 spp., Venezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, to southern Mexico and Caribbean (Windward Islands);
montane scrub and forest edges, lowland moist forests.
§ sect.
Goniostema ‣ 76 spp., widespread across the island of
Madagascar; in a wide variety of habitats from sea level to upper mountains.
§ sect.
Lactifluae ‣ only E.
lactiflua Phil., Northern Chile, rocky areas of Atacama Desert from the region of
Antofagasta south to the vicinity of Copiapó; nearly sea level to 700 m.
§ sect.
Mesophyllae ‣ only E.
sinclairiana Benth., from Mexico (Chiapas), to Colombia,
Peru and Brazil (Acre); understory of wet, lowland forests but also extending to higher
elevations in cloud forest, from near sea level to ca. 800 m
§ sect.
Monadenium ‣ 90 spp., E, C, and SE tropical Africa; in a
variety of mostly arid habitats: thickets, rock outcrops, and other open areas.
§ sect.
Nummulariopsis ‣
37 spp., SE U.S.A., southern South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay); high montane habitats, grasslands, and sand
dunes (South America), pine woodlands and sandy areas (U.S.A.), sea level to
ca. 3,500 m; 10 spp. in Brazil, 7 endemic.
§ sect.
Pachysanthae ‣ 4 spp., Madagascar;
in a variety of habitats, such as thickets in xeric bush of the southeast,
tsingy (karst) formations in the north, remnant forests in the high plateaus in
the northwest, and rainforest relicts of the central east.
§ sect.
Pervilleanae ‣ 7 spp., widespread
across Madagascar.
§ sect. Pacificae ‣
11 spp., Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Philippines, and Pacific Islands
(Norfolk Island, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Hawaii); the Australian herbaceous or
pencil-stemmed species occur in dry interior or coastal habitats, whereas the
remaining species occur in tropical or subtropical moist forests or scrub.
§ sect.
Portulacastrum ‣ 2
spp., Chile and Bolivia, montane habitats.
§ sect.
Rubellae ‣ 3 spp., NE Africa (Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya,
Uganda); open sites in limestone crevices on well-drained soil, or under bushes
in evergreen or deciduous bushland.
§ sect.
Stachydium ‣
6 spp., northern South America to E Brazil, absent in Mexico; low
deciduous forest and thorn scrub on sandy or loose stony soils or rocky
outcrops; 200-1,200 m; two spp. in Brazil, E.
comosa Vell. in Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela and E. heterodoxa
Mull. Arg. is endemic.
§ sect. Tanquahuete ‣ two
spp., W & C to S Mexico; subtropical deciduous forests in montane
canyons and lava flows; near sea level to 2100 m, species that
are by far the tallest members of Euphorbia in the New World,
and among the largest in the genus.
§ sect.
Tirucalli ‣ 25 spp., Widespread and most diverse in
Madagascar, also native in Arabian Peninsula (Oman and Yemen, including
Socotra) and Africa (Angola, Namibia, Somalia, and South Africa). E.
tirucalli L. is widespread across Africa, but it is not clear where the
species is native (probably Madagascar and southern Africa). It is widely
cultivated in India and in other tropical countries.
4.3 EUPHORBIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
HIPPOMANEAE (29/340) - outsiders Homalanthus (23;
tropical Asia to New Guinea, N and E Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand,
Polynesia); Grimmeodendron (2; Caribbean), Bonania (7;
Caribbean), Balakata (2; S China, tropical Asia, New Guinea,
tropical Australia), Falconeria (1; Himalayas, SE Asia, W
Malesia), Sclerocroton (6; tropical Africa, Madagascar), Triadica (3; East
and tropical Asia), Dalembertia (4; Mexico, Guatemala), Excoecaria
(c 40; Africa to Australia and Melanesia).
51. Actinostemon Mart. ex
Klotzsch. Monoecious trees or shrubs; latex scanty; inflorescence terminal and
sometimes axillary. 20 spp., one only in Caribbean, remaining 19 in South
America, two up to America Central and Caribbean, 17 in Brazil, 13 endemic.
52. Adenopeltis Bertero ex
A.Juss. Monoecious shrubs, latex non recorded. Only one sp., A. serrata
(W.T. Aiton) I.M. Johnst., endemic to C Chile.
53. Algernonia Baill.
Monoecious trees or shrubs, stems and branches unarmed; latex white;
inflorescense terminal. 12 spp., 10 restricted of dense forests of SE Brazil,
centered in Rio de Janeiro state, and two restricted of Amazon rainforest from
Brazil and adjacent Peru in Huanuco departament.
54. Colliguaja Molina. 5
spp., C. brasiliensis Klotzsch ex Baill. from southern Brazil, Paraguay
and Uruguay, and four only in Chile and adjacent Argentina.
55. Dendrothrix Esser. 4
spp., two only from Venezuela to Peru, D. yutajensis (Jabl.) Esser from
Venezuela to Ecuador and Brazil and D. wurdackii Esser known only in
Brazil, from Amazonas state, and is a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
56. Gradyana S. M. Athiê-Souza, A.
L. Melo & M. F. Sales. Strictly axillary sinuous thyrsoid staminate
inflorescences, solitary pistillate flowers, apical glands in the bracts,
long-stipitate glands between pistillate sepals, and staminate flowers with
three stamens and three sepals. Only one spp., G. franciscana S. M.
Athiê-Souza, A. L. Melo & M. F. Sales, found in the São Francisco river
valley in Alagoas and Sergipe states, in the semiarid region of NE Brazil.
57. Gymnanthes Sw. 26 spp., tropical
& subtropical New World (22), W tropical Africa to Uganda, SC China to W
Malesia. 11 spp. in South America, 8 in Brazil, 4 endemic.
58. Hippomane
L.
High poisonous trees. Three spp., two restricted from Hispaniola and
H. mancinella L. from Florida, the Caribbean to Venezuela, Colombia and
Galápagos Islands.
59. Hura L.
Monoecious trees up to 40 m tall, thunk spiny; latex white, common in lowland
dioecious forests. Two spp., H. polyandra Baill. from Mexico to
Nicaragua, with a disjuntc record in Ecuador, and H. crepitans L. from
Nicaragua to Bolivia, Brazil and Caribbean.
60. Incadendron
K.
J. Wurdack & Farfán. Only one sp., I. esseri K. J. Wurdack &
Farfán, from southern Ecuador and northern Peru.
61. Mabea Aubl.
Monoecious trees and shrubs; latex whitish; hairs dendritic and brownish to
reddish, staminate flowers pedicellate with numerous (up to 90) stamens each,
ovaries and fruits tomentose, pistillate flowers with long styles. 39 spp.,
restricted from lowland in Mexico to SE, Brazil (26, 5 endemic), 36 in South
America.
62. Maprounea
Aubl. Monoecious (dioecious) trees or shrubs; latex whitish; inflorescence
terminal. 5 spp., two in Africa and three in over tropical South America, all
in Brazil, none endemic.
63. Microstachys A.Juss.
Monoecious perennial herbs with several short erect stems arising from a thick,
much-branched xylopodium; latex white; inflorescences
terminal on main axes; fruit 3-lobed, septicidally dehiscent into 3 bivalved
cocci, each valve with a small appendage; seeds subcylindric, smooth. 22 spp., 3
in Africa, one in SE Asia and Australia, and 18 in South America, 17 in Brazil
(one endemic to Paraguay), with 11 endemic, one up to also Mexico and
Caribbean.
64. Ophthalmoblapton Allemão.
Monoecious trees, stems and branches unarmed; latex white or yellow, highly
toxic; indumentum absent; inflorescence axillary and spiciform. 4 spp. from E
Brazil, only from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro, in Atlantic Forest, one of them,
from Bahia state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
65. Pachystroma Müll.Arg.
Monoecious trees and shrubs; latex white. Only one sp., P. longifolium (Nees) I.M. Johnst.,
from southern Brazil and Bolivia.
66. Pleradenophora Esser. 5
spp., 4 in Mexico, one of then up to southern U.S.A., and P. membranifolia
(Müll. Arg.) Esser & A.L. Melo, in Amazon rainforest lowlands and
mesophilous forests of Peru and Bolivia, extending into Brazil in Goiás, Mato
Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais and São Paulo states.
67. Pseudosenefeldera Esser. Only one sp., P. inclinata (Müll. Arg.) Esser, in
Amazon rainforest, from Venezuela to Peru
and northern Brazil.
68. Rhodothyrsus Esser. Two
spp. in northern South America, from Suriname to Peru and northern Brazil (only
R. macrophyllus (Ducke) Esser, non endemic).
69. Sapium Jacq. Woody
species, sometimes with xylopodium; leaves
simple with petiolar glands, staminate flowers subsessile with 2 stamens each,
seeds with a red aril. 27 spp. from tropical America, 14 in South America, 12
in Brazil, only two endemic. S. laurifolium (A.Rich.) Griseb. from S
Mexico to Brazil is a myrmecophite.
70. Sebastiania
Spreng. Woody plants with simple elongate inflorescences, the staminate flowers
subsessile and with 3 stamens and 3 free sepals, the fruits regular with a
notably thin wall. 56 spp., tropical America, 43 in South America, 35 in
Brazil, 29 endemic.
71. Senefeldera Mart.
Monoecious trees; latex white; inflorescence axillaty. Three spp., one from
Venezuela to Peru, S. triandra Pax & K. Hoffm. in Amazon rainforest
of Brazil and Peru, and S. verticillata (Vell.) Croizat in Atlantic
Forest of E Brazil.
72. Senefelderopsis
Steyerm.
Monoecious trees and shrubs; latex white. Two spp. restricted to the Guiana
Shield, from Colombia to Guyana.
73. Spegazziniophytum
Esser.
Monoecious, succulent shrubs, branches transformed into thorns. Only one sp., S.
patagonicum (Speg.) Esser, endemic to dry areas of Argentina.
74. Stillingia Garden ex L.
Sapium-like but with more variation in habit (subshrubs to trees or
succulents), the petioles eglandular, the fruits with a characteristic woody
persistent cornute base, seeds dry without an aril. 28 spp., Madagascar,
Mascarene Islands, East Malesia, Fiji, 26 in tropical and subtropical New
World. 12 in South America, 9 in Brazil, 7 endemic.
37. GERANIALES
TWO
FAMILIES, BOTH IN SOUTH AMERICA.
GERANIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3.
Genera/species 7/815
Distribution cosmopolitan except polar areas, especially in temperate
and subtropical regions, with their largest diversity in South Africa; few
species in tropical regions. Habit bisexual, usually perennial or annual
herbs (sometimes suffrutices or shrubs; in Geranium section
Neurophyllodes trees), some species are xerophytic stem succulents and a
large number are geophytes, often with root or stem tubers. No have simple leaves. Flowers of five petals and five
sepals.
In Geranium the inflorescence is a cyme sometimes reduced to 1-flowered cymules
born on a reduced stem, or more commonly composed of 2-flowered cymules
alongated stem; in some cases these cymules are grouped in pseudoumbel
aggregates towards the end of the branches; in Erodium inflorescences are composed of pseudoumbels at the end of
each branch; all Neotropical Geranium species have 10 fertile stamens; Erodium has 5 fertile stamens (alternate with the petals) and 5
staminodes (opposite the petals).
SYSTEMATIC two
clades, both in South America, one exclusive.
1. HYPSEOCHARIS CLADE (1/6)
‣ a single genus.
1. Hypseocharis
Remy.
Perennial acaulescent herbs with thick taproots or tubers. 6 spp. from Andes, from S Peru to Argentina.
2. TRIBE
GERANIEAE (5/809) ‣ outsiders California (1, S
Oregon, California, Baja California in NW Mexico), Monsonia (26, Africa,
Madagascar, SW Asia, with their highest diversity in southern Africa), Pelargonium (286,
Africa, Madagascar, Asia, St. Helena, Tristan da Cunha, Australia, New Zealand,
with their highest diversity in South Africa), and Sarcocaulon
(13, Angola do South Africa).
2. Erodium LHér. Annual
or perennial herbs, ocasioanlly shrubs. 121 spp. and is distributed on all
continents, excluding Antarctica; a major centre of diversity is observed in
Mediterranean region region (62), whereas, the other continents harbour only a
few native species: North America (1, California to C Mexico and Texas), Australia
(5), Asia (4), Chile (1), and E. geoides A.St.-Hil, disturbed sites on
sandy soils, 0–1,100 m, from Peru to Rio Grande do Sul state in S Brazil and
Argentina.
3. Geranium L. Annual or
perennial herbs, mostly herbaceous perennials with aerial stems, ocasioanlly
shrubs, some
annuals, and some form small cushions or
dwarf shrubs; leaves usually palmatifid or palmatisect, although a few species
have digitate, tridentate, or even entire leaves; all species have
actinomorphic, pentamerous flowers with ten stamens and the distinctive beaked
fruit typical for the family. 362 spp., distributed in almost
every continent and ecosystem, being absent only in the poles, arid deserts,
and low-altitude tropical areas; it is present in most important mountains of
tropical America, and some dry areas near the sea, although it is
absent in lowland tropical forest.
Geranium is distributed
throughout most of the world except in lowland tropical areas among 4 subgenera.
In the New World most of the 126 native species belong to sect. Geranium.
The exceptions are the two species of sect. Paramensia (subg. Geranium)
growing on the northern Andes and the three of sect. Brasiliensia (subg.
Erodioidea) found in S Brazil and NE Argentina. Only two species of
sect. Geranium are native in the New World as well as elsewhere: G.
erianthum also occurs in eastern Asia, and G. sylvaticum is
widespread in Europe and western Asia. The Andes in Colombia and Ecuador harbor
many endemic species but the greatest diversity is found in Peru (34) and in
Mexico (36). Subgenera Tuberosum and Robertianum does not occur
natively in New World.
§ subg. Geranium ‣ 78
spp. in South America, only two in Brazil, G. core-core Steud.,
scattered in South America, and G. albicans A. St.-Hil. from S Brazil
and Uruguay to Argentina. G. dissectum L. is a weed distributed worldwide, non native.
§ subg. Erodioidea ‣
22 spp. in with four section: one in E Africa, two from Europe and adjacent
Asia, and Brasiliensia, with 3 spp., Brazil and adjacent Uruguay: G.
arachnoideum A. St-Hill is widely distributed in grasslands and dry places
of three states of S Brazil and in Uruguay; G. glanduligerum R. Knuth
occur disjunct in marshy places of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina and São
Paulo states, also in Argentina; G. brasiliense Progel is endemic of
damp places and forest margins in nebulous highlands of Rio de Janero state;
all three spp. are perennial herbs with erect habit, inflorescences a
monochasial cymes, purplish corollas, and grows in open places.
FRANCOACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
Genera/species 9/36
Distribution tropical and southern Africa: Greyia (South Africa,
with their largest diversity in eastern Transvaal and Drakensberg), Francoa
and Tetilla (mountains in central Chile), and three remaining genera widely
in South America. Habit evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs (Greyia,
Bersama) or rhizomatous perennial herbs (Francoa, Tetilla),
sometimes perennial or annual herbs. In Rhynchotheca and some species of
Viviania many short shoots are modified into spines. Use
Ornamental plants, medicinal plants, timber, carpentries, aromatic substances
(incense wood).
SYSTEMATICS tribes Bersameae
(2/13, Africa) and Greyeae (1/3, South Africa and Eswatini) are restricted
for South Africa. Vivianeae and Francoeae are restricted of South
America.
1.1 TRIBE
FRANCOEAE (2/2) ‣ both genera in South America.
1. Dimorphopetalum
Bertero.
Only one sp.,
D. tetilla Bertero, endemic to
center Chile.
2. Francoa
Cav.
Only one sp., F. appendiculata Cav., endemic to
center-south Chile.
1.2 TRIBE
VIVIANIEAE (3/18) ‣ all genera in South America.
3. Balbisia Cav.
Shrubs up to 2m tall; inflorescence thyrsoid; leaves opposite, entire,
flowers bowl-shaped, with yellow, sometimes yellowish-green or reddish-yellow
corolla, fruit capsular, subtended by pair of deeply divided bracts. 10 spp. from Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile.
4. Rhynchotheca Ruiz
& Pavon. Shrubs up to 2m tall; leaves opposite, not-entire, apetalous
flowers and may be unique anemophyllous spp. in Geraniales.
Only one sp., R. spinosa Ruiz &
Pav., endemic
to interandean valleys of Peru and Ecuador.
5. Viviania Cav. Shrubs up to 4 m tall, or perennial or rarely annual
herbs; inflorescence thyrsoid or cymose; campanulate, white to pinks flowers,
pedicellate without bracts directly at base, fruit capsular. 7 spp., 3
endemic to Chile, two from Argentina to Chile, V. albiflora (Cambess)
Reiche
in Argentina, Uruguay and S Brazil, and V. linostigma R. Kunth endemic
to SE Santa Catarina to extreme NE Rio Grande do Sul state, in Araucaria Forest
formations in the ‘Aparados da Serra Geral’. The two extra-Andean species the two
species could be reliably differentiated by a trait such as tetramerous flowers
for V. linostigma versus
pentamerous flowers for V. albiflora.
38. MYRTALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: CRYPTERONIACEAE (3/12) AND PENAEACEAE (3/29), AS
IN POWO IN JUNE 26, 2024.
LINEAGE 1 of 5: COMBRETACEAE
COMBRETACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 26, 2024
Genera/species
10/510–520 Distribution mainly tropical regions of Africa (with their
highest diversity), subtropical southern Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles,
tropical South and Southeast Asia, southeastern China, Malesia, New Guinea,
Melanesia, western Pacific islands, northern and eastern Australia. Habit
usually bisexual (rarely andromonoecious or dioecious), evergreen or deciduous
trees, shrubs, suffrutices or lianas (Lumnitzera and Laguncularia
are mangrove trees with pneumatophores). Bark often exfoliating. Sometimes
xerophytic.
The family
stands out economically for its ornamental value, with some species
commercialized by florists worldwide. Others are cited in the literature as
having pharmacological potential and being widely used as popular diuretics or
antipyretics. A number of species exhibit antimicrobial, antihemorrhagic and
antiulcer activities. Conocarpus
erectus L. and Laguncularia
racemosa (L.) Gaertn. are typical of mangrove
areas and are ecologically essential to the dynamics of this ecosystem and to
the survival of its organisms. Laguncularia
racemosa shows
several adaptations to daily flooding by salt water: the leaves contain salt
excretory glands, the seeds germinate while still attached to
the tree (vivipary), and the roots
include pneumatophores.
SYSTEMATIC two
subfamilies, Strephonematoideae (1/3, tropical West and Central Africa)
absent in South America; two tribes within Combretoideae, both in South
America.
Key to
genera of South American Combretaceae
1. Inflorescences globular
clusters; fruit aggregated ------------
Conocarpus
1. Inflorescence spicate, racemose or
paniculate; fruit not aggregated - 2
2. Lowers receptacle with 2 adnate bracteoles ------------
Laguncularia
2. Lowers receptacle without adnate bracteoles -
3
3. Leaves opposite; anthers versatile; trees or shrubs often
scandent ------------ Combretum
3. Leaves alternate or verticillate; anthers versatile or adnate
to the filaments; trees ------------ Terminalia
1. COMBRETOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE COMBRETOIDEAE
(5/475–510) - outsiders Getonia (1; tropical
Asia), Guiera (1; N tropical Africa).
1. Combretum
Loefl. Herbs, shrubs, lianas and trees, up 25 in C.
leprosum Mart. and C. glaucocarpum
Mart. from Brazil. 285 spp., pantropical, in New World from Mexico,
Mesoamerica, Caribbean, South America; one sp. no have petals; Africa has 163
spp., New World only 35 (31 in South America, 26 in Brazil, 7 endemic, inc. C.
rupicola Ridl. in rare in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, known
only in Fernando de Noronha island), Asia has 27 and 1 in Australia.
2.
Conocarpus L. Shrubs or trees (mangroves); bark fissured; branches subangular to
narrowly winged; leaves alternate, petiolate, somewhat fleshy; flowers bisexual,
small, crowded in dense, cone-shaped heads borne in racemes; petals absent; stamens
(5)7(10), in 2 whorls, exserted; filaments filiform, glabrous; disc long-pubescent;
ovary inferior, 1-locular; ovules 2; fruit a trapezoidal, samara-like,
glabrous, brownish maroon achene with a corky pericarp; seeds cylindric,
curved, whitish.
Two spp., C.
erectus L., considered a mangrove, from North
America to Peru, Brazil and Caribbean, but its lack of vivpary or
pneumatophores suggests that it is best considered a ‘mangrove associate’, and
C. lancifolia Engl. a tree in sandy soils of NE Africa and Arabia.
3. Terminalia L. Trees up to
45 m tall; leaves spiral, often with pocket-shaped or bowl-shaped domatia. 278 spp.,
cosmopolitan genus of tres up to 50 m tall, centered of SE Asia, in New Word
from Mexico, Mesoamerica, South America. 68 spp. in New World, 52 in South
America, 45 spp. in Brazil, 14 endemic.
2. COMBRETOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE LAGUNCULARIEAE (4/10)
- outsiders Lumnitzera (2; coasts in tropical East Africa,
Madagascar and Seychelles to islands in the Pacific), Macropteranthes
(5; Northern Territory, Queensland), Dansiea (2; E
Queensland).
4. Laguncularia Gaertn. Polygamous
shrubs or small trees (mangroves);
branchlets glabrous; leaves opposite, petiolate, oriaceous to fleshy, obovate
or elliptic, glabrous; flowers bisexual or unisexual, sessile, subpaniculate;
brpetals absent, or minute and caducous; stamens 10, in 2 rows, included; ovary
inferior, 1-locular, crowned by an epigynous disc; ovules 2; fruit coriaceous,
crowned by calyx limb, shortly club-shaped, subtrigonous, ribbed, shortly
pubescent; seed oblong-ovoid. Only one sp., L. racemosa (L.)
C.F. Gaertn., E and W tropical America (Florida and Mexico up to Ecuador and
Brazil), W tropical Africa.
LINEAGE
2 of 5: MYRTIIDS
LYTRACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 26, 2024
Genera/species
28/575–585 Distribution cosmopolitan except polar areas, especially
tropical and subtropical regions in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, with
their largest diversity in the Americas. Habit usually bisexual (in Capuronia
dioecious; in Sonneratia and Duabanga sometimes monoecious?),
evergreen trees or shrubs, perennial or annual herbs (rarely lianas). Many
species are hygrophytes, some representatives are aquatic (Sonneratia
comprises mangrove trees with pneumatophores, producing vertical anchor roots,
and horizontal nutrition roots; Trapa is aquatic). Bark often
exfoliating. Young stems and branches usually quadrangular in cross-section. Use
ornamental plants, fruits (Punica granatum L., Trapa), vegetables
(Trapa), dyeing substances (Lawsonia inermis L.), medicinal
plants, timber.
Key
differences from similar families Onagraceae differ from
Lythraceae by their viscid pollen threads and, excluding Ludwigia, also
by epigynous flowers with inferior ovaries.
SYSTEMATIC 3
subfamilies, all in South America.
Key to
genera of Neotropical Lythraceae
1. Leaves
glandular-punctate, the punctae non-secretory and orange-filled, turning black
or secretory and translucent - 2
2. Leaves
translucent-punctate, secretory, blades varnished by resin; inflorescences
3-flowered axillary cymes ------------ Lourtella
2. Leaves
orange to black-punctate, non-secretory; inflorescences multi-flowered clusters
- 3
3. Flowers
in compact umbelliform clusters; floral tube campanulate, greenish; capsule
indehiscent ------------ Adenaria
3. Flowers
in loose cymose clusters; floral tube cyathiform, deep red; capsule
loculicidally dehiscent ------------ Pehria
1. Leaves
non-punctate, glabrous or variously indumented - 4
4. Floral
tubes campanulate to globose or cyathiform, about as long as to slightly longer
than wide, actinomorphic - 5
5. Seeds
encircled by a broad, thin wing - 6
6. Floral
tubes caducous, distally pleated, (8-)10-12(-16)-merous; leaves with subapical
abaxial porate chamber ------------ Lafoensia
6. Floral
tubes persistent, distally smooth, 6- or 8-merous; leaves normally developed at
the apex, lacking a porate chamber - 7
7. Trees
with strongly divaricate branching; flowers 8-merous; placenta appearing free
-central ------------ Physocalymma
7. Shrubs
and subshrubs with opposite branching; flowers 6-merous; placenta bipartite,
septa lunate ------------ Diplusodon
5. Seeds not
winged - 8
8. Trees,
shrubs, or subshrubs, 1-40 m - 9
9. Stamens
basifixed; petals cream-coloured; capsules indehiscent ------------
Crenea p.p.
9. Stamens
dorsifixed; petals bright yellow, rose, purple, or white - 10
10. Petals
bright yellow; flowers solitary; pedicels 0-4 mm ------------
Heimia
10. Petals
rose, purple, or white; flowers solitary and/or in axillary clusters; pedicels
10-40 mm ------------ Ginoria
8. Annual or
perennial herbs, 2 cm - 2m, commonly less than 50 cm - 11
11. Capsules
septicidally dehiscent, wall microscopically (10x) transversely striated;
leaves decussate or whorled; ------------ Rotala
11. Capsules
splitting irregularly or initially circumscissile, then irregular; wall
microscopically smooth, without striations - 12
12. Capsules
splitting irregularly; leaf base auriculate ------------
Ammannia p.p.
12. Capsules
initially circumscissile, then splitting irregularly; leaf base cordate ------------
Nesaea
4. Floral
tubes cylindrical, at least twice as long as wide, actinomorphic or zygomorphic
- 13
13. Floral
tubes actinomorphic; capsules dehiscing from the apex ------------
Lythrum
13. Floral
tubes slightly to strongly zygomorphic, bilateral; capsules indehiscent or
dehiscent dorsally by a longitudinal slit together with floral tube - 14
14. Stamens
attached near base of floral tube, anthers basifixed; capsules indehiscent,
placenta and seeds retained within ------------ Pleurophora
14. Stamens
attached at midlevel or higher in floral tube, anthers dorsifixed; capsules
dehiscent, placenta and seeds exserted ------------
Cuphea
1. SUBFAMILY
LYTHROIDEAE (5/87) ▸ outsider
Decodon (1; E U.S.A.).
1. Heimia Link. Slender-stemmed, glabrous shrubs with lanceolate-linear
leaves. 4 spp., H. apetala (Spreng.) S.A.Graham
& Gandhi from Brazil, H. montana (Griseb.) Lillo,
Bolivia to NW Argentina, H. myrtifolia Cham. & Schltdl.
from Brazil to NE Argentina, and H. salicifolia Link from SE
Texas to Mexico, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
2. Lythrum L. Herbs or
small shrubs with opposite, alternate or verticillate leaves. 40 spp., wet
places, nearly worldwide distribution especially in Europe, 13 spp. in New
World, only L.
maritimum
Kunth in South America, along coasts from Colombia to S Brazil, Venezuela to
Chile, Argentina, Asia, and North America.
3.
Rotala L. Glabrous, aquatic,
amphibious, or terrestrial herbs with decussate or verticillate leaves. 75 spp.
worldwide, primarily African and Asian, two in New World, R. mexicana
Schltdl. & Cham. from tropics and subtropics, inc. Brazil, and R.
ramosior (L.) Koehne from Canada to Argentina, Paraguay and Caribbean,
absent in Brazil.
2. SUBFAMILY
PUNICOIDEAE (14/355–360) ▸ outsiders
Woodfordia (2; NE Africa, S Arabian Peninsula;
Madagascar, tropical Asia to S China and Timor), Koehneria (1; S
Madagascar), Pemphis (1; tropical regions in the Old World), Punica (2;
Socotra; SW Asia), Capuronia (1; Madagascar), Galpinia
(1; S Africa north to Zimbabwe and Mozambique).
4. Adenaria Kunth. Srubs
or small trees. Only one species, A. floribunda Kunth, from Mexico to
Brazil, Argentina, widely distributed, in evergreen forests.
5. Cuphea P. Browne. Herbs or subshrubs, some microphyllous and ericoid, with
diverse indumentum, mainly tubular flowers, sometimes with xylopodium. 253 spp., restricted in New World,
South America (165) up to Argentina, America Central, Mexico, Caribbean, and
U.S.A., centered in Brazil (116, 79 endemic, mainly in center dry savanas) and
Mexico, mainly in open, mesophytic habitats, uplands; within Brazil, the states
of Minas Gerais, Goiás and Bahia contain the largest number of species, many of
which are narrowly restricted endemic (26 spp. are rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, in all regions of country).
Graham
& Kleiman (1987) believe that the primary centre of speciation for Cuphea
is found in the upland regions of eastern Brazil, with a major secondary centre
in Mexico. Recent research developments in Cuphea
shows that these plants are sources of medium-chain unsaturated fatty acids
such as caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid and myristic acid; these
substances are important new sources of raw materials for the chemical industry
in the manufacture of detergents, lubricants and other products, since, at
present, these substances are extracted almost exclusively from the oil of Cocos
nucifera L. and other members of the Palmae.
6. Diplusodon Pohl. Shrubs
or subshrubs with showy, sometimes with xylopodium,
6-merous, actinomorphic flowers and floral tubes on which the sepals are
alternate with conspicuous epicalyx segments; their capsular fruits have a
bipartite placenta with lunate septa, unique in the family, and the seeds are
winged. 104 spp. from Brazilian savannas, almost all endemic to center Brazil
(all states with cerrado vegetation except Paraná and Pará, the largest
number as micro-endemic of a single mountain, but centered in dry areas and
savannas in Espinhaço Range), except by two, both also reported for Brazil, in
adjacent E Bolivia, D. virgatus Pohl, unique
white flowered spp. of this genus, and D. bolivianus T.B. Cavalc.
& S.A. Graham, first record of this genus outside Brazil, described in
1996.
43 spp.
are rare in Brazil are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s
book, one the largest number of a single genus,
in Mato Grosso, Goiás, Bahia, Tocantins and Minas Gerais, and also in Distrito
Fedral.
In Diplusodon
there is a high degree of narrow endemism among the species restricted to
specialized microhabitats, in mountains at 1,000–1,600 m elev. with rough
topography, where they grow on sandy and rocky soils among rocky outcrops and
slopes; the species are isolated by geographical barriers and climate in rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres), the mountains of the east and midwest of
the country. Species isolation has been a significant factor in production of
morphological novelties within the group.
Phylogenetic
relationships inferred from nuclear ITS and ETS sequences strongly support the
monophyly of Diplusodon, with four major clades, three of which are
strongly correlated with endemism and are centered in the Espinhaço Range, Goiás
highs, and the Diamantina highs in Bahia state; the fourth clade was designated
the Cerrado clade (C), containing species from all three centers of diversity
as well as widely distributed species and several species of lower-elevation
cerrado.
7. Gyrosphragma
T.B.Cavalc.
& M.G.Facco. Srubs or small trees, spurless, weakly actinomorphic floral tubes,
two deep red petals, a stipitate ovary and irregularly circumscissile
dehiscence of a thickened capsule. Two spp. in rocky outcrops and grasslands, in
Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais states in SE Brazil.
8. Lafoensia Vand.
Glabrous shrubs or trees, the leaves with subapical, abaxial porate chamber,
flowers 16-merous. 6 spp. scattered in South America, one up to Mexico, some in
Andes, mainly montane forests and savannas of C Brazil (cerrado). 4 spp. in
Brazil, two endemic.
9. Lourtella
Graham,
Baas, & Tobe. Shrubs to 4m, pith enclosing a large central secretory duct.
Only one species, L. resinosa S.A. Graham, P.Baas & H. Tobe, N Peru
and disjunctly in S Bolivia, in dry open deciduous woods with cacti.
10. Pehria
Sprague.
Shrubs or small trees, stems often flushed wine-red. Only one species, P.
compacta (Rusby) Sprague, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela and Colombia, in
secondary vegetation, pastures, roadsides, margins of forests at low to
mid-elevations.
11. Physocalymma Pohl. Trees,
with strongly divaricate, subopposite, 4-angled branches, showy pink flowered.
Only one sp., P. scaberrimum Pohl, restricted of central South America
in Ecuador, Brazil, Peru and Bolivia, in dry forests and savannah.
12. Pleurophora D. Don.
Herbs to 1m, indumentum of unicellular eglandular and multicellular glandular
hairs. 8 spp. in two subgenera:
§ subg. Anisotes ▸ three spp., P. saccocarpa Koehne in Mato Grosso do
Sul, Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay, one endemic to dry dry, rocky habitats
and fields and in the seasonally dry forests of semiarid regions in NE Brazil,
and P. anomala (A.St.-Hil.) Koehne in N Venezuela, Bolivia, and E Brazil.
§ subg. Pleurophora ▸
5 spp. with reduced spiny parts in arid regions of Bolivia, Chile and
Argentina.
3. SUBFAMILY
LAGERSTROEMIOIDEAE (8/115–125) ▸ outsiders. Lagerstroemia (50–55; tropical Asia, N
and E Australia), Duabanga (3; tropical Asia), Sonneratia
(c 20; coasts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans), Trapa (1; warm-temperate
regions in Europe, Africa and Asia); Ginoria (14; Mexico, Caribbean), Tetrataxis
(1; Mauritius), Lawsonia (1; North Africa, tropical
regions in the Old World).
13. Ammannia L. Glabrous ubshrubs to small trees, annual herbs, aquatic or
marsh-inhabit. 108 spp., worldwide tropical to temperate distribution,
especially Africa to SE Asia, 9 spp. in New World, 5 in South America, all
widely distributed, 3 in Brazil, with A. maritima (Aubl.) S.
A. Graham, P. W. Inglis, & T. B. Cavalc. of Caribbean, Trinidad &
Tobago, and northern South American coasts from Venezuela continuously into N
Piauí state, and disjunct in Bahia and São Paulos states.
ONAGRACEAE
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Genera/species
22/625–635 Distribution: cosmopolitan except Antarctica, with their
largest diversity in SW North America. Habit usually bisexual (rarely
unisexual), usually perennial, biennial or annual herbs (rarely trees or
shrubs, e.g. in Fuchsia). Some species are aquatic. The
family is cosmopolitan. Most genera are restricted to western North America or
have their major distribution there. North America genus occurs
mainly in Baja California.
Although
these genera may occur in regions with climate similar to tropical Mexico,
their geographic distribution is above the Tropic of Cancer and they were not
considered here as Neotropical. The phylogenetic relationships and evolution of
Onagraceae have been intensively studied and the family is considerably
well-known in many aspects like: cytogenetics, palynology, physiology, ecology,
anatomy and morphology. However, there is a lack of recent taxonomic treatments
for many groups.
SYSTEMATIC two
subfamilies, both occur in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
JUSSIAEOIDEAE (1/c 85) ▸
only one genus in this subfamily.
1. Ludwigia L. A very morphological diverse genus, usually
perennial herbs of damp ground or shallow water; stems creeping or floating to
erect, up to treelets; leaves entire or minutely toothed; flowers 4- or
5-merous, axillary; stipules often prominent; hypanthium absent; flowers
tetramerous or pentamerous. 87 spp., cosmopolitan, with their largest diversity
in North and South America (75 in New World), from Mexico to South America (50,
mainly in wet areas). 48 in Brazil, 10 endemic; among the 22 sections of Ludwigia,
13 are monotypic, a indication of the sharp distinctions among the species; the
remaining nine sections comprise more than one species:
§ nine sections, with
joined 11 spp., are only Old World, mainly in Africa.
§ sections Oligospermum,
Macrocarpon and Seminuda (joined 18 spp.) are mixed Old and New
World, all of these from Brazil.
§ 8 sections exclusively
from New World occur in South America, all in Brazil, with three very
restricteds: sect. Cinerascentes (1, Suriname and N Brazil), sect. Amazonia
(1, northern South America) and Anastomosans (1, endemic to Brazil, composed only by L.
anastomosans (DC.) H. Hara, the largest species in genus
- a treelet up 10 m tall, very rare species known from few scattered
individuals restricted to black water streams of the ancient Brazilian Shield).
§ sects. Ludwigia, Isnardia
and Microcarpium (joined 23 spp.) from North America to Caribbean,
mainly in E U.S.A.
2. SUBFAMILY
ONAGROIDEAE (21/540–550) ▸ outsiders Hauya (2; America
Central); Circaea (7; temperate regions on the Northern
Hemisphere), Lopezia (22; Mexico, America Central), Megacorax (1;
Mexico); Gongylocarpus (2; Mexico, America Central); Chamaenerion (8;
temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere); Xylonagra (1; Baja
California); Taraxia (c 10; North America, Mexico), Chylismiella (1;
U.S.A.); Eulobus (4; California, Arizona, Baja California), Eremothera (7;
W North America, western Mexico), Neoholmgrenia (2; W North
America), Camissoniopsis (14; SW U.S.A., NW Mexico), Tetrapteron
(2; W U.S.A., NW Mexico).
2.
Camissonia Link. 13
spp., 12 in U.S.A. (one up to Mexico), and C. dentata (Cav.) Reiche
from Peru to Chile and Argentina.
3. Clarkia
Pusch. 42 spp., 41 North America south to Mexico, esp.
California, and C. tenella (Cav.) H.F. Lewis
& M.R. Lewis from Peru, Chile and
Argentina.
4. Fuchsia L. Mostly mesic shrubs, erect,
scandent or climbing. 107 spp., 5 in New Zealand and Tahiti, 102 spp. in New
World, 85 in South America, concentrated in the tropical Andes. 10 sections
grouped in five near disjunct ranges:
§ sect.
Eclliandra ▸ 6 spp.,
Mexico to America Central.
§ sect. Ellobium
▸ 3 spp., Mexico to America Central.
§ sect. Fuchsia
▸ 61 spp., tropical Andes, Hispaniola, only F.
boliviana Carrière up to Argentina.
§ sect. Hemsleyella
▸ 14 spp., tropical Andes.
§ sect.
Jimenezia ▸ only one sp., Panamá and Costa Rica.
§ sect. Kierschlegelia ▸ only
one sp.,endemic to Chile.
§ sect. Quelusia
▸ 9 spp., 8 from highlands of SE Brazil, and a
single F. magellanica Lamarck, from S Chile and Argentina; F. regia
(Vell.)
Munz, is widely distributed and covers the entire range of the section
in Brazil; the remaining species have much more restricted distributions,
several occurring on a single mountain range.
§ sect. Schufia▸two
spp., Mexico to America Central.
§ sect. Skinnera ▸ 4
spp., New Zealand and Tahiti.
5. Gayophytum
A.Juss.
9 spp., 7 in North America, one in both North America and Cono Sur, and one
restricted for temperate South America.
6. Epilobium L.
Herbaceous plants, either perennial or annual; leaves mainly opposite. 191
spp., temperate region, in tropics restricted of montate environments,
including Neotropics up to Argentina. 53 spp. in New World, 14 spp. in South
America, 11 from NW Venezuela to S Argentina and Chile, and E. hirtigerum A.
Cunn., restricted from S Brazil, NE Argentina and Uruguay.
7. Oenothera
L. Annual or perennial herbs; leaves forming a basal rosette; flowers in leaf
axils or in ± distinct inflorescences, radially symmetrical, 4-merous, opening
near sunset or near sunrise. 157 spp., from Mexico to Argentina (a few in America
Central), including S Brazil (8, one endemic). 48 in South America; the
smallest species is O. acaulis Cav. from
Chile (10 cm), and the largest is O. stubbei
W. Dietr., P.H. Raven & W.L. Wagner from Mexico (3m).
LINEAGE
3 of 5: VOCHYSIACEAE/MYRTACEAE
VOCHYSIACEAE
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Genera/species 9/249 Distribution mainly tropical South and America
Central; Erismadelphus and Korupodendron: tropical West Africa. Habit
bisexual, usually evergreen trees or shrubs (sometimes lianas, rarely herbs).
Vochysiaceae is very common in the Brazilian Shield. Some species
are tolerated in urban arborization, but rarely cultivated. Aluminum
accumulators.
SYSTEMATIC
four tribes, all in South America.
1. TRIBE
SALVERTIEAE (1/1) ▸
a single genus.
1. Salvertia A.St.-Hil.
Tree or shrub, leaves verticillate, with white flowers with
nectar spurs. Only one sp., S.
convallariodora A. Saint Hillary, endemic to of savannah
in Brazil, E Bolivia, with small populations also in Suriname.
2. TRIBE
VOCHYSIEAE (1/148) ▸
a single genus.
2. Vochysia Aubl. Large
trees or shrubs (sometimes few 0.3 m, with leaves at top of branches), few to
many branched, sometimes xylopodium, or
great trees with very beautiful yellow flowers with nectar spurs,
up to 60 m tall, the tallest of all Myrtales in Brazil. 148 spp. from
Mexico (2) to Brazil and Bolivia, 145 in South America, 89 in Brazil,
51 endemic; 11 spp., mainly in Amazonas and Minas Gerais states, are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book. V. vismiifolia Spruce
ex Warm. (northern South America, inc. Brazil) is the unique to myrmecophyte in family.
§
sect.
Vochysiella
§
subsect.
Decorticantes ▸ a very well-known taxon characterized by
an ovary with a well-developed indumentum, flower buds larger than 1.3 cm, and
glabrous, pilose, or glaucous leaves with irregular venation; the taxon
includes ten species distributed mainly in savannas of C Brazil (cerrado).
§
subsect.
Calophylloideae
§
sect.
Ciliantha
§
subsect.
Micranthae
§
subsect.
Lutescentes
§
subsect.
Ferrugineae
§
subsect.
Discolores
§
subsect.
Chrysophyllae
§
subsect.
Megalanthae
§
sect.
Pachyantha ▸ nine spp.
3. TRIBE
ERISMEAE (3/24) ▸ Erismadelphus (2,
Nigeria to Congo) and Korupodendron (1, Cameroon and Gabon).
3. Erisma Rudge. Emergent or canopy trees up to 40 m tall; hairs stellate;
leaves opposite, flowers with nectar spurs. 21
spp., in Panamá and South America (20), 18 in Brazil (7 endemic), Panamá, Peru
and Guianas one endemic each. Two spp. in Amazonas and one in Espirito Santo
state, all rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book. Two
sections.
§
sect.
Erisma ▸ near a half of
species of genus.
§
sect.
Rixa ▸ near a half of
species of genus.
4. TRIBE
QUALEEAE (4/76) ▸ four
genera, all in South America.
4. Callisthene Mart. Trees or shrubs; cataphylls often present at the base of
branchlets and inflorescences; flowers with, flowers with nectar spurs. 8 spp. in Brazil (5 endemic, two, in
Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book), two up to Bolivia, and C. major Mart. Up to
Bolivia and Paraguay. Two sections:.
§
sect.
Callisthene ▸ all genus except C. fasciculata
Mart.
§
sect.
Cataphyllantha ▸ only one sp., C. fasciculata
Mart., from Brazil and Bolivia.
5.
Mahechadendron Cortés,
Cortés & Alonso. Trees, with highly durable wood; inflorescences in
compound dichasia, compact, only developed laterally; flowers tiny, the tiniest
flowers known in the Vochysiaceae; the flowers also have the single petal
non-clawed; fruit capsular. Only one sp., M. puntecascarillo
Cortés, Cortés & Alonso, endemic to moist forests of the Middle Magdalena
River in Colombia.
6. Qualea Aubl. Trees
to shrubs, up to 30 m tall, with only have one petal but it is
very pretty, yellow, white or blue, with nectar
spurs. 53 spp., Nicaragua to South America, 52 in South America, 41 spp.
in Brazil, 17 endemic; 6 spp. are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book, 3 in Amazonas, 2 in Pará and one in Minas Gerais state. Two
subgenera.
§
subg.
Qualea
§
sect.
Qualea
§
sect.
Trichanthera
§
sect.
Polytrias
§
sect.
Costatifolium
§
subg.
Amphilochia
7. Ruizterania Marc.-Berti. 14 spp., widely in northern South America, 10 in Brazil,
only two endemic.
MYRTACEAE
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Genera/species 127/5,560–5,600
Distribution tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate regions especially
in the Southern Hemisphere, with their largest diversity in Australia, rare in
African tropics; only Myrtus in Europe. Habit usually bisexual
(rarely andromonoecious, polygamomonoecious, dioecious, or androdioecious),
usually evergreen (rarely deciduous) trees or shrubs, all species
are woody, with essential oils, and flower parts in multiples of four or five.
Often aromatic. Bark often exfoliating. Numerous species are xerophytes. Osbornia
consists of mangrove trees.
Genera with
capsular fruits are absent from the Americas, apart from the Metrosideros
species in Chile and Argentina. Eucalyptus is a dominant, nearly
ubiquitous genus in the more mesic parts of Australia and extends north
sporadically to Philippines. Eucalyptus regnans
F. Muell. is the tallest flowering plant in the world. The genera
Heteropyxis and Psiloxylon have been separated as separate
families by many authors in the past as Heteropyxidaceae and Psiloxylaceae. The
Myrtaceae represent one of the most striking ecological and taxic radiations of
the Gondwanan flora.
Mexico has
11 genera and 108 spp., only the America Central Chamguava not in
Brazil; Myrcia, Myrcianthes, Psidium, Pimenta and Ugni
are monotypic in this country; Chamguava, Mosiera and Myrciaria
are diotypic; Calyptranthes has 19 spp., and Eugenia, 78; only
131 spp. in Colombia. All genera listed are native, and all but
Eugenia are
endemic to the Neotropics.
Ornamental
plants, fruits (Psidium, Feijoa, Campomanesia, Eugenia,
etc.), spices (Eucalyptus, Pimenta, Syzygium), gums,
essential oils for perfumes, medicinal plants (Eucalyptus), timber,
paper pulp (Eucalyptus), drainage of swamps (Eucalyptus, Metrosideros).
Feijoa sellowiana (O. Berg)
O.
Berg, the Pineapple Guava or Feijoa, cultivated for its edible fruits.
Psidium guajava L. (guava), Eugenia uniflora L. (pitanga,
Suriname and Brazil) and Myrciaria
cauliflora (Mart.)
O.
Berg (jaboticaba, Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay) are widely
cultivated for fruit, jams and juices. Myrciaria dubia
(Kunth) McVaugh (camu-camu) is a common edible fruit in Amazon rainforest
region. Syzygium
jambos (L.) Alston
and various Eucalyptus
species are introduced, cultivated (for fruit
and timber/shade respectively) and are often naturalized.
Of
particular note are the tall, shrubby eucalypt species known as ‘mallees’ that
have multiple stems arising from an underground stem sometimes called a
‘lignotuber’, the two southern African species of Eugenia and a number
of Brazilian (some also Bolivian) species from various genera found in savannas of
C Brazil (cerrado, as Psidium, Campomanesia
and Eugenia) that are rhizomatous subshrubs; these all appear to be adaptations
to fire-prone habitats.
Metrosideros
commonly has tree species that produce large numbers of adventitious roots, and
certain of these have been recorded as beginning their lives as strangling
epiphytes; also, a number of species of Metrosideros sens. lat. from New
Zealand and Papua New Guinea are root-climbing lianes; there is only a single
mangrove in the family, the monotypic Osbornia, a shrub or small tree
that lacks pneumatophores.
SYSTEMATIC two
subfamilies, Psiloxyloideae (2/4, Central and SE Africa, Mascarene
Islands) absent in South America; among Myrtoideae, 13 small
lineages do not occur in South America, all of them in SE Asia, S China,
Malesia to New Guinea, Australia (high centered), Tasmania, New Caledonia
(joined 79 genera and c. 2,400 spp.) except Syzygieae (2/500),
which reaches to Africa and Hawaii; two tribes in New World.
1. MYRTOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE METROSIDEREAE
(1/55) - a single genus.
1. Metrosideros
Banks
et. Gaertn. Shrubs or small trees, capsular fruits (unique
among all New World Myrtaceae). 58 spp., mainly Pacific islands,
including Philippines and New Guinea, with an outlying species in South Africa
and one, M. stipularis (Hook. & Arn.) Hook. f., in southern Chile
and Argentina.
2. MYRTOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE MYRTEAE
(49/2.630–2.640) - all lineages
in South America except Decasperminae (12/193, Austro-Pacific and
Southeast Asia).
∎ GENERA
INCERTAE SEDIS
2. Amomyrtella
Kausel.
Tree; hairs simple; inflorescences monads. Two spp. from Ecuador to NW
Argentina.
3. Amomyrtus
(Burret)
Legrand & Kausel. Shrubs or trees; hairs simple. Two spp. from Chile, just
into W Argentina.
∎ SUBTRIBE
BLEPHAROCALYCINAE ▸ a
single genus
4. Blepharocalyx O. Berg. Trees or shrubs; hairs simple; inflorescence
uniflorous or with 3 to ca. 35 flowers in a dichasium or a panicle with
dichasial subunits; flowers 4-merous; fruit crowned by a square scar; seeds 1
to ca. 11, 4-6 mm long. Three spp. from Caribbean, Brazil (all species, one
endemic), Venezuela, Bolivia and Paraguay, Chile and Argentina; in Brazil B.
eggersii (Kiaersk.) Landrum occur only in Amazonas state, and B. salicifolius
(Kunth) O. Berg, is a extremely variable species of SE and S Brazil up to
Ecuador.
∎ SUBTRIBE
EUGENIINAE ▸ outsiders Calyptrogenia Burret (6; Caribbean) and Hottea (c
9; Cuba, Hispaniola).
5. Eugenia L. [2th BR] Trees
or
shrubs, sometimes with woody rhizomes; hairs
simple or dibrachiate; inflorescence traitorous, a bracteate shoot, or rarely a
dichasium, the bracteate shoots sometimes with a long or abbreviated axis and
from 2 to many flowers; flowers 4(-5)-merous; calyx open or closed and tearing
regularly or irregularly; fruit crowned by the calyx-lobes, remnants of the
calyx, or by a circular scar. 1,226 spp., SE Asia and
the Pacific (c. 14 and 35, respectively), Africa and neighboring spp. (c. 120),
971
in New World, only 4 in North America, mainly in South America with 588
species, and its highest diversity is found in Brazil where 460 spp. can be
found, of which 368 are endemic, only 4 spp. from several states are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
E. reperta Sobral & Mazine
(Minas Gerais state, Brazil) has the largest fruit of
this genus, up to 10 cm long
§ sect. Calycorectes
▸ c. 28 spp.,
Mexico to South America; it is more diverse in the Amazon, Southern Brazil,
Paraguay and Argentina and rare in Uruguay.
§ sect. Eugenia ▸ c. 30 spp.,
most of them restricted to Brazil, distributed throughout the country, mainly
concentrated in the Northeast, Midwest, Southeast and South. E. ligustrina
(Sw.) Willd. occurs from America Central to Southern Brazil.
§ sect. Hexachlamys
▸ c. 10 spp., S and SE Brazil,
Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay.
§ sect. Phyllocalyx
▸ c. 16 spp.,
NE Brazil to Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay, occurring frequently in Atlantic
Forest and sparsely in Cerrado biome.
§ sect. Pilothecium
▸ c. 21 spp.,
Guianas, Colombia and Ecuador to Argentina.
§ sect. Pseudeugenia
▸ c. 22 spp.
from Guianas and Suriname to Bolivia, Paraguay and Southern Brazil in Santa
Catarina state.
§ sect. Racemosae ▸ c. 59 spp.,
Mexico and the Antilles throughout South America to Uruguay and northern
Argentina.
§ sect. Speciosae ▸ c. 15 spp.,
widely distributed in the Atlantic Forest, from eastern Brazil to Paraguay and
N South America.
§ sect. Umbellatae ▸ c. 700 sp.
from S Mexico, Cuba and the Antilles to Uruguay and Argentina.
6. Myrcianthes O. Berg. Trees or shrubs; hairs simple; inflorescence
uniflorous or more often a dichasium of 3-7 flowers; flowers 4-5-merous; calyx
open; ovary usually 2-1ocular; ovules a few to numerous per locule; fruit
crowned by the calyxlobes; seeds 1-2. 39 spp., 37 in South America, mainly
Andean, extending from Mexico to Chile, 7 in Brazil, 3 endemic.
∎ SUBTRIBE
LUMINAE ▸ all genera in South America.
7. Luma
A.
Gray. Shrubs or small trees; hairs simple; inflorescence of monads, triads or
dichasia. Two spp., from Chile and Argentina.
8. Myrceugenia O. Berg. Trees or shrubs; inflorescence usually
uniflorous, less often a dichasium or a bracteate shoot; flowers 4-merous;
calyx open or, in 2 spp., closed and falling as a calyptra; fruit crowned by
the calyx-lobes or by a circular scar. 46 spp. growing from temperate and
subtropical Brazil and Cono Sur to S Chile. 34 spp. in Brazil (30 endemic, 4 of
then, in SE & S Brazil, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book).
9. Nothomyrcia
Kausel.
Trees. Only one sp., N. fernandeziana (Hook. & Arn.) Kausel,
endemic to endemic to Massatierra, Juan Fernandez Islands, Pacific Chile.
10. Temu
O.
Berg. Only one sp., T. cruckshankii (Hook. & Arn.) O. Berg, from Cono
Sur.
∎ SUBTRIBE
MYRCIINAE ▸ a single genus.
11. Myrcia DC. ex
Guillemin. [3th BR] Trees or shrubs; hairs simple or
dibrachiate; inflorescence a panicle; flowers 5-merous (rarely 4-merous in
Amazonas state); calyx open, or closed in the Marlierea complex;
bracteoles deciduous; ovary 2-3(-4)-locular; ovules 2 per locule; fruit crowned
by the calyx-lobes or remnants of the calyx; seeds 1-2; seed coat membranous to
crustaceous. 789 spp., Mexico and Caribbean south
to Argentina, 592 in South America, the third
largest genus in Brazil, with 455 spp., 359 endemic, only 7 spp.,
in several states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s
book. M. madida McVaugh,
endemic to Peru, is a myrmecophyte.
§
sect.
Aguava ▸ 32 spp., all
tropical biomes including very wet and dry habitats.
§
sect.
Aulomyrcia ▸ 140 spp., Amazon
forest, the Guiana Shield, Caribbean and the Atlantic coastal forests
(particularly Bahia and Espírito Santo), extending to associated drier habitats
§
sect.
Calyptranthes ▸ 277 spp., moist
forests (Amazon and Atlantic) and cerrado (including gallery forest) of Central
and South America and throughout the Caribbean; relatively few species
extending to associated drier habitats.
§
sect.
Eugeniopsis ▸ 22 spp., Atlantic
Forest with occasional occurrences in campos rupestres.
§
sect.
Gomidesia ▸ 57 spp., Atlantic
coastal and associated lowland, montane and gallery forests and cerrado,
extending to the Amazon and Caribbean.
§
sect.
Myrcia ▸ 120 spp., over
range of genus.
§
sect.
Reticulosae ▸ 23 spp, Atlantic
coastal forests, cerrado and campos rupestres.
§
sect.
Sympodiomyrcia ▸26 spp., Atlantic
Forest, cerrado (campo rupestre and riparian forest, not savanna), and a
disjunct distribution in the Guiana Shield.
§
sect.
Tomentosae ▸ 9 spp., over
range of genus.
∎ SUBTRIBE
MYRTINAE ▸ outsiders
Chamguava (3; S Mexico, America Central), Myrtus (2; M.
communis: the European Mediterranean; M. nivellei: North
Africa);
12. Accara Landrum.
Shrubs; essentially glabrous; hairs when present simple; inflorescence
uniflorous; flowers 4-merous; fruit crowned by the calyx-lobes; seeds ca. 40,
ca. 3 mm long; seed coat hard, shiny; embryo C-shaped, the hypocotyl and
cotyledons about equal in length. Only one sp., A. elegans (DC) Landrum,
a shrub very narrow endemic to dry areas in Caraça Mountains, center Minas
Gerais state, in rocky grasslands (campos rupestres), a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
13. Calycolpus O. Berg. Trees and shrubs; hairs simple or two-armed. 16 spp.,
Panamá to Peru and Trinidad, Guyana and N Brazil up to Minas Gerais state, 13
in South America, 7 in Brazil, 3 endemic; C. australis Landrum from
Minas Gerais state is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
∎ SUBTRIBE
PLINIINAE ▸ all genera
occur in South America.
14. Algrizea Proença & NicLaugh. Shrubs; leaves opposite; inflorescences
3–flowered dichasia, long–pedunculate, solitary or in synflorescences, at upper
nodes; flowers white, pentamerous, of small size for the family, with bracts
and bracteoles persistent in the open flowers, sometimes persistent in young
fruit. Two spp., both
endemic to highland areas of the Diamantina Range, Bahia state, Brazil,
sometimes amongst rocks or near streams, on sandy, clay, and laterite soil., in sandy soils of rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres).
15. Myrciaria O. Berg. Trees or shrubs; hairs
simple; bark reddish, deciduous; inflorescence a bracteate shoot often reduced
to a glomernle, often cauliflorous; flowers 4-merous; calyx open; fruit crowned
by a circular scar; seeds 1-2; seed coat membranous; embryo a solid mass or
with 2 separate, piano-convex cotyledons. 31 spp., Guatemala and Belize south
to Paraguay and N Argentina, 27 in South America, mainly in Brazil (24, 17 endemic).
16. Neomitranthes
Legrand.
Trees or shrubs; hairs simple; inflorescence a bracteate shoot often reduced to
a glomerule; calyx closed, falling as a calyptra, the staminal ring splitting
at anthesis; petals 0- 4; ovary usually 2-1ocular; ovules 2-6 per locule; fruit
crowned by a circular scar. 13 spp., Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul states of
Brazil, in Atlantic forests, from Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas)
to mountais.
17. Plinia L. Trees or shrubs, sometimes with woody
rhizomes; hairs simple; inflorescence a bracteate shoot often reduced to
a glomerule, the peduncles often subtended by conspicuous persistente bracts,
often cauliflorous; flowers 4-merous,
usually silky-pubescent; calyx closed or nearly so, tearing irregularly; fruit
crowned by remnants of the calyx. 81 spp., Caribbean, Costa Rica south through
tropical South America to Argentina. 46 spp. in South America, 37 in Brazil, 35
endemic; two spp. from E Brazil are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
18. Siphoneugena O. Berg. Trees or shrubs; hairs simple; inflorescence
usually a bracteate shoot; flowers 4-merous; calyx open or closed, tearing
irregularly or falling as a calyptra; fruit crowned by a circular scar; seeds
1-2. 12 spp., in Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas) from
Brazil (10, 8 endemic) north to Venezuela, Guianas, two up to Caribbean to
Puerto Rico and America Central, south into Argentina; S. guilfoyleiana
Proença is known until now only from the Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas) in the state
of São Paulo; S. delicata Sobral & Proença from Espirito Santo state
is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
∎ SUBTRIBE
PIMENTIINAE ▸outsider Mosiera Small (34; Caribbean, Mexico, America
Central and North America).
19. Acca
O.
Berg. Trees or shrubs; hairs simple; inflorescence uniflorous; flowers
4- merous; calyx open; petals reddish to pink, fleshy when mature; stamens ca.
60-90, stiff, red, more or less straight, erect in bud; fruit crowned by the
calyx- lobes. Two spp. in the Andes of Peru, the latter to Bolivia.
20. Campomanesia Ruíz &
Pavón. Trees or shrubs, sometimes with woody rhizomes; hairs simple; inflorescence
uniflorous, a dichasium of 3(-15) flowers, or a bracteate shoot; flowers
normally 5-merous; stigma usually capitate; fruit crowned by the calyx-lobes,
remnants of the calyx, or by a circular scar. 43 spp., tropical and subtropical
South America in Brazil (all, 32 endemic) north to Venezuela and Trinidad, west
to Colombia, Peru, and south to N Argentina. 5 spp. from E Brazil are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
21. Curitiba
Salywon & Landrum. Trees or shrubs;
hairs simple; inflorescence uniflorous or a bracteate shoot of usually no more
than 2 flowers; flowers 4-merous; calyx-open; ovary 2-1ocular; ovules ca. 10
per locule; fruit elongate, angular, crowned by the calyx- lobes. Only one sp.,
C. prismatica (D. Legrand) Salywon
&
Landrum, from montane forests of Atlantic Forest of NE Santa Catarina and SE
Paraná states in S Brazil (750–950 m elevation range).
22. Feijoa O. Berg. Only one sp.,
F. sellowiana (O.
Berg)
O. Berg, in S Brazil,
Uruguay and NE Argentina.
23. Legrandia
Kausel.
Small tree; branchlets 4-angled; leaf lamina often with domatia below. Only one sp.,
L. concinna (Phil.) Kausel, endemic to Chile.
24. Myrrhinium Schott.
Trees or shrubs; hairs simple; inflorescence a dichasium of 3- 7
flowers, solitary or aggregated in groups of 2 to ca. 8 on short bracteate
shoots, often cauliflorous; flowers
4-merous; calyx open; petals red, pink, or purplish, fleshy when mature; fruit
crowned by the calyx-lobes. Only one sp., M. atropurpureum Schott, with
two varieties ranging from the Andes from Colombia to SE and S Brazil and
Argentina.
25. Pimenta
Lindl. Trees and shrubs; hairs simple; inflorescence a
dichasium or a panicle of 3-15 flowers; flowers 4-merous; calyx open; ovary
2-1ocular; ovules 3- 6 per locule, on a subapical, stalk-like placenta; fruit
crowned by the calyx-lobes. 20 spp., 19 in Caribbean from Cuba to Trinidad,
Mexico (Veracruz, Oaxaca) to Panamá and Caribbean coast of Venezuela (only
one), and P. pseudocaryophyllus (Gomes) Landrum disjunct in S Bolivia
and C, S & SE Brazil.
26. Psidium L. Trees and shrubs; hairs simple; inflorescence uniflorous,
a dichasium of usually no more than 3 flowers, or rarely a hracteate shoot;
flowers normally 5-merous; fruit crowned by the calyxlobes, remnants of the
calyx, or by a circular scar. 78 spp., Mexico and the Caribbean to northern
Argentina, Galapagos and Revilagigedo, most of which grow in Brazil, 67 in
South America, 58 in Brazil, 36 endemic; three spp. are naturalized in
subtropical and tropical regions around the world. P. guajava L.,
‘goiaba’, is commonly cultivated; P. macedoi Kausel from Goiás state is
a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
∎ SUBTRIBE
UGNINAE ▸ outsiders Lenwebbia (2; Queensland,
E New South Wales), Lophomyrtus (2; New Zealand), Neomyrtus (1; New
Zealand incl. Stewart Island)
27. Myrteola O. Berg.
Subshrubs or shrubs; hairs simple. Three spp., two from Colombia to Bolivia,
and M. nummularia (Poir.) O. Berg in Colombia and Venezuela to S Chile
and Argentina, as well as the Juan Fernandez and Falkland Islands, and
populations in Mount Neblina in Amazonas state, Brazil.
28. Ugni Turcz.
Shrubs, often densely branched, with small, coriaceous leaves; hairs
simple; inflorescence uniflorous; flowers 5-merous, nodding; bracteoles
persistent; calyx open; petals white, sometimes with a reddish spot in the
center, together forming an ericoid, lampshade-like structure. 4 spp., U.
myricoides (Kunth) O. Berg from Mexico and Guatemala to Guyana and
Bolivia, growing
also in high-montane habitats of Mount Neblina in Amazonas state; remaining
three species in Cono Sur, Chile, Juan Fernandez Is.
LINEAGE
4 of 5: MELASTOMATACEAE
MELASTOMACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JULY 20, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species 167/4,955--5,035
Distribution mainly tropical and subtropical regions in the Southern and
Northern Hemispheres, with their largest diversity in tropical South America. Habit
usually bisexual (rarely androdioecious), evergreen trees or shrubs, perennial
herbs (sometimes aquatic) or lianas. Many species are epiphytic. Young stems
and branches often quadrangular in cross-section. Some
microphyllous species (particularly in Microlicia)
have leaves with a single mid-vein only, but
can easily be assigned to this family by their distinctive stamens (poricidal
anthers and prolonged, often appendaged connectives.
Nectar
production is rare in Melastomataceae and most species are visited by pollen-gathering
bees that use thoracic vibrations (buzz pollination) to expel the pollen
through the anther pores. The characteristic anther
appendages probably function as a hold for the bees legs.
Miconia calvescens DC. and Miconia
crenata (Vahl) Michelang. (ex. Clidemia
hirta D.Don) are aggressive weeds which have spread to the Pacific
islands.
Ant domatia
(myrmecophites) are known to occur in over 80 species of neotropical
Melastomataceae spanning 10 different genera.
Anisophylly,
or the presence of leaves of different size in each pair, in the
Melastomataceae is not restricted to Miconia longidentata Michelang.
& W. Meier., Miconia farinasii (Wurdack) Michelang. or Miconia
flexuosa (Triana) Michelang., as it is also found in several other genera;
in the Neotropics anisophylly has been reported in some species of Bertolonia,
Blakea, Miconia, Macrocentrum and Triolena; the
degree of anisophylly varies greatly among species, and in some cases the
smaller leaves may even be caducous or apparently altogether lacking,
conferring the plant an apparent alternate phyllotaxis. A recent study of
anisophylly in selected species of Miconia in Eastern Brazil showed that
this character varies greatly even within the same individual, and those
authors stated that it may not be of great taxonomic value; however, within the
species traditionally placed in Miconia at least 35 species show
consistently marked anisophylly that does have taxonomic significance.
82 genera in
New World. Stanmarkia do not occur in South America.
SYSTEMATIC three
subfamilies, Kibessioideae (1/c 15,
Indochina, Hainan, Malesia to N Queensland) absent in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
OLISBEOIDEAE (6/345–355) - outsiders Memecylon (105–110;
tropical regions in the Old World), Warneckea (35; tropical
Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius), Lijndenia (12; tropical
regions in the Old World), Spathandra (1–6; tropical
Africa, Madagascar).
1. Mouriri
Aubl. Trees up to 30m tall, possibly the
tallest of Melastomataceae in New World;
peninervous leaves. 89 spp. from Mexico, C. America, Caribbean,
tropical South America (74, 55 in Brazil, 24 endemic); the greatest
number of species is found in the Amazon rainforest; the wood of
some species is used for general construction; many species have fleshy, edible wild
fruit and appear
in local markets eg. M. pusa Gardner ex. Hook from Brazil.
2. Votomita Aubl. Peninervous
leaves. 10
spp., nine endemic in Cuba (1), Panama (1), Venezuela (1), Peru (1), Brazil
(4), one from Guyana to French Guiana, and one from Colombia to Venezuela.
2. SUBFAMILY
MELASTOMATOIDEAE (c 153/4,400–4,610) - all
18 lineages in South America except tribe Dissochateae (6/c. 190,
tropical Asia); three tribal unplaced genera: Dinophora
(1; tropical West and Central Africa), Stanmarkia (2; Mexico, W
Guatemala) and Ochthocharis (14; tropical Africa, tropical Asia).
3. Centradeniastrum
Cogn.
Laxly branched shrubs or suffrutescent herbs; leaves opposite, decussate,
long-petiolate, the blades of a pair slightly to markedly unequal in size,
3-7-nerved, the primary veins impressed adaxially and elevated abaxially;
inflorescence a simple or compound dichasium with each flower subtended by a
pair of sessile or short-petiolate bracteoles. Two spp.
in Andes, one from Colombia to Ecuador, one in Peru.
MELASTOMATOIDEAE
LINEAGE 1 of 6: CLADE ASTRONIEAE/HENRIETTEAE
2.1 MELASTOMATOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE ASTRONIEAE (4/156)
– outsiders Astrocalyx (2; Philippines), Astronia (c 60; tropical
Asia to islands in the Pacific), Astronidium (67; Borneo and Philippines
to New Guinea, Fiji, Micronesia to Society Islands), Beccarianthus (c.
22; Borneo to New Guinea).
4. Tessmannianthus
Markgr.
Trees, up to 30m tall, possibly the tallest of
Melastomataceae in New World. 7 spp., three from Panamá, two in Colombia
and two in Ecuador/Peru.
2.2 MELASTOMATOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE HENRIETTEEAE
(3/77) – all genera in South America.
5. Bellucia Raf. 22 spp. from South America (only 4 reaching in America
Central and Mexico), 18 in Brazil, 3 endemic. Some species has wild edible fruit, and
known as ‘tapirs guava’ (goiaba de anta).
6. Henriettea DC. Shrubs
to trees, often cauliflorous. 68 spp. from Belize to Bolivia and Brazil, 45 in South
America, 22 in Brazil, 4 endemic.
7. Kirkbridea
Wurdack.
Infloresences pendunculate. Two spp. endemic to Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in
Colombia, in elevation range from 1,600 m – 1,800 m, both known only by type
collection.
MELASTOMATOIDEAE
LINEAGE 2 of 6: LITHOBIUM
2.3 MELASTOMATOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE LITHOBIEAE
(1/1) – a single genus.
8. Lithobium
Bong.
Herbs with rosulate leaves, rosettes less than 3cm in diameter, possibly the smallest of all Melastomataceae in New World; trimerous flowers; the most
basal herb among Melastomataceae. Only one sp.,
L. cordatum Bong., Brazil, endemic to Minas Gerais state, in SE
Brazil.
MELASTOMATOIDEAE
LINEAGE 3 of 6: CLADE BLAKEEAE/MERIANIA/ERIOCNEMA/MICONIA
2.4
MELASTOMATOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE BLAKEEAE (3/c 105) – both genera in
South America.
9. Blakea P.Browne. Trees, shrubs or woody vines, mainly epiphytic; anthers
compressed laterally with 2 well-separated apical pores. 191 spp., tropical
America, 129 in South America, highly centered in Colombia (72). 4 spp. in
Brazil (none endemic). 12 spp., from Costa Rica to Ecuador, are myrmecophites, nine in South America.
10. Chalybea
Naudin.
11 spp., all endemic in Colombia (7, mainly Boyaca and
Santander), Ecuador (3) and Peru (1).
2.5 MELASTOMATOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE MERIANIEAE (c 16/230–240)
- all genera in South America.
11. Adelobotrys DC. Climbings sometimes with adventicious roots, campanulate
hypanthium, obtusely 5-lobed calyx, and five-locular capsule that dehisces to
reveal a free central column. 31 spp., one in America Central, A. adscendens
(Sw.) Triana widely distributed in tropical America, 29 only South America. 17
spp. in Brazil, 16 in Amazon rainforest (one endemic) and A. atlantica
Schulman, the first and only known record of the
genus in Atlantic Forest, known only city of Ilhéus collected in 1943,
possibly extinct.
12. Axinaea
Ruiz
& Pav. Trees and shrubs. 40 spp. from Venezuela to Bolivia, one up to Costa
Rica and Panamá, largely restricted to the Andes and centered in small area of
N Peru and S Ecuador (25), growing mostly in very humid cloud-forest at
altitudes between 1,200 and 3,800 m.
13. Centronia D.Don. 4 spp.
from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
14. Graffenrieda DC. Trees, shrubs, or rarely lianas. 66 spp., only Caribbean, 59
in South America (54 restricted), slightly centered in Guiana Shield. 15 spp.
in Brazil, 4 endemic.
15. Macrocentrum Hook.f. Herbs to small shrubs, sometimes droseroid,
also sometimes viviparous in species from
Venezuela and Guianas. 26 spp., one sp. is known only from N Venezuela,
another from Andean Peru, 23 from Guiana Shield (20 endemic) from
Colombia to French Guiana, two of then up to N Brazil mainly Roraima state, and
one endemic to Pará state, N Brazil.
16. Maguireanthus
Wurdack.
Only one sp., M. ayangannae Wurdack, endemic to
the Guiana Shield of Guyana, at 1,000-1,500 elevation range.
17. Meriania Sw. Trees or shrubs; inflorescences usually terminal panicles;
connective with a dorso-basal spur and sometimes with an ascending dorsal appendage also; seeds
narrowly oblong-pyramidal;
oblong or
reniform with a foveolate testa. 118 spp. from America Central to SE Brazil,
Caribbean, 105 in South America. 17 spp. in Brazil, 14
endemic (remaining three up to N South America; centre of diversity in Brazil
is mountains of Rio de Janeiro state). One spp. from Mount Aracá in northern
Amazonas state is a rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s
book. Five sections: Eumerianie, Umbellata, Pachymeriae, Davya
and Adelbertia, the two lasts in Brazil:
§
sect. Adelbertia ▸
with by panicles few-flowered, calyx 5-lobed, external lobes distinct and
toothed, internal lobes diminutive and appressed, and anthers with a dorsal,
elongated, ascending appendage.
§
sect. Davya ▸
multifloral panicles, calyx with lobes inconspicuous and denticulate, or lobes
absent, and anthers with a dorsal, elongated ascending appendage.
18. Salpinga
Mart. ex DC. 12 spp. restricted in over Amazon
rainforest, 5 in Brazil (two endemic).
2.6 MELASTOMATOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE ERIOCNEMEAE (3/7)
- all genera in South America.
19. Eriocnema
Naudin.
Subcaulescent rhizomatous habit, rosulate herbs; capsular fruits, and anthers
lacking appendages. Two spp., both rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book, restricted of rocky places in Minas Gerais state.
20. Ochthephilus
Wurdack.
Only one sp., O. repentinus Wurdack,
endemic to Pantepui Life Zone, in Mount Ayanganna; Guyana, at 1,400-1,600 m
elevation range.
21. Physeterostemon
R.Goldenb.
& Amorim. 5 spp. endemic to Atlantic Forest of
Bahia state in Brazil, two of them are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras
do Brasil’s book; only E Brazilian genus with the combination of inferior
ovaries and dry, indehiscent fruits.
2.7 MELASTOMATOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE MICONIEAE (1/1918)
– a single genus.
22. Miconia Ruiz & Pav. [1th
BR]
(exc. Rupestrea, inc. Ossaea) Shrubs or trees,
sometimes myrmercophytes, usually
preferring very moist, hilly, and forested terrain, some are vines,
hemiepiphytes, or epiphytic shrubs, sometimes with roots
crown, and a few, such as M. poeppigii Triana (America Central
to Bolivia and Brazil, possibly the tallest of
Melastomataceae in New World) are large trees, up to 30 m; flowers in terminal panicles,
4-5-6, 8-merous (mainly 5-merous); inflorescense dichasia, scorpioid,
glomerulate or spiciforme; sometimes with bluish
fruits.
1,912 spp. (7th
largest worldwide) ranging from N Mexico to Argentina, Caribbean and North America (only M. bicolor (Mill)
Triana). 1,447 in South America, the
largest genus in Brazil (591, 303 endemic), Colombia (541) and
Venezuela (348), and the largest genus endemic to New
World, and within family. Eight
species from SE Brazil (six only in Rio de Janeiro state, five epiphytes from
ex-Pleiochiton) are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
Some species
occur in areas with seasonal rainfall, and many grow in the perpetually wet
lowland rain forests. A smaller number of species occur in deciduous forests
and savannas, but Miconia is virtually absent in the dry South American
Chaco and dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga). Most species
prefer acidic soils, but in the Antilles and northern Mesoamerica, a number of
species grow on limestone or limestone-derived soils; the majority of the
species are pollinated by bees that extract the pollen by vibrating the
poricidal anthers from nectarless flowers, but there are records of pollination
by bats, birds, flies, and wasps on nectar-producing flowers, whose anthers
open by slits or large pores that do not need vibration to release the pollen.
Agamospermy occur in some species and apparently is related to polyploidy and
hybridization, although it is not clear how widely these mechanisms are
distributed within the group.
Diocey occur
in 37 spp. of Melastomataceae all in Miconia, mainly
from northern Andes: 25 from Ecuador to Bolivia, 3 of them up to Colombia, 3 endemic
to Venezuela, 5 from Mexico and America Central and 3 in Caribbean, one up
South America, another up America Central - none in Brazil.
69 spp. of
this genus are myrmecophtes, 25 in Brazil, 4 endemic.
MELASTOMATOIDEAE
LINEAGE 4 of 6: CLADE BERTOLONIEAE/SONERILEAE
2.8 MELASTOMATOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE BERTOLONIEAE (1/18)
– a single genus.
23. Bertolonia
Raddi.
Herbs, erect to prostrate, sometimes epiphytic; inflorscense scorpioid,
terminal, flowers pentamerous, corolla white, sometimes pinkish or lilac in
border; some species are viviparous. 34
spp., endemic to Brazil from Pernambuco, Bahia (15, center of diversity) to
Santa Catarina states, mainly in shady forests.
2.9 MELASTOMATOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE SONERILEAE
(38/700–790) - outsiders Amphiblemma
(8–13; tropical Africa), Anerincleistus (30; India and S China to
Philippines), Aschistanthera (1; Vietnam), Barthea (1; China inc.
Taiwan), Blastus (9–12; Assam to West Malesia), Bredia (12–30; E
and SE Asia), Calvoa (10–20; tropical Africa), Catanthera (11–17;
Sumatra, Borneo, New Guinea), Cincinnobotrys (4–7; tropical Africa), Cyphotheca
(1; Yunnan), Dicellandra (3; tropical Africa), Driessenia (14–18;
West and Central Malesia), Fordiophyton (9–14; S China, SE Asia), Gravesia
(c 110; tropical Africa, Madagascar), Kendrickia (1; S India, Sri
Lanka), Kerriothyrsus (1; Laos), Medinilla (c 200; tropical
Africa, Madagascar, tropical Asia to S China (inc. Taiwan) and New Guinea, NE
Queensland, Fiji, Samoa), Neodriessenia (9; Borneo), Oxyspora (c
25; tropical Asia, S China), Pachycentria (10–15; Burma, Malesia), Phyllagathis
(30–55; S China, SE Asia, W Malesia), Plethiandra (9; W Malesia), Poikilogyne
(21; Borneo, New Guinea), Poilannammia (4; Vietnam), Preussiella
(2; tropical West and Central Africa), Sarcopyramis (2; tropical Asia), Scorpiothyrsus
(3–6; Hainan, SE Asia), Sonerila (c 175; tropical Asia), Sporoxeia
(4–6; Burma, SE Asia), Stussenia (1; Vietnam).
24. Boyania
Wurdack.
Three spp., two endemic to the Guiana Shield of Guyana, 800-1,000 m
elevation range, and one endemic to Colombia.
25. Neblinanthera Wurdack.
Only one sp., N. cumbrensis Wurdack, endemic to
the Guiana Shield of Venezuela and Amazonas state in Brazil, 1,300 – 1,800 m, of
Mount Neblina.
26. Opisthocentra
Hook.f.
Only one sp., O. clidemioides Benth.
& Hook. f. in Amazonas state in N Brazil and adjacent areas in
Venezuela and Colombia.
27. Phainantha
Gleason.
5 spp., tropical South America, 4 from Guiana Shield in Guyana and Venezuela,
and one in S Ecuador.
28. Tateanthus Gleason.
Only one sp., T. duidae Gleason, endemic to
the Guiana Shield of Venezuela and Amazonas state in N Brazil, at 800 – 1,200 m elevation range.
29. Tryssophyton
Wurdack.
Two spp., endemic
to the Guiana Shield of Guyana, at 1,100 – 1,200 m, elevation range.
MELASTOMATOIDEAE
LINEAGE 5 of 6: CLADE TRIOLENA/CYPHOSTILEAE/CAMBESSEDESIA
2.10
MELASTOMATOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
TRIOLENAE (2/44) - both genera in South
America.
30. Monolena Triana. 16
spp., tropical America, centered in Panamá, 9 in South America, only M.
primuliflora Hook. f. in Brazil, on Acre and Amazonas states.
31. Triolena Naudin. Herbs to shrubs, sometimes viviparous
in one sp. of northern South America. 27 spp., tropical America, 21 in South
America, mainly Amazon rainforest, only one in Brazil, T. amazonica
(Pilg.)Wurdack, only in Acre state among Brazilian territory.
2.11 MELASTOMATOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CYPHOSTYLEAE (4/20)
– all genera in South America.
32. Allomaieta
Gleason.
Strongly anysophyllous leaves and domatia inmmersed in the base of the leaf
blade, one of Colombia is myrmecophite. 10
spp. endemic to mountains of Colombia.
33. Alloneuron
Pilg.
6 spp., disjunct in Colombia (2) and Peru (4).
Within
the Cyphostyleae, and among all Neotropical Melastomataceae, Alloneuron
is unique in having leaves
that have semicraspedodromous venation, and not the characteristic
acrodromous venation found is most other species in the family. A.
trinervium, is the only one in Alloneuron with three basal veins, a
venation pattern that is intermediate between semi-craspedodromous (found in
all other members of the genus) and acrodromous (predominant in the rest of the
family).
34. Quipuanthus
Michelangeli
& C. Ulloa. Herbs with short stems growing on rocks, rosette-like; stems
short, up to 10 cm with condensed internodes up to 5 mm, fleshy, pink inside
(cut), completely concealed by a mix of densely packed coarse stramineous
simple trichomes, 9–12 + ca. 0.5 mm and sparse, minute (< 0.1 mm) sessile
glands; leaves with petioles 5–26 cm long, pinkish, the entire length covered
by simple trichomes. Only one sp., Q. epipetricus Michelang. & C.
Ulloa, known from two populations on the foothills of the E Andes mountains:
one in the Cordillera de Galeras, Napo province (border with Orellana),
Ecuador, and another in the Imaza district, province of Bagua, department of
Amazonas, Peru.
35. Wurdastom B.Walln. Erect shrubs or
trees, glabrous or with indumentum of barbellate, dendritic or amorphous
trichomes; leaves op-posite, isophyllous and petiolate; venation acrodromous
and regulary plinerved; inflorescences terminal or rarely axillary, thyrsoid, with
helicoid branches, multiflorous. 8 spp., Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
2.12 MELASTOMATOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CAMBESSEDESIEAE (4/67)
- almost endemic to Brazil.
36. Bisglaziovia
Cogn.
Shrubs, leaves papyraceous, flowers in a dichasia, axillary, corolla
pentamerous. Only
one sp., B. behurioides Cogn.,
very narrow endemic in two municipalities (Teresópolis and
Macaeh de Cima) of center Rio de Janeiro state.
37. Cambessedesia
DC.
Subshrubs to shrubs, sometimes with xylopodium;
inflorescence a simple dichasia, spiciform or thyrsoid, petals bicolor, red and
yellow, rarely monocolor, fully red or fully yellow. 25 spp., from S Piauí to
Paraná state, in E Brazil, mainly very narrow endemic to Espinhaço Range (MG),
Diamantina Range (BA) and Veadeiros flatmountains (GO), mainly in rocky
grasslands; only two are widely
distributed, mostly endemic to savannas of C Brazil (cerrado) and
especially diverse in rocky grasslands (campos rupestres) of C and NE
Brazil; three occur in high altitud grasslands (campos de altitude) of
the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome; 10 are rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, all from Bahia, Minas Gerais and Goiás states.
38. Huberia DC. Shrubs
to trees (rarely climbers); inflorescences terminal short panicles or
depauperate cymes, or subapical solitary flowers; flowers pedicellate, tetra-
to hexamerous; fruits capsular, regularly dehiscent or irregular (‘core’ Huberia),
seeds pyramidate or winged and striate; H. bradeana Bochorny &
R.Goldenb. is highly divergent duo be a climber with pentamerous flowers. 37
spp., 33 endemic to E Brazil, most of them are from high
elevation grasslands more 1,000 m in the Atlantic Forest in E Brazil, with
a few species occurring also at sea level, and 4 spp. from the Andes of Peru (1,200–3,350
m elevation, one up to Ecuador).
39. Merianthera
Kuhlm.
Shrubs; variable indumentum up to fully glabrous; leaves opposite, peciolate,
caducous, acrodromous; flowers solitary, or in terminal panicles; 5-merous,
corolla pink to purple; fruit capsular, many seeded; M. burlemarxii Wurdack is a myrmecophite. 8
spp. endemic to Brazil, largely endemic to granitic/gneissic inselbergs on
rocky outcrops in E Brazil.
MELASTOMATOIDEAE
LINEAGE 6 of 6: CLADE RUPSTREA/MICROLICIA/RHEXIA/MELASTOMEAE
2.13 MELASTOMATOIDEAE
▸ RUPESTREA CLADE (1/2)
- A single genus; sister of Microlicieae + (Rhexieae + Melastomeae).
40. Rupestrea
R.Goldenb.,
Almeda & Michelangeli (off Miconia). Shrubs, dry and indehiscent fruits
that may be hydrochorous, and by the orthocampylotropous, monoembryonic seeds,
each incompletely divided into two cavities by a septum. Two spp. restricted to
rocky fields at the northern portion of the Diamantina Range in Bahia
state, Brazil.
2.14 MELASTOMATOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE MICROLICIEAE (2/265)
- both genera in Brazil, species almost exclusively found in E and C
Brazil in rocky grasslands (campos rupestres); a few Rhynchanthera
spp. are found farther to the north and SW and in wetter environments, and
five Microlicia spp. are found in the Guiana Shield.
41. Microlicia D.Don. Shrubs or subshrubs, branched,
often ericoid, erect or, more rarely, decumbent; ovary superior; fruit
capsular, dehiscing longitudinally from apex to base; flowers solitary or in
groups, mainly pink, often white or yellow (only in six species). 288 spp., 278 endemic to Brazil, M. benthamiana Triana ex Cogn. in Roraima
state, Brazil, Venezuela and Guyana, M. windschii Versiane, D.Nunes & R. Romero in
Bolivia and Brazil, seven outside country, endemic in Bolivia (3), Peru (2),
Venezuela (1) and Colombia (1).
Pterolepis haplostemona Almeda & A.B. Martins and M. macedoi L.B. Sm.
& Wurdack appear to be the only known
Melastomataceae that are endemic to serpentine substrates in Brazil. 75 spp. are rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, the largest number
for a single genus, mainly in Bahia, Minas Gerais or Goiás state.
42. Rhynchanthera DC. Shrubs
or subshrubs, stems with glandular trichomes; leaves lanceolate to linear;
inflorescense terminal and thyrsoid; flowers 5-merous, mainly pink, often
white. 19 spp., Mexico to Bolivia, Paraguay and E Brazil, 18 in South America,
17 restricted within, 11 in Brazil, three endemic.
2.15 MELASTOMATOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE RHEXIEAE (3/23–26)
- outsider Rhexia (13; E North America, S and SE U.S.A., the Caribbean),
the only genera of this family in New World which occur in
temperate North America, with most species being
distributed from Texas to Nova Scotia; one widely distributed species is also
found in Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico.
43. Arthrostemma Pav. ex
D.Don. 5 spp., 3 from Mexico and America Central, one
of then also in Venezuela, one in Cuba, and A.
ciliatum Pav. ex D. Don in Mexico, Caribbean, America Central,
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and N Brazil (Acre and Amazonas
states), with a high dubious record in Rio de Janeiro state.
44. Pachyloma DC. 4 spp., endemic to
the Guiana Shield of Amazon rainforest of Colombia to Guyana and N Brazil (2, no
endemic), 50 – 1,200 m elevation range.
2.16 MELASTOMATOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE MELASTOMATEAE
(c 46/840–950) - outsiders Heterotis
(7; tropical Africa), Guyonia (14; tropical W and C
Africa), Argyrella (6; tropical West, Central and SE
Africa), Melastomastrum (4; tropical Africa), Tristemma (11–16;
tropical Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene Islands), Dichaetanthera (30–35;
tropical Africa, Madagascar), Dissotis (c 110; tropical Africa,
Madagascar; polyphyletic), Amphorocalyx (5; Madagascar), Anaheterotis (1; Guinea,
Sierra Leone), Dissotidendron (11; tropical W and C Africa), Dupineta (1–5; tropical
West and Central Africa), Antherotoma (4; tropical
Africa, Madagascar), Pseudosbeckia (1; tropical East Africa), Dionycha
(3; Madagascar), Osbeckia (c 50; SE Asia, Malesia to New
Guinea, N Australia), Melastoma (20–25; SE Asia, Malesia, N and E
Australia), Nerophila (1; tropical West Africa), Cailliella
(1; tropical West Africa), Dionychastrum (1; Uluguru Mountains
in Tanzania).
∎ TIBOUCHINA
AND ALLIES
45. Andesanthus P.J.F.Guim.
& Michelang.
Trees or small trees 5–20 m at maturity or shrubs 1–3 m tall, with trichomes
flattened scales of varying sizes and shapes, scabrous, trichomes bulla-based
or with pustulate base. 9 spp., two in mountains of S America Central in Costa
Rica and Panamá and seven from W Venezuela in Mérida to S & C Peru in Pasco
region, mainly in Colombia, in cool montane forests, growing along road cuts or
forest margins.
46. Brachyotum
Triana. Shrubs or
small trees; flowers pendulous; petals free but connivent and imbricate in a campanulate tube, often
dark purple; stamens isomorphic. 55 spp. at high elevations (1,500
– 4,700 m) in the Andes from Colombia to Bolivia, one up to Argentina, either
in paramo or puna vegetation, or in the surrounding cloud forests; largest Neotropical genus in Melastomataceae absent in
Brazil.
47. Bucquetia
DC. Three spp. restricted to the N Andes, and
found in areas of páramo and subpáramo of Venezuela (Táchira), N Colombia and S
Ecuador at 2,300–4,300 m.
48. Centradenia
G. Don. Erect shrubs, subshrubs, or
suffrutescent, (0.06–)0.2–2 (–3) m tall, perennial; puberulous, hispid or
strigose on stems and leaves with smooth, unbranched, multicellular trichomes;
glandular trichomes with multicellular stalks terminated by a globose cell. 4
spp., from Hidalgo, Mexico, through America Central to Panamá, with C.
paradoxa (Kraenzl.) Almeda known from outlying stations in the Choco
lowlands on the Pacific coast of Colombia.
Their range parallels that of the monotypic
genus Schwackaea, and to a lesser extent that of Heterocentron,
which is centered in Mexico and northern America Central; these distribution
patterns are noteworthy because almost all other
neotropical genera in the family with species in Mexico and America Central
have centers of diversity in South America.
49. Chaetogastra
DC. Shrubs, subshrubs, herbs or treelets
covered with spreadingpubescent trichomes or villose to setulose, sometimes
with xylopodium. 119 spp.,
from Mexico, America Central and the Caribbean through the Andes of
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina to E Brazil (27, 17
endemic), mostly in cloud forests; some herbaceous species of wide
distribution, such as C. gracilis (Bonpl.) DC., occupy open areas above 100 m
from Colombia and Venezuela to Bolivia, N Argentina, and C Brazil.
89 spp. in South America.
50. Chaetolepis
(DC.)
Miq. Highly
branched shrubs or suffrutescent herbs, with leaves strigose or hispid and
rigid with an ericoid appearance, small flowers with 4 petals yellow or purple
and yellow stamen connective not or slightly prolonged at the base, less then 1
mm long, without appendages. 10 spp., 9 in paramos of Colombia and
Venezuela, C. anisandra Naudin with population also in the Guiana Shield,
and one endemic to the highest elevations in Costa Rica.
51. Heterocentron
Hook.
& Arn. 14 spp. from Mexico to Panama, one up to Colombia.
52. Monochaetum (DC.)
Naudin. Suffrutescent herbs or shrubs, 0.5–2 m tall, villous or
pubescent appressed or laxly; trichomes simple, dendritic or glandular. 53 spp., 19 in Mexico from Sinaloa to America
Central and 34 distributed in South America from Andes to Peru and the Venezuelan Coastal
Cordillera, and are also present in the Guiana Shield, usually at high
elevations from 900 up to 3,200 m; most South American species are found in
the paramos and cloud forests of Venezuela and Colombia, with a few species
extending as far south as central Peru, and M. bonplandii (Kunth) Naudin
widely distributed species in the Guiana Shield – and the single species in
Brazil, only in Mount Neblina.
They
occur in cloud forests, pine or pine-oak forests, moist thickets, volcanic
crater margins, pastures, disturbed sites, trail margins, shaded roadbanks,
boggy areas and rocky meadows; most America Centraln species
are found in cloud forests in Costa Rica and Panamá, and a second, smaller
group in the mountains of southern Mexico.
53. Pilocosta Almeida
& Whiffin. Subshrubs, erect or decumbent, 50 cm tall or prostrate matting
or trailing herbs 30–50 cm long, pubescent to strigose in all structures with
trichomes simple, smooth or finely roughened. 5 spp., from Costa
Rica south Panamá, P. nana (Standl.)
Almeda & Whiffin up to Colombia and Ecuador, along rivers or streams, and
along seepage areas or well-drained, more open areas along roadsides, exposed
gravelly banks, and disturbed, often eroded slopes.
54. Pleroma D. Don. Shrubs,
subshrubs erect, rarely prostrate or trees covered with trichomes; leaves
opposite or rarely verticillate, blades of a pair essentially equal in size,
margin entire, papery to coriaceous, variously pubescent, glutinous or nearly
glabrous; inflorescence terminal. 178 spp., one in Puerto Rico, 177 in South
America, one only in Ecuador and Peru, another endemic to Bolivia, and
remaining 175 in E Brazil in Atlantic Forest and savannas of center Brazil (cerrado), and rarely in dry seasonal
scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga), 170 endemic and 5 also outside Brazil, up to Venezuela,
Colombia, Peru, Guianas, Bolívia and America Central; forests and forest
margins, river banks, high altitud grasslands (campos de altitude), rocky outcrops, and
Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas), from sea level to 2,650 m. P.
cleistoflora (Ule) P.J.F. Guim. is cleistogamous prostrate herb. 4 spp.
(all ex-Svitramia) from Minas Gerais
state are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
55. Schwackaea
Cogn. Erect annual herb,
15–40(–50) cm tall; trichotomously branched, the branchlets quadrangular,
setulose on the nodes and sometimes along the angles, trichomes short and
simple except for reproductive structures where they are setose and in the
hypanthium where they are rarely small glandular, otherwise glabrous. Only one sp., S. cupheoides (Benth.) Cogn., from Mexico
throughout America Central, chiefly on the Pacific slope, to N Colombia and on
Cocos Island and grows in natural or man-made savannas from sea level to 2,000
m altitude.
56. Tibouchina Aubl. Shrubs,
subshrubs or treelets, strigose in all structures with trichomes that are
compressed into flattened scales of varying sizes and shapes. 38 spp. from Belize,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panamá to Amazon rainforest in Bolivia and Brazil,
including Venezuela and all the Guianas, all in South America, 24 in Brazil (16
endemic), mainly in N and W regions, with a southern boundary in savannas of C
Brazil (cerrado) at Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso do Sul states; it
inhabits lowland savannas (up to 1,200 m), open areas, forest edges, stream
margins and rocky slopes and outcrops.
∎ CORE
NEW WORLD MELASTOMATOIDEAE
57. Castratella
Naudin. Two spp. restricted to paramos in W Venezuela
and E Colombia.
58. Desmoscelis
Naudin.
Two spp., one endemic to Bolivia and D. villosa (Aubl.) Naudin over
Paraguay, Brazil up to N South America, Venezuela and Guianas.
59. Loricalepis
Brade. Small shrubs with tetramerous flowers and white petals. Two spp., L.
duckei Brade only from white sand vegetation along the upper Rio Negro
basin, in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, and in the nearby Río Guainía basin,
in the department of Guainía, Colombia; and another endemic to Atlantic Forest
domain in Bahia state, where it is known from a single locality in the Itacaré
municipality.
60. Mallophyton
Wurdack.
Only one sp., M. chimantense Wurdack,
endemic to Pantepui Life Zone, in Chimantá-tepui Venezuela, at 2,000 – 2,500 m
elevation range.
61. Poteranthera Bong. 6 spp., two only in Bolivia, three only in Brazil, and
P. pusilla Bong. over northern South America from Colombia,
Venezuela, Bolivia and Brazil.
62. Pterogastra Naudin. Two spp., P. divaricata (Bonpl.) Naudin in
Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru and Amazonas state in N Brazil, at
altitudes between sealevel and 2,600 m in natural or disturbed grasslands, and P.
minor Naudin confined to natural savannas at low altitudes in Venezuela and
Colombia.
63. Pterolepis (DC.) Miq.
Herbs and small shrubs (sometimes with xylopodium) with pink,
purple, or white (3-)4-5-merous flowers, stamens with basal-ventrally prolonged
connectives, and cochleate seeds. 17 spp., one restricted of America Central
and S Mexico, and 16 remaining in Brazil, 12 endemic and four remaining
reaching into the over tropical South America, some up to Mexico and Caribbean;
two species, from Amazonas and Bahia state, are rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
Pterolepis haplostemona Almeda & A.B. Martins and Microlicia macedoi L.B.
Sm. & Wurdack appear to be the only known
Melastomataceae that are endemic to serpentine substrates in Brazil.
2.17 MELASTOMATOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE MARCETIEAE
(19/139) - all genera occur in South America.
64. Acanthella Hook.f. Erect, perennial,
subshrubs to treelets, 0.5–3 m tal; stems not winged; leaves shortly petiolate,
congested, blade glabrous. Two spp. endemic to
the Guiana Shield in Colombia, Venezuela and Amazonas state in Brazil (only A.
sprucei Benth. & Hook. f.), in fissures of granitic and sandstone outcrops,
from 50 to 1,900 m.
65. Aciotis D. Don. Erect or prostate,
annual or perennial, mostly herbs to subshrubs, 0.2–2 m tall. 15 spp., tropical America, 13 in Brazil, two endemic
(one, from Pará state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s
book); commonly found in wet areas, also in secondary forest and
less often in drier habitats or sandy soils, from sea level up to 1,700 m.
66. Acisanthera P. Browne. Erect, perennial, herbs to subshrubs, 0.1–0.8 m tal; stems
carinate to conspicuously winged. 12 spp., tropical America from Mexico to Cono
Sur and Caribbean and Brazil (7, 4 endemic), all in South America, usually on
the margins of lakes, creeks, and rivers and in flooded areas; A. quadrata
Pers. is widely distributed and occur in Caribbean.
67. Appendicularia DC. Erect,
annual, herbs to shrubs, 0.7–3 m tal; stems not winged. Three spp., SE Venezuela, Guianas, and Brazil (2, none endemic),
in the state of Amapá; lowland savannas and rocky, open areas, sometimes in
iron-rich mountains from 50 to 800 m.
68. Brasilianthus
Almeda
& Michelangelli. Delicate, wiry annual herbs 4–38 cm tall, mostly sparingly
and openly branched distally; leaves opposite, isomorphic in size and shape in
each pair; basal leaves early deciduous and typically not present on flowering
or fruiting plants; cauline leaves membranaceous to somewhat fleshy when fresh;
flowers 4-merous and haplostemonous. Only one sp., B. carajaensis Almeda
& Michelangelli, restricted of Carajás Range where it is restricted to rocky-ferriginous
grasslands (cangas) that form island-like lenses nestled in the Amazon
rainforest of SE Pará state, Brazil.
69. Comolia DC. Shrubs to subshrubs; stems and thunk quadrangular in cross
section; leaves of many formats; flowers solitary, in dichasia or in panicles,
axillary or terminal; flowers tetramerous, corolla purple, pink or white. 15
spp., lowland savannas of South America, from Colombia, SE Venezuela,
Trinidad, and the Guianas to N and NE Brazil (10, 5 endemic, one of them is a a rare plant
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), from sea level to 1,100 m.
70. Comoliopsis Wurdack. Erect or
prostate, perennial, woody shrubs to subshrubs, 0.1–3 m tall; stems not winged.
Three spp., restricted to the mountain complexes of the Guiana Shield in
southern Venezuela, C. neblinae Wurdack up to N Brazil, including Mount
Roraima (at Roraima state in Brazil), Mount Neblina (at Amazonas state in
Brazil), and Duida, at 2,000–2,400 m.
71. Ernestia DC. Erect, commonly
perennial, shrubs to subshrubs, 0.5–2 m tal; stems not winged. 13 spp. from
Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, and Brazil in Amazonas state (7, none endemic),
in lowland to highland habitats, often on rock outcrops and disturbed areas
along lowland forest edges, at an altitudinal range of 300–1,500 m.
72. Fritzschia
Cham. Prostate and decumbent
or erect, perennial, herbs, shrubs to subshrubs 0.2–3 m tal; stems not winged. 12
spp., restricted mostly to the Espinhaço Range of Minas Gerais state in SE
Brazil, except one which extends into Goiás and Distrito Federal, in central
Brazil at elevations from 700 to 1,800 m; rocky grasslands, usually associated
with sandy, humid to well-drained soils or stream edges.
73. Macairea DC. Shrubs to subshrubs, often trees or small herbs; leaves
peciolate; inflorescence panicles, thyrsoid, terminal; bracts leafy; flowers
4-merous, corolla pink to magenta, rare white or purple. 23 spp. from tropical
South America, 17 endemic to the Guiana Shield (some strictly adapted to
climate and soil conditions), two from the Guiana Shield to Ecuador, Peru,
M. radula (Bonpl.) DC. restricted to the Brazilian Shield up to Bolivia
(being
commonly found in the savannas
of C Brazil (cerrado), growing in gallery forests), and two in over Amazon
lowlands, inc. M.
thyrsiflora
DC., the most widely distributed species. 13 spp. in Brazil, three endemic.
74. Marcetia DC.
Subshrubs to shrubs, erect, caespitose or prostrate, rarely herbs; Stems
quadrangular in cross section; flowers 4-merous, solytary, corolla lilac, pink,
purple, red, magenta, white or yellow. 36 spp., confined to Brazil except by
and M. taxifolia (A. St.-Hil.) DC., which has
a wide and disjunct distribution between E Brazil and NW South America
(Colombia, Venezuela and Guyana); its main centre of diversity in Bahia, where
25 of its species occur; 14 spp. are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, all in Bahia state except
one in Minas Gerais.
75. Nepsera Naudin. Erect, perennial,
usually herbs or shrubs, 0.5–2 m tal; stems not winged. Only one sp., N. aquatica (Aubl.) Naudin, widely distributed in America Central, the
Antilles, and South America from the coast of Ecuador and Colombia through the
inter-Andean valleys east into Brazil, Venezuela, and the Guianas; wet areas,
near streams or swamps in forests, from sea level to 500 m.
76. Noterophila Mart. Erect, annual,
herbs or rarely subshrubs, 0.3–0.5 m tal; stems winged and basally swollen. 8
spp., from Cuba, Trinidad, Belize, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panamá,
Bolivia, Colombia, Guianas, Suriname, Venezuela and Brazil (all species, mainly
in Roraima and Pará states, three endemic); humid, open areas including sandy
savannas, granitic outcrops, swamps, pastures, mangroves, lake margins, and
Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas), and sometimes associated
with pine-oak forests, at elevations from 0 to 1,300 m alt.
77. Pseudoernestia (Cogn.) Krasser. Erect, perennial, shrubs to subshrubs, 0.5–0.8 m tal;
stems not winged. Two spp., one from Colombia, N Brazil and Venezuela and P.
glandulosa (Gleason) M.J.R.Rocha & P.J.F.Guim. in Guyana, Suriname, and
Brazil (Amapá state); lowlands along streams and forests, from 200 to 400 m alt.
78. Rostranthera M.
J. R. Rocha & P. J. F. Guim. Erect, perennial, herbs to shrubs, 0.2–1 m
tal; stems winged. Only one sp., R. tetraptera (Cogn.) M. J. R. Rocha
& P. J. F. Guim., Suriname and Amazonas, Pará, and Roraima state in
Brazilian Amazon, also expected for French Guiana, in lowland rainforests and
savanas, sometimes on rocky sandstone.
79. Sandemania Gleason. Erect, perennial,
shrubs to subshrubs, 1–2 m tal; stems not winged. Only one sp., S. hoehnei (Cogn.) Wurdack; throughout the Amazon rainforest of Venezuela, Peru,
Bolivia, and Brazil, in white sand savannas.
80. Siphanthera Pohl. Herbs
to subshrubs; leaves sessile or subsessile, membranaceous; flowers 4-merous,
solitary or in globose inflorescence, sometimes also panicles; corolla
lavender, purple or white. 19 spp. from Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, Peru, Brazil (16, 8 endemic), and Bolivia, primarily
in sandy, grassy, or rocky soil, mostly in moist areas at elevations ranging
from near sea level to 2,700 m.
LINEAGE
5 of 5: OLIGOMYRTALES
ALZATEACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 27, 2024
Genera/species
1/1 Distribution lower Andean slopes of Peru and Bolivia, damp forests
of Upper Amazonas and cloud forests of Costa Rica and Panamá. Habit bisexual,
evergreen trees or shrubs (sometimes semi-epiphytic). Young stems and branches
at first quadrangular in cross-section, later terete.
Relationships
suggested by various authors since 1794 encompass eight families in five
orders. Systematic placement has included: Santalaceae, Celastraceae,
Lythraceae, Crypteroniaceae, Rhamnaceae, Melastomataceae and Flacourtiaceae.
Alzateaceae is most probably a member of the order Myrtales with characters
such as internal phloem, vestured pits, flavonols in the leaves and ellagic
acid. Major differences from all other families of Myrtales in morphology and
embryology are sufficient for Alzateaceae to stand as a separate monotypic
family. DNA studies recently confirm that Rhynchocalycaceae is the most closely
related family and also monotypic.
Key
differences from similar families the families below differ from
Alzateaceae in the following characters:
Santalaceae: No
ellagic acid produced or internal phloem.
Celastraceae: Sepals
and petals are mostly imbricate, has axile placentation, no
internal phloem with seeds which are often arillate with
abundant endosperm.
Rhamnaceae: No
internal phloem, ellagic acid, vestured pitting of vessel elements nor
wings on seeds plus it has drupaceous fruits (not dry capsules).
Flacourtiaceae: Leaves
usually alternate.
Melastomataceae:
Conspicuous venation, showy flowers
and apically dehiscent anthers.
Lythraceae: No
thick fleshy perianth, petals present and no distinctly
bisporic Allium embryo sac.
Sonneratiaceae: Has
pneumatophores, showy petals and is many seeded.
Punicaceae: Showy
petals and many seeded fruit.
Myrtaceae: Superior ovary.
SYSTEMATIC a
single species.
1. Alzatea
Ruiz
& Pav. Variable habit from small trees to slender high-climbing
hemi-epiphytes with a tendency to a multi-trunked growth
form, stilt roots and sometimes developing a
strangler habit; leaves Clusia-like, thick and coriaceous, oval
with rounded apex and base with very short petiole; secondary veins immersed or
slightly prominulous below. Only one sp., A. verticillata Ruiz
& Pav. which occur along the lower slopes of the Andes in Peru and Bolivia,
in humid forests of the Upper Amazon rainforest of Colombia and Ecuador, and
also in the cloud forests at elevations from 900 to 2,200 (-3,000) meters in
Costa Rica and Panamá; two subespecies, only minimally distinct and some partially
intermediate representatives do occur near the border of Ecuador and Peru:
§ subsp. amplifolia S.A.
Graham - larger more oval, sessile or subsessile leaves and is
distributed through Costa Rica and Panamá.
§ subsp. verticillata Ruiz
& Pav. - smaller leaves with petioles and is distributed through the
eastern escarpment of the Andean mountains in South America.
39. CROSSOSOMATALES
FAMILIES ABSENT IN SOUTH AMERICA: APHLOIACEAE
(1/1), CROSSOSOMATACEAE (4/7), GEISSOLOMATACEAE (1/1), GUAMATELACEAE
(1/1), STACHYURACEAE (1/10) AND STRASBURGERIACEAE (2/2) AS IN
POWO IN JUNE 10, 2024.
STAPHYLEACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
Genera/species 3/43
Distribution temperate W and E North America, S Mexico, the Caribbean,
NW South America southwards to Bolivia, SE Europe, Caucasus, N Türkiye, S
India, Sri Lanka, Himalaya, China, Korean Peninsula, Japan, SE Asia, Malesia,
New Guinea. Habit usually bisexual (sometimes monoecious,
polygamomonoecious or dioecious), evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs,
sometimes stoloniferous.
SYSTEMATICS outsider
Dalrympelea (8, temperate China, Korean Peninsula, Japan, N
Vietnam).
1.
Staphylea L. 24 spp., E Canada to Guatemala, Colombia to Ecuador, temperate
Eurasia to Indo-China. 16 spp. in Asia, one from Canada to U.S.A., one in
California, two from Europe to Caucasus, 3 from Mexico to America Central, and S. megaphylla (Tul.) Byng & Christenh. restricted for Colombia to Ecuador.
2. Turpinia L. Deciduous shrubs or small trees; leaves (3–)7–
11-foliolate, with or without stipule-like glands at the insertion of the
petioles. 11 spp., 7 from China to
Japan, S India, Sri Lanka, Himalayas, SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea, and 4
from NW North America southwards to Bolivia: two from Mexico to Guatemala, one
in Hispaniola, and T. occidentalis (Sw.) G.Don,
ranging from Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil (very common in Acre state, also
Amazonas and Rondonia, in Amazon rainforest), where know as ‘sabugueiro’.
40. PICRAMNIALES
A SINGLE
FAMILY, PRESENT IN SOUTH AMERICA.
PICRAMNIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3.
Genera/species 4/56
Distribution Florida, Mexico, America Central, Caribbean, tropical South
America. Habit Dioecious, usually evergreen trees or shrubs, bark
contains bitter-tasting anthraquinones.
Useful tips
for generic identification: fruit a berry in Picramnia,
a samara in Alvaradoa; carpels only 1 fertile in Alvaradoa, 2 - 3
in Picramnia; ovules terminal and pendulous in Picramnia, basal
and erect in Alvaradoa.
SYSTEMATIC
all genera in this family occur in South America.
1. Aenigmanu
W. Thomas. Trees, compount leaves, reddish
stellate fruits. Two spp., A. alvareziae
W. W. Thomas, known from two locations in Amazon region of Madre de Diós, E
Peru, and one in W Acre state in northern Brazil, and one endemic to Colombia.
2. Alvaradoa
Liebm. Medium-sized
trees to shrubs; inflorescences of long, slender racemes. Six
spp., A. subovata Cronquist from Argentina to Bolivia, one from
U.S.A. to America Central and Caribbean, and remainig four in Caribbean (Cuba,
Hispaniola and Jamaica).
3. Nothotalisia W.
Thomas. Small tree or shrub, 0.5–8 m tall, dioecious; leaves alternate,
imparipinnate, estipulate, the leaflets alternate or subopposite, (1–)3–8, the
venation brochidodromous; inflorescence terminal, subterminal, or axillary, a
raceme of glomerules, each glomerule a congested cyme of 1–12 flowers. 4
spp., Panamá, Colombia, Peru (one endemic), Bolivia, N. peruviana
(Standl.) W.W.Thomas reaching to Acre and Amazonas states in N Brazil, all in E
side of Andes, absent in Venezuela and Ecuador.
4. Picramnia Swartz.
Small trees or shrubs; inflorescences thyrses or
racemes; estipulate, compound leaves with alternate leaflets, dioecy, racemose
or paniculate inflorescences bearing minute flowers, antepetalous stamens, and
berries with persistent, sessile stigma lobes. 45 spp.,
Florida, Mexico, and Caribbean to S Brazil (22, 12 endemic), Argentina
and Paraguay. 34 in South America. PracticalIy all species are found in forests
(with the exception of a couple of species found in savannas of C Brazil
(cerrado) and rocky grasslands (campos rupestres) of Brazil).
P. ferrea Pirani & W.W. Thomas from Carajas Range, Pará
state, and P. grandifolia Engl., near Rio
de Janeiro municipality, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
41. SAPINDALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: BIEBERSTEINIACEAE (1/4), KIRKIACEAE
(1/6) AND NITRARIACEAE (4/16), AS POWO IN JUNE 27, 2024.
LINEAGE
1 of 3: BURSERACEAE/ANACARDIACEAE and OUTSIDERS
BURSERACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 27, 2024
Genera/species 18/c.
610 Distribution tropical and subtropical regions in the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres northwards to California, Himalaya and E China, and
southwards to Uruguay, South Africa and northern Australia. Habit usually
dioecious or polygamomonoecious (sometimes bisexual), evergreen or deciduous
trees or shrubs (sometimes epiphytic). Branches usually spinose. Sometimes
pachycaul. Stilt roots or plank buttresses often present. Resin often fragrant
(often like almond).
Bursera dominates
many of Mexico's dry forests in these terms. On dehiscence of the fruit,
the valves fall away to reveal a basifixed stone (usually) partially enveloped
in a fleshy pulp that is red, orange, or yellow. One of its two
subgenera has a characteristic peeling bark that is often red or
yellow. Protium is highly important in relative density,
relative diversity or both in many of northern South America's moist to wet
forests, particularly in central Amazon rainforest; it usually has a relatively
smooth, grayish bark, the lateral petiolules almost always have
a distal pulvinulus, and on dehiscence of the fruit the valves fall
away and the 1-5 stones, each enveloped in a sweet, white (rarely red) pulp,
are suspended from the apex of the fruit by an inverted
V-shaped structure.
Key
differences from similar families Burseraceae vs.
Anacardiaceae: locules with two epitropous ovules (vs. one apotropous ovule);
resin not causing contact dermatitis (vs. sometimes); corolla aestivation
usually induplicate-valvate (vs. imbricate or less often valvate).
SYSTEMATIC all
South American Burseraceae are Burseroideae (Beiselioideae is a
monotypic endemic to Mexico); among Burseroideae, Garugeae (2/24,
semiarid regions in tropical Africa, Madagascar, Socotra, Himalayas, SE Asia,
Malesia to Melanesia and tropical Australia) does not occur in South America.
1. BURSEROIDEAE
▸ TRIBE PROTIEAE (1/c.180)
- a single pantropical genus, foresty.
1. Protium Burm.f. Small
to large trees, rarely shrubs, often buttressed. 154 spp., 145 in S Mexico and
the Neotropics, 126
in South America, 85 in Brazil, 15 endemic, 4 in tropical China,
India, the Malesian region, and two in Madagascar and Mauritius; it’s highly
important in relative density, relative diversity or both in many of northern
South Americas moist to wet forests, particularly in central Amazon rainforest.
P. amplum Cuatrec. from Bajo Calima region, Choco, W Colombia, has the largest leaf among Burseraceae; three spp. from
Rio de Janeiro, Goiás and Paraná states are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book.
2. BURSEROIDEAE
▸ TRIBE BURSEREAE (3/302)
- outsider Aucoumea (1, Central Africa).
2.
Bursera Jacq.
ex L. 120 spp.
from SW U.S.A., Mexico (96, 83 endemic), America Central, Caribbean, and 9 in South
America, in Colombia, Ecuador, N Peru, N Venezuela, two of them up to extreme N
Brazil, in Roraima and Amazonas states, and two endemic, inc. B. pereira DC. Daly disjunct, endemic to open savannah in Goiás state, center
Brazil, known only three populations, and southermost point of range of genus.
3. Commiphora Jacq. Shrubs
or trees, sometimes caudiciform or rupicolous, (polygamo-)dioecious; bark close
or more often papery and peeling. 181 spp., Africa, Madagascar, Arabia,
peninsular India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Pakistan, Iran, and C. leptophloeos
(Mart.) J. B. Gillett from thorn-scrub of NE Brazil but also occurs in dry
formations in a broad are thet includes S Pará, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais,
Goiás, the upper rio Orinoco basin in Venezuela, and the Department of Santa
Cruz in Bolivia and Paraguay; this species has a noticeably thickened trunk and
branches and attractively peeling bark; it is a common species that we saw at
many of our stops; it grows in sandy and rocky soils as well as in sandstone
and limestone outcroppings.
3. BURSEROIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CANARIEAE (7/264)
- outisiders Triomma (1; Bihar in India, W Malesia), Ambilobea (1; N Madagascar), Canarium (c 120; tropical Africa, Madagascar, islands in the Indian
Ocean, tropical Asia to S China and New Guinea, N and E Australia, Fiji,
Micronesia, Tonga, Samoa), Santiria (22–24; W Africa, Malesia) and Rosselia (1; SE New Guinea).
4. Dacryodes Vahl. Evergreen
dioecious trees; trunk shallowly fluted; crown dense, much branched; leaves imparipinnate;
leaflets 5–8-jugate, entire; inflorescences of axillary or terminal, elongated
panicles; flowers unisexual; calyx 3-lobed, rotate or broadly campanulate; fruit
an ovoid or ellipsoid drupe; endocarp thin and cartilaginous; seed large;
cotyledons very much thickened and deeply folded or conduplicate, thus
appearing palmately lobed. 71 spp., 19 in Asia, and 52 in Neotropics. 48
spp. in South America, 17 in Brazil, 3 endemic; usually lowland but some
montane; D. edilsonii D.C.Daly from Acre state is a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
5. Trattinnickia Willd. Dioecious
trees up to 40 m tall, rarely shrubby. 20 spp., Nicaragua to
Brazil, 19 in South America, mainly in Amazon rainforests and Guianas, 13 in
overall Brazil, 5 endemic, T. aspera (Standl.) Swart in the Chocó
(including S Panamá), and two in the Andes; the genus occurs primarily in
lowland moist to pluvial forests but ranges from near sea level to ca. 1,000 m
elevation; T. ferruginea Kuhlm. from Minas Gerais state is a rare plant
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
ANACARDIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JULY 08, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species
79/730–750 Distribution mainly tropical and subtropical regions in the
Northern and Southern Hemispheres; some species in warm-temperate areas
northwards to southern Canada, Central and E Europe, and NE China. Habit
monoecious, andromonoecious, polygamomonoecious, dioecious, or gynodioecious
(sometimes bisexual), evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs (sometimes with
spines; rarely lianas or perennial herbs to suffrutices).
Anacardiaceae
(the cashew or sumac family) are a family of flowering plants bearing fruits
that are drupes and in some cases producing urushiol, an irritant. There
are 81 (see list above) genera of Anacardiaceae and ca. 800 species worldwide,
of which 31 are native to the Neotropics. Anacardium
occidentale L., the
cashew, is a tree of this family; originally native to NE Brazil, it is
now widely grown in tropical climates for its cashew seeds and cashew apples. Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) Kuntze has
naturalized in Brazil and possibly elsewhere. Several non-native Anacardiaceae
are cultivated in the Neotropics for their edible fruits: Bouea macrophylla Griff., Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh.
ex Krauss, Mangifera indica L.,
Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi,
Sclerocarya birrea
Hochst. subspecies caffra
(Sond.) Kokwaro, and Spondias
dulcis G.Forst. Spondias tuberosa
Arruda, commonly known as Umbu, Imbu, or Brazil plum, is native to NE Brazil; it
bears fruit once a year and can produce up to 300 kilos of fruit in a single
tree; this tree have a robust root system, and is an important resource for one
of the poorest and driest regions of Brazil, where local agriculture is based
on corn, beans, sheep, and goat.
A geoxylic suffrutex habit
occurs in Lannea from Zambezian region and savannas of C Brazil (cerrado,
Anacardium); water storage roots occurs in some spp., eg. Spondias
tuberosa endemic to dry seasonal scrubland
of NE Brazil (caatinga).
Key
differences from similar families Anacardiaceae can be separated
from Burseraceae by the latter virtually always having opposite
leaflets, whereas Anacardiaceae leaflets are usually alternate or
subopposite.
SYSTEMATIC two
subfamilies, both in South America, and some unplaced genera at family
subdivisions: Euleria (1; Cuba), Haematostaphis (1; tropical
Africa to Nigeria), Holigarna (8; India, SE Asia), Koordersiodendron
(1; Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Maluku, New Guinea), Pseudospondias
(2; tropical W and C Africa).
1. SUBFAMILY
ANACARDIOIDEAE (73/810) ‣ three
tribes, all in South America, and some outsider unplaced genera.
ANACARDIOIDEAE
▸ UNPLACED ANACARDIOIDEAE
– outsiders Androtium (1; W Malesia), Blepharocarya
(2; Arnhem Land in Northern Territory, Queensland), Campylopetalum
(1; Thailand), Drimycarpus (3–4; India
to Borneo), Euroschinus (9; Malesia to New Guinea,
Queensland, New South Wales, New Caledonia), Melanochyla
(c 30; S Thailand, Malesia), Nothopegia
(10; India, Sri Lanka), Parishia
(5; Burma, Thailand, W Malesia), Pseudosmodingium
(5; Mexico), Rhodosphaera (1;
Queensland, New South Wales), Swintonia
(12; Andaman Islands, SE Asia, W and Central Malesia), Trichoscypha
(32; tropical and S Africa)
1. Cardenasiodendron
F.A.Barkley.
Trees dioecious, with contact dermatitiscausing exudate. Only one sp., C.
brachypterum (Loes.) F.A. Barkley, endemic to Bolivia.
2.
Haplorhus
Engl. Trees
dioecious; leaves evergreen, alternate, simple, sessile to very short
petiolate, linear to lanceolate. Only one sp., H. peruviana Engl., endemic to the dry
valleys of Peru to N Chile.
3. Myracrodruon Allem. Trees
dioecious up to 30 m tall, with contact dermatitis-causing exudate. Two spp., in
sub-Amazonian Brazil (both spp., none endemic), Bolivia, Paraguay, and N
Argentina.
4. Ochoterenaea F.A.Barkley. Trees, dioecious with milky exudate. Only one sp., O.
colombiana F.A. Barkley, Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia.
1.1
ANACARDIOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
TAPIRIRINAE (10/85-90) - outsiders Choerospondias (1;
NE India to N Thailand, Vietnam, SE China (inc. Taiwan) and Japan), Pleiogynium (2; Indochina
and Malesia to Queensland and islands in the Pacific), Dracontomelon (8;
SE Asia, Malesia to Fiji), Poupartia (c 10; Madagascar,
Mascarene Islands), Harpephyllum (1; S Africa), Lannea (c
40; tropical Africa, Madagascar, Socotra, tropical Asia), Operculicarya (8;
Madagascar, the Comoros, Aldabra).
5. Antrocaryon Pierre. Tall, dioecious to polygamous trees; leaves alternate,
imparipinnate with 5–9 pairs of entire leaflets; inflorescence lax,
subterminal-axillary panicles; fruit a subglobose, somewhat horizontally
flattened, weakly 5-lobed drupe with thin fleshy mesocarp and woody endocarp
forming a nut with 5 elliptic; seeds 3 or 4 per nut, oblong, flattened, curved;
testa thin.
5 spp., 4 in tropical Africa and A. amazonicum (Ducke) B.L.Burtt &
A.W.Hill in Amazon rainforest of NW Brazil and SE Colombia.
6.
Cyrtocarpa Kunth. 4 spp., 3 endemic to
Mexico, one endemic to Colombia.
7.
Tapirira Aubl. Trees up
to 30 m tall, polygamodioecious; leaves evergreen, alternate, imparipinnate to
paripinnate, petiolate. 9 spp. from S Mexico to SE Brazil (3, none endemic),
Bolivia and Paraguay. 6 spp. in South America.
8. Tumultinervia
J.
D. Mitch. & Daly. Small to medium-sized polygamodioecious. Only one sp., T.
caatingae (Mitchell & Daly) J. D. Mitch. & Daly in dry
thorn-scrub of Bahia, Tocantins, Goiás and Minas Gerais states, Brazil.
9. Uniostium J. D. Mitch.
& Daly. Small to medium-sized polygamodioecious trees. Only one sp., U.
velutinifolia (Cowan) J. D. Mitch. & Daly in NE Colombia to NE
Roraima state in Brazil, including Guyana, Curazao and
Venezuela.
1.2
ANACARDIOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
BUCHANANIEAE (3/43-50) - oustiders Buchanania (25–30;
tropical Asia to islands in W Pacific) and Pentaspadon (5; SE
Asia, Malesia to New Guinea, Solomon Islands).
10. Campnosperma Thwaites. Trees, polygamodioecious with Terminalia-branching,
often trunk buttressed or with stilt roots, and with contact dermatitis-causing
exudate. 14 spp., 12 in Madagascar, Seychelles and tropical Asia, and two in
New World, C. gummiferum (Benth.) Marchand from Honduras to Ecuador, and
C. panamense Standl. in Brazil, Peru, Colombia and Venezuela.
1.3
ANACARDIOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
ANACARDIEAE (39/555–585) – three
clades, all in South America.
∎ CLADE
1 ‣ outsiders Faguetia (1;
Madagascar), Semecarpus (70–75; tropical Asia to Australia,
New Caledonia and Fiji), Fegimanra (3; tropical W and C
Africa), Gluta (c 30; Madagascar, tropical Asia), Bouea (3; SE
Asia, W Malesia), Mangifera (c 70; tropical Asia to Solomon
Islands).
11. Anacardium L. Shrubs to tall trees up to 30 m tall, andromonoecious
subshrubs, with contact dermatitis-causing exudate, sometimes
with xylopodium. 12 spp., A. fruticosum J.Mitch. &
S.A.Mori endemic to Guyana, A. corymbosum Barb.Rodr., A. amilcarianum
Machado and A. nanum A.St.-Hil. endemic to Brazil, A. amapaense
J.D.Mitch. in Brazil and French Guiana; A. braziliense Barb.Rodr., A.
microsepalum Loes., A. parvifolium Ducke, A. giganteum
Hancock ex Engl., A. occidentale L., and A. spruceanum Benth. ex
Engl. in over northern South America (all in Brazil) sometimes up to C Brazil
and Trinidad; A. humile A.St.-Hil. in savanas from Brazil, Bolivia and
Paraguay; A. caracolii Mutis ex Alba from Colombia and A. excelsum
(Bertero & Balb. ex Kunth) Skeels in Cuba, Honduras to Ecuador and
Venezuela, absent in Brazil.
Anacardium humile differs from
the other species of Anacardium because it presents a subshrub habit and
narrower leaves.
∎ CLADE
2 ‣ outsiders Bonetiella (1;
Mexico), Comocladia (16–20; Mexico, America Central,
Caribbean), Cotinus (7; Mediterranean to China; NW Yunnan; SE U.S.A.), Rhus (35–40;
temperate and subtropical regions on both hemispheres), Searsia (110–115;
Mediterranean, tropical and subtropical Africa, Socotra, the Middle East,
Arabian Peninsula, India, Himalayas, Burma, SW China), Baronia (1; Madagascar),
Malosma (1; SW California, Baja California), Laurophyllus
(1; Cape), Pachycormus (1; NW Mexico), Pistacia (12;
Mediterranean, Asia to Malesia, S U.S.A. to America
Central), Actinocheita (1; Mexico).
12. Astronium Jacq. Trees up to 40 m tall, dioecious, with clear contact
dermatitis-causing exudate. 12 spp., in Mexico south to Paraguay and northern
Argentina, 10 in South America, all these in Brazil, 4 endemic.
13. Lithrea Hook. Trees,
dioecious, with clear contact dermatitis-causing exudate, sometimes
with lignotuber. Three spp. in Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay,
Chile, two up to in Brazil (both, none endemic) and Bolivia.
14. Loxopterygium
Hook.f.
Trees, polygamodioecious with contact dermatitiscausing
exudate, clear or white and turning black with exposure to air. 4 spp. with
disjunct distributions from Venezuela south to Argentina and Brazil, absent
from Amazon rainforest: L. sagotii Hook. f. in Venezuela,
Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana, L. huasango Spruce ex
Engl. in SW Ecuador to NW Peru, L. grisebachii Hieron. in
Bolivia south to NW Argentina, and L. gardneri Engl. endemic to dry
seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga).
15. Metopium
P.
Br. Trees or shrubs with prominent resin ducts and contact dermatitis-causing
exudate turning black with exposure to air; leaves evergreen, imparipinnate,
petiolate; leaflets petiolulate, entire; mature leaflets often speckled with
black spots. 4 spp. in Caribbean, S Florida (US), Mexico, and N America Central,
with M. brownei (Jacq.) Urb. in Caribbean islands of Colombia.
16. Mosquitoxylum
Krug
& Urb. Trees, polygamodioecious (androdioecious);
leaves evergreen (more or less), alternate, imparipinnate; leaflets opposite or
subopposite, short-petiolulate, entire. Only one sp., M. jamaicense Krug
& Urb., Jamaica, S Mexico to Costa Rica, disjunct in NW Ecuador.
17. Orthopterygium
Hemsl.
Shrubs or trees, dioecious with milky exudate; leaves deciduous, alternate,
imparipinnate, petiolate. Only one sp., O. huaucui (A. Gray) Hemsl.,
endemic to W Peru.
18. Schinopsis Engl. Trees,
dioecious or monoecious, sometimes with thorns, and with contact
dermatitis-causing exudate turning black with exposure to air. 7 spp., one
endemic to dry forests of N Peru, remaining in Bolivia, Paraguay to N
Argentina, two up to S Brazil (none endemic), often the dominant canopy tree in
Chaco forests.
19. Schinus L. Shrubs or trees, dioecious, rarely subshrubs, rarely with
thorns, and with contact dermatitis-causing exudate. 40 spp., from Ecuador
south to Patagonia but excluding Amazon rainforest, 11 in Brazil, 6 of then up
to Cono Sur, three endemic, and two up to
Bolivia and Peru.
20. Thyrsodium Salzm. ex
Benth. Trees, dioecious with milky exudate; leaves evergreen, alternate to
subopposite, imparipinnate, petiolate. 6 spp., in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia,
Venezuela, the Guianas, an Amazon rainforest and E Brazil (all species, none endemic),
absent from the Andes.
21. Toxicodendron
Mill.
Shrubs, trees, or lianas, polygamodioecious with
contact dermatitis-causing, white exudate turning black with exposure to air. 29
spp., India and Nepal; Bhutan and Myanmar; and temperate E Asia to New Guinea,
and 9 in New World, all in North America and Mexico, one up to America Central
and T. striatum (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze up to Bolivia and Venezuela.
∎ CLADE
3 ‣ outsiders Dobinea (2; E
Himalayas to S China); Loxostylis (1; South
Africa), Smodingium (1; South Africa, Swaziland,
Lesotho), Sorindeia (9; tropical Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene Islands),
Protorhus (1; Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland,
Madagascar), Abrahamia (19; Madagascar), Heeria
(1; W Cape), Ozoroa (c 40; Africa, Yemen), Micronychia (6;
Madagascar).
22. Mauria
Kunth.
Shrubs or trees, hermaphrodite, sometimes cleistogamous, or less frequently
polygamodioecious with contact dermatitis-causing exudate. 15 spp., all in
Andean region from Venezuela to Bolivia, M. heterophylla Kunth to El
Salvador and M. thaumatophylla Loes. to extreme N Argentina.
2. SUBFAMILY
SPONDIOIDEAE (4/23) ‣ oustiders
Haplospondias (1; Yunnan, Burma), Pegia (2; E Himalayas, E Asia,
W Malesia) and Poupartiopsis (1; E Madagascar).
23. Spondias L. Strongly protandrous trees (very rarely hemi-hepiphytic)
with contact dermatitis-causing exudate. 18 spp., 11 from Mexico south to SE
Brazil and Bolivia, 6 in India and Sri Lanka east to tropical China and South
Pacific Islands, and one highly disjunct record in Madagascar. New World
species are:
§ S. testudinis J.D. Mitch.
& Daly is restricted to SW Amazon rainforest, and S. globosa J.D.
Mitch. & Daly is from western Amazon rainforest, both
in Brazil.
§ S. admirabilis J.D. Mitch.
& Daly and S. expeditionaria J.D. Mitch. & Daly are known from
very few localities in Brazil’s Atlantic Coastal Forest, while the other two
Atlantic Forest species, S. macrocarpa Engl. and especially S.
venulosa (Engl.) Engl., are somewhat more broadly distributed in E Brazil.
§ S. tuberosa Arruda and
S. bahiensis P.Carvalho, Van den Berg & M.Machado are endemic to dry seasonal
scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga).
§ S. mombin L. is native
to moist forests through much of northern South America, although it is
uncertain whether the populations in Brazil’s Atlantic Coastal Forest are
native.
§ S. radlkoferi Donn. Sm.
ranges from Mexico to Colombia and NW Venezuela; there is an unconfirmed report
from Los Ríos in W Ecuador; S. purpurea L. is native to N Mexico and America
Central and may be native to SW Ecuador.
LINEAGE
2 of 3: SAPINDACEAE
SAPINDACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JULY 08, 2024
Genera/species
143/1,650-1,690 Distribution tropical, subtropical and temperate regions
in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Habit monoecious,
andromonoecious, polygamomonoecious, dioecious, androdioecious, or
polygamodioecious (sometimes bisexual), evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs or
lianas (Cardiospermum consists of perennial climbing herbs with
inflorescence branches modified into tendrils).
From
southern U.S.A. to northern Argentina and Chile, including Caribbean.
Trees, shrubs, lianas or less often herbaceous vines; 40 genera and about 800
spp. in the Neotropics; Blighia sapida Kon. is an important crop in
Jamaica; it is cultivated for its edible arils. Dimocarpus longan Lour.,
Litchi chinensis Sonn., and Nephelium lappaceum L. are cultivated
for their edible fruits in small-scale operations throughout tropical America. Acer
spp., Filicium Thwaites spp., Koelreuteria spp., and Harpullia
arborea Radlk. are cultivated as ornamental trees throughout the
Neotropics. Sapindaceae are the source of numerous products, some of which are
economically important.
In the
Neotropics these include edible fruits such as keneep or genip (Melicoccus
bijugatus Jacq.), wild genip (M. oliviformis Kunth) and the pitomba
(Talisia esculenta Radlk.). Numerous species of Paullinia have
been reported to be useful in the preparation of medicines, caffeine-rich
beverages, binding and weaving material, and for fish, human and arrow
poisoning. The seeds of Paullinia cupana Kunth are the source of the
important Brazilian crop guaraná, a source of caffeine and flavoring of soft
drinks. Almost all Sapindaceae are used around the tropics for fish poisoning.
SYSTEMATIC
19 lineages in four higher clades, subfamily Xanthoceroideae (1/1, N and
NE China, Korean Peninsula) does not occur in South America; all others are
present.
1. SUBFAMILY
HIPPOCASTANOIDEAE (5/180–185) ‣ two
tribes, Acereceae (2/c.165; temperate regions on the Northern
Hemisphere, tropical mountains); among
Hippocasteneae, which occur in South Ameica, outsiders are Handeliodendron (1; SW
China) and Aesculus (13; the Balkan Peninsula, Himalayas to Japan and
Indochina, North America, NW Mexico).
1. Billia
Peyr. Trees; leaves opposite,
trifoliolate; margins entire. Two spp., B. hippocastanum Peyr. from
Mexico to Panamá, red to pink flowers, and B. rosea (Planch. &
Linden) C. Ulloa & P. Jørg., white petals, Honduras to Ecuador and
Venezuela; reddish or yellowish on the bases and/or veins as well as larger,
thicker, more waxy leaves than the northern species; the two species have
overlapping geographic ranges from Honduras to northern Panamá.
2. SUBFAMILY
DODONAEOIDEAE (21/150–175) ‣
two tribes, both in South America.
2.1 DODONAEOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE DODONAEEAE (c 14/115-125) - outsiders Arfeuillea (1; SE
Asia), Harpullia (25–30; tropical Asia to New Guinea, Northern
Territory, Queensland, New South Wales, New Caledonia, Tonga), Majidea (4–5; tropical
E Africa, Madagascar), Euphorianthus (1; Philippines and
Sulawesi to Vanuatu), Eurycorymbus (1; S China inc. Taiwan), Cossinia (5;
Mauritius, New Caledonia), Diplopeltis (5; W Australia, Northern
Territory), Hirania (1; Somalia), Loxodiscus (1; New Caledonia)
2. Averrhoidium
Baill. Trees, dioecious; leaves alternate, paripinnate;
leaflets serrate or entire. 4 spp., one only in Mexico ahd three from Peru,
Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil (3, one endemic).
3. Diplokeleba
N.E.Br. Trees, falsely polygamous trees; leaves paripinnate; leaflets entire or
undulate. Two spp., D. herzogii Radlk. endemic to Bolivia, and D.
floribunda N.E.Br. in Brazil (only Mato Grosso do Sul state), Bolivia,
Paraguay and Argentina.
4. Dodonaea
Mill. Trees or shrubs, dioecious or falsely
polygamous-dioecious, with viscous glandular hairs. 72 spp., 59 endemic to
Australia, 8 pantropical species, two in New World, D. lagunensis
M.E.Jones from NW Mexico and D. viscosa Jacq. widely distributed in
tropical New World and Old World.
5. Llagunoa
Ruiz & Pav. Shrubs or trees, falsely polygamous shrubs or
trees; leaves alternate, simple or trifoliolate; flowers solitary or in
axillary cymes. Three spp., Venezuela and Chile one endemic each, and L.
nitida Ruiz & Pav. from Colombia to Bolivia.
6. Magonia
Vell. Trees, falsely polygamous; leaves alternate, paripinnate; distal leaflet
rudimentary; inflorescences axillary or terminal thyrses. Only one sp., M.
pubescens A.St.Hil., from Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay.
2.2 DODONAEOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE DORATOXYLEAE (8/19) - oustiders Doratoxylon (5; Madagascar,
the Comoros, Mauritius), Euchorium (1; W Cuba), Filicium (3;
tropical E Africa, Madagascar, one species also in India and Sri Lanka), Ganophyllum (2;
Central Africa, Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Vietnam, the Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, Java, Philippines, New Guinea, northern Australia, Solomon
Islands), Hippobromus (1; South Africa), Zanha (3;
S Africa, Madagascar), Hypelate (1; Florida, Caribbean).
7. Exothea
Macfad. Trees, dioecious, falsely
polygamous; leaves alternate, paripinnate. Three spp., one from Mexico to
Guatemala and Cuba, one endemic to Mexico, and E. paniculata (Juss.)
Radlk. distributed throughout Caribbean and Mexico
to Colombia.
3. SUBFAMILY
SAPINDOIDEAE (c 110/1.615–1.640)
– 14 clades, Ungnadia clade (1/1, Texas, NE Mexico), Delavaya
clade (1/1, China, Vietnam), Macphersonia clade (9/c 42, Africa,
Madagascar, Dhofar), Tristiropsis clade (2/6, Malesia to New Guinea,
Queensland, islands in W Pacific), Koelreuterieae (5/21–22, Tropical E
Africa, South Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, SW Asia, China (inc. Taiwan),
Fiji) and Schleichereae (5/10, tropical Africa, Madagascar, SW China,
tropical Asia) do not occur in South America.
3.1 SAPINDOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE PANCOVIEAE (c 29/235–245)
- outsiders Deinbollia (c 40; tropical and subtropical Africa,
Madagascar, Mascarene Islands), Atalaya (12; tropical Africa,
tropical Asia to Australia), Hornea (1; Mauritius), Thouinidium (3; Mexico,
America Central, Caribbean), Lepisanthes (c 25;
tropical regions in the Old World to northern Australia), Pometia (2;
Sri Lanka, Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Indochina, Taiwan in China,
Malesia, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga), Nephelium (c 16; Assam and
Yunnan to Hainan and Malesia), Dimocarpus (8; India and Sri Lanka
to NE Queensland), Otonephelium (1; W India), Litchi (1;
S China to W Malesia and Philippines), Lecaniodiscus (2; tropical
Africa), Eriocoelum (c 10; tropical Africa), Lepidopetalum (6;
Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Sumatra, Philippines to New Guinea, Bismarck
Archipelago, Bougainville, N Queensland), Blighia (6; tropical
Africa), Cubilia (1; Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas),
Haplocoelopsis (1; Central and tropical E Africa), Glenniea (8;
tropical Africa, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Malesia), Laccodiscus (4;
tropical W and Central Africa), Xerospermum (c 11; Bangladesh,
Indochina, W Malesia), Chytranthus (25–30; tropical W and Central
Africa), Namataea (1; Cameroon), Pancovia (10–12;
tropical W and C Africa), Placodiscus (c 10; tropical Africa), Pseudopancovia
(1; C Africa), Radlkofera (1; tropical W Africa), Zollingeria (4;
SE Asia, Borneo).
8. Porocystis
Radlk. Trees, falsely polygamous; leaves alternate,
paripinnate or imparipinnate; leaflets entire. Two spp., P. toulicioides
Radlk. in N Brazil and Guianas, P. acuminata (Radlk.) Acev.-Rodr.
endemic to N Brazil (both only in Amazonas state).
9. Pseudima
Radlk. Small to large trees, falsely
polygamous-dioecious; leaves alternate, pinnately compound. Two spp., P.
frutescens (Aubl.) Radlk. from Costa Rica to Brazil, Peru and Guainas, and P.
pallidum Radlk. from Guianas to N Brazil.
10. Sapindus
L. Trees, duodichogamous; leaves alternate, paripinnate
or unifoliolate; leaflets 2–8 pairs, often falcate. 13 spp., 10 in Old World,
from tropical Asia and Chad (Africa), and three in New World: U.S.A. one
endemic each, and S. saponaria L. in Polynesia, Hawaii, and from S
U.S.A. to Argentina, Brazil and Caribbean.
11. Toulicia
Aubl. Unbranched small trees, falsely polygamous-dioecious; leaves
imparipinnate; leaflets usually falcate, opposite or alternate. 14 spp. from
the lowlands of South America, all in Brazil, six endemic.
3.2 SAPINDOIDEAE ▸
BLOMIA CLADE (3/10) - oustiders Blomia (1;
Mexico, Belize, Guatemala), Haplocoelum (6; tropical
Africa, Madagascar).
12. Guindilia
Gill. Trees, falsely polygamous trees; leaves alternate, simple,
opposite, entire or tridentate at apex. Three spp., from Chile and Argentina.
3.3 SAPINDOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE MELICOCCEAE (4/64) - outsiders Castanospora (1; Queensland,
New South Wales), Tristira (1; Philippines, Sulawesi,
Moluccas).
13. Melicoccus
P.Browne. Trees, dioecious or monoecious; leaves
alternate, paripinnate; leaflets 1–2 pairs. 9 spp., one endemic to Dominican
Republic and 8 confined to South America; 4 in Brazil, one endemic.
14. Talisia
Aubl. Unbranched shrubs or small to large trees,
duodichogamous; fruits indehiscent. 52 spp., only one absent in South America
(51), most of which occur in the dense, lowlands humid forest. 37 spp. in
Brazil, 6 endemic.
3.4 SAPINDOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE CUPANIEAE (38/465–470)
- oustiders Diploglottis (12; New Guinea, Queensland, New South
Wales), Podonephelium (4; New Caledonia), Alectryon (c
25; E Malesia to New Guinea, Australia, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia,
Vanuatu, Fiji, New Zealand, Samoa, Hawai), Elattostachys (c
20; Malesia to New Guinea, Queensland, New South Wales, Solomon Islands,
Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga, Niue, Samoa), Jagera (1; E
Malesia to New Guinea, Queensland, New South Wales), Guioa (c 65;
Thailand, Malesia to New Guinea, Queensland, New South Wales, New Caledonia,
Fiji, Samoa, Tonga), Mischocarpus (c 15; SE Asia, Malesia to
New Guinea, Queensland, New South Wales), Sarcopteryx (12–13;
Moluccas, New Guinea, Queensland, New South Wales), Molinaea (9;
Madagascar, Mascarene Islands), Tina (17; Madagascar), Mischarytera (3; New
Guinea, Queensland), Gongrodiscus (3; New Caledonia), Podonephelium
(9; New Caledonia), Storthocalyx (5; New Caledonia), Rhysotoechia (c
15; Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Queensland, New South
Wales), Lepiderema (8; New Guinea, Queensland), Sarcotoechia
(10–11; Moluccas, New Guinea, Queensland), Toechima (c 8;
Flores, New Guinea, Queensland, New South Wales), Arytera (28;
India, SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Northern Territory,
Queensland and New South Wales, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga), Synima (1; tropical
Africa), Blighiopsis (1; Congo), Cnesmocarpon (4; New
Guinea, Queensland), Cupaniopsis (c 60; Sulawesi, New Guinea, Solomon
Islands, Australia, New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa, the Caroline Island), Gloeocarpus
(1; Philippines), Gongrospermum (1; Philippines), Lychnodiscus (7;
tropical Africa), Pavieasia (3; S China, Vietnam), Phyllotrichum
(1; Laos), Sisyrolepis (1; Thailand, Cambodia), Trigonachras (9;
Malesia).
15. Alatococcus Acev.-Rodr. Small to medium sized trees (14–19 m tall); leaves alternate, paripinnate, leaflets entire; inflorescence distal
or axillary, paniculate thyrses, with flowers
in lateral subcincinni; flowers functionally unisexual; calyx zygomorphic,
sepals 5, free, imbricate, the outer 2 smaller; petals 5, clawed, twice as long
as the sepals; fruit of a single, woody, sub-globose, winged mericarp. Only one sp., A. siqueirae
Acev.-Rodr., known only gallery and tall forests of Espírito Santo state, E
Brazil.
16. Cupania
L. Small trees; leaves pinnately compound; leaflets
mostly with serrate margins; fruits capsular; seeds arillate at the base. 58
spp., in dense, lowlands, humid Neotropical forests, 43 spp. in South America,
35 in Brazil, 20 endemic.
17. Dilodendron
Radlk. Trees, falsely polygamous-dioecious; leaves alternate, bipinnate or
sub-tripinnately compound. Three spp. from Costa Rica to Bolivia and Venezuela,
D. bipinnatum Radlk. up to Brazil and Paraguay.
18. Matayba
Aub. Small to large trees, falsely
polygamous-dioecious,; leaves alternate, paripinnate or imparipinnate. 49 spp.
in dense, lowlands, humid Neotropical forests. 40 spp. in South America, 32 in
Brazil, 16 endemic; Radlkofer divided Matayba into four sections, with
sect. Matayba as the largest section, with 17 species restricted to
South America; in Brazil, this section is predominantly extra-Amazon rainforest, except for M. guianensis Aubl., with a
widely distributed distribution, and M. atropurpurea Radlk. which
is found in the Brazilian and Colombian Amazon rainforest; another species, M. elaeagnoides Radlk., is
found in S Brazil and adjacent Paraguay and NE Argentina.
19. Pentascyphus
Radlk. Trees or shrubs, falsely polygamous; leaves alternate, paripinnate;
leaflets alternate, entire. Only one sp., P. thyrsiflorus Radlk.,
occurring in French Guiana and Amazonas state in N Brazil.
20. Scyphonychium
Radlk. Trees, falsely polygamous; leaves alternate, paripinnate; leaflets
entire; distal leaflet rudimentary; inflorescences terminal thyrsoids. Only one
sp., S. multiflorum (Mart.) Radlk., native to N and E Brazil, and French
Guiana.
21. Tripterodendron
Radlk. Trees, falsely polygamous-dioecious trees; leaves alternate, tripinnate.
Only one sp., T. filicifolium Radlk., endemic to E Brazil.
22. Vouarana
Aubl. Medium-sized trees, falsely polygamous; leaves alternate, paripinnate;
leaflets entire; distal leaflet rudimentary. Two spp., from Costa Rica to
Ecuador, Guianas and N Brazil (both species, none endemic).
3.5 SAPINDOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE ATHYANEAE (2/3) - both
genera occur in South America.
23. Athyana
Radlk. Trees, monoecious leaves alternate, imparipinnate. Only one
sp., A. weinmanniifolia (Griseb.) Radlk., from Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay
and Argentina.
24. Diatenopteryx
Radlk. Shrubs or trees, falsely polygamous; indumentum of simple hairs and
scales. Two spp., D. sorbifolia Radlk. from in Brazil, Bolivia,
Paraguay, and Argentina, and D. grazielae Vaz & Andreata endemic to
Brazil (Bahia).
3.6 SAPINDOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE BRIDGESIEAE (1/1) - a
single genus.
25. Bridgesia
Bertero ex Cambess. Shrubs, falsely polygamous shrubs; leaves
alternate, simple, lobed or serrate. Only one sp., B. incisifolia
Bertero ex Cambess., from Andean Chile.
3.7 SAPINDOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE THOUINIEAE (3/c. 250) - all
genera occur in South America.
26. Allophylastrum Acev.-Rodr. Small trees or shrubs (to 7 m tall); leaves
alternate, trifoliolate; leaflets serrate; flowers solitary, axillary or in
short racemes, actinomorphic; petals wanting; fruit of 1–2 basally connate,
indehiscent monocarps, with fleshy exocarp, and a semi-woody endocarp; seeds
exarillate, with papery testa. Only
one sp., A. frutescens
Acev.-Rodr., from Guyana and Roraima state in N Brazil, in terra firme forests.
27. Allophylus
L. Shrubs or trees, duodichogamous or dioecious, or
less often scandent shrubs; ubiquitous shrubs or small trees. 211 spp.,
pantropical, 59 in humid, lowlands to mid-elevation forests in the Neotropics,
46 in South America, 31 in Brazil, 6 endemic.
28. Thinouia
Planch. & Triana. Lianas; secondary growth of stems
with numerous cortical steles; actinomorphic leaves with umbeliform
inflorescences. 12 spp., from Central and South America (11, 9 confined, but
one endemic to Mexico). 9 spp. in Brazil, 4 endemic.
3.8 SAPINDOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE PAULLINIEAE (6/475–480)
– all genera in South America, and mainly neotropical with the
exception of Paullinia pinnata L., Cardiospermum corindum L., and
C. halicacabum L., which in addition to their Neotropical ranges, are
naturally distributed in parts of the Paleotropics.
29. Cardiospermum
L. Monoecious herbaceous vines and less frequently erect shrubs or subshrubs;
inflated capsules; leaves alternate, ternately compound or biternate. 9 spp., 5
endemic to E Brazil, and four widely in both New (California to Argentina and
Caribbean, all in Brazil) and Old World (tropical Asia to Africa and Oceania).
30. Lophostigma
Radlk. Woody vines; cross section of stem with a single vascular
cylinder. Two spp. in Bolivia, one up to Peru and Ecuador.
31. Paullinia
L. Woody vines, usually producing milky sap; coriaceous
to woody capsules, opening to expose arillate seeds. 187 spp. in the
Neotropics, one, P. pinnata L., extending to Africa and Madagascar; most
diverse in the dense lowland to mid-elevation forests, most speciose in Brazil
(110, 28 endemic), Peru and Colombia. 184 spp. in over South America.
P. unifoliolata Perdiz &
Ferrucci from S Bahia is the only even
unifoliate species in this genus; others species
has unifoliate and compound leaves together; Paullinia display a wide
diversity of fruit morphologies.
32. Serjania
Mill. Vines, woody or herbaceous, sometimes with xylopodium;
duodichogamous, often producing milky sap. 254 spp., abundant in open
vegetation such as savannas, Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas),
shrubby savannas and forest margins; most diverse in the Brazilian Shield (with
around 100) and central Mexico. 168 spp. in South America, 122 in Brazil, 68 endemic.
33. Urvillea
Kunth. Herbaceous to woody vines; stems terete and
lenticellate, becoming trilobate at age, producing milky sap. 20 spp. of Peru
to Argentina,
Uruguay and Brazil (16, 10 endemic), with U.
ulmacea Kunth in H. B. K. extends into the Lesser Antilles and North
America, and two only from Mexico and America Central (18 in South America).
LINEAGE
3 of 3: MELIACEAE/RUTACEAE/SIMAROUBACEAE
MELIACEAE
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Genera/species 58/590-600
Distribution tropical and subtropical lowland areas, mainly southern and
SE Asia; few species in warm-temperate regions; Xylocarpus consists of
mangrove trees. Habit bisexual, monoecious, polygamomonoecious or
dioecious, evergreen trees and shrubs (in Munronia suffrutices, in Naregamia
perennial herbs). Bark often with a bitter taste, often with a strong
garlic-like or sweet smell, etc.
Trees,
treelets or rarely shrubs; plants monoecious, dioecious or polygamous; Cedrela
odorata L. is the most commercially important and widely distributed
species in their genus. Known as Spanish-cedar in English commerce, and cedro
in Brazil, the aromatic wood is in high demand in the American tropics because
it is naturally termite- and rot-resistant; oil of seeds from Carapa
guianensis Aubl. in highly medicinal porposes.
SYSTEMATIC two
main clades can be discerned, corresponding to Melioideae and Cedreloideae,
both in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
MELIOIDEAE (c 35/530–540) ‣ oustiders Azadirachta (2;
tropical Asia), Melia (2; southern tropical Africa,
tropical Asia to New Guinea), Astrotrichilia (c 12; Madagascar); Quivisianthe (1–2;
Madagascar), Walsura (16; India and Sri Lanka to New Guinea); Sandoricum
(4; Malesia, Borneo); Munronia (3; subtropical China and
tropical Asia to Timor), Lepidotrichilia (4; tropical E Africa,
Madagascar), Vavaea (4; Sumatra and Philippines to N
Australia, Fiji, the Caroline Islands and Tonga), Pseudoclausena (1;
Indochina to New Guinea), Cipadessa (1; tropical and
subtropical Asia from India, Sri Lanka and Nepal to S China, Indochina and
Central Malesia), Ekebergia (4; tropical and S Africa), Owenia (5; Australia), Malleastrum (23;
Madagascar, the Comoros, Aldabra), Pterorhachis (2; Central
Africa), Nymania (1; S Namibia, N, W and E Cape), Calodecaryia (2;
Madagascar), Humbertioturraea (10; Madagascar), Turraea (c
60; tropical and S Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene Islands, Socotra, tropical
Asia to N and E Australia), Synoum (1; Queensland, New South
Wales), Anthocarapa (1; Queensland, New South Wales, New
Guinea to New Caledonia and Rotuma), Heckeldora (7; tropical W
and C Africa), Turraeanthus (3; tropical Africa), Dysoxylum
(c 80; India and Sri Lanka to S China, Indochina, Malesia to New Guinea,
Christmas Island, islands in S and SW Pacific to N and E Australia, New
Caledonia, Norfolk Island, Lord Howe, New Zealand, Tonga to Niue), Chisocheton (53–55;
Assam, S China, SE Asia, Malesia to Queensland and Vanuatu), Sphaerosacme (1; Himalayas),
Aglaia (c 120; tropical Asia to islands in W Pacific), Aphanamixis
(3; tropical Asia to Solomon Islands), Lansium (1; Malesia), Reinwardtiodendron
(7; SE Asia, W and C Malesia).
1. Cabralea A.Juss. Tree
or treelet up to 30 m tall; hairs simple; leaves usually pinnate. Only one
variable sp., C. canjerana (Vell.) Mart., from Costa Rica through
tropical South America to N Argentina.
2. Guarea Allemão ex
L.
Dioecious trees or treelets; indumentum of simple hairs; leaves pinnate, with a
dormant terminal bud or more rarely a terminal leaflet; leaflets 8–15,
oblong-elliptic, entire; calyx irregularly lobed; petals 5, free from staminal
tube; fruit a cleistocarp, indehiscent or breaking up after falling; seeds large,
completely covered by a thin yellow aril. 70 spp. from tropical
America (53 in South America). G.
cartaguenya Cuatec. from Bajo Calima region, Choco, W Colombia, has the largest leaf among Meliaceae. 32 spp. in
Brazil, 8 endemic. G. crispa T.D.Penn. from Amazonas state is a rare
plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
3. Ruagea
Karsten.
Trees and treelets, dioecious; bud-scales rare. 12 spp. of montane rain forest
and cloud forest from South America (Venezuela to Bolivia), two up to
Guatemala.
4. Trichilia P.Browne.
Trees and treelets, usually dioecious, rarely polygamous. 109 spp., in mainland
lowland tropical America (85, Mexico to Argentina, Caribbean, 69 in South
America), 18 spp. in Africa, 6 spp. in Madagascar; frequent understory trees in
Amazon rainforest. 55 in Brazil, 16 endemic. T. discolor A.Juss from
Pará and T. florbranca T.D.Penn. from Bahia are rare plants in Brazil,
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
2. SUBFAMILY
CEDRELOIDEAE (c 10/33–35) ‣ outsiders
Chukrasia (1; India, Sri Lanka and S China to W Malesia), Neobeguea (3;
Madagascar), Toona (5; Pakistan to S China, SE Asia to Queensland and E
New South Wales), Capuronianthus (2; Madagascar), Lovoa
(3; tropical Africa), Xylocarpus (3; mangroves in E Africa to
Tonga), Khaya (6; tropical Africa, Madagascar), Entandrophragma
(11; tropical Africa), Pseudocedrela (1; tropical Africa), Soymida (1;
India, Sri Lanka).
5. Carapa Aubl. Trees of
very variable habit, up to 40 m tall; leaves usually paripinnate, and with an
apical gland, mostly crowded at ends of stout branchlets; flowers unisexual, 4-
or 5(6)-merous, in large, much-branched panicles; fruit a large, septifragal
capsule, breaking open on hitting ground; seeds 12–20, large, subangular, with
a woody but buoyant outer covering. 26 spp., 12 in Africa and 14 in New
World, 13 in South America, 4 in Brazil, none endemic, inc. C. guianensis Aubl. (sensu
lato) widely distributed in the neotropics.
6. Cedrela P.Browne. Trees,
deciduous up to 50 m tall; leaves usually paripinnate; leaflets entire. 21 spp.
in the Neotropics, 15 in South America, only two in Brazil, none endemic; one
of the world’s most important timber tree genera..
7. Schmardaea
H.
Karst. Trees or shrubs, deciduous. Only one sp., S. microphylla (Hook.)
H. Karst. ex Müll. Hal., Andes from Venezuela to Peru, up to 2,700 m in cloud
forests.
8. Swietenia Jacq. Trees,
deciduous, leaves usually paripinnate, up to 45 m tall; leaflets entire. Three
spp., S. humilis Zucc. in Pacific coast of America Central and Mexico; S.
macrophylla King, mogno wood, in Atlantic coast of America Central,
South America south to Bolivia and Brazil, and S. mahagoni (L.) Jacq.,
West Indian Mahogany, from S Florida, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola.
RUTACEAE
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Genera/species
152/1,650-1,700 Distribution tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate
regions in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, with their largest species
diversities in southern South Africa and Australia. Habit usually
bisexual (rarely monoecious, andromonoecious, polygamomonoecious, or
dioecious), evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs or lianas (rarely perennial
herbs). Often strongly aromatic. Many species are xerophytes.
About 160
genera and 1,900 spp. of Rutaceae were recognised, of which 48 genera and 350
spp. occur in the Neotropics (Kallunki 2004), 44-50 of these species belong to
the genus Conchocarpus
(Galipeinae). Rutaceae is widely distributed in subtropical and tropical or
less frequently in temperate regions of the world. In the Neotropics the family
is more diverse in the understorey of moist forests, especially in Brazilian
Atlantic rain forests (Galipeinae),
but spp. of this group can also be found in drier areas (e.g. Casimiroa, Zanthoxylum, Balfourodendron and Helietta). Cneoridium, Thamnosma, and some Zanthoxylum, Ptelea and Choisya spp. occur in
desertic or temperate areas in Mexico; and the Pitavia occurs in temperate areas in
Chile. Only Thamnosma (also present in African) and
(sub)tropical worldwide Zanthoxylum also occurring in other
continents.
Rutaceae are
best known by the exotic genus Citrus,
because of its commercially consumed fruits. Other groups of the same subfamily
of Citrus
(Aurantioideae, see discussion above) are commonly cultivated as ornamentals in
America, including species of Atalantia,
Clausena, Murraya, and Swinglea. Other
extra-American cultivated genera are Dictamnus,
Phellodendron, and
Ruta. Native
species are used as commercial timbers, such as Euxylophora paraensis
Huber (pau-amarelo), Balfourodendron
riedelianum
(Engl.) Engl. (pau-marfim), both from Brazil, and Zanthoxylum flavum
Vahl (West Indian silkwood); Pilocarpus (jaborandis) are sources of the
alkaloid pilocarpine, used to treat glaucoma: one of the species, P. microphyllus
Stapf ex Wardlew. is commercially cultivated in Brazil. The bark
of some species of Angostura,
Galipea and Hortia are used to treat
fevers. Casimiroa edulis
La Llave & Lex. (zapote blanco, white-zapote) is cultivated for its edible
fruits in America Central.
SYSTEMATIC six
subfamilies, Haplophyllodeae (1/66, western
Mediterranean and N and NE Africa, through Arabia and central Asia to China),
Auranthioideae (27/205, Africa, Asia, Australasia),
and Rutoideae (5/20, temperate
and tropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere as well as southern Africa)
is absent in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
AMYRIDOIDEAE (3/42) ‣
outsiders Cneoridium (1, California to NW Mexico), Stauranthus (2,
S. Mexico to America Central).
1. Amyris
P.
Browne. Glabrous shrubs or trees, sometimes armed with
short, axillary spines. 53 spp., U.S.A. (Texas, Florida), Mexico, America
Central (including Caribbean) to Peru disjunct in French Guiana. 15 spp. occur
in South America.
2. SUBFAMILY
CNEOROIDEAE (8/35) ‣ outsiders
Spathelia (3; Caribbean), Harrisonia (2; tropical
Africa, tropical Asia, N Australia), Cneorum (2; Canary
Islands; W Mediterranean), Ptaeroxylon (1; N Tanzania to South
Africa), Cedrelopsis (8; Madagascar), Bottegoa (1; S Somalia,
Ethiopia, Kenya).
2. Dictyoloma A. Juss.
Monoecious small trees; multicellular oil glands only on margins of the
leaflets, their cell walls not resorbed. Only one sp., D.
vandellianum A.Juss., from Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and C
Brazil.
3. Sohnreyia K. Krause. Monocarpic polygamous trees with simple unbranched trunks
conspicuously marked with leaf scars, pachycaulous, palm-like. 5 spp., N South
America from Venezuela to Colombia, Peru, and only S. excelsa K. Krause
in Brazil, Rondonia and Mato Grosso states up to Bolivia, non endemic.
3. SUBFAMILY
ZANTHOXYLOIDEAE (109/c. 1,700) ‣ more
than 50 outsiders.
4. Adiscanthus Ducke.
Shrubs or small unbranched trees; leaves alternate, simple. Only one sp., A.
fusciflorus Ducke, lowland forests of N South America in Colombia,
Venezuela, Brazil and Peru, E of Tapajos River, in Brazil.
5. Andreadoxa Kallunki.
Trees; leaves alternate, 1-foliolate; inflorescence an axillary thyrse, several
borne near apex of branch. Only one sp., A. flava Kalunki, a rare plant
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, with yellow flowers very narrow
endemic to forests of SE Bahia, only in Itabuna municipality, known only a
single specimen in a human area.
6. Angostura Roem. &
Schultes. Trees or shrubs; trichomes echinoid or
stellate; leaves alternate, (1)3-foliolate or sometimes digitately
4–7-foliolate. 12 spp., America Central (Nicaragua) and southwards to
Venezuela, S Brazil (6, 4 endemic) and Bolivia. 9 spp. in South America.
7. Apocaulon
R.
Cowan. Decumbent, pubescent, rhizomatous herbs; leaves alternate, congested.
Only one sp., A. carnosum R.S. Cowan, endemic to the Guiana Shield in
montane forests of southern Venezuela, 600-1,300 m elevation range.
8. Balfourodendron Méllo ex
Oliv. Trees or treelets up to 35 m tall; leaves opposite, digitately
3-foliolate. Two spp., both in NE to SE Brazil, one up to adjacent Paraguay and
Argentina, in (semi) deciduous forests.
9. Conchocarpus Mikan. Shrubs or small trees, often unbranched; trichomes simple.
50 spp., all in South America, 46 in Brazil (33 endemic) up to Nicaragua in
over tropical South America (4 absent in Brazil, one from Nicaragua and
Ecuador, two in Colombia, one in Venezuela), mainly in forests. 14 spp. in
Bahia, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states are rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
10. Decagonocarpus Engl. Shrubs
or small trees; leaves opposite, simple; inflorescence a terminal, few-flowered
monochasium. Two spp., endemic to Guiana Shield in S Venezuela, Amazonas state
in N Brazil and E Colombia (both in all three countries), 100-1,800 m elevation
range.
11. Desmotes
Kallunki.
Only one sp., D. incomparabilis (L.Riley) Kallunki, from Panama (I.
Coiba) to Colombia (Chocó).
12. Dryades Groppo,
Kallunki & Pirani. Shrubs or treelets up to 6 m tall, the stems usually
single or with few, orthotropic, relatively thick branches and often bearing
leaves congested at apex of the stem or branch or less often diffusely branched
and leaved; leaves ascending or patent, alternate, 1-foliolate, flowers
bisexual, 5-merous, pedicellate; corolla tubular, zygomorphic or (sub)
actinomorphic; petals creamy-white, fruit of 1–5 follicular mericarps. 5 spp.,
endemic to the Atlantic Forest domain in E Brazil, ranging from from the states
of Pernambuco and Bahia to Santa Catarina; three species inhabit the understory
of moist forests, and two species inhabit the Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands
(restingas).
13. Ertela Adans. Erect
herbs, sometimes suffruticose, stems dichotomously or trichotomously forked
above. Two spp., E. trifolia (L.) Kuntze widely distributed from SW
Mexico and disjunct in N South America to Peru, Bolivia and Rio de Janeiro
state; and E. bahiensis Kuntze endemic to E Brazil.
14. Erythrochiton Nees &
Mart. Shrubs or small trees, often un–few-branched,
sometimes flageliflorous in N Andes. 7 spp.,
Costa Rica across N South America (6) and South to Bolivia and Brazil (2, none
endemic). E. hypophyllanthus Planch., endemic to Colombia, is the one most remarkable of all Rutaceae, with epiphyllous
inflorescences in lower surface of leaves.
15. Esenbeckia Kunth.
Shrubs or small trees, rarely subshrubs. 36 spp., Caribbean, and from U.S.A.
and Mexico to north Argentina, rarely represented in Amazon rainforest, ranging
from dry woodland to moist forest, slightly centered in Mexico and Brazil (15,
5 endemic). 20 spp. in South America.
16. Euxylophora Huber. Tall
tree up to 30 m tall; wood yellow; leaves alternate, simple; inflorescence a
terminal, corymbiform thyrse. Only one species, E. paraensis Huber, from
SE Colombia and Pará to Maranhão states in N Brazil; found in dry land forests
in the Amazon rainforest.
17. Galipea Aubl. Trees or shrubs; trichomes simple; leaves alternate,
(1)3-foliolate. 14 spp., one America Central, remaining in tropical South
America. 10 spp. in Brazil, 6 endemic; G. carinata Pirani from Espírito
Santo state is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
18. Helietta Tul. Shrubs or trees; leaves (sub) opposite, digitately
3-foliolate; inflorescence a terminal, simple or compound thyrse. 10 spp.,
three in Mexico, one endemic to Cuba, six in South America in Peru, Bolivia,
Paraguay, N Argentina and Brazil (3, one endemic), and one endemic to Venezuela.
19. Hortia Vand. Trees
or shrubs with simple leaves crowded near the apices of the branches, showy
broad corymbose terminal inflorescences, reddish to pink flowers, and baccate
fruits with abundant oil glands. 11 spp., Panamá, N South America to São Paulo
state in Brazil (9, two endemic, three of then, all from Amazonas state, are
rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
20. Leptothyrsa Hook.f.
Shrubs or small trees not ramified; leaves alternate, simple, very long,
crowded at tip of stems. Only one sp., L. sprucei Hook.f., lowland
forests of Amazonas state in N Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia
and Peru.
21. Lubaria
Pittier.
Tree; leaves simple, opposite; inflorescence a terminal, once- or twice-forked
dichasium with monochasial branches. Two spp., one in Costa Rica and Venezuela,
another endemic to Colombia.
22. Metrodorea St-Hill.
Shrubs or trees; leaves opposite, 1–3-foliolate. 6 spp., all in Brazil and
endemic within, except M.
flavida
K. Krause,
which also occur in adjacent Bolivia, Peru and Guianas.
23. Naudinia
Planch.
& Linden. Shrub, leaves alternate, 1-foliolate; inflorescence an
extra-axillary cyme. Only one sp., N. amabilis Planch. & Linden,
Colombia.
24. Neoraputia Emmerich.
Trees; trichomes simple; leaves alternate (sometimes opposite). 6 spp., 4
endemic to E Brazil, N. magnifica (Engl.) Emmerich ex Kallunki up to
Peru, and N. paraensis (Ducke) Emmerich ex Kallunki in over Amazon
rainforest up to America Central.
25. Peltostigma
Walp.
Shrubs and small trees; leaves alternate, digitately 3–5- or 1-foliolate. Two
spp., Mexico, Caribbean, Guatemala to Nicaragua, P. guatemalense
(Standl. & Steyerm.) Gereau up to Colombia and Peru.
26. Pilocarpus Vahl. Shrubs or trees; leaves alternate. 17 spp., one in
Caribbean, all remaining in South America, with one up to Mexico, centered in
Brazil (13, 11 endemic); moist and dry forest and woodland; absent from the
Amazon rainforest.
27. Pitavia
Molina.
Dioecious small trees or shrubs; trichomes simple; leaves simple, opposite, or
in trimerous whorls. Only one sp., P. punctata Mol., coastal Cordillera
of Chile.
28. Raputia Aubl. Shrubs
or trees; leaves opposite, 1- or 3-foliolate. 14 spp., northern South America
up to Brazil (8, two endemic, both rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book), mostly in lowland forest, only three outside Amazon
rainforests.
29. Raputiarana Emmerich. Shrub, leaves alternate, digitately 5–7-foliolate. Two
spp., Costa Rica to Brazil and Bolivia, both in South America, R. subsigmoidea (Ducke)
Emmerich in Panamá and Amazon rainforest of N Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia and
Peru.
30. Rauia Nees &
Mart. Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, 1- or 3- foliolate. 5 spp., two
only in Guiana Shield, two endemic to Brazil, and R. resinosa
Nees & Mart. widely distributed in E tropical South America.
31. Raulinoa
R.
Cowan. Shrub armed species with reddish flowers. Only one sp., R. echinata
R. S. Cowan, a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, known
only in rocky riversides of Itajaíaçu River in Santa Catarina state, S Brazil.
32. Ravenia Vell. Shrubs or small trees; leaves opposite or
appearing alternate due to reduction of one of two opposite leaves, simple or
3-foliolate. 11 spp., 6 only in Caribbean, one in Caribbean and America Central,
three endemic to Brazil (R. pseudalterna Ducke is a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), and R. biramosa Ducke from
Amazon rainforest of Peru,
Colombia and N Brazil.
33. Raveniopsis Gleason. Shrubs or small trees; trichomes simple or
stellate-lepidote. 20 spp., 17 endemic to Guiana Shield (300–) 1,000–2,600 m
above sea level of S Venezuela (16, 14 endemic) and Guyana (3, 1 endemic), and three
endemic to N Brazil (Amazonas and Rondonia state), two of them, one from Mount
Aracá and one from Rondonia, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
34. Rutaneblina Steyerm.
& Luteyn. Low shrubs; leaves simple; inflorescence an almost sessile,
condensed or corymbiform dichasium. Only one sp., R. pusilla S. &
L., endemic to Pantepui Life Zone (Venezuelan side of Mount Neblina) in Guiana
Shield of S Venezuela.
35. Sigmatanthus
Huber
ex Emmerich. Small tree or shrub; leaves alternate, trifoliolate; inflorescence
terminal, raceme-like. Only one sp., S. trifoliatus Huber ex Emmerich,
NE Brazil, from Pará to Rio Grande do Norte.
36. Spiranthera A. St-Hil. Shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, 3-foliolate;
inflorescence a terminal thyrse. 6 spp., one endemic to Peru, S. odoratissima A. St.-Hil.,
widely distributed in savannas of C Brazil (cerrado) and open formations
of Brazil and Bolivia; three other species are Amazonian forest trees or
treelets: S. guianensis Sandwith,
from Guyana, Venezuela, and NW Brazil; S. speciosa (Ducke)
L.A.Brito & Pirani, very narrow endemic to Manaus vicinity in central
Amazon rainforest of Brazil, a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book; S.
parviflora Sandwith,
from Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and northern Brazil; and S. atlantica Pirani
represents the only species record for the genus in the Atlantic Forest of E
Brazi (two collections from Espırito Santo).
37. Ticorea Aubl. Trees
or shrubs; leaves alternate, 3(4)-foliolate, domatiiferous. 6 spp., lowland
forests of the eastern slopes of the Andes in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, and in
Brazilian Amazon rainforest (4, one endemic) and the Guianas.
38. Toxosiphon Baill.
Shrubs or small trees, often unbranched; leaves alternate, 1- or 3-foliolate,
often clustered at apex of stem. 4 spp., T. lindenii (Planch.) Baill.
ranging from southern Mexico through Panamá, and three from Ecuador to northern
Bolivia and adjacent Brazil (2, none endemic), in the understorey of humid
tropical forests.
39. Zanthoxylum L. Dioecious, monoecious or polygamous, deciduous or
evergreen trees or rarely scandent shrubs, often aculeate or spinose, sometimes
with knobs tipped with spines (knobthorns). 234 spp., (sub) tropics worldwide, 100
in New World, widely distributed, 70 in South America, absent in continental
Chile, but Z. mayu Bert. present in Juan Fernandes Is, in Pacific Ocean.
28 spp. in Brazil, 10 endemic.
Z.
magnifructum Reynel (Colombia) has the largest
fruits of any species in the genus in the New World.
SIMAROUBACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 27, 2024
Genera/species
20/140–145 Distribution tropical and subtropical regions, a few species
(e.g. of Ailanthus) in temperate E Asia (Korean Peninsula, Japan). Habit
monoecious, polygamomonoecious, dioecious, or polygamodioecious
(androdioecious) (sometimes bisexual), evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs.
Bark, wood and seeds often very bitter-tasting. Branch medulla
characteristically light-coloured and well-developed.
The
Simaroubaceae are a primarily tropical family of about 200 species in 20-30
genera. The primary center of diversity for the family is in tropical America
with a secondary center in tropical W Africa. Most species are dioecious trees
or shrubs with alternate compound leaves, five-parted flowers and drupaceous
fruits.
The
anemophilous Leitneria floridana Chapman is sister to the [Brucea+Soulamea]
clade. Leitneria is characterized by a combination of features which is
unique to Simaroubaceae, i.e., dioecy, silky young
branches, bark not bitter, catkin-like cymose inflorescences consisting of
numerous reduced dichasia, reduced flowers without calyx (at least in male
flowers; in female flowers sepaloid bracts/bracteoles?), disc absent, four stamens
with basifixed anthers, pollen grains with reticulate exine, one carpel (in
reality two carpels, one of which reduced and rarely developing), unilocular
(pseudomonomerous) ovary, decurrent stigma, parietal placentation, ascending
ovules, bistomal micropyle, drupe, endotegmic seed-coat, mesotegmen with
reticulate thickenings, starchy endosperm, and n = 16.
SYSTEMATIC the
both subfamilies occur in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
SIMAROUBEAE (19/9-100) ‣ outsiders Ailanthus (6; Turkestan,
India, Sri Lanka, China (inc. Taiwan), SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea, N and E
Australia); Nothospondias (1; C Africa); Leitneria (1;
SE U.S.A.), Brucea (8–10; tropical regions in the Old
World), Soulamea (14; Seychelles, New Caledonia, Fiji, SE Asia
and Malesia to Polynesia); Samadera (5–6; Madagascar, SE Asia to
Queensland), Gymnostemon (1; Côte d’Ivoire), Perriera (2;
Madagascar), Hannoa (5–7; Central Africa), Odyendea (1;
tropical Africa), Eurycoma (3; tropical SE Asia, W Malesia to
Philippines), Iridosma (1; C Africa), Pierreodendron (2;
tropical W and Central Africa to Angola).
1. Homalolepis Hook. f.
Subshrubs with aerial stem absent or very short, usualy with xylopodium, shrubs
usually broadly branching, treelets with a slender, unbranched stem (palmlike
habit) or large trees generally with broad canopy. 28 spp., SE Brazil (25, 20 endemic)
to Costa Rica in America Central, mostly concentrate in extra-Amazon rainforest regions. H.
suaveolens (A. St.-Hil.) Devecchi & Pirani from Minas Gerais state is a
rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book; two sections:
§
sect.
Homalolepis ‣ 15 spp., mainly in the
extra-Amazon rainforest part of South America;
only two occur exclusively in Amazon rainforest, and H. guajirensis Devecchi,
W.W. Thomas & Pirani is endemic to dry formations of northern Colombia and
Venezuela.
§
sect.
Grandiflorae ‣ 13 spp., including the
one with the broadest distribution in the genus (H. cedron (Planch.)
Devecchi & Pirani), mainly geophytic subshrubs with leaves crowded at
ground level, or treelets with a palmlike habit.
2. Picrolemma Hook. F. Small
shrubs, up to 6 m, dioecious; leaves imparipinnate. Two spp. widley in
nortern South America, both in Brazil, none endemic.
3. Quassia L. Trees or
shrubs; branchlets glabrous; leaves imparipinnate, 2–5(–8)-jugate; not crowded
at tips of branches; leaflets ± opposite, usually with pitted glands in upper
(and sometimes in lower) surface; petiole and rachis not winged; flowers in
terminal and axillary thyrses; fruits of 1–3(4) drupaceous mericarps; seeds 1
per mericarp. Only one sp. Q. amara L. in Mexico, America Central, Caribbean,
Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil.
4.
Simaba
Aubl.
8
spp., SE Asia and Africa one each, and six in New World, all from northern
South America, all in Brazil, one endemic.
5. Simarouba Aubl. Shrubs
and trees to 35 m, dioecious; leaves paripinnate or imparipinnate. 6 spp., Cuba,
Porto Rico and Hispaniola one endemic each, two widely from Mexico or Florida
to South America and Caribbean (S. amara Aubl. in Brazil), and S.
versicolor A.St.-Hil. from Bolivia and Brazil.
2. SUBFAMILY
PICRASMATEAE (2/c 23) ‣ all
genera occur in South America.
6. Castela Turpin. Shrubs,
erect or trailing, or small trees to 5 m, dioecious, armed with (occasionally
branching) thorns. 19 spp., Caribbean, Jamaica, Hispaniola, SW U.S.A. and N Mexico,
4 in South America, C. coccinea Griseb. and C. tweedii Planch.
from Bolivia and Paraguay to Argentina and Brazil (only the latter), C.
galapageia Hook. f. in the Galapagos Islands, and C. erecta Turpin
found from Texas to Peru and Caribbean.
7. Picrasma Blume. Small
trees, sometimes to 20 m, or shrubs, monoecious or dioecious. 12 spp., three
in SE Asia and 9 in New World, endemic in Mexico (1), Cuba (3), Haiti (1),
Dominican Republic (1), Ecuador (1), P. crenata (Vell.) Engl. from E
& S Brazil to Argentina and Paraguay, and P. excelsa (Sw.) Planch.
from El Salvador to Venezuela and Ecuador, E Bolivia, Caribbean.
42. HUERTALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: GERRADINACEAE (1/2) AND PETENAEACEAE (1/1), AS
IN POWO IN 10 JUNE, 2024.
TAPISCIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
Genera/species
2/6 Distribution Tapiscia: S and SE China, N Vietnam; Huertea:
Caribbean, the Andes from Colombia to Peru Habit bisexual or unisexual
(male; andromonoecious), evergreen (Huertea) or deciduous (Tapiscia)
trees.
Differs by
Staphyleaceae by alternate leaves, wood anatomy, connate sepals, and seeds with
a less well developed exotegmen.
SYSTEMATIC outsider
Tapiscia (2, S and SE China, N Vietnam, Laos).
1.
Huertea Ruiz & Pav.
Evergreen trees or shrubs with reddish wood; mesophytic; leaves alternate;
spirally arranged; compound; imparipinnate or trifoliolate, serrate;
inflorescences terminal or from leaf axils; paniculate; flowers tiny;
unisexual; perianth actinomorphic; petals free; stamens five, free of perianth;
fruit a drupe; surface smooth; seeds 1-2; 1-10mm. 4 spp., H. cubensis Griseb. in Mexico, Honduras, Costa
Rica, Cuba, R. Dominicana; H. glandulosa Ruiz & Pavon from Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela,
Ecuador, Peru; H. granadina Cuatrec from Colombia and Venezuela; and H.
putumayensis Cuatrec endemic to Colombia.
DIPENTODONTACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
Genera/species
2/21 Distribution Dipentodon: E Himalaya, NE India, N Burma, SE
Tibet, SW China, Vietnam; Perrottetia: S China Malesia, New Guinea, NE
Queensland, Hawaii, Mexico, America Central, northern Andes southwards to Peru.
Habit bisexual or dioecious, evergreen trees or shrubs.
SYSTEMATICS
outsider Dipentodon (1, NE India, E Himalayas, N Burma,
SE Tibet, SW China, Vietnam).
1. Perrottetia
Kunth.
Trees or shrub, bisexual or dioecious, evergreen. 20
spp., 4 in China to Australia region, two in Hawaii, and 14 in tropical America
from Mexico to Bolivia and Venezuela: two from Mexico to America Central, one
endemic to Panama, two from Mexico or America Central up to South America, and
nine exclusives to South America. Mexico has 3 spp. (none endemic), Colombia 10
(5 endemic) and Peru only three (none endemic). Endemic species also in
Venezuela (1).
43. MALVALES
FAMILIES ABSENT IN SOUTH AMERICA: NEURADACEAE
(3/8), SARCOLAENACEAE (10/72), SPHAEROSEPALACEAE (2/20), AS
IN POWO IN JUNE 22, 2024.
LINEAGE
1: THYMELAEACEAE
THYMELAEACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 22, 2024
Genera/species 52/c.
800 Distribution cosmopolitan except polar areas, although mainly in
tropical Africa and Australia, Mediterranean, and West, East and SE Asia. Habit
usually bisexual (sometimes andromonoecious, trimonoecious, polygamomonoecious,
dioecious, androdioecious, or gynodioecious), evergreen or deciduous trees,
shrubs or suffrutices (rarely lianas or perennial herbs), usually poisonous.
Many species are xerophytes. Bark strongly fibrous. Use ornamental, textile and paper plants (bast
fibres of Edgeworthia, Daphne, Lagetta, Thymelaea, Wikstroemia),
incense (Wikstroemia) and perfumes (sesquiterpene alcohols in fungal
infected wood), medicinal plants, cosmetics (Aquilaria etc.), timber.
With regards
to Tepuianthus Maguire & Steyermark (previously in its own
monogeneric family Tepuianthaceae), recent molecular and morphological data
suggest that this genus is sister to subfamily Octolepidoideae (Horn, 2004).
Aside from Tepuianthus and the closely related Octolepidoideae,
molecular phylogenetic research within the family has mostly focused on the
monophyletic subfamily Thymelaeoideae with emphasis on South African species of
several genera and to a lesser extent, the large, mostly Australian genus, Pimelea
Banks ex Gaertn.
New World
members of the family account for 12 native genera and about 108 species; most
groups are tropical and subtropical, found in lowland to montane environments.
All American genera except Tepuianthus Maguire & Steyerm. belong to
the much larger Thymelaeaoideae subfamily. Centers of species diversity are in
Brazil (particularly around Rio de Janeiro), NW South America (especially
Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela), and the Greater Antilles.
Several
species of Daphne, a genus native to the Old World, are cultivated in
the warm temperate zones of the New World; the tough phloem fibers are often
twisted into cords and ropes, and the inner bark and fibers are sometimes used
to make papers and textiles; fruit, leaves, and bark of many species are used
as fish poison, and rarely also as a purgative; the family is economically
important for ramin and agar wood (gaharu), with many populations threatened
with extinction due to unsustainable extraction; in addition, several species
are important for horticulture; Lagetta lagetto (W. Wright) Nash from
the Carribbean has bark made up of many layers which has been used as gauze,
lace or muslin.
Key
differences from similar families The following features
distinguish these families from the Thymelaeaceae:
ü Chrysobalanaceae
- stipules present; glands usually present on petiole or leaf base; calyx and
corolla present; petals free.
ü Clusiaceae -
yellow sap present; opposite leaves usually with parallel venation; flowers
unisexual; calyx and corolla present.
ü Ebenaceae -
leaves distichous or spirally arranged with glands on the underside; calyx and
corolla present.
ü Lamiaceae -
leaves decussate; flowers zygomorphic; calyx and corolla present; stamens
usually 2 or 4.
ü Rubiaceae -
interpetiolar stipules present; stamens equal to the number of corolla lobes;
ovary inferior.
SYSTEMATIC the
isolate clade Synandrodaphne (1; Central
Africa) and the subfamily Octolepidoideae
(8/57–62, Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Malesia to New Guinea, NE Queensland,
Melanesia) do not occur in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
TEPUIANTHEAE (1/7) - a single genus.
1. Tepuianthus
Maguire & Steyerm. 6 spp., 5 endemic to the Guiana Shield in 100
– 2,200 m elevation range, of Venezuela and adjacent Colombia,
and the shrubblet T. aracaensis Steyerm. & Maguire, known
only from Mount Aracá in N Amazonas state, a rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book.
2. SUBFAMILY
THYMELAEOIDEAE (35/785 - 795) - outsiders Lagetta (3; Caribbean),
Dirca (4, S Canada, U.S.A., N Mexico), Linodendron (3; Cuba), Aquilaria
(22; NE India, SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea), Gyrinops (9; Sri Lanka,
Laos, Malesia to New Guinea); Linostoma (3; tropical Asia, Australia), Jedda
(1; Queensland), Enkleia (3; Andaman Islands, SE Asia, Malesia), Dicranolepis
(c 20; tropical Africa), Synaptolepis (5; tropical and S Africa,
Madagascar), Craterosiphon (11; tropical Africa), Stephanodaphne
(9; Madagascar, the Comoros), Phaleria (c 25; Sri Lanka, Malesia to New
Guinea, Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales, the Caroline Islands),
Peddiea (14; tropical and SE Africa, Madagascar), Daphne (90–95;
Europe, Mediterranean, temperate Asia), Wikstroemia (c 90; SE Asia to
islands in the Pacific incl. Hawaii), Rhamnoneuron (1; SE Asia), Edgeworthia
(4; China, Japan), Thymelaea (c 35; S Europe, Mediterranean, temperate
Asia, Himalayas, Tibet), Diarthron (c 15; Europe, W Asia), Stellera
(1; Iran, C Asia, Himalayas, Tibet, China), Dais (2; south tropical and
southern Africa; Madagascar), Struthiola (35–40; tropical and southern
Africa, with their highest diversity in the Cape Provinces in South Africa), Lachnaea
(35–40; N, W and E Cape), Passerina (c 20; Central to southern Africa,
with their highest diversity in the Cape Provinces in South Africa), Kelleria
(11; Sabah, New Guinea, Victoria, Tasmania, New Zealand), Gnidia
(150–155; tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula, India,
Sri Lanka, with their largest diversity in the Cape Provinces in South Africa)
and Pimelea (c 130; Philippines to Australia, Tasmania, Lord Howe, New
Zealand).
Only three
outsiders in New World: Lagetta (3, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica), Dirca
(4, S Canada, U.S.A., N Mexico) and Linodendron (3, Cuba).
2. Daphnopsis Mart. 72
spp., is by far the largest genus in the Americas, ranging from central Mexico
to Chile and Argentina, also throughout most of the Antilles; 32 in South
America, 12 occur in Brazil, 9 endemic.
3. Drapetes Banks ex Lam. Cushions. Only a single species, D.
muscosus Lam., from S Chile, Argentina, and the Falkland Islands.
4. Funifera Leandro ex C. A. Mey. 4
spp., endemic
to SE Brazil.
5. Goodallia Benth. Only
one sp., G. guianensis Benth., distributed in the lowlands of Guyana and
Roraima state in N Brazil, and remains poorly known.
6. Lasiadenia Benth. Two
spp., L. rupestris Benth. from Amazonian rainforest of Venezuela,
Colombia, Guyana and Amazonas state in Brazil, and L. ottohuberi T.
Plowman & Nevling endemic to Venezuela.
7.
Lophostoma (Meisn.) Meisn. 4 spp.,
Colombia, Venezuela and Amazonian rainforest of N Brazil (3, two endemic).
8. Ovidia
Meisn.
Two spp., O. andina Meisn. from S Chile, Argentina and O. sericea
Antezana & Z.S.Rogers from Bolivia.
9. Schoenobiblus Mart. 10 spp. from Honduras to Bolivia and Venezuela. Only 3
spp. in Brazil, none endemic.
LINEAGE
2: BIXACEAE
BIXACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 22, 2024
Genera/species 3/26
Distribution U.S.A., Mexico, America Central, Caribbean,
tropical South America, western and central tropical Africa, Madagascar, India,
Sri Lanka, northern Burma, Thailand and Indochina, northern Australia, eastern
New Guinea. Habit bisexual, deciduous trees or shrubs (Cochlospermum),
or perennial herbs with woody subterranean stem (Amoreuxia). Leaves in Diegodendron
fragrant (like camphor). Juice coloured (orange to red). Some species are
xerophytes. Juice coloured (yellow), resinous.
Testa
in Bixa with red sarcotesta (with bixine, a carotenoid); Bixa
orellana L., yelding a reddish food colouring commercially known as colorau,
or corante, is widely cultivated and often naturalized througrouth tropics.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders
Diegodendron (1, Madagascar).
1. Bixa L. Evergreen
shrubs or small trees with raddish or yellow sap u to 30 m; flowers in terminal
thyrsoid, large and showy (white or pink). 6 spp. (all
in Brazil) in two morphological groups:
§ trees, 4 spp.: B. atlantica Antar &
Sano, endemic to Bahia, Minas Gerais and Espirito Santo states in Atlantic
Forest of SE Brazil; B. arborea Huber, described by Huber
(1910) in Bragança, Pará, from Ecuador, Peru, N Brazil and French Guiana; B. excelsa Gleason
& Krukoff, described
by Gleason and Krukoff (1934) along the Envira River, a tributary of the Juruá
River, SW Amazon rainforest, collected also in Bolivia and Peru; and B.
platycarpa Ruiz & Pav. ex G. Don, described by Ruiz and Pavón (Don 1831) in Peru,
collected also in Brazil and Peru.
§ shrubs, two spp., B. orellana L. which was described by
Linnaeus (1753, never wild collected), and B. urucurana Willd., described by Willdenow
(1809) in Brazil (without an identified locality),native from Mexico to
Bolivia, Venezuela, Guianas and Brazil.
2. Cochlospermum Kunth. Trees or suffrutescent
subshrubs, perennial, bisexual, often with taproot
tubers or xylopodium. 19 spp., in tropical
Africa (6), India to Myanmar (1), New Guinea and Australia (4), one from U.S.A.
to Mexico, one endemic to Mexico, two from U.S.A. to NW South America, one only
in Argentina and Bolivia, and three in Brazil, two widely from America Central
and Mexico to South America, and one up to Paraguay and Bolivia.
LINEAGE
3: CISTO/DIPTEROCARPOIDS
DIPTEROCARPACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 22, 2024
Genera/species 22/c.
550 Distribution SE Colombia, tropical Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles,
tropical Asia eastwards to New Guinea, with their highest diversity in the West
Malesian lowland rainforests. Habit bisexual, evergreen trees or shrubs.
Often with large plank buttresses. Use timber (hardwood), resins
(dammar), camphor (Dryobalanops aromatica), butter fats from fruits.
SYSTEMATIC two
subfamilies, Dipterocarpoideae (10–11/c 510)
only in Seychelles and Asia to New Guinea; among Monotoideae, outsiders
are Marquesia (3; tropical Africa) and Monotes (c
30; tropical Africa, Madagascar).
1. Pseudomonotes
Lodoño, Alvarez & Morton. Main canopy unbuttressed tree 25-30
m tall, to 70-80 cm diam.; branchlets terete, glabrous; leaves 9-23 cm long,
6-16 cm wide, entire, chartaceous; inflorescence axillary, subcymose, 5-7 cm
long; flowers bisexual, actinomorphic; flower bud 5-8 mm long, 2-4 mm wide
(flowers only observed in bud); corolla glabrous, greenish white, petals 5,
stamens numerous, fruit a dry nut, 3-4 cm long, 1.5-2 cm wide, glabrous, ovoid,
pericarp woody; seed 1 per fruit. Only one sp., P. troprenbosii Lodoño,
Alvarez & Morton., known only from the type locality in the vicinity of
Araracuara, Department of Amazonas, Colombia, at 200-300 m elevation; no open
flowers have been seen; the plants have been collected in bud in November and
in fruit in April.
CISTACEAE
§
REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON JUNE 22, 2024
Genera/species
8/c. 170 Distribution temperate and subtropical regions in the Northern
Hemisphere eastwards to Central Asia, few species in Caribbean,
Guiana Shield and southern South America. Habit bisexual, evergreen
shrubs or suffrutices, or annual herbs, one sp. a tree in South America.
Numerous species are xerophytes. Cistaceae grow in lowlands and
mountains up to middle altitudes, with a preference of open areas on sandy or
chalky soils. The distribution of the family is exclusive to the Northern
Hemisphere except for 4 disjunct, endemic species in warm-temperate southern
and tepuis in South America. Neotropical Cistaceae are mostly heliophytic
shrubs found in Mexico and Mesoamerica at high elevations in exposed areas, dry
rock slopes on alkaline or sandy soils and in mixed pine and oak forests.
Key
differences from similar families
ü Cochlospermaceae -
palmatifid leaves; no leaf hairs; cystoliths absent; lacking spiny stipules;
dissected into distinct lobes or sections; non-fleshy; not sclerified or
modified; not one-veined or pinnately veined; stipules absent; exudate colour
brown, orange, red or yellow; exudate darkens rapidly on exposure.
Inflorescence structure racemes; anthers dehise via pores; peduncle present.
ü Rosaceae - leaves
sometimes pinnately compound; margins usually serrate; paired stipules; spines
may be present on midrib of leaflets and the rachis of compound leaves; flowers
arranged in racemes, spikes or heads; bases of sepals, petals and stamens are
fused together to form hypanthium.
ü Malvaceae: subfamily
Malvoideae - cystoliths absent in leaves; leaf margins can be serrate, dentate
or crenate as well as entire; no obvious exudate when cut; bracts not present
(although can be misinterpreted as being present); usually 5 calyx & corolla
segments (3-5 in Cistaceae); stamens adnate to perianth; ovary locules usually
3-5; usually fewer androecial members (often 10-15); fruit surface often spiny
or ridged.
ü Malvaceae: subfamily
Tilioideae - usually trees or shrubs; inflorescence axillary (uncommon in
Cistaceae); gynoecium 2-100-carpellate; petals sometimes bifid.
ü Malvaceae: subfamily
Grewioideae - often trees or shrubs; cystoliths absent in leaves; leaf margins
can be serrate, dentate or crenate as well as entire; no obvious exudate when
cut; ovary locules 1-10; 4-5 calyx & corolla segments (3-5 in Cistaceae);
fruit surface often spiny or ridged.
ü Turneraceae- leaf margin
rarely entire; cystoliths absent; 5 calyx & corolla segments (3-5 in
Cistaceae); staminodes absent; androecial members 5; no obvious exudates when
cut.
SYSTEMATIC two
subfamilies, very divergent in habit and habitat, both in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
PAKARAIMAEOIDEAE (1/1) ‣ a single genus.
1. Pakaraimaea
Maguire & Ashton. Unbuttressed coppicing smooth-barked main
canopy tree or large shrub, making ECM symbioses with fungi.
Only one sp., P. dipterocarpacea Maguire & Ashton, in heath forest
and savannah edges, white sand soils, of W Guyana and E Venezuela; discovery
only in 1977.
2. SUBFAMILY
CISTOIDEAE (8/205-210) – outsiders Fumana (15–18; Europe,
Mediterranean, North Africa); Lechea (17–18; North America, Mexico,
Belize, Cuba); Helianthemum (c 110; Europe, Canary Islands,
Mediterranean, North Africa to Central Asia), Tuberaria (c 12; West and
Central Europe, Mediterranean), Halimium (12; Mediterranean, North
Africa, Türkiye), Cistus (19–20; Canary Islands, Mediterranean, Türkiye,
the Caucasus).
2. Crocanthemum
Spach. Half-shrubs or shrubs, often appearing herbaceous,
aromatic; leaves stipulate, alternate; pinnately veined; flowers chasmogamous
and cleistogamous. 20 spp., 19 in North America up to Costa Rica and
Hispaniola, and one, C. brasiliense
(Lam.) Pers., from S Brazil, Uruguay and NE Argentina.
Good delimination characteristics between Helianthemum and Crocanthemum
includeing leaf arrangement, pollen type, shape of the funicle, embryo and base
of the style; Helianthemum the only genus with opposite leaves and only
neotropical genus which may have stipules (though Crocanthemum has
axillary tufts of leaves, sometimes mistaken for stipules); Lechea
petals, of which there are 3, unlike the other two neotropical genera (5), are
minute, 3 stigmas; Helianthemum style narrowly tapering from apex to a
filiform base. Crocanthemum style short and erect.
LINEAGE
4: SUPERMALVIDS
MUNTINGIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS IN POWO ON JUNE 22, 2024
Genera/species
3/3 Distribution Florida, Mexico, America Central, Caribbean,
tropical South America and southwards to Argentina. Habit usually bisexual
(rarely unisexual), evergreen trees or shrubs. Use Ornamental plants,
fruits, fibres, timber (Muntingia).
Key
differences from similar families The Muntigiaceae could
potentially be confused with members of the family Malvaceae subfamily
Tilioideae, but differ from them in the following characters:
ü Absence of mucilage
cavaties or canals in stem and leaf anatomy.
ü The combined occurrence
of long, simple bristles, stellate hairs, and glandular trichomes with globular
heads, is unknown in subfamily Tilioideae.
ü The stipule -dimorphism
shown in Muntingia and Dicraspidia is unknown in subfamily
Tilioideae.
ü The supra-axillary
position of the inflorescences.
ü The occurrence of
inferior ovary, which is superior in subfamily Tilioideae.
SYSTEMATIC all
genera in South America.
1. Dicraspsidia
Standl.
Only one species, D. donnell-smithii Standl., found from S America
Central to N Colombia.
2. Muntingia L. Tres,
white flowers. Only one sp., M. calabura L.,
distribution extending from Mexico and Caribbean to the
Brazilian Amazon rainforest (natively in Amazonas, Acre and
Rondonia states) and Bolivia; now frequently cultivated in Africa and Asia as
an ornamental and for its edible fruits; one of the
few tree species known from both sides of the Andes. In
Brazil trees are often planted along riverbanks, where the fruits falling into
the water are useful fish attractants. Muntingia provides valuable fuel
wood as it ignites quickly, burns with intense heat and makes little smoke.
Guatemala, 'Jam tree' in Sri Lanka and 'Jamaican Cherry' amongst many other
vernacular names.
3. Neotessmannia
Burret. Only one species, N. uniflora Burret, a very rare
tree known only from the type collection from swamp forest in one location in E
Peru, where fruiting material has yet to be collected.
CYTINACEAE
§ PARASITIC (Prosopanche -
Cassytha - Bdallophytum - Krameria -
Mitrastemon - ... - OROBANCHACEAE - Cuscuta)
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 22, 2024
Genera/species
2/12 Distribution Canary
Islands, Mediterranean, Türkiye, southern and western Caucasus, southern
Africa, Madagascar, southern Mexico, America Central. Habit monoecious
or dioecious, achlorophyllous perennial herbaceous endophytic root
holoparasites without rhizome or normal roots. Cytinus subgenus Cytinus
on species of Cistaceae; Cytinus subgenus Hypolepis on species of
at least five different clades of angiosperms; Bdallophytum mostly on Bursera
(Burseraceae).
SYSTEMATIC outsider
Cytinus (8; subg. Cytinus in Mediterranean, Canary
Islands, Türkiye, Caucasia; subg. Hypolepis in southern Africa
and Madagascar).
1.
Bdallophytum Eichler. Herbs,
achlorophylous, holoparasitic and andromonoecious; endophyte vegetative tissue
(not visible) developed in shallow roots of plants of the genus. 4 spp., 3 from
Mexico, one of them up to Costa Rica, and B. caesareum (Fern.Alonso
& H.Cuadros) Byng & Christenh., known only from the Valledupar region
in the center of the Department of Cesar, Colombia, in the foothills of the
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta at altitudes below 500 m.
MALVACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JANUARY 21, 2025 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN
ANNEX 3
Genera
/species 246/4,400–4,700 Distribution cosmopolitan except polar
areas, with their largest diversity in tropical forests. Habit usually
bisexual (rarely monoecious, polygamomonoecious or dioecious), evergreen or
deciduous trees, shrubs or suffrutices (rarely lianas), perennial, biennial or
annual herbs. Some species are xerophytes. Some genera with tough fibres in
bark and stem.
Ornamental
plants, textile plants (seed hairs from Gossypium; endocarp hairs,
kapok, from Ceiba pentandra, Bombax etc.; phloem fibres from Corchorus
capsularis, Abroma augusta, Hibiscus cannabinus, H.
sabdariffa, etc.), fruits (aril from Durio zibethinus, etc.),
vegetables (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench
etc.), spices, beverages and stimulants (Theobroma cacao, T.
grandiflorum, Cola spp., etc.), medicinal plants (Althaea
officinalis etc.), seed oils (Gossypium), timber, carpentries (balsa
from Ochroma pyramidale etc.), forage plants (Hermannia). Abelmoschus
esculentus (L.) Moench (okra) is grown throughout the world as a vegetable,
the immature fruits being eaten in a variety of ways. It and A. moschatus Medik.
are also used as a source of stem fibers and of seed oil. In addition, the
seeds are sometimes used as a coffee substitute, and masticated seeds are used
as an antidote for poisonous snake bite. A red-flowered form (A.
tuberculatus Pal & Singh?) was recently introduced into U.S.
horticultural use as a garden ornamental. 1610 spp. in South America.
SYSTEMATIC nine
subfamilies; subfamily Dombeyoideae
(21/370–375, tropical regions in the Old World, St. Helena, with their largest
diversity in Madagascar) does not occur in South America.
INCERTAE
SEDIS - outsiders Durioneae
(6/53, India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Malesia), Alyogyne (5,
Western Australia, South Australia, southern Northern Territory), Chiranthodendron
(1, Mexico to Guatemala), Fremontodendron (2, California
to NW Mexico), Howittia (1; SE Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria), Camptostemon
(3; coasts in Central Malesia, New Guinea and N Australia), Lagunaria
(1; Queensland, Norfolk Island, Lord Howe) and Radyera
(2; Nambia and South Africa; Australia).
1. Marcanodendron
Doweld. Tall tree; leaves lightly lobed,
serrate. Only one sp., M. codesuri
(Marc.-Berti) Doweld, endemic to the rainforests of central Guiana Shield in
Venezuela (Bolívar state), 100-200 m elevation range.
2. Ochroma
Sw. Trees up to 30 m tall; leaves simple to lobed. Only one sp., O.
pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.) Urb., from
tropical America, widely distributed in clearings and secondary forests;
furnishing the extremely light balsa wood, one of the
world's softest and lightest woods with a specific gravity of
only 0.19.
3. Patinoa Cuatrec.
Trees with verticillate branches; leaves simple, with fruits edible. 4 spp. from Panamá through Colombia to Brazil (2, no endemic)
and Peru.
4. Septotheca Ulbr. Tall
tree, lepidote; inflorescences are axillary, long-pedunculate and subumbellate.
Only one sp., S. tessmannnii Ulbr., from Colombia, Peru and Amazonas
state in Brazil.
1. SUBFAMILY
GREWIOIDEAE (25/680–695) ‣
two tribes, both in South America.
1.1 GREWIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE APEIBEAE (11/c.
125) - outsiders Ancistrocarpus (3; tropical
Africa), Sparrmannia (4; tropical Africa, Madagascar), Entelea (1;
New Zealand, Three Kings Islands), Clappertonia (3; tropical West and
Central Africa), Glyphaea (2; tropical Africa), Pseudocorchorus (5; Madagascar), Erinocarpus (1; SW
India).
5. Apeiba Aubl. Trees,
often vast; large leaves, sometimes bullate-reticulate, often domatiiferous;
fruit is high aculeate, small yellow flowers, 4 or 5-merous. 10 spp., Mexico to
South America (all species), highly centered in northern Amazon rainforest, from
Venezuela to French Guiana and Brazil (9, one endemic).
6. Corchorus L. Shrubs, subshrubs, or annual herbs; leaves usually simple.
74 spp., pantropical, often ruderal, 7 in New World, six in South America, 3 in
Brazil, all widely distributeds.
7. Heliocarpus L. Small or
medium-sized tree, up to 22m, and trunk up to 40 cm in diameter, with serrate
leaves. 12 spp. from Mexico, 5 up to America Central
and Caribbean and H. americana L. widely from Mexico to Paraguay and
Caribbean.
8. Triumfetta
L. Trees, shrubs or herbs, sometimes
annual. 177 spp., approx. 40 spp. in Africa, approx. 30 in Asia, approx.
50
in Australia, 52 in over tropical New World, 17 in South
America, centered in Mexico (37, 33 endemic) and Brazil (11, 4 endemic,
mainly in the savannas of C Brazil (cerrado) and
Atlantic Forest), in savannah, woodlands, at forest margins,
absent in continental Chile, but present in Isla de Pascua.
1.2 GREWIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE GREWIEAE (14/c.
570) - outsiders Tetralix (5, Cuba), Colona (35–40;
China, SE Asia, Malesia), Desplatsia (5; tropical
Africa), Duboscia (2; tropical Africa), Microcos
(13–15; tropical Asia to Fiji), Grewia (c 320; tropical and
subtropical regions of the Old World) and Eleutherostylis (1; Moluccas,
New Guinea).
9. Goethalsia
Pittier.
Tall tree. Only one sp., G. meiantha (Domm. Sm) Burret, from Honduras to
Colombia and Venezuela.
10. Hydrogaster Kuhlm. Large
dioecious tree up to 30 m tall; the trunk stores eater in cavities, with can
pour forth upon injury, hence the generic name. Only one sp., H. trinervis Kuhlm,
endemic
to Atlantic Coasts of Bahia and Espírito Santo states, in E Brazil.
11. Luehea Willd. Trees
or shrubs up to 30 m tall, leaves dentate or serrate. 19 spp. from Mexico to
Argentina, all in South America, often in deciduous forests or secondary
vegetation; 11 spp. in Brazil, 4 endemic.
12. Lueheopsis Burret.
Trees, often vast; leaves entire or crenulate. 6 spp., tropical South America,
most of primary humid forest. 5 spp. in Brazil, L. burretiana Ducke
endemic.
13. Mollia Mart. Trees
or shrubs; indimentum of stallate hairs and peltate scales. 15 spp. of Amazon
rainforests of northen South America, 12 in Brazil, six endemic.
14. Trichospermum
Blume.
Trees, sometimes vast; leaves entire to serrate or serrulate. 38 spp., 36 in
Indo-China to Pacific, and two widely in Mexico to Venezuela, Peru and Cuba.
15. Vasivaea Baill. Small
dioecious tree, shrub, or climber; inflorescence terminal. Two spp. from
Venezuela, Colombia, Peru and Amazon rainforest of N Brazil (both
species, no endemic).
2. SUBFAMILY
BYTTNERIOIDEAE (25/700–725) ‣
four tribes, Lasiopetaleae (9/150–155, Madagascar,
New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, New Caledonia) absent in
South America.
Some groups
are mainly found in humid tropical forest, while others are restricted to drier
habitats. Herrania lemniscata (Schomb.) R.E.Schult. the sweet-sour pulp
around the seeds is edible, tasting like Theobroma pulp; recent
studies of T. cacao L. genetics seem to show the plant originated in the
Amazon rainforest and was distributed by humans throughout America Central and
Mesoamerica. It seeds are used to make chocolate; the cupuaçu, T.
grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum., is a closely related species
also grown in Brazil; like the cacao, it is also the source for a kind of
chocolate known as cupulate or cupuaçu chocolate; the cupuaçu is considered of
high potential by the food and cosmetics industries.
Key
differences from similar groups - the families and
subfamilies listed below differ from the Malvaceae subfamily Byttnerioideae as
follows:
ü Brownlowioideae - sepals
fused into a campanulate or urceolate tube; stamens many, free or fasciculate.
ü Bombacoideae - usually
stout trees with bottle-shaped and/or trunks armed with prickles; leaves
usually palmate/palmately lobed; sepals fused into a tube; petals adnate to
androecium; style branched.
ü Cochlospermaceae -
anthers dehisce via pores.
ü Grewioideae - petals
usually yellow or white, clawed, often with hairy basal nectaries; stamens
numerous, free, sometimes grouped in antesepalous fascicles.
ü Helicteroideae - calyx
tubular; epicalyx always present; petals clawed; androgynophore usually
present; stamens 10-30; ovaries usually apocarpous, except Ungeria and Reevesia.
ü Malvoideae - epicalyx is
present in and absent in Neotropical genera; petals adnate to the androecium;
stamens fused into a staminal column.
ü Sterculioideae - petals
always absent; androgynophore usually present; stamen filaments free; ovaries
apocarpous.
2.1 BYTTONERIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE THEOBROMATEAE (4/43)
- outsider Glossostemon (1; Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Iran).
16. Guazuma Mill. Trees
or shrubs, leaves simple, serrate. 4 spp., one in El Salvador, G.
crinita Mart. in Brazil,
Peru, Bolivia,
and two widely widespread in tropical areas from Mexico, Central and South
America.
17. Theobroma L. Trees with larger fruits with nutlets, often cauliflorous. 29 spp., from south Mexico to Amazon
rainforest, higly
centered in E Peru and NW Brazil (15, two endemic), 26 in South America. Seven sections are
recognized based on tree architecture, fruit, petal, and androecial characters.
§
sect.
Andropetalum ‣
T.
mammosum Cuatr.
& León, rare, known only Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
§
sect.
Glossopetalum ‣
T. angustifolium Moçiño & Sessé, T.
canumanense Pires & Fróes, T. cirmolinae Cuatr., T.
flaviflorum Aguillar, T. grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum.,
T. hylaeum Cuatr., T. nemorale Cuatr., T.
obovatum Klotzsch ex Bernoulli, T. simiarum Donn.
Smith. and T. sinuosum Pavón ex Hubber, over
distribution of genus.
§
sect.
Herrania ‣ small trees,
al shoots orthotropic, leaves digitately compound. 9 spp. from Nicaragua to
northern South America, 4 in Brazil, none endemic.
§
sect.
Oreanthes ‣ 5 spp., T.
bernouillii Pittier, T. glaucum Karst., T.
speciosum Willd., T. sylvestre Mart., T.
velutinum Benoist., Panamá to SE Brazil and Guianas.
§
sect.
Rhytidocarpus ‣ only one sp., T.
bicolor Humb. & Bonpl., Venezuela,
Colombia, Peru and N Brazil.
§
sect.
Telmatocarpus ‣ two spp., T.
gileri Cuatr. and T. microcarpum Mart., from Venezuela to Ecuador, Bolivia to Brazil.
§
sect.
Theobroma ‣ T. cacao L.,
Costa Rica to N Brazil; this spp., is distinctive within the genus and is
placed alone in the type section; it has several unusual charactersuch as a
thick, fleshy pericarp, at least partly white flowers, and whorls of lateral
branches in fives (all other species in the genus have branches in fours);
cacao is also unique in having high amounts of theobromine and caffeine in
mature seeds but an absence of tetramethyl urate, characters that may have
played a role in the species' domestication.
Representative species from all the
sections can be found in Brazil, except for Andropetalum.
Cocoa has
also been used for an array of medicinal purposes. Unfermented cocoa seeds and
the seed coat are used to treat a variety of ailments, including diabetes,
digestive and chest complaints. Cocoa powder, prepared from fermented cocoa
beans, is used to prevent heart disease. Cocoa butter is taken to lower
cholesterol levels, although its efficacy is unclear. It is also used widely in
foods and pharmaceutical preparations, as well as being used as a rich
moisturiser for the skin. The crushed shells of cocoa beans are used as an
alternative to peat mulch. Mulches are layered on to the soil surface to
suppress weeds, conserve moisture, improve its visual appearance and minimize
erosion. Not only does this make good use of cocoa-shell, which is a by-product
of the chocolate industry, but it also helps reduce the use of peat.
2.2 BYTTNERIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE BYTTNERIEAE (8/260–265)
- outsiders Scaphopetalum (12; tropical Africa), Leptonychia (c
25; tropical regions in the Old World), Abroma (1; tropical Asia, NE
Queensland), Kleinhovia (1; tropical Asia, NE Queensland) and Megatritheca
(2; Gabon, Congo).
18. Ayenia L. (exc. Rayleya) Mostly less 1m tall and, in
especially dry regions, may be low with procumbent or decumbent branches,
typically malvaceous palmately-veined and toothed leaves (2 of small trees (4
to 8 m) with a well-defined trunk); fruits spinose. 216, tropical, 167 from
California to NE Argentina and Caribbean, 120 in South America, 71 in Brazil, 32
endemic.
19. Rayleya Cristóbal. (off Ayenia) Shrubs,
leaves simple, serrate, with nectar near base of midvein. Only one sp., R.
bahiensis Cristóbal, from central Bahia state, Brazil, in dry scrublands.
2.3 BYTTNERIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE HERMANIEAE (4/250–265)
- outsiders Hermannia (170, Africa, Arabian Pen., Australia, 4 in Arizona
and Texas to Guatemala), Physodium (2, Mexico) and
Dicarpidium (1; NW Australia).
20. Melochia L. Shrubs, more rarely herbs or trees. 63 spp., mostly
neotropical, a few in the Palaeotropics, 49 spp. in New World in five sections,
41 in South America, 26 in Brazil, 11 endemic:
§ sect. Melochia ▸ 12 spp., has
9 only in New World, two anfi-atlantic, and one endemic to Africa.
§ sect. Visenia ▸ 13 spp., Asia and the eastern
Pacific.
§ sect. Mougeotia ▸ 20 spp., Mexico to Uruguay and
northern Argentina.
§ sect. Pyramis ▸ 18 spp.,
only New World except the pantropical M. pyramidata L., known also in Mascarene Islands and
Malesia to northern Australia.
21. Waltheria L. Shrubs or herbs, sometimes
with xylopodium, leaves simple, serrate. 61 spp., six
spp. in Africa, Madagascar, Pacific Islands, Asia, and Australia, W. indica L. native to
the New World, but a pantropical weed, and 54 others exclusively in New World, 38
of these in South America, mostly neotropical with centres of diversity in
Mexico (16, 11 endemic) and Brazil (32 overall, 23 endemic).
3. SUBFAMILY
HELICTEROIDEAE (12/135–140) ‣ outsiders
Reevesia (13,
tropical Asia, one in Mexico and Nicaragua), Ungeria (1; Norfolk
Island), Neoregnellia (1, Cuba, Hispaniola, Cayman
islands), Mansonia (2; tropical Africa, Assam, Burma) and Triplochiton (2; tropical
Africa).
22. Helicteres L.
Shrubs or small trees. 73 spp. found in the tropics of South America, Asia
and Australia, but is absent from Africa. 38 spp. in New World, 32 in South
America, 30 spp. in Brazil, 22 endemic.
4. SUBFAMILY
TILIOIDEAE (3/37) ‣ outsiders
Tilia (32, temperate regions
on the Northern Hemisphere, 2 in New World from Canada to Mexico) and Craigia (2; China,
N Vietnam).
23. Mortoniodendron
Standl. & Steyerm. Shrubs or small to vast trees, sometimes
buttressed; leaves simple, margin entire. 16 spp. from southern
Mexico to Panamá, highly centered in America Central, two up to NW Colombia in
South America.
5. SUBFAMILY
BROWNLOWIOIDEAE (9/c 80) ‣
outsiders are Carpodiptera (4, 1 in W Africa, 3 in Mexico and Caribbean),
Diplodiscus (12; Sri Lanka, West Malesia to
Philippines), Indagator (1; Queensland), Brownlowia (c 30; SE
Asia, Malesia to Solomon Islands), Pentace (c 25; Burma, SE Asia,
West Malesia), Pityranthe (2; Sri Lanka, S China inc.
Taiwan), Jarandersonia (4; Borneo) and Berrya
(6; India, Sri Lanka, SE Asia, Malesia).
24. Christiana A.DC.
Trees or shrubs up to 45-50 m tall, with
stellate indumentum, often dioecious by abortion;
functionally dioecious; leaves alternate, large, palmately nerved from the
base; stipules falling; flowers functionally unisexual in pedunculate terminal
and lateral branched corymbiform cymes; calyx campanulate, 3–5-lobed; petals
5(–7). 5 spp., one in Tahiti (extinct) and 4 in New
World, C. africana DC. (tropical Africa, Comoros, Madagadcar, S Mexico
to Brazil), C. eburnea (Sprague) Kubitzki (Ecuador to Peru), C.
macrodon Toledo (SE Brazil) and C. mennegae (Jans.-Jac. &
Westra) Kubitzki (S Suriname, N Brazil).
6. SUBFAMILY
STERCULIOIDEAE (13/425–575) ‣
outsiders are Hildegardia (7; tropical Africa,
Madagascar, tropical Asia, Northern Territory, disjunct
in Cuba), Brachychiton (31; New Guinea, Australia), Cola (c
120; tropical Africa), Octolobus (3; tropical Africa), Acropogon (c
25; New Caledonia), Franciscodendron (1; NE Queensland), Argyrodendron
(4; Queensland, New South Wales), Firmiana (16; tropical regions in
the Old World from tropical E Africa and eastwards), Scaphium (8;
tropical Asia), Pterocymbium (c 15; SE Asia, Malesia to Fiji), Heritiera (c
35; tropical Africa, tropical Asia, Queensland, New South Wales, New
Caledonia).
25. Pterygota Schott.
& Endl. Tall
trees with straight, smooth trunk; young branches minutely stellate-puberulous;
leaves entire or palmatilobed, 5–9-nerved from base, petiolate; flowers unisexual,
in axillary panicles. 21 spp., 17 in Africa
and Asia (4), and four in New World, three in two countries range (Costa
Rica and Panamá, Colombia and Venezuela, Peru and Bolivia) and P.
brasiliensis Allemão,
native to the Atlantic coastal forest of Brazil from Pernambuco to São Paulo
states.
26. Sterculia L.
Trees, rarely lepidote; leaves simple to digitely compound. 183 spp., pantropical,
39 in New World, 31 in South America, 17 in Brazil, six endemic.
7. SUBFAMILY MATISIOIDEAE (3/104)
‣ all genera in South America.
27. Matisia Bonpl.
Trees, with 3-verticilate branches. 60 spp., 56 in
tropical South America and 4 spp. in America Central, some with edible fruits.
7 spp. in Brazil (only Amazon rainforest), none
endemic.
28. Phragmotheca
Cuatrec.
Tree, rarely lepidote; leaves simple, ovate to cordate. 11 spp. from Colombia
to Peru; some fuits are edible.
29. Quararibea Aubl. Trees
up to 30 m tall, with 4-5 verticillate branches, occasionally lepidote, leaves
unifoliate, flowers
small (2.0–6.4 cm in length), solitary, opposite the leaves or axillary,
ramiflorous, pendulous or erect, usually cauliflorous. 55 spp., Neotropical, some with edible fruit, 38 in South
America, 12 in Brazil, 7 endemic.
8. SUBFAMILY
MALVOIDEAE (110/1.845–1.850) ‣ four
tribes, all in South America.
Key
differences from similar families - The families
and subfamilies listed below differ from the Malvaceae subfamily Malvoideae as
follows:
ü
Brownlowioideae
- sepals fused into a campanulate or urceolate tube; an androgynophore is
always absent; stamens are many, free or fasciculate.
ü
Bombacoideae
- are usually stout trees with bottle-shaped and/or trunks armed with prickles.
ü
Byttnerioideae
- an epicalyx is always absent; the petals are free from the androecium; the
stamens are free.
ü
Cochlospermaceae
- the anthers dehisce via pores.
ü
Grewioideae
- an epicalyx is always absent; the petals are usually yellow or white; the
stamens are free, sometimes fasciculate.
ü
Helicteroideae
- an epicalyx is always present; stamens 10-30.
ü
Sterculioideae
- petals are always absent; an androgynophore is usually present; the stamen
filaments are free; the ovaries are apocarpous.
ü
Turneraceae
- stipules and epicalyx are always absent; two glands are often present at the
leaf base; the stamens are free.
8.1 MALVOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE PENTAPLAREAE -
a single genus.
30. Pentaplaris
L.
O. Wiliams & Standll. Tall, buttressed trees; leaves simple, entire. Three
spp., one from Costa Rica to Colombia, one in Ecuador,
and one in Peru and Bolivia.
8.2 MALVOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE MALVEAE (71/1.210–1.220)
- outsiders Allowissadula (10, Texas
to N Mexico), Bastardiastrum (8, Mexico),
Billieturnera (1, S Texas, NE Mexico), Callirhoe
(9, U.S.A. to NE Mexico), Eremalche (3, California, NW Mexico), Fryxellia
(1, SW U.S.A., NW Mexico), Horsfordia (4, SW U.S.A., NW Mexico), Iliamna
(8, SW Canada, U.S.A.), Malacothamnus (21, SW U.S.A. to
NW Mexico), Malva (53, Europe, Macaronesia, Mediterranean, tropical
African mountains, temperate and Central Asia, NW Himalayas, S Australia,
Tasmania, 1 in California, 3 in NW Mexico), Meximalva (2, Texas to
Mexico), Napaea (1, E to C U.S.A.), Neobrittonia (1,
Mexico to Panama), Periptera (5, W Mexico and Guatemala), Phymosia
(8, Mexico to El Salvador, Caribbean), Ripariosida (1, SE Canada to E
U.S.A.), Robinsonella (16, Mexico to Costa Rica), Sidalcea
(29, Alaska to N. Mexico), Kitaibela (1; Lower
Danube in W Balkan Peninsula), Malope (2; Mediterranean), Anisodontea
(20; South Africa, Lesotho), Alcea (75–80; Mediterranean to C Asia), Althaea
(17; Europe, Mediterranean, temperate Asia to NE Siberia), Hoheria (6;
New Zealand), Lawrencia (5; Australia, Tasmania), Plagianthus (3;
New Zealand), Gynatrix (2; SE New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania) and Asterotrichion
(1; Tasmania).
31. Abutilon
Mill. Subshrubs or shrubs to small trees, glabrescent or pubescent,
sometimes glandular-pubescent; flowers solitary in the leaf axils or aggregated
into racemes or panicles, less commonly in umbels; corolla often yellow or
orange, less often white, lavender, rose, red, or purplish. 178 species in all continents, mostly neotropical, 86 spp.
in New World, 47in South America, 22 in Brazil, 10 endemic.
32. Acaulimalva
Krapov.
Acaulescent perennial herbs from a woody caudex; leaves petiolate, the blades
suborbicular or ovate, basally cuneate; flowers axillary, long- or
shortpedicellate; involucel of 2 or 3 lanceolate or filiform bracts; calyx
campanulate, 5-lobed; corolla usually exceeding the calyx, white, lavender,
purplish (sometimes with a dark center), or sometimes yellow. 21 spp., in the
high Andes (2,900–4,800
m),
from Venezuela and Colombia to Bolivia and NW Argentina, highly diverse in Peru
(12 endemic).
33. Akrosida Fryxell
& Fuertes. Small trees or shrubs minutely stellate-pubescent; leaves
discoulored; flowers in axillary fascicles, the pedicels slender, tomentulose,
articulated in upper third; petals asymmetrically emarginate, white to bluish.
Two spp., notably highy disjunct, one in mountains of Dominican Republic and
bluish flowered A. macrophylla (Ulbr.) Fryxell & Fuerte known only
from the vicinity of Nova Friburgo in NE of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.
34. Allobriquetia Bovini.
Subshrub or shrubs, erect; branches erect, rarely terete; leaves peciolate
below, and amplexicaul bellow the inflorescence; synflorescence
frondose-bracteate, pyramidal, lax or spiciform raceme; flowers pedicellate;
calyx campanulate, corolla yellow; ovary 5-13 celled, 2-3 ovules per cell.
Three spp., two from NW Mexico, and A. spicata (Kunth) Bovini from
Mexico to Argentina, Caribbean and Brazil.
35. Allosidastrum (Hochr.) Krapov.,
Fryxell & D.M. Bates ex Fryxell. Shrubs 1-5 m tall with pubescence of both
stellate and simple hairs, sometimes viscid; leaves long-petiolate; flowers in
terminal, more or less leafless panicles or racemes; petals white to yellow,
with or without a dark basal spot. 4 spp. from Mexico and Caribbean to South
America (3) as far as Bolivia, Venezuela, Brazil (1, Mato Grosso) and Suriname.
36. Andeimalva
J.A.
Tate. 6 spp., all national endemic in Chile (1), Peru (3) and Bolivia (1).
37. Anoda
Cav.
Annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs, erect or decumbent, hispid or
stellate-pubescent or -puberulent to glabrate; leaves petiolate, the blades
linear. Flowers solitary in the leaf axils or aggregated in open apical racemes
or panicles; petals spreading, yellow, white, lavender, or purplish. 24 spp.,
mostly Mexican, a few in the U.S.A., A. cristata (L.) Schltdl from
Mexico to Argentina and Caribbean, also one disjunct in Mesoamerica and Caribean.
38. Bakeridesia
Hochr.
Shrubs or small trees 1-8 m tall, densely stellate-pubescent, often
ferruginous; flowers solitary or paired in the leaf axils or aggregated into
axillary or terminal inflorescences; involucel absent; petals usually large
(1.5-6 cm long) and showy, white, yellow, or yellow-orange, often with a dark
reddish spot at base. 20 spp., 19 Mexico to Venezuela (one in South America),
and B. esculenta (A.St.-Hil.) Monteiro endemic to E. Brazil.
39. Batesimalva
Fryxell.
Shrubs 1-2 m tall, stellate-pubescent; flowers solitary or clustered in the
leaf axils; pedicels slender and elongate; involucel absent; calyx ecostulate,
often brownish at least at base; petals bluish lavender, white, or orange (the
flowers sometimes cleistogamous). 5 spp., 4 in North America and Mexico, and B. killipii Krapov. ex
Fryxell
in Venezuela.
40. Bordasia
Krapov. Only one sp., B. bicornis Krapov., endemic
to Paraguay.
41. Briquetia Hochr. Herbs
or subshrubs 0.5-1.5 m tall, usually with a single erect stem, branching only
in the inflorescence, more or less soft-pubescent with stellate and simple
hairs. calyx 5-lobed, small; petals yellow. Two spp., NW Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil (2, one
endemic, Bahia, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais and Paraná).
42. Callianthe
Donnel. Shrubs
or treelets 1–8 m. tall; leaves simple, to 22 cm long and 19 cm wide; flowers
solitary, paired or in clusters of 3 flowers, axillary, on pedicels to 10 cm
long; corolla rotate or campanulate, exceeding calyx in length, the petals
obovate and often clawed at the base, 1.5– 5.5 cm long, 0.5–5 cm wide; red,
white, cream, yellow, purple, lavender, pink, or burgundy, usually prominently
veined, the veins sometimes of another color; fruits schizocarpic, to 5 cm in
diameter. 50 spp., some from Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela (46 in South
America), and from Ecuador to Bolivia (7) and S Brazil (37, 33 endemic).
43. Calyculogygas
Krapov. Erect well-branched shrubs, with minute stellate pubescence; flowers
solitary in the leaf axils, slender, the pedicels subequal to the subtending
leaf; calyx deeply 5-parted; petals red (drying purplish). Two spp., C.
uruguayensis Krapov in grasslands, shrublands and rocky formations in the
Pampa biome in Brazil and Uruguay, and with two collections from the Brazilian
Atlantic Rainforest biome in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina states, and C.
serrana Grings., endemic to the highland slopes of ‘Serra Geral’ highs, in
the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul.
44. Calyptraemalva Krapov.
Shrubs, the stems reddish, minutely stellate-pubescent distally, the hairs
ferruginous, glabrescent; flowers solitary in the leaf axils, the pedicel to
5.5 cm long, subequal to subtending leaf, stellate-pubescent, with a small,
medial (deciduous) bract; corolla roselavender, 4 cm long, externally glabrous,
stellate-pubescent and hirsute on claw. Only one sp.,
C.
catharinensis Krapov., endemic to Santa Catarina state, S
Brazil.
45. Corynabutilon
(K. Schum.) Kearney. Medium to large shrubs or even small trees,
stellate-pubescent or sublepidote; flowers solitary (or paired) in the leaf
axils or in subcorymbose or subumbeUate axillary inflorescences; involucel
absent; calyx campanulate, ca. half-divided to subtruncate, the lobes entire;
corolla twice the length of calyx or more, usually lavender or purplish to
almost white. 7 spp. from temperate Chile and Argentina.
46. Cristaria
Cav. Annual or perennial herbs, erect or procumbent, rarely
subshrubs, sparsely to densely stellate-pubescent, sometimes with glandular
hairs; flowers solitary (or paired) in the leaf axils or aggregated apically in
racemes or panicles; involucel absent; calyx campanulate, ca. half-divided or
more; corolla ca. twice the length of calyx (sometimes smaller), white,
lavender, or purple, sometimes with a dark center. 20
spp., Peru to Chile, two up to W Argentina and most confined to the Chilean
Atacama desert; mostly coastal at low elevation, but some species occurring at
high elevation.
47. Dendrosida
Fryxell. Shrubs or
small trees 3-10 m tall, stellate-pubescent or - pubernlent to glabrate;
flowers solitary in the leaf axils or in fewflowered axillary umbels, sometimes
apically congested; involucel absent; calyx prominently to obscurely 10-ribbed
and - angled, ca. half-divided; petals yellow or red. 6 spp., 4 from S
Mexico (Michoacan to Chiapas) and two endemic to N Colombia.
48. Dirhamphis
Krapov. Subshrubs
with stellate pubescence. Leaves petiolate (except sometimes the uppermost
sessile), the blades ovate, cordate, crenate-dentate, acute or acuminate,
markedly discolorous; stipules filiform; flowers solitary in the leaf axils;
involucel absent; calyx prominently 5-lobed; petals 8-20 mm long, yellowish;
androecium included, pallid or yellowish. Two spp., one from W Mexico and D.
balansae Krapov. from Bolivia and Paraguay.
49. Fuertesimalva
Fryxell. Annual or perennial
herbs, ascending or erect, with stellate pubescence; leaves petiolate, the
blades ovate or orbicular, usually palmately lobed or parted; flowers sometimes
solitary, usually in axillary scorpioid cymes; involucel of 3 filiform
bractlets; calyx stellate-pubescent, 5-lobed; corolla purplish (sometimes
white), shorter than to slightly longer than the calyx. 16
spp., one in Mexico and 15 from Venezuela to Chile and Argentina, mainly in
montane environments in Andes.
50. Gaya Kunth. Erect herbs
or subshrubs, sparingly branched, minutely puberulent, sometimes also pilose;
leaves sometimes distichous, petiolate, flowers solitary in the leaf axils,
sometimes nodding; involucel absent; calyx small, basally rounded, more than
half-divided, not prominently nerved; petals usually yellow. 39 spp., from
Mexico, Caribbean Islands, the U.S.A., and over tropical South America (38),
with 15 spp. in Brazil (9 endemic).
51. Herissantia
Medik. Herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs, erect or decumbent, pubescent or hirsute,
sometimes viscid; flowers often solitary in the leaf axils or borne on
several-flowered peduncles; involucel absent; calyx lobes lanceolate or ovate;
petals white. 5 spp., H. crispa
(L.) Brizicky pantropical, one endemic to Mexico and three remaining in
Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil (all, one
of them endemic).
52. Hochreutinera Krapov.
Erect subshrubs with scattered to dense stellate and simple pubescence; flowers
solitary in the leaf axils or in terminal racemes or lax panicles; involucel
absent; calyx pubescent, half-divided (or sometimes more deeply divided), the
lobes more or less cordate, acuminate, more or less accrescent; petals yellow,
equaling the calyx to 3 times as long as calyx. Two
spp., one from Mexico to Costa Rica, and H. hasslerana
(Hochr.) Krapov. from Paraguay, S Brazil and Argentina.
53. Kearnemalvastrum
D.M.
Bates. Erect subshrubs, stellatepubescent; flowers in congested or lax cymes,
aggregated into paniculate inflorescences; involucel of 3 inconspicuous linear
bractlets; calyx 5-lobed; petals white, equalling or slightly exceeding the
calyx. Two spp. from Mexico to Costa Rica, one up to N Colombia.
54. Krapovickasia Fryxell.
Procumbent (but not repent), decumbent, or erect perennial herbs, sometimes
with xylopodium, with simple hairs and fine stellate
pubescence; flowers solitary or fasciculate in the leaf axils; petals yellowish
(fading rose). 4 spp., K. physaloides
(C. Presl) Fryxell in Mexico, and three remaining in Brazil
(all, no endemic), Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina and Uruguay.
55. Lecanophora
Speg. Perennial herbs, erect or decumbent, sometimes
rosette-forming, or subshrubs to 0.5 m tall, densely stellate-pubescent to
glabrate; flowers solitary in the leaf axils, long-pedicellate, sometimes
aggregated into terminal racemes or panicles; involucel absent; calyx
campanulate, ca. half-divided or more; corolla 2-3 times the length of calyx,
lavender. 7 spp., mainly Argentina, and one also in Chile.
56. Malvastrum A. Gray.
Perennial shrubs or subshrubs (sometimes annual), erect, with patent or
appressed stellate pubescence; flowers solitary in the leaf axils or aggregated
in apical spikes or racemes; involucel of 3 filiforrn or spatulate bractlets;
calyx 5-lobed; corolla yellow or orangish, rarely with a red center. 22 spp.
from North, Central and South America (16), some in Australia, and one species
adventive elsewhere. 4 spp. in Brazil, none endemic.
57. Malvella
Jaub.
& Spach. Prostrate perennial herbs with stellate and lepidote pubescence;
flowers solitary in the leaf axils, long-pedicellate; involucel present or
absent; calyx lobes ovate or cordate; petals pale yellow fading pale rose. 4
spp., three in western U.S.A. and Mexico, M. leprosa (Ortega)
Krapov. also
disjunct in Peru to Uruguay, and
one from Spain to Iran.
58. Modiola Moench.
Trailing herbs, usually with little pubescence; flowers solitary in the leaf
axils, the pedicels usually shorter than the subtending petioles, more or less
pubescent; involucellar bracts 3, distinct, lanceolate; calyx 5-7 mm long, with
simple hairs 1-2 mm long; corolla dark orange, often with a red center, 6-8 mm
long. Only one sp., M. caroliniana (L.) G. Don, Colombia
to S Brazil and Uruguay.
59. Modiolastrum
K. Schum. Perennial herbs, decumbent or suberect, the stems more or less
hirsute to subglabrous; flowers solitary in the leaf axils, longpedicellate
(sometimes exceeding the subtending leaf); involucel trimerous, the bracts
lanceolate to ovate, subequal to calyx or somewhat shorter; calyx 5-lobed,
deeply divided; corolla 1.5-2 times the length of calyx, pale yellow to rose or
purple. Six spp. in Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina,
Uruguay and Brazil (3, one endemic).
60. Monteiroa Krapov.
Shrubs or subshrubs, glabrous or pubescent; flowers sometimes solitary, but
usually in few-flowered axillary inflorescences, these cymose or racemose,
sometimes subpaniculate, or subumbellate; involucel trimerous, the bracts
ovate-lanceolate; calyx campanulate, 5-lobed; petals exceeding the calyx,
sometimes auriculate, apically notched. 11 spp., all restricted of S Brazil,
except by M.
glomerata
(Hook. & Arn.) Krapov. in adjacent northern Argentina.
61. Neobaclea
Hochr. Small shrubs, minutely stellate-pubescent; flowers solitary
in the leaf axils, the pedicels exceeding the corresponding petiole; involucel
absent; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes undulate-crenate (like the leaves) or
pinnately divided; petals lavender or pink, exceeding the calyx. Only one sp., N.
crispifolia
(Cav.) Krapov., endemic to temperate Argentina.
62. Nototriche
Turcz. Acaulescent perennial herbs (rarely annuals), usually
forming a compact cushion of crowded
leaves, the underground stems usually branched, usually covered with persisting
leaf sheaths; flowers sometimes subsessile and crowded among the leaves,
sometimes long-pedicellate and overtopping the leaves (true
epiphylly). 111 spp., Andean of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru (38 endemic),
Bolivia, Chile and Argentina, usually at altitudes above 4,000 m.
63. Palaua
Cav. Annual or perennial herbs, erect or decumbent, usually
pubescent, the perennial species often forming a rosette of large leaves at
ground level, from which long flowering shoots (sometimes procumbent) arise
with heteromorphic, smaller leaves; flowers solitary in the leaf axils,
sometimes aggregated terminally in a leafy raceme; calyx 5-lobed (except deeply
3-parted in P. trisepala Hochr.); petals subequal to calyx and
inconspicuous (especially in annual species) to large and showy, white, pink,
or rose-lavender, often drying purplish. 16 spp.: 12 endemic to Peru, two in
both Peru and Chile, and two endemic to Chile.
64. Pseudabutilon R.E. Fr.
Shrubs or subshrubs, the stems usually densely stellate-pubescent (sometimes
glabrescent), sometimes also with long simple hairs; flowers solitary or
glomerate in the axils, or borne in small axillary umbels, sometimes aggregated
into terminal inflorescences; petals yellow (rarely white), 4-15 mm long. 19
spp., U.S.A. to Argentina, 16 in South America, six in Brazil, two endemic.
65. Rhynchosida
Fryxell. Perennial herbs or shrubs, procumbent, ascending, or erect; flowers
solitary in the leaf axils; pedicels slender; involucel absent; calyx deeply
5-lobed, accrescent and inflated in fruit, the lobes cordate-ovate,
overlapping, apiculate; petals yellowish, with or without a purple spot at the
base, slightly exceeding to twice as long as the calyx. Two spp., R.
physocalyx (A. Gray) Fryxell in Texas, U.S.A., northern Mexico,
disjunct in Bolivia and Argentina, and Rio Grande do Sul state in southern
Brazil, and R. kearneyi Fryxell endemic to Bolivia.
66. Sida L. Perennial
herbs or subshrubs, erect or prostrate, glabrous or pubescent, sometimes
viscid; leaves petiolate to subsessile, the blades ovate (sometimes lobed),
elliptic, rhombic, or linear, usually dentate; flowers solitary in the leaf
axils, in axillary glomerules, or in dense or open terminal inflorescences;
pedicels shorter than to much longer than the calyces; involucel absent; calyx
5-lobed, often 10-ribbed at the base and plicate in bud; corolla white, yellow,
orangeish, rose, or purplish, sometimes with a dark red center. 276 spp., pantropical, extending into temperate zones
worldwide. 191 spp. in New World, 163 in South America, 114 in Brazil, 60 endemic.
Currently
12 sections:
§
sect.
Cordifoliae ‣ 24 spp., North to South
America, two in Australia and S. cordifolia L. pantropical.
§
sect.
Distichifoliae ‣ 16 spp., tropics.
§
sect.
Ellipticifoliae ‣ nine spp., U.S.A.,
Mexico and Guatemala.
§
sect.
Hookerianae ‣ two spp., one in
Australia another from Ethiopia to South Africa.
§
sect.
Malacroideae ‣ 24 spp., North to South
America, one in Old World.
§
sect.
Muticae ‣ only one sp., S.
aggregata C. Presl. from Mexico to northern South America and Caribbean, inc. Brazil.
§
sect.
Nelavagae ‣ 30 spp., North America
to South America up Brazil, and two in Asia.
§
sect.
Pseudo-Napaeae ‣ a single species in
North America.
§
sect.
Oligandrae ‣ four spp., high
elevations of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.
§
sect.
Sidae ‣ 37 spp., over widely in
New and Old World tropics.
§ sect. Spinosae ‣ 18 spp.,
widely in New World.
§
sect.
Stenindae ‣ two spp., one endemic
to Paraguay and S. linifolia Juss. ex Cav. very widely, also in Brazil.
67. Sidasodes
Fryxell
& Fuertes. Shrubs ca. 3 m tall, densely pubescent with yellowish stellate
(often stipitate) hairs; inflorescences axillary or terminal with subcorymbose
branching, the flowers subsessile and congested at the ends of the branches;
involucel absent; calyx deeply divided, densely pubescent externally, glabrous
internally; petals ca. 1 cm long, white or lavender, bearded on claw. Two spp.
from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
68. Sidastrum Baker f. Erect
subshrubs 1-2 m tall, more or less stellate-pubescent; flowers solitary in the
leaf axils, in short axillary racemes, or forming ample terminal panicles or
racemes; pedicels long or short, sometimes capillary; involucel absent; calyx
small, cupuliform, ecostate, 5-lobed; petals small, white, yellow, or orange
(less commonly rose or purple). 8 spp., Mexico and Caribbean to Argentina.
4 spp. in South America, all in Brazil but widely distributeds.
69. Sphaeralcea A.St.-Hil. Herbs or shrubs, erect (or less often procumbent),
usually perennial, stellate-pubescent, frequently with numerous stems;
inflorescences racemose, paniculate, or thyrsoid; pedicels usually shorter than
the calyces; involucel of 3 linear bracts; calyx 5-lobed, usually pubescent;
corolla about twice the length of the calyx, yellow, orange, rose, or purple
(rarely whitish). 49 sp., 34 from S Canada to N Mexico
and 15 in Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile, mainly in arid
habitats of temperate climates, extending to tropical zones primarily at higher
elevations; in Brazil occur only S. bonariensis (Cav.) Griseb, known
only in Bage municipality, Rio Grande do Sul state, in two small populations.
70. Spirabutilon Krapov.
Shrubs to subshrubs, hirsute, flowers yellow-greenish, 1-2, axillary,
pendulous; fruit schizocarpic. Only one sp., S.
citrinum Krapov., from E Espírito Santo state, Brazil.
Spiralate anthers is very rare
character in plants, known only in fully genera Centaurium
J.Hill., Chironia L. (Gentianaceae), Merremia Denst. ex Endl.
(Convolvulaceae, some spp. possibly in Distimake Raf.), Spiranthera A.
St-Hill. (Rutaceae), Spirotheca Ulbr. and the present genera (Malvaceae),
and in Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng. (Arecaceae).
71. Tarasa
Phil.
Annual herbs or subshrubs, decumbent, ascending, or erect, stellate pubescent;
leaves petiolate, the blades triangular, rhomboid, or suborbicular, simple,
lobed, or parted; flowers usually in scorpioid cymes; involucel of (2)3 usually
filiform bracts; calyx more or less accrescent, 5-lobed, stellate-pubescent,
the hairs often stipitate (the stipe purplish); corolla purple or blue (rarely
white), the petals sometimes bi-auriculate at base. 28 spp., 26 confined to
Peru to Argentina and Chile, one endemic to Mexico, and one in both regions.
Tarasa
humilis (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Krapov., the only species in
the genus with an acaulescent habit and solitary flowers, was suggested to be a
link between either the perennial species of Nototriche or the genus Acaulimalva.
72. Tetrasida
Ulbr.
Shrubs or small trees 1-5 m tall, with minute stellate puberulence; leaves
petiolate, the blades ovate to elliptic, subcordate, entire or serrulate,
usually acute, stellate-puberulent above and beneath; stipules subulate,
inconspicuous, caduceus; flowers in terminal or axillary panicles, the pedicels
0.5-2 cm long; involucel absent; calyx campanulate, ecostate, halfdivided,
small; petals exceeding calyx, yellow. 4 spp., from Bolivia and Peru.
73. Tropidococcus Krapov. Herbs 1-2 m tall, annual, very branched, pale flowers,
solitary. Only one sp., T. pinnatipartitus (A.St.-Hil. & Naudin) Krapov. endemic to SE Rio
Grande do Sul state, S Brazil, in low fields, wet places.
74. Urocarpidium
Ulbr. Only
one sp., U. albiflorum Ulbr. from xeric areas of W Peru and N
Chile.
75. Wissadula Medik. Medik.
Herbs or subshrubs, usually erect, sometimes with xylopodium, stellate-pubescent
or sometimes glabrate, sometimes with long simple hairs; leaves petiolate, the
blades broadly ovate to narrowly triangular, entire or crenate- dentate;
flowers sometimes solitary in the leaf axils, usually in condensed or open
terminal panicles; involucel absent; calyx 5-lobed, usually small; petals
usually yellowish and small, sometimes white. 38 spp., 37 in New World, in
Texas, U.S.A. to Argentina, 35 in South America, 1 in Africa and Asia, in two
sections:
§
sect. Wissadula ‣ 37
spp., 18 of then in Brazil, two endemic.
§
sect. Wissada ‣
three spp., two from N South America to Caribbean (both absent in Brazil), and W.
stipulata Bovini endemic to Mato Grosso do Sul state.
76. Woodianthus
Krapov. Erect shrub up to 2 m tall; stems
yellowish, pinkish flowers; urticating hairs. Only
one sp., W. sotoi Krapov., endemic to
Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
8.3 MALVOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE GOSSYPIEAE (9/125–130)
- outsiders Cephalohibiscus (1, New Guinea), Lebronnecia
(1, Marquesas Islands), Thepparatia (1, Thailand), Gossypioides
(2, tropical Africa, Madagascar), Kokia (3,
Hawaii) and Thespesia (14, 11 in Old World tropica, 3 in Caribbean).
77. Cienfuegosia Cav.
Perennial herbs or subshrubs (sometimes shrubs) with procumbent, ascending, or
erect stems, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves petiolate, the blades linear,
elliptic, digitately divided, or reniform, entire or serrate, pubescent to
glabrous, with or (in American species) without adaxial foliar nectaries;
flowers solitary or sympodial in the leaf axils; corolla yellow (sometimes
nearly white), pink, or purple, with or without a dark basal spot. 27 spp., with subg. Cienfuegosia
in Africa to Arabian peninsula, and subg. Articulata
in the New World with 21 spp. from Florida and Texas to the Caribbean Islands,
and south to N Argentina, 18 in South America, six spp. in Brazil, none endemic.
78. Gossypium L. Shrubs,
subshrubs, or small trees. 55 species, pantropical, in 4
subgenera:
§
subg. Gossypium ‣ 15
spp., Old World, inc. two cultigens.
§
subg. Houzingenia ‣ 21
spp., 19 from Mexico - one up to S U.S.A., one disjunct in Galapagos, and 17 endemic
- and two endemic in Peru and Guatemala.
§
subg. Karpas ‣ six
tetraploid species: two cultigen G. hirsutum L.
(northern Yucatan Peninsula, SW Florida, SW Puerto Rico, and a
number of additional islands throughout the Caribbean) and G.
barbadense L. (Andean fotthils from Colombia to Peru);
Dominica Republic, Galapagos Is. and Hawaii one endemic each; and G.
mustelinum (G.Watt) Miers, endemic to NE Brazil. G. mustelinum (G.Watt)
Miers is known only semi-arid region of Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte,
Pernambuco and Bahia states, only in seven populations, near perennial and
semi-perennial sources of water, such as ponds or pools in intermittent
streams, the species has never been bred or commercially exploited, and there
is no report of any kind of domestic use by the people who live in localities
surrounding the plant populations.
§
subg. Sturtia ‣ 16 spp., endemic to Australia.
79. Hampea
Schltdl.
Trees or shrubs, mostly dioecious; leaves petiolate, the blades elliptic,
ovate, or weakly lobed, entire; flowers solitary in the leaf axils or in
axillary fascicles; petals whitish, glanddotted, reflexed. 21 spp. from Mexico
to Colombia (3, two endemic and one up to reaching into Panama).
8.4 MALVOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE HIBISCEAE (23/325–760)
- outsiders Anotea (1, SW Mexico), Hibiscadelphus
(6, Hawaii), Symphyochlamys (1, tropical Africa), Megistostegium
(3, Madagascar), Perrierophytum (6–9, Madagascar), Humbertiella
(5, Madagascar), Helicteropsis (1; Madagascar), Humbertianthus
(1; Madagascar), Cenocentrum (1; China, SE Asia), Jumelleanthus
(1; Madagascar), Julostylis (3; SW India, Sri Lanka), Dicellostyles
(2; Sri Lanka, Himalayas, Thailand), Nayariophyton (1; Himalayas,
Yunnan) and Kydia (2; Himalayas, Yunnan, SE Asia).
80. Hibiscus
L. Subshrubs, shrubs, or trees (rarely herbs), glabrescent, pubescent, or
hispid, sometines lianescent; leaves petiolate, the blades elliptic,
lanceolate, ovate, or cordate, sometimes lobed or parted, dentate or less
commonly subentire; flowers usually solitary (sometimes fasciculate) in the
leaf axils, sometimes aggregated apically; pedpetals yellow (sometimes with a
purple spot at base), lavender, red, or other colors, sometimes large and
showy. 438 spp., almost worldwide, mostly tropical and
subtropical, 85 in New World. South America has 53 species (37 in Brazil, 25 endemic),
some almost weedy; all South
american Hibiscus with more than 1 nectary are from Minas Gerais states
(six) except H. pohlii Gürke, from Distrito Federal
and adjacences.
81. Kosteletzkya
C.
Presl. Stout erect herbs or subshrubs, often with hispid vestiture, frequently
growing in moist habitats; flowers solitary in the leaf axils or aggregated
into terminal panicles or racemes; corolla rotate or tubular, whitish, yellow,
or pink. 20 spp. worldwide, 10 in Africa, another in Laos
and Philippines, and 9 in New World, from S U.S.A. to Colombia, Venezuela,
Peru and Ecuador (only K. depressa (L.) O.J. Blanch.,
Fryxell & D.M. Bates in South America), with one species in
temperate North America.
82. Malachra L. Erect
herbs or subshrubs, sometimes puberulent, more commonly hispid, often with
urticating hairs; flowers in condensed, bracteate, headlike racemes, the
‘heads’ axillary or terminal, sessile or pedunculate; corolla white, yellow, or
lavender, often inconspicuous. 8 in New World (two
disjuncts in tropical Africa), but centered in N South America (7). 6 spp. in
Brazil, one endemic.
83. Malvaviscus Fabr. Shrubs
or small trees, sometimes scandent, branching pubescent or glabrous; flowers
solitary in the leaf axils or sometimes in apical cymelike groups; calyx
campanulate or tubular, 5-lobed; petals red (rarely white), auriculate toward
base, forming a tubular corolla; fruits a fleshy schizocarp or berry, oblate,
usually red (sometimes white), with 5 carpels, each 1-seeded; only fleshy-fruited genus in the subfamily except for Anotea
from Mexico, and only blue-black fruits.
10 spp., from S U.S.A. to Peru and Brazil; widely naturalised worldwide. 6 in South America, two in Brazil, the widely distributed M.
concinnus Kunth in Brazil, in Amazonas state,
and M.
palmatus
Urb. from western Acre state, a a rare plant in Brazil (unique among
Malvaceae), by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
84. Pavonia Cav.
Prostrate perennial herbs, erect subshrubs, or shrubs (rarely arborescent,
often cauliflorous), sometimes viscid or
glabrate; leaves petiolate, ovate, elliptic, lanceolate, oblanceolate, deltoid,
sometimes lobed, asymmetrical, dentate or crenate (rarely entire); flowers
solitary or paired in the leaf axils or aggregated in racemes, panicles, or heads;
involucel 4-22- parted, the bractlets distinct or basally connate; calyx
5-10bed; petals white, yellow, lavender, purple, sometimes with a dark basal
spot.
291
spp., 51 in tropical Africa to Thailand, and 240 from S
U.S.A. to Argentina and in the Caribbean Islands, absent
only from Chile. 194 spp. in South America, 156 spp. in Brazil, 95 endemic, mainly
in NE and SE regions, in shrublands, forest edges, rocky fields, and modified
areas such as roadsides and abandoned croplands; few species occur in low, dry
fields, shaded environments in forest interiors or in wetlands.
§
subg.
Asterochlamys ‣ 32 spp.
§
sect.
Albae ‣ 3 spp.,
Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela.
§
sect.
Asterochlamys ‣ 29 spp., tropical America.
§
subg.
Goetheoides ‣ 16 spp., all endemic to coastal forests of
Brazil.
§
subg.
Malache ‣
18
spp.
§
sect.
Collicolae ‣ 12 spp. in three sections (Collicolae, Rubriflorae,
Conditiflorae), all endemic to Mexico.
§
sect.
Laminares ‣ only one sp. endemic to Mexico.
§
sect.
Malache ‣ 4 spp.,
coastal environments, Florida to Pará state in Brazil in Atlantic coast (only P.
paludicola Nicolson in Brazil), and from Panamá to Ecuador in Pacific
coast.
§
subg.
Pavonia ‣ 114 spp.
§
sect.
Cancellaria ‣ 4 spp., tropical America.
§
sect.
Lebretonia ‣ 4 sections, 60 spp. Rio
Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina states of S Brazil is the center diversity of
whole genus, where the broadest range of
morphological diversity occurs.
o
subsect.
Cordifoliae ‣ 7 spp., 4 endemic to Mexico and three in Chaco
regions, two up to WC Brazil.
o
subsect.
Exsertae ‣ 14 spp., all in Caribbean except by P.
lasiopetala Scheele from SW U.S.A. and NW Mexico, P. commutata
Garcke and P. pabstii Krapovickas & Cristóbal in Brazil, one up to
NE Argentina.
o
subsect.
Hastifoliae ‣ 33 spp., all from C Brazil to N Argentina,
Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay by except P. nepetifolia (Standley)
Standley endemic to Mexico.
o
subsect.
Lebretonia ‣ 6 spp., C Brazil to NE Argentina.
§
sect.
Lopimia ‣ 23 spp.,
tropical America.
§
sect.
Malvaviscoides ‣ 32 spp., tropical
America.
§
sect.
Pavonia ‣ 15 spp.,
tropical America.
§
subg.
Typhalea ‣ 34 spp.
§
sect.
Varians ‣ only one
sp., P. varians Moricandi, endemic to central Brazil in the states of
Bahia, Ceará, Pernambuco, and Piauí, at 500-800 m elevation.
§
sect.
Carcerariae ‣ 3 spp., two endemic to Mexico and one endemic
to NE Brazil.
§
sect.
Diathericae ‣ only one sp., endemic to mangroves in Pacific
coast of Colombia.
§
sect.
Typhalea ‣ 9 spp., tropical America.
§
sect.
Urenoideae ‣ 20 spp., tropical America.
85. Peltaea (C. Presl)
Standl. Shrubs or subshrubs, erect or decumbent, stellate-pubescent. Leaves
short-petiolate, the blades elliptic or ovate to suborbicular, crenate-serrate,
acute or obtuse; flowers solitary in the leaf axils (two species) or more
commonly grouped in head-like aggregations subtended by specialized floral
bracts, the bracts subsessile, cordate-ovate, serrate, the ‘heads’ subsessile
to long-pedunculate; pedicels usually short; involucel of 8-13 bracts, these
spatulate or bifurcate; calyx 5-lobed; petals relatively showy, yellow or
rose-lavender. 21 spp. from New World, from tropical
Paraguay and north to Mexico, and in the Caribbean Islands. 20 spp. in South
America (the exception a Caribbean endemic), 14 in Brazil, 6 endemic.
86. Phragmocarpidium Krapov.
Shrubs ca. 1 m tall, with scattered coarse stellate pubescence; leaves
petiolate; flowers solitary in the axils of reduced leaves (floral bracts) on
long lateral flowering branches; pedicels 1 cm long or less; involucel of 8
filiform bracts, ca. half the length of the calyx; calyx 1.5 cm long, ca.
half-divided; petals 2- 3 times the length of calyx, rose (or whitish) with
dark red center and venation, glabrous. Only one species, P. heringeri
Krapov, from central Brazil, in Goias state and Distrito Federal.
87. Rojasimalva
Fryxell.
Decumbent perennial herbs, sometimes repent; inflorescences terminal, a
headlike group of 2-4 flowers subtended by 2-3 floral bracts, these sessile,
ovate, foliaceous; pedicels 1- 4 mm long; involucel of ca. 10 linear, setose
bracts, exceeding the calyx; calyx ca. half divided, the lobes 3-nerved, the
margin ciliate; petals lavender, 3-4 times the length of calyx, glabrous. Only
one sp., R. tetrahedralis Fryxell, endemic to coastal mountains of N Venezuela.
88. Urena
L. Shrubs 0.5-2 m tall, more or less stellate-pubescent, leaves petiolate, the
blades variable, often 3-5-angled, -lobed, or -parted, less often ovate,
oblong, or lanceolate, crenate or serrate, with one or more prominent foliar
nectaries on the abaxial side, these often yellow-bordered; flowers solitary or
glomerulate in the leaf axils or forming terminal racemes; petals rose or
lavender. 7 spp., pantropical, U. lobata L. a cosmopolitan
weed in tropical and temperate areas of the world, and U. pedersenii Krapov,
with lilac flowers, very narrow endemic to Cristalina municipality in Goias
state and Distrito Federal, in grasslands of C Brazil.
89. Wercklea
Pittier
& Standl. Coarse herbs, shrubs or trees up to 20 m tall, stellate-pubescent
or glabrate, the stems with prominent leaf and stipule scars, sometimes with
ligneous prickles on stems and spinescent prickles or pungent hairs elsewhere;
calyx stellate-pubescent or sometimes also prickly; corolla 6-15 cm long,
campanulate or salverform. 13 spp. from Neotropics, in Caribbean Islands, Costa
Rica to Colombia and Ecuador (4 in South America), with a largely
circum-Caribbean distribution.
9. SUBFAMILY
BOMBACOIDEAE (18/160–175) - three
subtribes, all in South America.
Subfamily
Bombacoideae is mostly present in the New World tropics and contains 27 genera
(c. 250 species); a few of those genera (Adansonia L., Bombax L.,
Camptostemon Mast., and Lagunaria (DC.) Rchb.), containing c. 19
species, are restricted to the Old World tropics. In Bombacoideae clade,
general notes are: Cavanillesia arborea is
the largest pachycaul tree in Brazil, know as barriguda; Ceiba
pentandra (L.) Gaertn. - economically important kapok producer; introduced
into and cultivated in the Old World. Chiranthodendron pentadactylon
(the Devil's Hand Tree) has great potential as ornamental. Ochroma
pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.)Urb. yields the extremely light balsa wood. Phragmotheca,
Matisia, Quararibea - the fruits of some species are fleshy,
aromatic and edible. Patinoa spp. the pulpy fruits are edible or used
locally as fish poison. For instance, Adansonia L., Cavanillesia Ruiz
& Pav. and Ceiba Mill. are pachycaulous with barrel-trunks for
water-storage and Pseudobombax Dugand has a photosynthetic underbark.
Therefore, the massive horizontal xylopodium-like organ of E. saxicola could
be interpreted as an adaptation to the harsh edaphic and microclimatic
conditions of inselbergs, with their high degree of solar radiation and high
evaporation rates (Porembski et al. 1998) that presumably exerted
selection pressure on E. saxicola to adapt to this unique environment.
In recent
phylogenetic studies, the Malvoideae is resolved as sister to the Bombacoideae
with some intermediate genera (e.g. Pentaplaris and Matisia).
In the
Paleotropics, it is represented by fewer than 18 native species in three
genera: Adansonia L. (8-9), Bombax L. (three or four species),
and Rhodognaphalon (Ulbr.) Roberty (three species); whether the disjunct
distribution of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. and Pachira glabra
Pasq. in the African and American continents is natural or anthropogenic has
long been controversial; ignoring these two widely cultivated species, three
independent migrations from the Neotropics to the Paleotropics are usually
invoked to explain the worldwide distribution of Bombacoideae.
Key
differences from similar groups
The families
and subfamilies listed below differ from the Malvaceae subfamily Bombacoideae
as follows:
ü Araliaceae - if trees,
then not bottle-shaped nor with stout prickles; stipules absent; petioles often
sheating the base of the leaf; flowers in umbellate units; stamens equal in
number to the petals and free, anthers dithecal; fruits usually fleshy (rarely
dry) drupes or berries, never with kapok.
ü Brownlowioideae - sepals
fused into a campanulate or urceolate tube; an androgynophore is always absent.
ü Malvoideae - mostly
shrubs and herbs without stout, bottle-shaped and/or prickled trunks.
ü Byttnerioideae - sepals
free; epicalyx always absent; petals cupped or hooded with strap-like
appendages, free from the androecium; style unbranched.
ü Cochlospermaceae -
anthers dehiscing via pores.
ü Convolvulaceae -
stipules absent; leaves pinnately veined; stamens 5.
ü Grewioideae - without
stout, bottle-shaped or prickled trunk; epicalyx always absent; sepals free;
petals usually yellow or white, often with hairy basal nectaries; stamens free,
rarely fasciculate.
ü Helicteroideae - calyx
tubular; petals free and clawed; androgynophore usually present; stamens 10-30;
ovaries usually apocarpous, except Ungeria and Reevesia.
ü Sterculioideae - petals
always absent; androgynophore usually present; the stamen filaments free;
ovaries apocarpous.
8.1 BOMBACOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE BERNOULLIEAE
(3/8) - all genera in South America.
90. Bernoullia
Oliver. Trees, leaves 3-7 digitate; flowers brownish to
orange. Three spp., two in Mexico and America Central, and B. uribeana Cuatrec.
endemic to Colombia.
91. Gyranthera
Pittier. Tall, dioecious trees up to 65 m high, leaves digitate, possibly
the tallest Malvales in South America and tallest tree in Venezuela.
Three spp., one
from Panama to Ecuador, plus Ecuador and Venezuela one endemic each.
92. Huberodendron
Ducke. Tall trees up to 50 m tall, one
of them the tallest Malvales from Brazil, buttressed
presents, leaves simple; inflorescences cincinnate
(fascicles pauciflorous). 4 spp., 3 from Guianas extending south to Brazil (2, one endemic),
Bolivia up to Ecuador and Peru, and one endemic to Costa Rica.
8.2 BOMBACOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE ADANSONIEAE (5/32)
- outsider Adansonia (8, tropical Africa, Madagascar, NW Australia).
93. Aguiaria Ducke. Tall
trees 50 m tall with small, one of them the tallest
Malvales from Brazil, up to 50 cm tall
buttresses, with also lepidote indumentum; leaves simple; small, less than 4 cm
long fruits, with dehiscent exocarp that splits off into five valves, but these
remain attached to the indehiscent endocarp, superficially resembling the fruits
in the genus Cedrela, a remarkable morphology of its anemochoric fruits
that are unique among Bombacoideae and angiosperms
as a whole. Only one sp., A. excelsa Ducke, largest tree
endemic to the Guiana Shield of Upper Rio Negro, in a very small dense forest
in NW Amazonas state in N Brazil.
94. Cavanillesia
Ruiz & Pav. Deciduous trees up to 30 m tall, often tall, sometimes with
swollen trunks, buttressed. 5 spp., three from Panama
to Peru and Venezuela (one colombian endemic), C. arborea (Willd.)
K.Schum. endemic to C & E Brazil (baobab-like), and C. hylogeiton
Ulbr. from Peru to Bolivia and N Brazil.
95. Catostemma Benth.
Trees, often tall, rarely shrubs, buttressed absent,
leaves unifoliate, flowers in fascicles, axillary; petals white. 16 spp.,
Brazil (7, 5 endemic), Venezuela, Guyana and Colombia, one up to Ecuador.
96. Scleronema Benth. Tall
trees, cylindrical thunks, buttressed absent; leaves simple; flowers solitary
or in axillary fascicles; petals unguiculate. 5 spp., from Colombia, Venezuela,
Guyana and N Brazil (3, one endemic, in Amazonas and Pará states), low high
(5m).
8.3 BOMBACOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE BOMBACEAE (10/120-125)
- outsiders Bombax (9; tropical regions in the Old World), Rhodognaphalon (2; tropical
Africa), Neobuchia (1; Haiti).
97. Ceiba
Mill.
Tall trees up to 50 m tall, one of them the tallest Malvales
from Brazil, with
horizontally branched crown and a very straight trunk; bark pale grey, smooth,
usually with scattered conical spines, commonly ventricose trunk,
digitately compound and pulvinate leaves clustered toward the branch tips,
leaflets articulate with the petiole, calyx opening irregularly, androecium of
five stamens with filaments partially or fully connate in a tube and capsules
with abundant kapok. 19 spp. from tropical America, from Sonora (Mexico) to
Argentina - 16 in South America, mainly in dry areas in E Brazil (11, 6 endemic,
some very narrow endemic), except for C. pentandra (L.) Gaertn., the Silk
Cotton or Kapok Tree, which occur both in the Neotropics
and West Africa.
98. Eriotheca
Schott & Endl. Mostly medium to emergent trees with unarmed trunks,
sometimes with xylopodium; leaves that are palmately
compound with leaflets that are articulate at the petiole apex; relatively
small flowers with a persistent calyx that is accrescent in fruit; capsules
with abundant brown kapok; and numerous, relatively small, striate seeds. 32
spp. restricted to South America (24 in Brazil, 17 endemic).
99. Pachira
Aubl. Trees, sometimes dioecious up to 50 m tall. 54
spp., Neotropical, 52 spp. in South America, slightly centered in forest of NW
South America, 23 in Brazil, 11 endemic, some very narrow endemic; which
are mostly evergreen and found in Amazonian white-sand forests and riparian
forests, but also in Atlantic Forest and arenaceous-quartzitic rock outcrops in the
Espinhaço Range in the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais. P. glabra Pasq.
is often found in cultivation, mostly in eastern Brazil where it is probably
native, although its original distribution area has been attributed to the
African continent.
P. aquatica Aubl. and P. insignis
(Sw.) Sw. ex Savigny from tropical America has the largest flowers of New World plants, with width up to 66(-71) cm if held horizontally.
100. Pochota Ram. Goyena.
Only one sp., P. fendleri (Seem.) W. S. Alverson & M. C. Duarte,
known from Nicaragua to N South America, and Brazil (only Roraima state).
101. Pseudobombax Dugand.
Deciduous trees, trunks usually unarmed; leaves that are digitately compound,
pulvinate, and clustered at branch tips, with the petiole widened at apex;
leaflets that are not articulate at the petiole apex; a persistent calyx that
is accrescent in fruit. 28 spp. from Mexico to South
America (25), 19 in Brazil (12 endemic), seeds wind dispersed; P.
minimum Carv.-Sobr.
& L.P. Queiroz may be promptly recognized by its extremely
reduced flowers (to 6 cm long) and fruits (to 5.5 cm long), the smallest recorded for this genus.
102. Spirotheca Ulbr.
Epiphytes with strangler capacity, sending down roots and sometimes forming
trees of 30 m or more (depending on size of host), or free-standing shrubs or
small trees; trunk, and particularly the branches, usually aculeate; leaves
3–7-foliolate; flowers axillary, usually solitary at the ends of branches;
petals 5, narrowly oblong, initially whitish-greenish or pink, becoming dark
reddish with age, or consistently bright red. 8 spp., six in moist mid- to high
elevation forests from Costa Rica and Panamá through the western Andean
countries to Bolivia, and two disjuncts in coastal forests of SE Brazil: S. rivieri (Decne.)
Ulbr.
and S. elegans Carv.-Sobr., M. Machado & L. P. Queiroz, latter
restricted of Bahia state, only found to inhabit seasonally dry tropical forest
vegetation.
44. BRASSICALES
FAMILIES ABSENT IN SOUTH AMERICA: AKANIACEAE
(2/2), EMBLINGIACEAE (1/1), GYROSTEMONACEAE (5/20), LIMNANTHACEAE
(2/8), MORINGACEAE (1/13), PENTADIPLANDRACEAE (1/1), RESEDACEAE
(11/116), SALVADORACEAE (3/10), SETCHELLANTHACEAE (1/1) AND TIGANOPHYTACEAE
(1/1), AS IN POWO IN JUNE 20, 2024.
LINEAGE 1 of
4: TROPAEOLIDS
TROPAEOLACEAE
§
REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON JUNE 20, 2024
Genera/species
1/94 Distribution mountain areas from S Mexico to Tierra del Fuego, S
Brazil to Argentina. Habit herbs. Tropaeolaceae
is a small family endemic to South and America Central, more often in the
highlands. Tropaeolum
majus L. is
edible; its fruit and flowers taste like capers and are used to
garnish salads.
SYSTEMATIC a
single genus.
1. Tropaeolum L. Herbaceous
climbers often with tuberous roots; plants dioecious; leaves simple, alternate,
estipulate, entire and often peltate or deeply lobed, to palmate; inflorescence
axillary, few-flowered or flowers solitary; flowers showy, colourful,
hermaphrodite, usually zygomorphic, sepals 5, united forming a nectar spur or calcar; petals 5, clawed, 3
lowermost frequently variously marked towards center of flower; fruits fleshy
schizocarp, splitting into 3 one-seeded fruticules, or fruit 3-winged; seeds
rounded. 94
spp., all occur in South America, distributed mostly in Andean countries and in
the highlands from E Brazil (5, three endemic) and S Venezuela, and 4 reaches
into America Central and one up to southern Mexico. Two sections:
§ sect. Tropaeolum ‣
include the formerly recognised sections Bicolora, Dipetala, Mucoronata,
Schizotrophaeum, Serratociliata, Tropaeolum, and Umbellata.
§ sect. Chilensia
‣ include the formerly recognised genera Magallana
and Trophaeastrum, and the formerly recognised Tropaeolum sect.
Chymocarpus.
LINEAGE 2 of
4: CARICIDS
CARICACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 20, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species 6/42
Distribution Mexico, America Central, Caribbean, South America to
northern Chile and Argentina, with their largest diversity in Mexico; Cylicomorpha:
tropical W and E Africa. Habit usually dioecious (sometimes monoecious,
andromonoecious, gynomonoecious, or polygamomonoecious; rarely bisexual),
evergreen trees or shrubs (rarely perennial herbs or climbing shrubs; in Jarilla
and Jacaratia corumbensis with a stout tuberous stem); stem usually
unbranched, often spiny. All species produce latex that can
be white or light yellow.
Carica
papaya L is an important food crop, especially in NE Brazil; this species
has two types of plants: one with many-flowered inflorecences comprising
staminate and pistillate flowers, that sometimes produce an elongated fruit,
and the other with pistillate, sessili flowers, producing abundant rounded
fruits, known as Papaya, Mamão (Braz.) and Fruta-Bomba (Caribbean); the wild
form occur only in Mesoamerica from southern Mexico to Costa Rica.
Use
Ornamental plants, fruits, papain for medical and technical purposes (softening
of meat, tanning of leather).
Key
differences from similar families - differs
from Brassicaceae and Tropaeolaceae in woody, shrubby to tree-like habit; from
Araliaceae (similar due to its palmately compound leaves) in superior ovary and
pentamerous flowers (vs. Araliaceae inferior ovary, tetramerous flowers); from
Bombacaceae (similar leaf shape and sometimes spiny trunk) in succulent
indehiscent fruit (vs. Bombacaceae fruits which are dehiscent capsules with
woolly seeds).
Key to
genera of South American Caricaceae
1. Leaves
entire to deeply lobed, branches smooth ------------ Vasconcellea
2. Leaves
digitate to trifoliolate, branches often spiny ------------ Jacaratia
SYSTEMATIC outsiders Cylicomorpha (2; tropical Africa), Carica
(1, cultigen, possibly Mexico to Costa Rica and Jamaica), Jarilla (3,
Mexico to El Salvador), Horovitzia (1, Oaxaca in Mexico).
1. Jacaratia A.DC.
Pachycaul trees sometimes with spiny branches, leaves digitate, sometimes with taproot
tubers.
7 spp., two only in Mexico/America Central, remainig five up to
South America (three restricted); among South American species, J.
corumbensis Kuntze is adapted to dry areas of Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay,
remaining are tropical rain forests dwellers. 4 spp. in Brazil, J.
heptaphylla (Vell.) A. DC. restricted from coastal Bahia to Mato Grosso do
Sul state.
2. Vasconcellea A. St-Hill. (inc. Carica p.p.) Unbranched or little brached tree, with pithly internodes,sometimes lianoid. 28
spp., 21 from Venezuela to Peru, one from Panama to Colombia, one from Mexico
to Venezuela, one in Chile, and one widely in northern South America, and three
from southern half from South America up to Brazil and Argentina.
4 spp. in Brazil, none endemic. V. horovitziana (V.M. Badillo) V.M.
Badillo endemic to Ecuador is only lianoid species in
Caricaceae.
LINEAGE 3 of
4: SALVADORIDS
BATACEAE
§
REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON JUNE 20, 2024
Genera/species
1/2 Distribution New World and Oceania Habit herbs.
SYSTEMATIC
a single genus.
1. Batis
P. Browne. Perennial, herbs, shrublets or shrubs, stem prostrate or ascending,
leaves fleshy, opposite, decussate, simple, sessile, linear to clavate,
yellow-green to green, margin entire; dioecious or monoecious; inflorescences
usually axillary, densely spicate, strobilate, conical, with flowers in four
ranks; flowers bracteate (bracts cochleariform and imbricate in male
inflorescences, smaller and partially incorporated in the fleshy female spike),
small, unisexual, actinomorphic; fruit an aggregate or a drupe with four
pyrenes; seed coat membranous. Two spp., dioecious B.
argillicola P. Royen., from coasts of southern New Guinea and
northern Australia, and the
monoecious B. maritima L. from tropical and subtropical
coasts of America and the Pacific Islands, from California to Peru and the
Galapagos Islands; in the Atlantic from Florida to SE Brazil and the
Antilles; both species are ecologically
important for regeneration of mangrove areas.
KOEBERLINIACEAE
§
REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON JUNE 20, 2024
Genera/species
1/2. Distribuição SW U.S.A. to Mexico, Bolivia. Habit
bisexual, evergreen shrubs or small trees. Xerophytes. Branches
photosynthesizing, terminating in an elongated spine. Prophylls basal on
branches and spines.
SYSTEMATIC
a single genus.
1. Koeberlinia
Zucc. Shrubs or small trees, strongly xerophytic; stems greenish
and photosynthetic, divaricately and intricately branched, spinescent at the
tips; leaves scale-like; flowers in umbel-like axillary racemes, actinomorphic,
hermaphroditic, sepals 4, petals 4, imbricate, free; fruit a subglobose berry;
seeds 2-4, exarillate, with scanty endosperm, embryo curved. Two spp., K.
spinosa Zucc. from the S U.S.A., N Mexico, and K. holacantha W.C.
Holmes, K.L. Yip & Rushing in dry forests of Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 1,700-2000
m elevation range.
LINEAGE 4 of
4: BRASSICIDS
TOVARIACEAE
§
REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON JUNE 20, 2024
Genera/species
1/2. Distribuição Mexico to Venezuela and
Bolivia, Jamaica. Habit Bisexual, annual or perennial herbs, or
evergreen shrubs or suffrutices (sometimes climbing or arborescent). Leaves
when dry with coumarin-like scent.
SYSTEMATIC a
single genus.
1. Tovaria
Zucc. Shrubs or herbs, with a penetrating smell; leaves alternate,
trifoliolate; stipules minute; inflorescences terminal and axillary, elongate
racemes; flowers bisexual, actinomorphic; sepals (6-)8(-9); petals (6-)8(-9),
free, shortly clawed, green to yellow; fruits berries; seeds many, small. Two
spp., T. pendula Ruiz & Pav. common in
disturbed habitats such as roadsides and landslines in mountains areas to 3,000
m from Mexico, America Central, NW South America (especially the Andes) to Peru
and Bolivia, and T. diffusa (Macfad.) Fawc. & Rendle
endemic to Jamaica.
CAPPARACEAE
§
REFERENCE: AS IN VPA ON JUNE 20, 2024 +
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX
Genera/species 32/460-470. Distribution cosmopolitan except
continental Antarctica; Habit usually bisexual (rarely monoecious,
andromonoecious or dioecious), usually perennial, biennial or annual herbs
(sometimes evergreen or deciduous shrubs, suffrutices, rarely lianas or small
trees). Some species are succulents and some are aquatic. Many species are
xerophytes.
As currently
circumscribed, it contains 33 genera and about 700 species. Based on
morphological grounds and supported by molecular studies the American species
traditionally identified as Capparis have been transferred to
resurrected old generic names and several new genera have been recently
described. Species of this subfamily are often dominant evergreen elements in
dry forests. The flowers are ephemeral, mostly nocturnal. Some species (e.g. Quadrella cynophallophora (L.) Hutch.,
Sarcotoxicum salicifolium (Griseb.)
Cornejo & Iltis) are cultivated as ornamental. Both humans and monkeys eat
the pulp of the fruits of several species of Capparidastrum and Neocalyptrocalyx.
The pulp of the fruits of species of Calanthea
and Sarcotoxicum
is highly poisonous.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders
Hispaniolanthus (1, Hispaniola), Caphexandra (1, America Central),
Acanthocapparis (1, Mexico to Honduras), Boscia (c 30; tropical
and southern Africa, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula), Maerua (c 75;
tropical regions in the Old World), Bachmannia (1; Mozambique to
KwaZulu-Natal and E Cape), Ritchiea (c 30; tropical Africa), Buchholzia
(2; tropical W Africa), Euadenia (3; tropical Africa), Cladostemon
(1; Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, KwaZulu-Natal), Dhofaria (1; Oman),
Cadaba (c 30; S Africa, Madagascar, Indian Ocean islands, Arabian
Peninsula, India, Australia) and Apophyllum (1; E Australia).
1. Anisocapparis Cornejo
& Iltis. Shrubs or trees, leaves simple. Only one sp., A. speciosa
(Griseb.) X. Cornejo & H.H. Iltis, ranging from Bolivia into adjacent parts
of Mato Grosso do Sul state in C Brazil, Paraguay and N Argentina.
2. Atamisquea Miers. Shrubs or
small tres, with densely lepidote branches. Only one sp., A. emarginata
Miers ex Hooker & Arnott, disjunct in SW U.S.A., Mexico and Andes of Chile,
Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia, in semideserts.
3. Beautempsia
(Benth.
& Hook.) Gaudich. Only one sp., B. avicenniifolia (Kunth) Alleiz.,
restricted to the very dry woodlands and thorn scrub of W Ecuador and deserts
in Peru.
4. Belencita H. Karst.
Evergreens shrubs or trees up to 3m tall. Only one sp., B. nemorosa, from
Colombia and Venezuela, in dry forests or scrubs in coastal region.
5. Calanthea
(DC.)
Miers. Two spp. restricted to
the xerophytic forests of E Colombia, Venezuela and French Guiana.
6. Capparicordis
Cornejo
& Iltis. Shrubs or small trees, or rarely
scramblers or lianas; leaves 4–10 × 4–10 cm; flowers few to c. 20, in short,
open corymbiform racemes or rarely solitary; corolla lemon-yellow or orange;
fruits dehiscent, ovoid to globose, baccate. Two spp., C.
crotonoides
(Kunth) Iltis & Cornejo from Ecuador and Peru, and C. tweediana (Eichler)
Iltis & X. Cornejo, from NW Argentina to Bolivia and Paraguay, and
extending, but barely, into SW Brazil at Corumbá, in semi-deciduous dry forests
of the Chaco vegetational province.
7. Capparidastrum (DC.) Hutch.
Shrubs to/or trees (rarely herbaceous in C. humile (Hassl.) X. Cornejo
& H. H. Iltis), glabrous or covered by simple short trichomes; leaves simple,
spirally arranged; inflorescences racemose, usually terminal, rarely
cauline (C. frondosum (Jacq.) X. Cornejo & H. H. Iltis, in
Hispaniola and Brazil); petals 4; fruits pendulous, capsular. 22 spp.,
ranging from S Mexico to N Argentina, and Caribbean, centered
from the lowlands to the lower slopes at both sides of the Andes of Peru,
Ecuador, and Colombia; 17 in South America, 6 in Brazil, none endmemics;
inflorescence racemose, cauline in C. frondosum (Jacq.) Cornejo &
Iltis
individuous from Brazil and Hispaniola.
8. Colicodendron Mart.
Evergreen shrubs or trees; leaves simple, short-petiolate to sessile, opposite
to spirally or whorled; inflorescences terminal, subterminal and/or axilar, a
panicle, raceme or racemose spike, rarely a solitary axillary flower (in C.
yco); flowers with calyx 1-seriate, valvate; petals 4, imbricate or
torsivus in bud, sessile; fruits amphisarcous or pseudoamphisarcous, woody. 5
spp., two from Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru, C. yco (Mart.)
Mart.
from NE Brazil, with solitary yellow flowers, many branched; C. bahianum Cornejo
& Iltis, a unbranched
or sparsely branched shrub, restricted to the Atlantic coastal rainforests of
the State of Bahia, E Brazil; and C. martianum Cornejo, a shrub 1-3 m
tall in SE Bahia state in Brazil.
9. Crateva
L. Shrubs or trees, deciduous,
glabrous; bark smooth, brown; young branches with prominent yellowish
lenticels; leaves 3-foliolate, petiolate; inflorescence of axillary or
terminal, corymbose racemes; flowers bisexual or unisexual by abortion; sepals 4,
open in aestivation, arising from a shallow receptacle; petals 4(5), rather
large, clawed, white; fruit globose or ovoid with a coriaceous pericarp borne
on a stout stipe. 21 spp., pantropical, 17 in Old World, 4 in neotropics, two
in South America: C. tapia
L. from Mexico to Argentina and the Lesser Antilles, inc. Brazil and
C. yarinacochaensis Cornejo & Iltis a
local endemic of the Amazonian rainforests in the Department of Ucayali, E Peru.
10. Cynophalla
(DC.) J. Presl. 17 spp., all South American, 5 up to Caribbean
and North America, distributed from Southern Florida and Mexico, slightly
centered in NW Peru and N Ecuador; 7 spp. in Brazil, one
endemic.
11. Mesocapparis (Eichl.)
Cornejo & Iltis. Lianas or scandent shrubs, with slender and ± fractiflexus
terminal branches; leaves simple, petiolate, alternately arranged; inflorescence
a solitary, axillary and subterminal flower; floral bracts absent; flower buds
subglobose; petals 4; fruit a pendulous globose pepo, containing many seeds
embedded in a white pulp. Two spp., scattered in Brazil, found in 4 disjunct
areas: in Amazon rainforest in Acre/Amazonas states; in Pará and Maranhão
states; Tocantins and Piaui state; in a single locality Rio Grande do Norte
state; and from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro, in E Brazil; it’s a single lianescent Capparaceae of Brazil.
12. Monilicarpa Cornejo
& Iltis. Subshrubs, shrubs or small trees, unbranched or multi-branched;
leaves simple. Two spp., M. tenuisiliqua (Jacq.) X. Cornejo & H.H.
Iltis from N Colombia, Venezuela and Trinidad & Tobago, and M.
brasiliana (Banks ex DC.), X. Cornejo & H.H. Iltis disjunct to E
Brazil, in Bahia to Rio de Janeiro coastal forests.
13. Morisonia L. Shrubs or
small trees, up to 7m tall; leaves simple. Three spp., M. multiflora Triana &
Planch.
only in Colombia, M. oblongifolia Britton in W Brazil
(Acre and Amazonas states), Bolivia and Peru, and M. americana L. from Mexico
and Caribbean up to Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas.
14. Neocalyptrocalyx Hutch.
Shrubs to tall trees, with ± straight terminal branches; leaves simple,
petiolated, spirally arranged; inflorescence axillary and (sub)terminal,
usually corymbose to raceme, rarely a solitary flower; fruit a pendulous
amphisarcum, with a subwoody thick wall, 3–10 mm thick, containing many seeds
embedded in a white or orange pulp. 11 spp., ranging
east to the Andes, from Venezuela (1 endemic) and the Guianas to Brazil, and
recently collected in E Ecuador; in Brazil occur 7 spp., in N, NE & SE
regions, 5 endemic.
15. Neocapparis
Cornejo.
Many branched trees; terminal branches, buds and young petioles with very short
unbranched trichomes, otherwise glabrous; leaves spirally arranged, simple,
tertiary nerves densely reticulate arranged on both sides. Two spp., one from
dry forests, S Mexico (Oaxaca, Guerrero) to coastal N Colombia and Venezuela,
and another in coastal Ecuador and Peru.
16. Preslianthus Cornejo &
Iltis. Tall trees or shrubs; leaves spirally arranged; inflorescences terminal,
unbranched and few flowered to loosely 5- to 15-branched and many flowered
openly corymbose racemes or panicles or long penduncles; flowers often
incompiscuous, greenish or greenish-yellow; fruit a amphisarcum, yellow at
maturity. Three spp., one only in Panamá, and the two remainig restricted
of dense forests of Costa Rica to Bolivia and W Brazil (both), disjunct in Guiana
Shield and E Brazil.
17. Quadrella
(DC.)
J. Presl. 23 spp., U.S.A. and Mexico and Caribbean, two of then up to
Colombia and Venezuela to Peru.
18. Sarcotoxicum
Cornejo
& Iltis. Shrubs to low trees; leaves simple, petiolate laxly spiral;
inflorescence a short raceme and/or solitary flowers, terminal,
subterminal and/or axilar; floral bracts absent; fruit a pendulous,
spherical, cucurbitoid amphisarcum. Only one sp., S. salicifolium
(Griseb) X. Cornejo & H. H. Iltis, restricted to Bolivia, Paraguay and N
Argentina.
The
fruits are edible at maturity if properly cooked, but extremely
poisonous when immature, or even dried; it has been reported that the
Matako Indians of the Argentine Gran Chaco eat them to commit suicide; during
the Chaco war, many soldiers died after eating them; to make the pulp edible,
the whole fruit must be boiled for 1 to 4 hours (depending on its size),
changing the water once; the Matako Indians boil them six or seven times in
different water to eat them; the Guaraní Indians use them as a hallucinogen or,
in higher amounts, as poison.
19. Steriphoma
Spreng.
Shrubs up to 2 m tall, with many showy inflorescences,
mainly orange. 7 spp. from Guatemala to Peru and Venezuela, all in South
America.
CLEOMACEAE
§
REFERENCE: AS IN VPA ON JUNE 20, 2024 +
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species 25/221
Distribution cosmopolitan except continental Antarctica Habit usually
bisexual (rarely monoecious, andromonoecious or dioecious), usually perennial,
biennial or annual herbs (sometimes evergreen or deciduous shrubs, suffrutices,
rarely lianas or small trees). Some species are succulents and some are
aquatic. Many species are xerophytes.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders Cleomella (22, C and W North America to S and C
of Mexico), Polanisia (5, North America, Mexico), Areocleome (1;
N Australia), Arivela (12; Old World, mainly Australia), Cleome
(27; E Mediterranean, Spain, N and E Africa, Arabian Peninsula, and E to
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan), Coalisina (6;
Egypt, Yemen, Ethiopia, Namibia, South Africa, Angola, Sudan, Mozambique,
India), Corynandra (5; India to Malaysia), Dipterygium (1; Egypt
to Pakistan), Gilgella (1; North and tropical Africa, Arabian Peninsula,
east to Pakistan), Gynandropsis (1; Asia), Kersia (8; Namibia,
Angola, South Africa), Puccionia (1; Somalia), Rorida (12; NE
Africa through Arabian Peninsula to Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Pakistan), Sieruela
(36; Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Tanzania, South Africa, SW Africa,
Ethiopia, Angola, Somalia, Congo, Sierra Leone, India), Styidocleome (1;
tropical and NE Africa, east through Arabian Peninsula, S Iran, Afghanistan,
Pakistan, and NW India), Thulinella (1; NE Africa, Arabian Peninsula,
and E to S Iran).
Six
neotropical clades are supported: (1) Iltisella, two spp., only in
Mexico and America Central; (2) the Dactylaena clade,
including Dactylaena and Physostemon; (3) the Andean clade,
comprising four genera; (4) the Melidiscus clade; (5)
the Cleoserrata clade, and (6) the Tarenaya clade;
the last three corresponding to genera with the same name.
A.
DACTYLAENA CLADE (3/13) ‣ all genera in South America.
1.
Dactylaena Schrad. ex Schult. F.
Annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs, highly branched; leaves alternate,
compound, 3-foliolate; leaflets sessile or short-petiolulate; margin entire,
ciliate or serrulate-ciliate; racemes terminal, ebracteate, bearing immature or
mature fruits in lower clusters and separate clusters of flowers at apex;
flowers zygomorphic; sepals 4, the lower one longer than others; petals 4,
dimorphic, the upper pair typically longer than the lower. 7 spp., one from N Haiti, two from
Bolivia and Argentina, and 4 in Brazil, one also in Venezuela (and three endemic),
in montane forests, semideciduous to deciduous forests, border of forests,
riparian forests, sandy coastal areas, riverbanks, rocky outcrops, roadsides,
and waste disposal areas, at elevations from near sea level to 2550 m.
2. Haptocarpum Ule. Herb
with clambering stems, perennial; leaves 3-foliate; petals 2; two functional
stamens; fruits at dehiscence abscising the replum, leaving a forked base. Only
one sp., H. bahiense Ule, center Bahia state, Brazil, known only from
type collection, this species is only Brassicales rare in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
3. Physostemon Mart. & Zucc. (inc. Mitostyles) Perennials or annuals, usually
upright; leaves uni-, tri-, or pentafoliolate; stamens 6–10, most species have
some stamens with apophyses. 9 spp., two from Mexico to America Central, two in
Caribbean, three from Mexico to South America and two endemic to Brazil. 4
spp., in Brazil, two endemic.
B. ANDEAN
CLADE (4/39) ‣ all genera in South America.
4. Andinocleome
Iltis
& Cochrane. (inc. Cleome p.p.) Small herbs to shrubs or small trees; leaves usually
5–13-foliolate; the nectiferous disc is; usually conical or obconical and
prominent; seeds usually lack an aril. 9 spp., predominantly Andean South America,
with two species reaching Mexico, and one of these also occur in Hispaniola and
Venezuela
5. Cochranella
M.McGinty
& Roalson. (inc. Cleome p.p.) Small to large unarmed annuals (0.75–1 m) to
occasionally longer-lived tropical herbs, with a mixture simple and
glandular-pubescent foliage; leaves 5–9-foliolate, estipulate; flowers with
closed corolla aestivation, bisexual; petals glabrous, narrowly clawed,
variable in color, usually white to pink or purple, but sometimes with a more
green/greenish-yellow hue. Only one sp., C. pilosa (Bentham) E.M.McGinty
& Roalson, W to S Mexico (Sinaloa to Chiapas) to Ecuador and Venezuela,
Hispaniola; in wet areas.
6. Podandrogyne
Ducke. (inc. Cleome p.p.) Unisexual flowers
(monoecious plants); petals often orange or orange-red; placentas contorted and
seeds have a large aril. 32 spp., 30 restricted from montanes foresty
habitats from Venezuela to Bolivia, three of them up to America Central, and
two restricted of America Central.
7.
Pterocleome M.McGinty & Roalson. (inc. Cleome p.p.) Large, erect herbs or
shrubs (1–2.5 m), simple to glandular-pubescent; leaves palmately compound 5–9-
foliolate; racemes open, ebracteate, pedicels (2–5 cm); flowers with closed
corolla aestivation, bisexual; sepals 1/5 the size of the petals at anthesis;
petals pubescent, purple to green in color, not clawed. Only one sp., P.
stylosa (Eichler) Iltis ex E.M.McGinty & Roalson, N Venezuela and
Colombia; tropical to montane forests.
C.
MELIDISCUS CLADE (1/2) ‣ a single genus.
8. Melidiscus Raf. Typically shrubs 2–6 m tall; leaves 5–11-foliolate; petals
usually green to yellow. Only one sp., M. giganteus (L.) Raf.
from Mexico to Argentina and Brazil.
D. CLEOSERRATA CLADE
(1/5)
‣ a
single genus.
9.
Cleoserrata Iltis. Annual herbs, glabrous, unarmed, with
stipules diminutive or absent; leaves 3‒7(‒9)-foliolate, leaflets
serrate-ciliate; inflorescences bracteate or not, bracts diminutive, caducous,
or well-developed; flowers with showy petals, pinkish, purplish, ivory, or
white. 5 spp., Mexico to Ecuador, Guianas and Caribbean up to E Brazil (two, one endemic).
E. TARENAYA CLADE
(1/37)
‣ a
single genus.
10. Tarenaya Raf. (inc. Cleome p.p., Hemiscola) Herbs or shrubs, annual; stems
sparsely to profusely branched; glabrous or glandular-pubescent (sometimes
spiny; inflorescences terminal or axillary (from distal leaves), racemes
(flat-topped or elongated); bracts present; flowers (often appearing unisexual
due to incomplete development), zygomorphic; sepals persistent, distinct, equal
(each often subtending a nectary); petals equal; stamens 6; fruits capsules,
dehiscent, oblong; seeds 10-30+, triangular to subglobose, not arillate, (cleft
fused between ends). 38 spp., T. afrospina (Iltis) Soares Neto
& Roalson in
Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon and Congo Brazzaville, unique
spiny cleomid in Old World, 37 in mainland from Mexico and Central to
South America (33), 22 in Brazil, 13 endemic; few in temperate region
or in shallow water.
BRASSICACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 21, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species 346/c. 3,997 Distribution cosmopolitan,
with their largest diversity in temperate regions in the Northern Hemisphere. Habit
usually herbs (sometimes shrubs, rarely trees, very rarely lianas), taprooted
or with few to many-branched and slender or woody caudex, sometimes with
slender or tuberous rhizomes, rarely stoloniferous; terrestrial or rarely
submerged aquatics, with a pungent watery juice, without or rarely with
multicellular glandular papillae or tubercles; petals rarely lobate or
fimbriate. Stamens (two, four or) six (24 in Megacarpaea), two outer
often shorter than four inner (tetradynamous), approximately as long as petals;
nickel or zinc accumulated in many species; selenium accumulated in, e.g., Stanleya
sp.; from the sister family Cleomaceae, the Neotropical Brassicaceae are
easily distinguished by having actinomorphic corolla, fruit septum, and curved
embryos without a gap between the radicle and cotyledons, as well as by lacking
the stipules and palmately compound leaves.
The
Brassicaceae are easily distinguished by the cruciform corolla and
tetradynamous stamens; the exceptions are in some species of Lepidium
that have only two stamens and a rudimentary or absent corolla; the
characteristic capsule (often called silique or silicle; see above) is
distinctive in the family for all species with dehiscent fruits, in which the
fruit valves fall off and the 'false' septum remains; the three distinctive
features above collectively occur in the vast majority of species, and when one
or two features do not apply then the third would help; for example, in Lepidium
spp. with two stamens and apetalous flowers, the fruit type described above is
distinctive.
Centered in
U.S.A., China, Irano-Turanian region. Botanical discoveries of South American
Brassicaceae date back to the 1753 descriptions of the Linnaean Lepidium
bonariense L. and L. didymum L. that have since become cosmopolitan
weeds; native species of South America gow primarily at high altitudes, some
species of Rorippa and Cardamine grow in typical tropical
lowlands. One Cakile spp. occur in coast of Colombia and Venezuela. Exhalimolobus,
Descurainia, Physaria and Tomostima also occur in Uruguay.
In Colombia occur 42 spp., all Draba (20), Descurainia sp. and Brayopsis
sp. occur above 3,200 m elevation range; 11 anothers spp. in several genera
occur only above 1,800 m elevation range; the remaining Pennelia sp., Cakile
sp. and some Cardamine, Lepidium and Rorippa occur
above 1,800 m elevation range.
The
Brassicaceae include several important crop plants grown in the Neotropics as
vegetables (e.g., species of Brassica); the only native Neotropical crop
is Lepidium meyenii Walp. (maca) cultivated in the high Peruvian Andes
and consumed locally. Vegetable oils of various Brassica species,
especially Brassica napus L. (canola), probably rank first in terms of
the world's tonnage production, but have not been grown in our area. Lepidium
didymum L. and L. bonariense L. are among that notable native South
American weeds that have become naturalized elsewhere in the world.
SYSTEMATIC two
subfamilies, Aethionomoideae (1/c 55, Mediterranean, SE Europe and SW
Asia to Afghanistan), absent in New World; among Brassicoideae, with five
supertribes, with 57 tribes. Cochlearieae
(2/c 35, Europe, Mediterranean, North Africa, NE Asia, Alaska, northern Canada)
unplaced among the supertribes.
1. SUPERTIRBE
ARABODEAE (45/680 - 750) ‣ 4 tribes, Alysseae
(24/150–220, mainly S and SE Europe, NW Africa and SW Asia), Asperuginoideae
(1/1, Türkiye and eastwards to Central Asia and Pakistan), Stevenieae
(3/8, Europe, Central and E Asia) absent in South America. Among South
American Arabideae, outsiders are Abdra (2; U.S.A.), Arabis
(c 60; temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere, tropical African
mountains), Athysanus (1; W U.S.A.), Aubrieta (16; S Europe to
Iran), Drabella (1; Europe to Türkiye and the Caucasus, Morocco), Pachyneurum
(1; Central Asia), Baimashania (2; Yunnan, Qinghai), Pseudodraba
(1; Afghanistan and Pakistan), Sinoarabis (1; Xizang), Arcyosperma
(1; Nepal), Borodiniopsis (1; W China), Botschantzevia (1;
Kazakhstan), Dendroarabis (1; Altai), Parryodes (1; Bhutan), Scapiarabis
(4; N Pakistan, Central Asia, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Xinjiang).
1. Draba
L. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs (sometimes very
diminutely), rarely stoloniferous or woody stems; basal leaves present, cauline
leaves often absent, sometimes cushions.
432 spp., more than 110 in Himalayas (75 in restricted region) and neighbouring
Central Asia, and about 90 species in Europe and the remainder of Asia (90 in
Russia, 45 in Europe, 48 in China, 37 in India, 24 in Nepal, 23 in Pakistan, 10
in Afganisthan), 7 in Africa. As currently understood, Draba is
represented in the New World by 220 species, of which 82 are restricted to
South America (Colombia (21), Venezuela (12), Ecuador (20), Peru (25), Bolivia
(10) and Cono Sur (10); and 130 are native to North America, including only
five that are endemic to Mexico and America Central.
The genus shows a tremendous diversity in the growth habit, though most of
the paramo taxa have woody lower stems and often form subshrubs; all range
diversity of genus occur in South America; however,
plants of the Venezuelan endemic D. lindenii (Hook.) Planch. are often
shrubs 50–150 cm tall and have lower stems to 1 cm in diameter; by contrast,
plants of the Bolivian endemic D. inquisiviana Al-Shehbaz are tiny,
scapose perennials only 0.5–1.2 cm tall; all other species of Draba
worldwide fall between these two extremes, and those with typically woody lower
stems are restricted to South America.
2. Tomostima
L. Herbs, annuals that produce early-season chasmogamous flowers
with white petals and late-season cleistogamous flowers without petals. 6 spp.,
4
in North America, T. araboides (Wedd.)
Al-Shehbaz, M. Koch & Jordon-Thaden in Peru and T. australis (Hook.
f.) Al-Shehbaz, M. Koch & Jordon-Thaden in Argentina, Chile and
Uruguay.
2. MEGACORE BRASSICODAE
(111/c. 1,000) ▸ 13 tribes, 10 off South
America: Calepineae (3/7, Southern Europe,
Mediterranean, SW and Central Asia), Conringieae
(2/8, Europe to Central Asia), Eutremeae (3/34, E Europe, temperate
Asia, one species also in North America), Isatideae (5/c 34, Europe,
Central and SW Asia), Sisymbrieae (1/44, Europe, Mediterranean, N and S
Africa, Asia, one species in North America), Thlaspideae (12/36, Europe,
Mediterranean, SW and Central Asia, Himalayas), Aphragmeae (▇▇),
Fourraeeae (▇▇),
Plagiolobeae (▇▇),
Schrenkielleae (▇▇);
and three in South America.
2.1 BRASSICEAE
▸TRIBE COLUTEOCARPEAE
(3/c 127) - outsiders Coluteocarpus (1; mountains in
SW Asia), Pseudosempervivum (6; Türkiye, Armenia).
3. Noccaea
Moend. Annual or perennial herbs. 134 spp., distributed primarily
in Europe and Asia, with one species endemic each in N. Africa (Algeria), N.
magelanica (Comm. ex Poir.) Holub in Patagonia from Argentina and Chile, N.
mexicana (Standl.) Holub only in Mexico, and three in the
U.S.A. (one of then reaches up to Mexico).
2.2 BRASSICEAE
▸ TRIBE THELYPODIEAE
(28/260) - outsiders Chaunanthus (4;
Mexico), Chlorocrambe (1; Oregon, Utah), Dryopetalon (8; SW North
America), Hesperidanthus (5; W North America), Phravenia (1; N
Mexico), Pringlea (1; Prince Edward Islands, Crozet Islands, Kerguélen
Islands, Heard Island), Romanschulzia (14; America Central), Stanleya
(6–7; W North America), Streptanthus (c 55; W and S North America), Thelypodiopsis
(15; North America, Mexico, Guatemala), Thelypodium (19; W North
America, America Central), Thysanocarpus (5; W U.S.A.), Warea (4;
S U.S.A.).
4.
Chilocardamum O. E. Schulz. Herbs
perennial, with a well-developed woody caudex covered with leaf remains of
previous years; stems erect, simple, rarely branched; basal leaves sessile,
rosulate, simple; cauline leaves sessile, not auriculate at base; racemes
several to many flowered, dense or lax, ebracteate, corymbose, elongated
slightly in fruit; petals white. 4 spp., Patagonia, Argentina
(Neuquen, Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz).
5. Dictyophragmus
O. E. Schulz. Annual, taprooted, often glacous, glabrous spp.
leaves all cauline. Three spp.,
two in S Peru and one in N Argentina.
6. Englerocharis
Musch. Perennial, scapose, cespitose herbs, often cushion
forming, with thick, simple or branched caudex densely covered with persistent
leaf remains of previous years (green or silvery green), mainly with 1-3 cm
diameter and 2 – 10 cm high. 6 spp., one widely
distributed in Peru but narrowly distributed in Bolivia, and remaining five
all Peruvian endemic known thus far only from their type collections.
7. Hollermayera
O. E. Schulz. Perennial, rhizomatous, glabrous herb; cauline
leaves petiolate. Only one sp., H. valdiviana
(Phil.) Ravenna, endemic to Chile.
8. Ivania
O. E. Schulz. Perennial, taprooted, glabrous herbs. Two spp. from
N Chile, from Valparaiso and Copiapo regions.
9. Mostacillastrum
O. E. Schultz. Herbs perennial or rarely annual, with a woody
caudex or base. Stems erect to ascending, rarely decumbent, simple or branched
basally and/or apically; cauline and basal leaves present; petals white, rarely
lavender or yellowish. 31 spp., 20 spp. in South America, M. pandurifolium
(Kunth) Al. Shehbaz endemic to Venezuela, 19 from Peru southwards, two
spp. in Haiti, and nine from U.S.A. to Mexico.
10. Neuontobotrys
O. E. Schulz. Plants subshrubs, woody at base, rarely perennial
herbs; stems erect to ascending, few to many, woody at base, often many
branched above; racemes several to many flowered, lax, ebracteate, corymbose,
elongated considerably in fruit; petals yellow drying reddish, rarely white or
pink. 14 spp., Peru (6, two endemic), Bolivia to Patagonia.
11. Parodiodoxa
O. E. Schulz. Perennial, cespitose, glabrous herbs. Basal leaves
rosulate. Only one sp., P. chionophila
(Speg.) O.E. Schulz, NW Argentina (Catamarca, Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta, and
Tucuman), where it grows on open, rocky soils at elevations of 3,500–5,100 m.
12. Phlebolobium
O. E. Schulz. Perennial, glacous, glabrous or sparsely pubescent
herbs; basal leaves rosulate. Only one sp., P. maclovianum (d’Urv) O. E.
Schulz., endemic to Falkland Is.
13. Polypsecadium
O. E. Schulz. Plants annual or perennial herbs, subshrubs, or
shrubs; stems erect to ascending, branched above; basal leaves absent; racemes
many flowered, lax, ebracteate, corymbose, elongated considerably in fruit;
petals white to lavender or purple, obovate to spatulate, apex obtuse. 15 spp.,
two in N Andes, 12 from Peru to S Argentina, and P.
brasiliense O.E.Schulz, endemic to Santa Catarina state, Brazil.
14. Sarcodraba
Gilg. & Muschl. Perennial, taprooted, cauline leaves sessile;
petals white. 4 spp., Patagonian Argentina up San Juan and La Rioja provinces,
one up to Chile.
15. Sibara
Greene. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs. Stems erect,
simple or many branched, sometimes woody at base. Racemes many flowered,
ebracteate, lax or rarely corymbose. Petals white or lavender to purple.
Anagram of Arabis. 12 spp. exhibiting amphitropical
disjunction: six of these grow in California and Baja California, 6 in dry
areas of N Chile (4 endemic) and Argentina (2 endemic).
16. Weberbauera
Gilg. & Muschl. Perennial, taprooted, pulvinate, pubescent
herbs. Leaves entire to dentate or rarely pinnately lobed. 19 spp., Andes from
Peru (15, 11 endemic) to Argentina, Chile, following the expansion of its
earlier delimitation to include Catadysia O. E. Schulz.
17. Zuloagocardamum
Salariato & Al-Shehbaz. Herbs having a well-developed woody
caudex with reduced leafless stems, 5 cm tall, rosulate, awl-shaped or linear,
sessile, parallel-veined basal leaves conspicuously ciliate with simple
trichomes, racemes much shorter than the basal leaves, torulose fruits, and
mucilaginous seeds; flowers white. Only one sp., Z.
jujuyensis Salariato & Al-Shehbaz, endemic
to Espinazo del Diablo in Jujuy Province in Argentina.
2.3 BRASSICEAE
▸ TRIBE BRASSICEAE
(c 36/c 275) - all
outsiders of Macaronesia and Mediterranean Basin up to N Africa and Sahara,
Middle East, C Asia, Socotra and NW India except Brassica (c 165;
Europe, Mediterranean, temperate Asia), Crambe (c 35; Europe,
Macaronesia, Mediterranean, mountains in N tropical Africa, W Asia) and Orychophragmus
(3; China). Brassica L. has 165 spp. in the present sense includes Brassica
s.str. (c 40; Europe, Mediterranean, temperate Asia), Ceratocnemum (1;
Morocco), Coincya (6; southern Europe, Mediterranean), Diplotaxis
(c 25; Europe, Mediterranean to NW India), Eruca (1; Mediterranean, NE
Africa), Erucastrum (c 25; Europe, Macaronesia, Mediterranean), Hirschfeldia
(1; Mediterranean), Raphanus (4; Europe, Mediterranean to Central Asia),
Rapistrum (2; Europe, Mediterranean, W Asia), Sinapidendron (4;
Madeira), Sinapis (6; Europe, Mediterranean), Trachystoma (3;
Morocco).
18. Cakile
Mill. Annual, often glabrous; leaves fleshy. 7 spp., two in coasts
in Europe, Mediterranean, Arabian Peninsula, 4 in New World, C. lanceolata
(Willd.) O.E. Schulz reaching to coastal Colombia and Venezuela, two in
Old World, one endemic to Middle East.
3. MEGACORE CAMELINODAE (78/c. 1,200) - 15 lineages, Alyssopsideae (4/9, E
Mediterranean to China), Boechereae (8/c 118, Russian Far East, North
America), Camelineae (8/36, Europe, temperate Asia, N North America),
Crucihimalayeae (3/14, NE Asia, one species also in North America and SW
Greenland), Erysimeae (1/c 180, Europe, Macaronesia, Mediterranean,
Africa, temperate Asia, North America), Microlepidieae (16/55,
Australia, New Zealand), Oreophytoneae (2/6, SW Europe, NW Africa,
tropical E Africa), Smelowskieae (1/25, Pakistan to Central and NW Asia,
NW North America), Turritideae (1/4, Europe, Africa, W Asia), Yinshanieae
(1/7–13, China, N Vietnam), Malcolmieae (▇▇), Arabidopsideae (▇▇), Hemilophieae (▇▇) absent in South America, and 5 presents.
3.1 TRIBE CARDAMINEAE
(c 12/c 335) - outsiders Aplanodes (2; KwaZulu-Natal;
E Cape, Lesotho), Armoracia (3; Europe to Siberia, E North America), Barbarea
(22; Europe, N Asia, North America), Iodanthus (1; U.S.A. from
Connecticut to Texas), Leavenworthia (8; S and SW U.S.A.), Nasturtium
(c 15; temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere), Ornithocarpa (2;
Mexico), Planodes (2; SE U.S.A., N Mexico), Selenia (5; S U.S.A.,
Mexico), Sisymbrella (1; W Mediterranean).
19. Cardamine L. Often compound leaves and linear fruits with flattened replum. 264 spp., subcosmopolitan, 82
spp. in New World, 10 in Australian and New Zealand, 3 in Africa and 4 in New
Guinea, 33 in South America, C. chenopodifolia Pers., C. africana
L. and C. chenopodiifolia Pers. in Brazil, none endemic. Some spp. are
invasive cosmopolitan weeds; C. chenopodifolia Pers., from Bolivia,
Argentina, S Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Chile, is a amphicarpic species, unique among amphigeocarpy Brassicaceae in New World.
20. Rorippa
Scop. Mainly semi-aquatic small herbs. 87 spp.,
cosmopolitan, 25 spp. in Eurasia, 22 in North America, 12 in Africa, 13 in
South America, and 9 (all in endemic sect. Ceriosperma) in New Guinea,
Australia, New Zealand and Polynesia; lowland temperate and tropical mountains;
they are distributed primarily along the Andes, where the grow in wet habitats
at altitudes of up to 4,000 m. Three spp. in Brazil, R.
bonariensis (Poir.) Macloskie, R. clandestina (Spreng.) J.F. Macbr., R.
nana (Schltdl.) J.F.Macbr. and R. hilariana (Walp.) Cabrera,
occurs in Brazil, mainly in southern places.
3.2 TRIBE LEPIDIEAE
(1/c 250) – a single genus.
21. Lepidium
L. Annual, biennial or
perennial, rarely thorn, glabrous or pubescent herbs, subshrubs, or rarely
lianas (in Australia), sometimes cushions;
reduction in floral organ number is common in many species, and over
half of the species have only two or four stamens, rather than the usual six;
petals are reportedly absent from about 1/4 of species, and they are
rudimentary in many others. 264 spp., cosmopolitan, including Hawaii and New
Zealand, in lowland temperate areas and in tropical mountains, but also
tropical lowlands and dry areas (such as Namibia). 88 spp. occur in New World,
56 in South America, 4 in Brazil: L. bonariense
L. from S Brazil and adjacent Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, L.
auriculatum Regel & Korn. from Peru to Brazil and Cono Sur, L.
grandifructum C.L.Hitchc. endemic to Paraná state, S Brazil, and L.
didymum L. also from Peru to Brazil and
Cono Sur.
The
cultivated Lepidium of the Peruvian highlands (also in Bolivia and Cono
Sur), better known as ‘maca’, have correctly been assigned to L.
meyenii Walp. by various authors; one can draw so many similar parallels
among the cultivated vs. wild forms of radish (Raphanus sativus L.),
turnip (Brassica rapa L.), and rape (B. napus L.), all of which
produce fleshy roots in cultivation but do not produce them when they become
naturalized.
3.3 TRIBE DESCURAINIEAE
(6/c 45) - outsiders Robeschia (1; the Middle East), Hornungia
(5; Europe, Mediterranean, one species, a widely
distributed weed), Ianhedgea (1; SW Asia to China).
22. Descurainia
Webb. & Bertel. Annual, biennial or perennial, taprooted,
pubescent herbs or shrubs. 47 spp., mainly Northern Hemisphere, 36 in New
World, and 18 in South America, all from Peru to Patagonia, except two up to
Colombia and Uruguay (D. erodiifolia
(Phil.) Prantl. ex Reiche), and D. clefii
Al-Shehbaz endemic to Colombia.
23. Trichotolinium
O. E. Schulz. Perennial, densely pubescent herbs or shrubs; leaves
all in basal rosette. Only one sp., T. deserticola
(Speg) O. E. Schulz, Patagonian Argentina.
24. Tropidocarpum
Hook. Annual, pubescent herbs; petals yellowish or yellow. 4 spp.,
three in California and adjacent Mexico, and T. lanatum
(Barnéoud) Al-Shehbaz & R.A. Price restricted of C Chile.
3.4 TRIBE PHYSARIEAE
(7/133–138) - outsiders Dimorphocarpa (4; SW Canada,
W U.S.A.), Dithyrea (2; SW U.S.A., NW Mexico), Lyrocarpa (3;
California, Mexico), Nerisyrenia (9; S U.S.A., Mexico), Paysonia
(8; SE U.S.A.), Physaria (105–110; SW Canada, W U.S.A., NW Mexico), Synthlipsis
(2; S U.S.A., Mexico).
25. Physaria
(Nutt. ex. Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray. Perennial, taprooted,
densely pubescent herbs, sometimes cushions;
basal leaves rosulate, or cauline leaves. 109 spp., mainly North America, one
extending in Arctic Russia, and six in South America, all in Argentina, one in
adjacent Bolivia and P. mendoncina (Philippi) O’Kane & Al Shehbaz up
to Uruguay, mainly pink or purple petals.
3.5 TRIBE HALIMOLOBEAE
(6/39) - outsiders Halimolobos
(8; SW U.S.A. to America Central), Sphaerocardamum (4; Mexico).
26. Exhalimolobos
Al-Shehbaz and C.D. Bailey. Biennial herbs; stems erect, simple or
branched above; basal leaves petiolate, not rosulate, coarsely dentate or
sinuate; cauline leaves sessile, base auriculate to amplexicaul, dentate or
sinuate-dentate; petals white, oblanceolate or spatulate, apex obtuse; fruits
dehiscent, linear or rarely oblong siliques, terete or slightly angustiseptate.
9 spp., 4 endemic to Mexico, and 5 occur in South America: E. hispidulus
Al-Shehbaz and C.D. Bailey occur disjunct in Mexico and from Venezuela to
Bolivia; and four in Argentina and Bolivia, with E. weddellii (E.
Fourn.) Al-Shehbaz & C.D. Bailey up to Uruguay.
27. Mancoa
Wedd. Annual or biennial herbs; stems few to several from base,
decumbent or ascending to erect, usually branched above; basal leaves
petiolate, often rosulate, 1- or 2- pinnatisect, very rarely simple, dentate or
ultimate lobes subentire; cauline leaves sessile or short petiolate, auriculate
or not, dentate to pinnately lobed; petals white, obovate or spatulate, apex
obtuse. 9 spp., 4 only in Mexico, one in Mexico and South America, and 4
exclusively in South America, widely distributed
in Peru, Chile, Argentina and Bolivia.
28. Pennellia
Nieuwl. Perennial herbs. Stems erect to
ascending, often branched above. Basal leaves petiolate, rosulate, entire or
dentate to sinuate or runcinate; cauline leaves short petiolate to sessile, not
auriculate, entire or dentate to sinuate; flowers cup shaped; petals white
throughout or lavender to purple at apex. 9 spp., six only in North and America
Central, and three in Cono
Sur, one also in Bolivia.
29. Petroravenia
Al.Shehbaz. Perennial, rhizomatous, densely pubescent herbs;
leaves all in basal rosette. Only one sp., P. eseptata
Al-Shehbaz, endemic to NW Argentina (Jujuy and Salta provinces), where it grows
on volcanic sandy soils of the Central Andean Puna between 4,500 and 4,600 m.
4. MEGACORE HELIOPHILOIDAE
(48/c. 400) - 13 tribes, 10 absent in South America, Anastaticeae
(13/96, Macaronesia and Mediterranean to Central Asia and NW India and E
African mountains), Asteae (2/2,
Mexico), Biscutelleae (5/61, Europe, Mediterranean,
Asia), Chamireae (1/1, W Cape), Subularieae
(3/4, Temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere), Heliophileae (1/c 90, S
Africa, especially Cape), Iberideae (2/29, Europe,
Mediterranean, NW Africa, SW Asia), Megacarpaeeae (2/12, E Europe to
Central Asia), Notothlaspideae (1/2, S Alps in New Zealand), Hillielleae
(▇▇).
4.1 EUDEMEAE
▸ TRIBE EUDEMEAE
(12/42-43) – all genera in South America. While the
hemicryptophyte rosette is the ancestral growth form in Eudemae, the cushion
habit evolved independently twice in the tribe (Dactylocardamum and Xerodraba).
Delpinophytum, the remaining cushion-former originally included in
Eudemeae, was placed within the lineage I, probably within tribe Lepidieae,
showing that this character evolved twice also in South American members of
this tribe (Lepidium and Delpinophytum). Therefore, cushion
formation in South American Brassicaceae evolved independently four times.
Cushion formation is rather uncommon elsewhere in the family and is known in Draba
L., Baimashania, and Lepidium. Cushion formation is one of the
most conspicuous growth forms in highly exposed alpine habitats and is
especially abundant in temperate and subpolar regions. This life-form
represents an efficient trap for heat and water, with a maximum reduction of losses
due to its lowest surface-volume ratio. It is common in various parts of South
America, such as Patagonia, the subantarctic mountains, and the tropical alpine
environments where ‘winter’ comes nearly every night. Indeed, the revised
worldwide catalogue of cushion plants, shows the Andes and Patagonia as the
richest zones worldwide in the number of cushion-former genera. Therefore,
convergence in cushion formation is not rare and represents an adaptation to
extreme sites.
30. Alshehbazia
Salariato & Zuloaga. Herbs perennial, cushions,
with slender rhizomes the branches of which terminated by rosettes with
petiolar remains of previous years; basal leaves rosulate, petiolate. Three
spp., along the central and S Andes of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru, in
mountain wetlands, peat bogs, shaley soil by streamside, and moist seepage
areas.
31. Ancashia
Al-Shehbaz, Salariato, A. Cano & Zuloaga. 4 spp. from Peru,
one up to Bolivia
32. Aschersoniodoxa
Gilg. & Muschl. Perennial, glabrous or pubescent herbs (1-2 cm
diameter of rosettes); leaves basal, fleshy. Three spp., growing at high
elevations (3,800 – 5,200 m) on scree in rather inaccessible areas. A.
cachensis (Speg.) Al- Shehbaz is distributed in NW Argentina, W Bolivia,
and C Peru, it is relatively uncommon and is known from a total of about two
dozen collections; A. mandoniana has been collected about a dozen times
from the high Andes of Dept. La Paz of Bolivia, where it is endemic; A.
pilosa Al- Shehbaz is narrow Peruvian endemic known only from their type
collection.
33. Borealandea
Al-Shehbaz, Salariato, A. Cano & Zuloaga. Three spp. from Ecuador, one up
to S Colombia.
34. Dactylocardamum
Al-Shehbaz. Perennial, pulvinate, pubescent herbs forming cushions,
woody and much branched at base, 1-3 cm high, 3-4.5 mm in diameter; ultimate
stems finger-like, leaves scale-like, high densely imbricate, resembling Xerodraba,
flowers solitary (1 mm long), terminating branches, unique in
crucifers in fruits axillary sandwiched imbricated leaves.
Only one sp., D. imbricatifolium Al-Shehbaz
, restricted of Ancash department in Andean Peru.
35. Delpinophytum
Speg. Perennial, glabrous subshrubs, cushions;
stems finger-like; leaves all scale-like, densely imbricated; flowers solitary,
terminating branches. Only one sp., D.
patagonicum (Speg.) Speg., endemic to Patagonia in Argentina.
36. Eudema
Humb. & Bonpl. Perennial, often pulvinate, glabrous or
pubescent herbs, all rhizomatous, sometimes cushions;
leaves all in basal rosetes, single flowered. 10 spp.
from Ecuador to Cono Sur.
37. Gongylis
Theophr. ex Molinari & Sánchez. Herbaceous plants to 6 cm tall
in fruit, with few branched thick caudex; basal rosettes 4 − 6 cm in
diam.; rosette leaves fleshy, 1.5 − 3 cm including petiole, blade
suborbicular-obovate, 0.7 − 1.3 cm wide, adaxially hirsute with trichomes
0.1 − 0.35 mm, glabrous abaxially, margin crenate-dentate; petiole
flattened, 1 − 2 cm, glabrous; cauline leaves absent; flowers unknown.
Only one sp., G. peruviana (Al-Shehbaz, Navarro & A. Cano)
Sánchez & Molinari, endemic to Lima, Peru.
38. Onuris
Phil. perennial, taprooted, glabrous or pubescent herbs, sometimes
cushions; basal leaves present, also
cauline leaves. 5 spp., S Argentina and S Chile.
39. Stenodraba
O. E. Schulz. 5 spp., S Argentina and Chile.
40. Stenodrabopsis
Al-Shehbaz, Salariato, A. Cano & Zuloaga. Three
spp., from Argentina and Chile.
41. Xerodraba
Skottsb. Perennial, taprroted, pulvinate, pubescent herb to shrub
(nanoplants), sometimes cushions; stems
finger-like, leaves fleshy, scale-like, densely imbricate, single flowered by
rosette. 5 spp., S Argentina and Chile.
4.2 EUDEMEAE
▸ TRIBE CREMOLOBEAE
(4/c 32) - all genera in South America.
42. Aimara
Salariato & Al-Shehbaz. Shrubs branched with well-developed
cork; reduced and fleshy leaves. Only one sp., A. rollinsii (Al-Shehbaz
& Martic.) Salariato & Al-Shehbaz, restricted
to the Atacama Plateau in NW Chile, between 2,500 and 3,350 m with high
temperature fluctuations. Typical shrubs are
uncommon in Brassicaceae, though they undoubtedly evolved
independently many times in the family.
43. Cremolobus
DC. Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs or lianas, up to 5m tall. 5
spp., from center Colombia to center Argentina, and one isolated records from
northernmost point in Chile; this genus includes the unique
lianas of Brassicaceae in New World.
44. Menonvillea
DC. Annuals or perennial, often stoloniferous or rhizomatous,
herbs or subshrubs; basal leaves rosulate or not. 24 spp. along Chile/Argentina
border from Atacama to Patagnia, and vast areas in coastal Chile.
45. Yunkia
Salariato & Al-Shehbaz. Perennial herbs or scandent vines;
stems to 3m tall, erect, somewhat woody basally, herbaceous elsewhere, glabrous
to sparsely puberulent with minute trichomes, or densely pubescent with
conspicuous ones. Two spp from Bolivia and NW Argentina, restricted of yungas
vegetation.
4.3 EUDEMEAE
▸ TRIBE SCHIZOPETALEAE (4/19)
- all genera in South America.
46. Atacama
Hook. & Arn. Only one sp., A. nivea
(Phil.) O. Toro, Mort & Al-Shehbaz, endemic to central Chile up to S
Antofagasta province.
47. Machaerophorus
Schlechtendal. Herbs suffrutescent perennial, or subshrubs,
tomentose, becoming puberulent or glabrescent with age; stems erect to
ascending, branched, flexuous, woody below, leafy, unarmed; basal leaves not
developed; cauline leaves petiolate, not auriculate at base, finely pinnatisect
into narrowly linear lobes, usually grooved abaxially and densely pubescent
along groves, fleshy, entire. Three spp., endemic to southern Peru, in Arequipa
and Puno regions.
48. Mathewsia
Hook. & Arn. Perennial shrubs or small shrubs; cauline leaves
present; petals yellowish. 6 spp., 4 endemic to N Chile, and two
in S Peru, with species distributed from the Arequipa district of S Peru to the
Valparaiso area in Chile.
49. Schizopetalon
Sims. Annual pubescent herbs; cauline leaves petiolate. 11 spp.,
primarily in Chile, but S. rupestre
(Barnéoud) Reiche also in Argentina.
5. MEGACORE HESPERODAE
(46/c. 330) – six tribes, fully absent in South America: Anchonieae
(9/66–68, Europe, temperate Asia), Buniadeae
(1/3, S and E Europe, Mediterranean, W Asia), Chorisporeae
(4/57, Europe, temperate Asia, northern North America), Dontostemoneae
(2/19, SE Europe to Siberia and E Asia), Euclidieae (28/165, Europe,
temperate and arctic Asia, arctic and alpine North America), Hesperideae
(2/c 30, Europe, temperate Asia), Shehbazieae (▇▇).
45. SANTALALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: MYSTROPETALACEAE (3/3) AND OCTOKNEMACEAE
(1/14), AS IN POWO IN JUNE 13, 2024.
LINEAGE 1 of
8: STROMBOSIACEAE
STROMBOSIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 13, 2024
Genera/species 6/20 Distribution Tropical
W Africa, E Himalayas to W Malesia, tropical America. Habit usually
bisexual (androdioecious in Erythropalum), usually evergreen trees
or shrubs (in Erythropalum liana climbing by axillary branch
tendrils). At least Erythropalum and Heisteria are autotrophic
(haustoria absent).
SYSTEMATIC outsiders Scorodocarpus (1, W
Malesia from Peninsular Thailand to Borneo), Strombosia (11, tropical
Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Burma, SE Asia, Malesia to Philippines an northern
Moluccas), Diogoa (2, tropical Africa), Engomegoma
(1, Gabon), Strombosiopsis (3, tropical Africa).
1. Tetrastylidium
Engl. Non parasitic plants. Two spp. of South America, T.
grandifolium (Baill.) Sleumer in E Brazil (Atlantic
Forest), and T. peruvianum Sleumer in Amazon
rainforest of Peru, Brazil and Colombia.
LINEAGE 2 of
8: ERYTHROPALACEAE
ERYTHROPALACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 13, 2024
Genera/species 4/43 Distribution tropical
Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Burma to Central Malesia, southern Brazil. Habit usually
bisexual (rarely dioecious), evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs. At
least Scorodocarpus and Strombosia autotrophic
(haustoria absent).
SYSTEMATIC
outsiders Erythropalum (1; Himalayas to Sulawesi and Java).
1. Brachynema
Benth. Non parasitic plants. Two spp., B. axillare R. Duno
& P.E. Berry from S Venezuela (the base of Mount Neblina)
and Amazonian rainforest in N Brazil, and B. ramiflorum Benth.
from central Amazonian rainforest of Brazil
up to E Peru.
2. Heisteria Jacq. Non parasitic plants. 39 spp., 3 in Africa and 36 in New World from
Mexico to Bolivia and Caribbean, 31 in South America, 24 in Brazil (8 endemic,
one of then a rare species in Brazil by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book, from N Amazonas state, uncollected until 1940).
3. Maburea
Maas. Non parasitic plants. Only
one sp., M. trinervis Maas, endemic to
the Guiana Shield of Guyana, 0-100 m elevation range.
LINEAGE 3 of
8: XIMENIACEAE/OLACACEAE/OKTONEMATACEAE
XIMENIACEAE
§ PARASITIC (Prosopanche –
Cassyta - ... – APODANTHACEAE – SANTALALES – Lennoa – OROBANCHACEAE
- Cuscuta)
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 13, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species
4/13 Distribution pantropical, southern Africa, southern China. Habit
usually bisexual (in one species of Ximenia often functionally
unisexual), evergreen trees or shrubs (species of Ximenia). At least Ximenia
are root hemiparasites (probably also Curupira, Douradoa and Malania).
SYSTEMATIC outsider
Malania (1, W Guangxi, E Yunnan).
1. Curupira G.A.Black.
Medium sized tree (up to 12 m), possibly non parasitic, inflorescences of
umbels subtented by a whorl of small, round tipped bracts. Only one sp., C.
tefeensis G.A.Black, from wet
soils of small area in Amazonas states of Brazil, and Colombia
(Caquetá) to Peru.
2. Douradoa Sleumer.
Large trees with vanation pinnate, possibly non parasitic. Only
one sp., D. consimilis Sleumer, from Brazil in Amapá and Pará states,
possibly in Acre, and southern Venezuela.
3. Ximenia
L. Parasitic shrubs. 10 spp., 3 only in
Mexico, one only in Brazil, one from Brazil to Paraguay, two in Caribbean, two
from Africa and Madagascar, and X. americana L., widely in New World
tropics; some representatives are xerophytes; axillary shoots often
modified into spines.
APTANDRACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 13, 2024
Genera/species
8/35 Distribution South America, Costa Rica, Honduras, Madagascar, SE
Asia Habit usually bisexual (Harmandia and Hondurodendron dioecious),
evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs. At least the majority probably root
hemiparasites. Some specis are xerophytes.
SYSTEMATIC two tribes,
both in South America.
1.1 TRIBE
APTANDREAE (5/10) ‣ outsiders Harmandia (1; Indochina, the Malay Peninsula), Hondurodendron
(1; Honduras), Ongokea (1; tropical W Africa).
1. Aptandra Miers.
Trees non parasitic with thin, elongate-elliptical alternate leaves with acute
apices; inflorescence terminal or axillary, simple or branched panicles;
flowers bisexual, with very small, 4-toothed, calyculus becoming large and
funnel-shaped or urceolate around the fruit at maturity; petals 4, fleshy,
linear to tongue-shaped, recurving at anthesis. 4 spp., one in W Africa and
three in tropical South America (Colombia to Bolivia, N Brazil (2, no endemic),
Venezuela and Guianas.
2. Chaunochiton
Benth. Small to moderate trees, non parasitic; leaves alternate,
pinnately veined, petiolate, glabrous; inflorescence an axillary,
short-pedunculate, corymb-like panicle with few to many flowers; flowers
fragrant, with small, cupulate, 5-dentate calyx much enlarged in fruit; petals
5, distinct, linear-elongate, most of the adaxial surface pilose. Three spp.,
from NW South America (all in Brazil, non endemic) to Costa Rica, Guianas and
Bolivia; most forests.
1.2 TRIBE
ANACOLOSEAE (3/25) ‣ outsiders Anacolosa (16, tropical Africa, Madagascar, tropical Asia), Phanerodiscus (3, Madagascar).
3. Cathedra Miers.
Non parasitic plants. 6 spp. from Brazil (5 endemic, one endemic
to center Rio de Janeiro state is a rare plant in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), with C. acuminata (Benth.)
Miers up to Colombia, Peru, Venezuela and Guianas.
LINEAGE 4 of
8: COULACEAE
COULACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 13, 2024
Genera/species
3/3 Distribution tropical W Africa, W Malesia, northern tropical South
America. Habit bisexual, evergreen trees. Haustoria have never been
observed and the three genera are probably non-parasitic.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders
Coula (1; tropical W Africa), Ochanostachys
(1; W Malesia).
1. Minquartia Aubl.
Non parasitic trees. Only one sp.,
M. guianensis Aubl., from Honduras to Bolivia and Brazil (only in Amazon
rainforest).
LINEAGE 5 of
8: OLACACEAE
OLACACEAE
§ PARASITIC (Prosopanche –
Cassyta - ... – APODANTHACEAE – SANTALALES – Lennoa – OROBANCHACEAE
- Cuscuta)
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 13, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species 2/56
Distribution tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar, Indomalesia,
Australia, New Caledonia;tropical South America. Habit usually bisexual
(in Olax rarely monoecious or dioecious), evergreen trees or shrubs
(rarely lianas). Olax (including ‘Dulacia’?) and Ptychopetalum
are root hemiparasites. Some species are xerophytes. Branches in Olax
sometimes strongly quadrangular (with wing-like edges).
SYSTEMATIC both genera in South America.
1. Olax L. Trees, parasitics,
branches sometimes strongly quadrangular. 52
spp., pantropical, in Africa to Madagascar and adjacent islands (21), Asia to
Pacific (6), Australia (11), New Caledonia (1) and South America (13), 10 in
Brazil, 5 endemic.
2. Ptychopetalum Benth.
Parasitic. 4 spp., two in Africa and two from N Brazil (both, one endemic)
and S Guyana.
LINEAGE 6 of
8: BALANOPHORACEAE
BALANOPHORACEAE
§ PARASITIC (Prosopanche –
Cassytha - ... – APODANTHACEAE – SANTALALES – Lennoa – OROBANCHACEAE
- Cuscuta)
§ REFERENCE:
AS IN POWO ON JUNE 13, 2024 +
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species 13/c.
43 Distribution Caribbean, Mexico to Chile and Brazil, W Africa to South
Africa, Madagascar, Comores, New Caledonia; New Zealand; Himalaya, Vietnam, W
Malesia; the Malay Peninsula; tropical Asia, Malesia, islands in the Pacific,
tropical NE Australia. Habit monoecious or dioecious, perennial,
whitish, yellow, brown or red, achlorophyllous herbaceous root
holoendoparasites with branched or simple subterranean tuber-like structures
partly of root nature, partly consisting of host tissue. Succulents.
A poorly
known family in terms of distribution, pollination, and number of species,
mostly due to their partially or entirely subterranean habit. Some reports of
plants visited by flies, bees and wasps, but no definitive studies about their
pollination biology. Also, some reports about seed dispersal by ants. Their
general physiology is also little-known, as is a family without stomata;
very distinctive from other parasitic taxa, by its set of unique characters;
the other family of subterranean holoparasitic root parasites with subterranean
habit is the Hydnoraceae, which is a characterized by a large, fleshy, solitary
flower, with 3-4 fleshy tepals, and a large fruit with numerous seeds.
6 genera and
13 spp. in Brazil, 19 in over New World.
Key to
genera of Neotropical Balanophoraceae
1. Style 1;
tubers with wax; flowers not embedded in filiform hairs, or anthers
3, merged into a synandrium ------------ Langsdorffia
1. Styles 2;
tubers with starch; flowers with both sexes imbedded
in filiform hairs, or anthers 2, not merged into a synandrium - 2
2. Flowers
embedded in a layer of filiform hairs; anthers merged into a usually
3-merous synandrium - 3
3. Stem and
young inflorescence covered by triangular scales ------------ Scybalium
3. Stem naked,
or with a few inconspicuous bracts; young inflorescence covered
by hexagonal, peltate bracts - 4
4. Inflorescence emerging
from buds on elongated, rhizome-like structures, ------------ Helosis
4. Inflorescence emerging
directly from a ‘tuber’ connected with the host root ------------ Corynaea
2. Flowers
not imbedded in hairs, on conspicuous or elongated branches, these subtended
by deciduous scale-like bracts; stamens with filaments - 5
5. Inflorescence branches
subtended by ovate -triangular bracts; apical part of
female branch not peltately enlarged ------------ Lophophytum
5. Inflorescence branches
subtended by hexagonal or irregularly-shaped bracts; apical part of female
branch peltately enlarged - 6
6.
Male flowers solitary, each flower subtended by
a peltate bract; anthers sessile ------------ Lathrophytum
6.
Male flowers in many-flowered branches, these subtended by
a peltate or clavate bract ------------ Ombrophytum
SYSTEMATIC
Sarcophyteae (2/2, tropical and S Africa) does not occur in
South America; MYSTRAPETALACEAE (3/3; SW South Africa, North Island of
New Zealand, mountains on New Caledonia) emancipated as family before APG V.
1. SUBFAMILY
HELOSIDEAE (6–7/17) ‣
outsiders Ditepalanthus (2; Madagascar), Exorhopala
(1; NW Malay Peninsula)
1. Corynaea Hook.f.
Only one sp., C. crassa Hook. f., from Panamá, Colombia,
Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
2. Helosis
Rich. Three spp., one in NW
portion of the Malay Peninsula, one only in Caribbean, and H.
cayenensis (Sw.) Spreng. from from Mexico, America Central,
Greater Antilles, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, Guianas,
throughout S Brazil.
3. Ombrophytum Poepp. ex Endl.
7 spp., two in dry areas from SW Bolivia, NW Argentina and N Chile, French
Guiana and Colombia one endemic each, three from Ecuador, Peru to Amazon rainforest
of Acre
and Amazonas states in Brazil (all three).
4. Scybalium Schott &
Endl. 4 spp., one endemic to Jamaica, another from Colombia,
Venezuela and Ecuador, and two remaining endemic to forests of SE
Brazil.
2. SUBFAMILY
BALANOPHOREAE (5/22–24) ‣ outsiders
Rhopalocnemis (1; India, the Himalayas, S China, Thailand, Vietnam, W
Malesia), Balanophora (17–19; Congo, Madagascar, the Comoros, tropical
Asia to S Japan, Malesia, tropical NE Australia and islands in the Pacific), Thonningia
(1; tropical Africa from Senegal to SW Ethiopia and south to Zambia).
5. Langsdorffia Mart. 4 spp. highly
disjuntcs: one in Madagascar, another in Papua New Guinea, L. heterotepala is L. J. T.
Cardoso, R. J. V. Alves & J. M. A. Braga known only from cloud forests of
mountain slopes above 1,500 m at Itatiaia Range in SE Brazil, and L. hypogaea Mart. over
widely in Central and South America up to Brazil.
6. Lathrophytum Eichl. Only
one sp., L. peckoltii Eichler, disjunct from Costa Rica and SE Brazil
from Goiás to Rio de Janeiro states.
7. Lophophytum Schott &
Endl. 4 spp. from N Colombia, E Peru and NW Acre state in Brazil (all 4), Peru,
Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina and S & SE Brazil, with L. rizzoi Delprete
a rare species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, collected
only two times in Goiás state.
LINEAGE 7 of
8: LORANTHIDS
MISODENDRACEAE
§ PARASITIC (Prosopanche –
Cassytha - ... – APODANTHACEAE – SANTALALES – Lennoa – OROBANCHACEAE
- Cuscuta)
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 13, 2024
Genera/species 1/8 Distribution southern
South America. Habit hemiparasitic aerial shrubs.
SYSTEMATIC
a single genus.
1. Misodendrum
Banks ex. DC. Evergreen shrubs hemiparasites, usually dioecious
(rarely bisexual or monoecious), with distinct sympodial growth and even as
young a thick stem, almost exclusively on Nothofagus.
8 spp., cold-temperate South America (S Chile and
adjacent parts of Argentina) from Magellan’s Strait northwards to c 33º S.
SCHOEPFIACEAE
§ PARASITIC (Prosopanche –
Cassytha - ... – APODANTHACEAE – SANTALALES – Lennoa – OROBANCHACEAE
- Cuscuta)
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 13, 2024
Genera/species 3/34. Distribution
southeastern China, Hainan, southern Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Taiwan,
Indochina, northern Sumatra, Mexico, America Central, the West Indies, tropical
and temperate South America. Habit usually
bisexual (sometimes unisexual), evergreen trees or shrubs, or perennial herbs
(many species of Quinchamalium). Root hemiparasites. Use Edible
tubers in Arjona.
SYSTEMATIC all
genera in South America.
1. Arjona Cav. Shrubs non parasitics, with branched underground rhizomes
or with underground swollen knotty runners, rarely woody below subshrub; leaves
alternate, linear or lanceolate, usually rigid and pointed; flowers rather
numerous sitting crowded in short terminal spikes or only few axillary, white,
lilac or crimson. 5 spp., 4 of tropical & temperate S. America from Peru to
Tierra del Fuego, Uruguay; and A. megapotamica Malme, known only
from high mountains of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states; most
species are found in dry open areas in rocky and sandy soils, sometimes found
in humid places such as wet meadows.
2. Quinchamalium
Molina. Low, half parasitic herbs or herbaceous plants, often with
plumper primary roots, small stems usually branch out from the base, branches
often prostrate; flowers bisexual, 5-merous, in terminal dense racemes often
numerous from the receptacle over the cupular ‘calyx’ (Becherkelch) dropping or
drying persistent. Only one sp., Q. chilense Molina from southern Chile
to central Peru, W Bolivia, N Argentina.
3. Schoepfia
Schreber. 28 spp., 4 in S Japan and Korean Peninsula, SE China (inc.
Taiwan), Hainan, Indochina, N Sumatra and tropical Africa, and 24
in Mexico, Caribbean, SE U.S.A.,
Central and South America (8), 4 in Brazil, S. velutina Sandwith
endemic, a rare plant in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book,
known only type collection from 1927 in Diamantino region, Mato Grosso state.
LORANTHACEAE
§ PARASITIC (Prosopanche –
Cassytha - ... – APODANTHACEAE – SANTALALES – Lennoa – OROBANCHACEAE
- Cuscuta)
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 13, 2024
Genera/species 78/c.
1,035 Distribution tropical and subtropical regions, with their largest
diversity in the Southern Hemisphere, and a few species in temperate parts in
the Northern or Southern Hemispheres (SE Europe, Japan, New Zealand). Habit usually
bisexual (rarely dioecious; in Nuytsia monoecious), usually evergreen
shrubs (sometimes lianas; Atkinsonia, Gaiadendron and Nuytsia
are root parasitic trees) with distinctly sympodial growth. Usually
hemiparasites (rarely leafless holoparasites) and stem parasites. Some species
are hyperparasites on stem hemiparasitic shrubs. Branches rarely transformed
into photosynthezising phyllocladia. Shoots rarely resembling Cuscuta in
appearance.
Cacti
appear to be especially resistant to attack by mistletoes;
they are parasitized by only two species of mistletoe,
Tristerix aphyllus (Miers ex DC.) Barlow & Wiens and Ligaria
cuneifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Tiegh. (both Loranthaceae), even
though cacti often occur among parasitized trees and shrubs.
SYSTEMATIC genera Nuytsia (1;
W Australia) and Atkinsonia (1; E Australia) are the
sussecively most basal and do not occur in South America.
1. CLADE GAIADENDREAE
(1/3) ‣ a single
genus.
1. Gaiadendron
G. Don. Shrub or an aerial parasite, stoloniferous, often epiphytic on trees
while parasitizing others epiphytes, variable plant, with showy yellow flowers,
often white, inflorescences terminal or axillary; leaves paired, shiny,
lanceolate to ovate. Two spp., Peru one endemic, and G. punctatum
(R. & P.) G. Don., from Nicaragua to Bolivia, with isolated stations in
Mount Roraima in Brazil (Roraima state), Venezuela and Guyana.
2. SUBFAMILY
LORANTHOIDEAE (c 71/895–915)
‣ three tribes, Elytrantheae
(14/140–145, India to New Zealand) and Lorantheae (c 40/470–480,
tropical regions in the Old World) do not occur in New World; among Psittacantheae,
four tribes, Tupeinae is monotipic and endemic to New Zealand.
∎ TRIBE
PSITTACANTHEAE/ SUBTRIBE NOTANTHERINAE ‣
both genera in South America.
2. Desmaria
Tiegh.
Large mistletoes with epicortical roots sprounding new roots; showy flowers
yellow to red. Only one sp., D. mutabilis (Poepp. & Endl.)
Tiegh. ex Jacks, endemic to S Chile, perhaps exclusively in Nothofagus.
3. Notanthera
(DC)
G. Don. f. Dense leafy plants, with persistent, papillate hairs on young
growth; leaves shiny, dark green; inflorescences clustered near shoot ends, one
per leaf axil or as terminal one; flower bud white, with bight pink petals,
six. Only one sp., N. heterophylla (R. & P) G. Don, endemic to S
Chile.
∎ TRIBE
PSITTACANTHEAE/ SUBTRIBE LIGARINAE ‣
both genera in South America.
4. Ligaria Tiegh.
Robust large plants, showy flowers, stems rigid, single haustorial connection;
isolate pendunculate inflorescences, axillary, single flowered or in small
clusters, pendunculate, brilliantly red flowered. 4 spp., two endemic to Peru, L. cuneifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Tiegh.
from
arid and subtemperate C Peru to C Chile up to S Brazil, Uruguay, and L. teretiflora (Rizzini) Kuijt endemic from
Bahia and Minas Gerais states in E Brazil.
Only L.
cuneifolia populations in Peru and Tristerix aphyllum in Chile
infects Cactaceae (Corryocactus and Trichocereus in Peru /Trichocereus
and Eulychnia in Chile, respectively).
5. Tristerix
Mart.
Glabrous to nerly leafless; inflorescense terminal, racemose or spike-like;
showy flowers, inderteminate inflorescence, terminal raceme, suportade by leafy
bracts. 13 spp., from subparamo elevations in N Colombia to low elevation and
adjacent areas of the Andes of Argentina and south-central Chile, 4 endemic to
Peru, Chile and Colombia one endemic each.
The
chilean endemic, T. aphyllus (Miers ex DC.) Barlow & Wiens, parasitizes
two species of cactus (unique in cacti, with Ligaria cuneifolia
populations in Peru, which infects Corryocactus and Trichocereus),
Echinopsis chilensis and Eulychnia acida; this species has
been reported to be a nonphotosynthetic holoparasite (unique
among Loranthaceae), however, the presence of green tissues in seedling
radicles suggest that chlorophyll is present.
∎ TRIBE
PSITTACANTHEAE/ SUBTRIBE PSITTACANTHINAE ‣
outsiders Dendropemon (c 40; Caribbean,
with their highest diversity on Hispaniola), Panamanthus (1; Panamá).
6. Aetanthus
(Eichl.)
Engl. 17 spp. from the N Colombia and adjacent Venezuela to N Peru, limited to
high elevations.
7. Cladocolea Tiegh. (exc.
Peristhetium
p.p.) Erect or pendulous epiphytes, glabrous or lightly pilose,
epicortical roots present or absent, dioecious or monoecious. 28 spp.,
mainly in Mexico, others few recorded for Panamá, and Andean Ecuador and
adjacent Peru. 7 spp. in South America, 3 in Brazil, two endemic (narrow endemic
in Amazonas and Rio de Janeiro states) and C. micrantha (Eichler) Kuijt
occur in over northern Amazon rainforest.
8. Maracanthus
Kuijt
(inc. Oryctina p.p.). Oryctina–like,
differing only by floral structures, glabrous or partly furfuraceos plants,
dioecious or with bisexual flowers; leaves paired, inflorescences simples,
terminal or axillary spikes; flowers hexamerous, petals dimorphic. Three spp.,
two from Colombia and Venezuela and one endemic to Osa peninsula, Costa Rica.
9. Oryctanthus (Griseb.)
Eichler. Leafy plants, succulent spical into monodes, phyllotaxy decussate,
leaves leathery; inflorescences solitary or axillary where clustered at the
nodes; flowers bisexusl, usually hexamerous, yellow to dark red; fruit several
coloured. 18 spp., from Mexico to South America (16 in continent), one also in
Caribbean; 4 spp. in Brazil, none endemic, mainly Amazon rainforest, up Mato Grosso, Tocantins and Piauí
states.
10. Oryctina Tiegh. (exc.
Maracanthus
p.p., Passovia p.p.) Aereal parasitic shrubs to moderate size,
fragile, stems cylindrical or quadrangular; inflorescence spical, inside
monades; leaves minute to large, decussate; flowers hexamerous, with two
bracteoles; stamens placed in two series; high delicate. 4 spp. growing at
trees of open places in dry savannah of center Brazil, in NW Minas Gerais, N
Goiás, S Tocantins and W Bahia; one of then is a rare
plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book,
collected in N Minas Geais state, above Aspidosperma
(Apocynaceae).
11. Passovia Mart. (inc. Oryctina p.p.). 24 spp.
distributed from Central and South America (all species), up to state of Rio de
Janeiro, in SE Brazil (15 in Brazil, 6 endemic, 4 of then rare by Plantas Raras
do Brasil’s book, all formerly in Phthirusa).
12. Peristethium Tiegh. (inc.
Cladocolea p.p., Struthanthus p.p.)
Aerial hemiparasitic shrubs with inflorescence dioecious enclosed by dioecious
bracts. 18 spp., two only in Costa Rica and Panamá, and 16 spp. of South
America, mainly
from Ecuador and Peru, with
two rare, narrow endemic on Mount Roraima and the Pakaraima Mountains; two spp.
in Brazil, in Amazon rainforests up to ecotone with the central
Brazilian savannas, P. reticulatum (Rizzini)
Caires endemic.
13. Phthirusa Mart. Epiphytes glabrous, parasites on branches of dicotyledons,
at times with diminutive feruginous scales, dioecious, sessile flowers. 18 spp., one
in Mexico, 17 in South America, 7 in Brazil, 3 endemic.
14. Psittacanthus Mart.
Epiphytes, glabrous or pilose, parasites on the branches of dicotyledonous
trees, connected to the host only by the initial haustorium, monoecious,
flowers very showy. 131 spp., distributed from Baja California to Mexico to
Argentina, Jamaica and Lesser Antilles, 111 in South America, 44 in Brazil
(except southern region, 21 endemic, three of then in Amazon rainforests are rare in
Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), in most diverse
habitats.
P. longiflorus
Kuijt, known only from Amazonas in Peru, may be confused with Aetanthus
macranthus (Hook.) Kuijt because of its unusually long flowers (to 17 cm),
the longest known for this genus; P. gigas
Kuijt is a species endemic to Bajo Calima region in W Colombia, which represent
one the largest simple leaves of Loranthaceae, with
individual masses of tissue 1 m long and over 50 cm wide; P. nudus (Ant.
Molina) Kuijt & Feuer from Mexico and America Central is
the
only aphyllous species in this genus.
15. Pusillanthus Kuijt. Aerial hemiparasitic shrubs stems Oryctina-like,
equally high delicate. Two spp., both highly disjunct restricted from dry areas
of Venezuela and NE Brazil, in dry areas of Pernambuco, Alagoas, Paraíba and
Bahia states.
16. Struthanthus Mart. (exc. Peristhetium p.p.) Scandent,
leafy, glabrous or pilose epiphytes, parasites on branches and stems of
gymnosperms, dicotyledons and arborescent monocotyledons, dioecious. 96 species
occurring from Mexico to Argentina, 68 in South America; 48 species in Brazil
(42 endemic, 8
of then from Goiás to Rio de Janeiro states are rare in Brazil by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), occurring in all the states and ecosystems.
17. Tripodanthus
(Eichl.) Tiegh. Epiphytic shrubs parasitic on branches or lianas and/or
tree-like parasites of roots, monoecious; inflorescences terminal or axillary
in racemes or corymbs; flowers small, ca. of 1.5-2.0 cm in diam., fleshy
tepals, reflexed at anthesis, white or greenish-white, yellowish or red. Three
spp., one endemic to Antioquia, Colombia, T. acutifolius (Ruiz &
Pav.) Tiegh. from Paraguay to Ecuador, Venezuela, and S
Brazil, and T. flagellaris (Cham. & Schltdl.) Tiegh. in
Argentina and Uruguay.
LINEAGE 8 of
8: SANTALIDS
OPILIACEAE
§ PARASITIC (Prosopanche –
Cassytha - ... – APODANTHACEAE – SANTALALES – Lennoa – OROBANCHACEAE
- Cuscuta)
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 13, 2024
Genera/species 11/33. Habit usually
bisexual (in Agonandra and Gjellerupia dioecious), evergreen
trees and shrubs (sometimes lianas). Root hemiparasites in some Old World
genera.
SYSTEMATIC
- outsiders Gjellerupia (1; New Guinea); Anthobolus (3; C and N
Australia); Champereia (1; Yunnan, Guangxi and Taiwan in China, Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Malesia to Philippines and New
Guinea), Melientha (1; Yunnan, SE Asia to Philippines), Yunnanopilia
(1; Yunnan, Guangxi, Laos, N Vietnam); Lepionurus (1; Nepal to New
Guinea), Urobotrya (7; tropical Africa, SE Asia, Malesia to Flores), Cansjera
(3; India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, S China, S and SE
Asia, Malesia to New Guinea, Solomon Islands, tropical Australia), Rhopalopilia
(3; Central Africa), Pentarhopalopilia (4; tropical Central and coastal
E Africa, Madagascar), Opilia (5; tropical Africa, Madagascar, India,
Sri Lanka, Yunnan, SE Asia, Philippines, New Guinea, tropical Australia).
1.
Agonandra
Miers ex Benth. & Hook.f. Trees or shrubs, parasitics; leaves alternate, simple, margin entire; without stipules; petiolate;
inflorescences axillary or cauliflorous, rarely terminal; flowers small,
inconspicuous, actinomorphic, mainly bisexual, sometimes unisexual (plants then
dioecious), 4-5, free or connate at the base; stamens 4-5, epipetalous; ovary
superior, immersed in a lobed disk or diskless, unilocular; fruit drupaceous.
10 spp., five restricted of S Mexico and America Central,
and five in South America, all in Brazil, mostly in Amazon rainforest and
savannas, one restricted of S Brazil, remaining also in Panamá, Colombia,
Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina.
SANTALACEAE
§ PARASITIC (Prosopanche –
Cassytha - ... – APODANTHACEAE – SANTALALES – Lennoa – OROBANCHACEAE
- Cuscuta)
§ REFERENCE:
AS IN POWO ON JUNE 13, 2024 +
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3.
Genera/species 41/c.
1,020 Distribution mostly tropical and subtropical regions, temperate
parts in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, with their largest diversity in
semiarid climates. Habit bisexual,
monoecious or dioecious, usually evergreen trees or shrubs, or perennial herbs,
sometimes with distinct sympodial growth. Root or stem hemiparasites (Phacellaria
and some species of Viscum are hyperparasites, parasitizing on
Loranthaceae or Amphorogynaceae). Sometimes spiny or xeromorphic. Branches
sometimes photosynthesizing phyllocladia in Viscum sp. from E
Cape.
SYSTEMATIC
seven clades, taken here as tribe level; Comandreae (2/2, North America,
the Balkan Peninsula to Romania) and Amphorogyneae (9/54, South and SE
Asia, Malesia to Australia, New Caledonia, with their largest diversity in
Australia) do not occur in South America.
Six New World genera does not occur in South America: Arceuthobium
(29), Buckleya (1), Comandra (1), Geocaulon (1), Nestronia
(1) and Pyrularia (1).
1.1 TRIBE
NANODEOIDEAE (2/3) ‣
both genera in South America.
1. Mida
R.Cunn. ex A.Cunn. Hemiparasitic trees or shrubs; leaves usually
opposite, + leathery or fleshy, pinnately-nerved; small panicles axillary or
terminal; bracts deciduous, small; flowers bisexual, 4-5-merous. Two spp., M.
salicifolia A. Cunn. in New Zealand and M. fernandeziana (Phil.)
Sprague et Summerhayes in the Juan Fernandez Is., in former times common on
both islands, is now, however, completely exterminated;
Skottsberg saw the last living specimen!
2. Nanodea
Banks ex Gaertner f. Small herb with creeping, branched stems;
leaves alternate, narrowly linear; flowers small, to three between the highest
leaves, the lateral in the axil of flabellate bracts. Only one species, N.
muscosa Gaertn. f., in Andean Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, Staten-Islands,
Argentina and Falkland-Islands.
1.2 TRIBE
SANTALEAE (EREMOLEPIDACEAE, 11/61) ‣ outsiders
Omphacomeria (1; New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania), Exocarpos
(27; SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, Hawaii), Santalum
(12; tropical Asia, Australia to Hawaii), Osyris (3; Mediterranean,
Africa, SW Asia to India), Nestronia (1; SE U.S.A.), Colpoon
(6–7; Africa to India), Rhoiacarpos (1; W Cape, E Cape, KwaZulu-Natal).
3. Antidaphne Poeppig &
Endlicher. (inc. Ixidium) Erect shrubs,
with epicortical roots recorded as regularly emitting haustoria, monoecious or
dioecious, mite flowers, the smallest in
Santalaceae. 9 spp., 6 strictly South American, one endemic to the
Caribbean, two up to Mexico and America Central; 4 spp. in Brazil, three endemic,
two of then are rare in Brazil by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book, A. amazonensis Rizzini collected in Byrsonima
(Malpighiaceae) in Manaus region, and A. schotii (Eichler) Kuijt
from Rio de Janeiro municipality, uncollected more than 135 years.
4. Eubrachion Hooker f. Erect shrubs,
without epicortical roots, glabrous, monoecious; stems and branches
green-yellowish, cylindrical. Two spp., E. gracile Kuijt in
Venezuela and E.ambiguum (Hook &
Arm.) Engl.
in Jamaica,
Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Argentina,
Uruguay and Brazil.
5. Lepidoceras
Hooker f. Two spp., Chile and Peru one endemic each.
6. Myoschilos
Ruiz & Pav. Rather richly branched, glabrous shrub; leaves
alternate, oblong oval, membranous, entire; flowers in catkin-like racemes,
which stand solitary or by twos at the nodes of the previous-year’s branches.
Only one sp., M. oblongus Ruiz et Pav., in C and S Chile and adjacent
Argentina; the leaves used as a light purgative.
1.3 TRIBE
VISCACEAE (7/c 520) - outsiders
Korthalsella (11–15; NE and E Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene Islands, the
Himalayas, E Asia to Japan, New Zealand, Hawaii), Arceuthobium (40;
Mediterranean, NE tropical Africa, Himalayas, China, SE Asia, W Malesia, North
America, America Central, Caribbean), Notothixos (8; Sri Lanka, Burma,
SE Asia, Malesia to Philippines and SE Australia, the Santa Cruz Islands), Viscum
(c 75; temperate to tropical regions in the Old World), Ginalloa (9;
tropical Asia).
7. Dendrophthora Eichl. Shrubs
glabrous or pilose, dioecious or monoecious; leaves absent to normal; flowers
in axillary spikes. 135 spp. from S Mexico, including Cuba and the Caribbean,
South America to Bolivia and the SE Brazil, 89 in South America, only two in
Brazil, D. elliptica (Gardner)
Krug & Urb. and D.
warmingii (Eichler)
Kuijt in Brazil, none endemic.
8. Phoradendron L. Shrubs
glabrous or pilose, dioecious or monoecious; leaves absent to normal; spikes
axillary; over Neotropics up to Argentina; it’s extremely similar
to Dendrophthora, the only difference being the anthers. 271 spp. of New
World, 183 spp. in South America, 63 spp. in Brazil (25 endemic, 5 of then are rare in
Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
Parasitic
plants with sprouted from a single, interconnected
endophyte growing under thunks of other plants are known isophasic parasitism, known in Apodanthaceae,
Mitrastemaceae and Arceuthobium (Santalaceae, North America and Asia)
and P. perredactum Rzedowski Calderon (known only Oaxaca state, S
Mexico, in Bursera trees); anothers aphyllous spp. are
P. aphylla
Steyerm. from Venezuela and P. fragile
Urb. of Brazil, but they aren’t isophasics.
1.4 TRIBE
THESIOIDEAE (3/c 350) ‣
outsiders Buckleya (4; China, Japan; SE U.S.A.), Osyridicarpos
(1; tropical and S Africa).
9. Thesium L. Perennial
herbs with + woody, branched basic axis or subshrubs to small shrubs; leaves
very small scale-like or linear, very rarely broader and large. Inflorescences
simple racemose or spicate or from 3- more flowered compound cyme, sometimes at
the junction of the petiole and the leaf blade (true epiphylly). 326 spp. in Europe, Africa,
Asia, Australia, highly centered in southern Africa, and 3 spp. in New World
(belonging a own sect., Austroamericium), T. tepuiense Steyerm. in Venezuela,
T.
aphyllum
Mart. ex A. DC. and T. brasiliense A. DC. endemic to C & S
Brazil, one of the more notably disjunctions of South America and Old World.
T. aphyllum,
with strongly woody rootstock; stem to a foot high, rigid, sharp-edged, weakly
branching out; leaves scattered, diminutive; flowers in spikes, with 2
prophylls, very small - related Thesium brasiliense.
1.5 TRIBE CERVANTESIOIDEAE
(8/c 21) ‣ outsiders
Pyrularia (2; Himalayas, China, U.S.A.), Pilgerina (1;
Madagascar), Staufferia (1; Madagascar), Scleropyrum (c 6;
tropical Asia), Okoubaka (2; tropical Africa).
10. Acanthosyris (Eichl.)
Griseb. Trees or shrubs, frequently with leaf axillary thorns; leaves on short
shoots clustered, on young long shoots slightly spiral; flowers in small
3-5-flowered cymes, bisexual, 4-5-merous. 6 spp., America Central to Argentina
and Uruguay (center of diversity), 3 in Brazil, A. paulo-alvinii G.
M. Barroso endemic; the wood of some species ‘quebrachillo’ or ‘sombra del toro
hembra’ is mentioned by cabinet makers etc.
11. Cervantesia
Ruiz & Pavon. Small trees, non parasitic; leaves entire, oval to elliptic,
on the top side weakly, on the lower surface pubescent, usually closely; young
branches and inflorescences also closely pubescent; flowers in small balls at
short, spike-like, to 1-2 axillary or at the end of the branches paniculate
united inflorescences. Two spp., mountains from Colombia to Bolivia.
12. Jodina Hook.
& Arn. ex Meissner. Shrub or tree, non parasitics; leaves alternate,
glabrous, rhombic, at the corners spiny on the edges; flowers pubescent, in
close, short bundles in the leaf axils. Only one sp., J. rhombifolia
Hook. et Arn., in S Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay and Argentina; leaves 3-6 cm long,
rhomboid.
46. BERBERIDOPSIDALES
TWO
FAMILIES, BOTH IN SOUTH AMERICA.
AEXTOXICACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
Genera/species 1/1
Distribution southern and Central Chile and adjacent parts of
Argentina. Habit dioecious, evergreen tree.
SYSTEMATIC a
single genus.
1. Aextoxicon
Ruiz & Pav. Evergreen tree. Only one dioecious, A. punctatum Ruiz
& Pav., from southern and Central Chile and adjacent parts of Argentina.
BERBERIDOPSIDACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3.
Genera/species 2/4
Distribution C Chile, E Australia. Habit bisexual,
evergreen climbing shrubs or lianas.
SYSTEMATIC outsider
Streptothamnus (1, Queensland, New South Wales).
1. Berberidopsis Hook.
f. Bisexual, evergreen climbing shrubs or lianas. Three spp., two in
mountains in coastal southern Chile, and B. beckleri (F.Muell.)
Veldkamp in easternmost point of Australia.
47. CARYOPHYLLALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: ANCISTROCLADACEAE (1/20), ASTEROPEIACEAE
(1/8), BARBEUIACEAE (1/1), DIDIEREACEAE (6/20), DIONCOPHYLLACEAE
(3/3), DROSOPHYLLACEAE (1/1), GISEKIACEAE (1/7), KEWACEAE
(1/8), LIMEACEAE (1/25), LOPHIOCARPACEAE (2/7), MACARTHURIACEAE (1/9), NEPENTHACEAE
(1/187), PHYSENACEAE (1/2), SARCOBATACEAE (1/2), SIMMONDSIACEAE
(1/1), STEGNOSPERMATACEAE (1/4) AND TAMARICACEAE
(4/12), AS IN POWO IN JUNE 25, 2024.
LINEAGE
1: POLYGONOIDES
DROSERACEAE
§ CARNIVOROUS (Brocchnia – Catopsis - Paepalanthus
- Drosera - Heliamphora - Philcoxia - Genlisea
- Utricularia - Pinguincula)
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 26, 2024
Genera/species
3/261 Distribution cosmopolitan except polar and arid regions, with
their largest species diversity in Australia and New Zealand. Habit bisexual,
perennial or annual herbs (in Drosera sometimes climbing). Corm or
tuberous rhizome present in some species of Drosera. Most species are
hygrophytes; Aldrovanda is aquatic with submersed leaves. Carnivorous; Aldrovanda:
‘snaptraps’ with c. 20 trigger hairs per foliar lobe; Dionaea:
‘snaptraps’ with three trigger hairs per foliar lobe; Drosera: ‘flypaper
traps’.
One genus in
Neotropics. Aldovandra is a Old world rootless aquatic; the whorls of
leaves are lobed as in the vênus fly trap with small trigger hairs allowing the
fastest known plant movement known (0.01-0.02
sec).
SYSTEMATICS outsiders Dionaea (1; North
and South Carolina), Aldrovanda (1; central and E Europe,
Africa, Asia to Queensland).
1. Drosera L. Bisexual, perennial or annual herbs, sometimes climbers;
modified, insectivorous leaves with enzyme-secreting, tentacle-like glandular
trichomes; adapted
to grow in wet areas with very few available nutrients - such as bogs and
swamps. 259 spp., cosmopolitan genus, found from sea-level to altitudes over
3,000 m throughout the Neotropics, exceptionally diverse in SW Australia,
where there are about one third of the species in the whole genus; 47 spp. in
New World, 42 in South America, found from sea-level to altitudes over 3,000 m
throughout the Neotropics.
32 in Brazil, 19 endemic, centered in Guiana Shield and rocky grasslands (campos
rupestres) in Espinhaço Range of Brazil, few species that occur in lowlands
are mostly found in sandy coastal habitats known as restingas and only a
few of them occur in inland lowland habitats, including D. capillaris Poir.
in N Brazil, D. cayennensis Sagot ex Diels in W and N Brazil, and D.
sessilifolia A. St.-Hil. which is abundant in C, W, NW, and the N tip of
Brazil.
Except for D. regia Stephens and D. arcturi Hook., two large
clades emerges:
§
subg.
Drosera ‣ contains the generic
type, D. rotundifolia L., with 8 sections, 4 centered in Australia (Arachnopus,
Stelogyne, Prolifera and Psychophila), and four with/or
also Neotropical and African distribution.
§
sect
Thelocalyx ‣ two spp. highly disjuncts, one in Australia
and D. sessiliflora A. St-Hill. from Colombia to
Guyana and Brazil.
§
sect.
Brasiliae ‣ 18 spp., all endemic to Brazil except D. montana A.St.-Hil.
up to Bolivia.
D. graomogolensis T. Silva is a rare
plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book
D. magnifica Rivadavia & Gonella
is a species of sundew endemic to Pico Padre Ângelo (1,500–1,530 m) in E Minas
Gerais in SE Brazil, where it grows among sandstone outcrops in herbaceous and
shrubby vegetation; it is one of the third largest species of Drosera, and largest of New World - the other two being D.
regia from South Africa and D. gigantea Lindl. from Australia
- and was discovered in 2015 through images which appeared on the social
network Facebook. D. magnifica has the distinction of being the first plant species to be discovered through images
posted in a social media group.
§
sect.
Drosera ‣ temperate and diploid Neotropical taxa, as well as D.
spatulata Labill and allied taxa. 27 spp. in New World, 12 in Brazil (two endemic), 4 up to North and America Central, one
also Old World (D. brevifolia Pursh, D. capillaris Poir., D.
cayennensis Sagot ex Diels and D. intermedia Hayne), six in Brazil
and other some places but confined to South America. 15 outside Brazil: six in
Venezuela, one in Guyana, D. uniflora Willd. in Chile and Argentina, two
in high Andes from Ecuador to Peru, 4 exclusives from North America, and D.
moaensis Panfet endemic to Caribbean.
Belonging this clade, D. amazonica Rivadavia, A.Fleischm.
& Vicent. is probably water-dispersed (dispersal
mechanism would be unique among New World Drosera) either by
flowing ground water of the open seepage habitats or by the heavy tropical
rainfalls common to that area; the flowers of this species
are sweetly perfumed, a character this
species shares with at least four more New World species of Drosera,
all of which are highland species from the Guiana Shield north of the Amazon
rainforests.
§
sect.
Pycnostigma ‣ all species belonging to the ‘African clade’,
which comprises all Drosera species occurring on the African continent,
with the exception of D. regia (D. subg. Regiae) and D. indica L. (D. sect. Arachnopus).
§
subg.
Ergaleium ‣ ‘Australian Clade’, comprising D.
sections Coelophylla, Lasiocephala, Bryastrum, Erythrorhiza,
Stolonifera and Ergaleium, with a single South America species, D.
meristocaulis Maguire & Wurdack from Venezuela side of Neblina
Massif, near Brazilian border.
POLYGONACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 25, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species 55/900-1,110.
Distribution cosmopolitan, with most genera and
species occurring in northern temperate regions. 31 genera are found in the
western hemisphere. 16 of these genera are restricted to western North America,
with 3 disjunct to Chile and Argentina. Habit usually
bisexual (sometimes monoecious, polygamomonoecious or dioecious), usually
perennial or annual herbs (often climbing or twining) or shrubs (rarely trees
or lianas). Stem and branches often sulcate, geniculate, striate and/or hollow,
often with swollen nodes (branches in Muehlenbeckia and Calligonum
photosynthesizing phyllocladia).
While Coccoloba, Salta, Magoniella,
Ruprechtia and Triplaris are
endemic to the Neotropics, Rumex,
Polygonum and Antigonon have weedy status,
with species of knot-weed (Polygonum)
being particularly invasive in Europe. Antigonon
leptopus Hook.
& Arn. originates from Mexico but is cultivated worldwide because of its
showy flowers.
Traditionally
the Polygonaceae were placed within the Caryophyllales on the basis of the
unilocular ovary and single, basal ovule. However, recent studies have revealed
that the family lacks the P-type sieve-tube plastids, anatropous ovules,
betalain pigments and perisperm characters that characterise the order
Caryophyllales. Recent studies by the APG II (2003) still include the
Polygonaceae within the Caryophyllales.
SYSTEMATICS four
lineages, basal clade Afrobrunnichia (2; tropical West Africa)
does not occur in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
SYMMERIOIDEAE (1/1) ‣ a
single species.
1. Symmeria
Benth. Shrubs or small trees, dioecious; twigs solid, myrmecophyte.
Only one sp., S. paniculata Benth., disjunct from northern South America
over Amazon rainforest and tropical West Africa.
2. SUBFAMILY
ERIOGONOIDEAE (23/600–630) ‣ 6
tribes, Brunnichieae (2/8, SE U.S.A., Mexico, America Central), Leptogoneae (1/1,
Hispaniola) and Gymnopodieae (1/2, S Mexico, Guatemala) do not occur in
South America.
2.1 ERIGONOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE COCCOLOBEAE (3/125) - outsiders Podopterus (3; Mexico,
Guatemala), Neomillspaughia (2; America Central).
2. Coccoloba P.
Browne ex. L. Shrubs, trees, making ECM symbioses with fungi, often with
scrambling branches or lianas, unisexual flowers and pedunculate fleshy fruits.
177 spp., tropical and subtropical regions in southern North America to South
America, 80 in South America, 54 in Brazil, 21 endemic; C.
cereifera Schwacke from Minas Gerais state is a rare plant in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
Although
records of sheet sizes are common between plants of the W Colombia, the plant with the largest
simple leaves worldwide is C. gigantifolia E.
Melo, C.A. Cid Ferreira & R. Gribel from in the Madeira River region, north
of Rondonia and S Amazonas; these leaves can reach 2.5 m length and 1.44
in width; they are, of course, larger than the Grias (Lecythidaceae) and
Pentagonia (Rubiaceae). C. excelsa Benth.
from Nicaragua to South America is myrmecophyte.
2.2 ERIGONOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE TRIPLAREAE
(4/56-60) - all genera occur is South
America.
3.
Magoniella Adr. Sanchez. Strict lianaceous habit, myrmecophytes, with hollow stems and the fruits are green with red sepals. Two spp., M. obidensis (Huber) Adr.
Sanchez, from Costa Rica, Venezuela, Bolivia and SE Brazil in Atlantic Forest
and in Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas), between
0–500 m, and in known from Brazil, Bolivia.
4. Ruprechtia C. A.Meyer
(inc. Enneatypus). Trees to shrubs,
three-winged fruits, female partial inflorescences 2-3-flowered, male flowers
pedicellate, twigs often solid. 33 spp., in all America Latina except
Chile, 26 in South America, with the highest diversity in Brazil (15, 5 endemic),
followed by Venezuela (11); most of the species are restricted to seasonally
dry and dioecious habitat. Two species in South America (both in Brazil) are myrmecophytes.
5. Salta Adr.
Sanchez. Trees or shrubs. Only one sp., S. triflora (Grisebach) Adr.
Sanchez, in Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay, a common plant that grows
in Chaco forests and thickets and occasionally, in seasonally inundated
forests, between 200–1,500 m; it flowers and fruits in the dry season (while
the plant is leafless).
6. Triplaris Loef.
ex. L. Shrubs to trees, myrmecophytes, dioecious
bark often peeling off; inflorescence axillary or terminal pleiothyrsi, red to
purple three-winged fruits, female partial inflorescences 1-flowered, male
flowers sessile, often associated with ants that live in its hollow branches
trees. 19 spp. from South America, mainly Amazon rainforest, with few species up
to America Central and Antilles; the highest diversity occurs in Peru (13),
followed by Brazil (9, two endemic) and Colombia (7), absent in Argentina,
considered a pioneer plant that grows in seasonally inundated forests, along
rivers, or in disturbed areas; however, there are some species found in dry
forests in N Colombia and in San Martin, Peru.
2.3
ERIGONOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE ERIGONEAE (12/410-420) - outsiders Eriogonum
(264, Alaska to Mexico), Harfordia (1; Baja California,
Mexico), Pterostegia (1; W and SE U.S.A.), Gilmania (1;
Death Valley in SE California), Dedeckera (1; California), Stenogonum
(2; W U.S.A.), Sidotheca (3; California, NW Mexico), Goodmania (1;
California, Nevada), Hollisteria (1; California).
7. Chorizanthe
R. Br. ex. Benth. Spreading to erect annual or perennial
herbs or shrubs. 61 spp., 43 annuals in North America and Mexico and 18
perennials in dry areas of Chile and Argentina.
8. Lastarriaea Remy.
Prostrate to ascending annual herbs. Three spp. from S California to C Baja
California, with L. chilensis J. Rémy disjunct in N and C Chile.
9. Oxytheca Nutt. Erect
to decumbent annual herbs; leaves basal or cauline; flowering stem erect. Three spp. from SW U.S.A., mainly Greater Basin and
Mojave, with O.
dendroidea Nuttall subsp. chilensis (J.
Rémy) Ertter, restricted to the Andes of Chile and Argentina.
3. SUBFAMILY
POLYGONOIDEAE (17/880–900) ‣ 6 tribes, Oxygoneae (1/c 30;
tropical and S Africa, Madagascar), Fagopyreae (2/16; E
Africa, Asia) and Calligoneae (1/80–85; Mediterranean to India) do not
occur in South America.
3.1
POLYGONOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE POLYGONEAE (7/c. 340) - outsiders Oxygonum (22;
tropical and S Africa, Madagascar); Knorringia (1; Siberia,
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Central Asia, Himalayas, W China); Fallopia (c
22; temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere); Atraphaxis (40–45;
SW Europe, N Africa, W Asia to Himalayas and E Siberia), Duma
(3; Australia).
10. Muehlenbeckia Meisner.
Twining procumbent or erect, poygamo dioecious or
dioeciuos shrubs. 25 spp., 16 from New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Australia,
Tasmania, New Zealand, the Chatham Islands, and 9 from Colombia to Argentina
and Chile, two up to U.S.A., Mexico and America Central and M. sagittifolia
(Ortega) Meisn. up to S Brazil.
11. Polygonum L. Prostrate
or rarely semi-erect, much-branched annual herbs, flowers in spikes. 171 spp.,
subcosmopolitan, 48 in New World, 4 in South America, one from Peru to Bolivia,
two from Argentina to Uruguay, and one endemic to Chile.
3.2
POLYGONOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE RUMICEAE (3/c. 260) - outsiders Oxyria (2–3;
arctic and alpine regions, circumboreal south to California), Rheum (55–60;
Europe, temperate and subtropical regions in Asia).
12. Rumex L.
Perennial or annual herns, rarely woody shrubs. 193
spp., temperate regions on both hemispheres, especially the Northern
Hemisphere, 64 in New World, 21 in South America, only two in Brazil, R.
brasiliensis Link up to Argentina and R. sellowianus Rech. f.
endemic.
3.3
POLYGONOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE PERSICARIEAE (4/185-192) - outsiders Rubrivena (1; S
Himalayas, Xizang, N Burma, W China), Bistorta (40–45;
temperate and arctic regions in Europe, Asia and North America).
13. Koenigia L. Plants
decumbent, ascending to erect annual or perennial herbs, arising from taproots,
occasionally rooting adventitiously from proximal nodes. 37
spp., Arctic to California, Spain, Turkiye, India and Java, 4 in New World, two
from Arctic region, one in W U.S.A., and K. islandica L., subarctic to
WC U.S.A., disjunct in S Chile to S Argentina.
14. Persicaria
Mill. 131 spp., almost
cosmopolitan, 28 spp. in New World, 17 in South America, 14 in Brazil, 3 endemic,
these from São Paulo to Santa Catarina states.
PLUMBAGINACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
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IN POWO ON JUNE 26, 2024
Genera/species
21/700–800 Distribution cosmopolitan except Antarctica, with their
largest diversity in arid and saline environments of Mediterranean and SW and
Central Asia. Habit bisexual, usually perennial herbs or shrubs
(sometimes annual herbs, rarely lianas). Many species are xerophytes or
halophytes.
Herbs or
shrubs, sometimes scrambing. Secretors glands oftem presents. Some
spp. are endemic to temperate South America. Plumbaga
auriculata Lam. (a climber) and P.
indica are commonly naturalized in the Neotropics with others
cultivated throughout the region. The remaining of the family is native, with
some endemic species. Pollinated by bees, flies and small beetles. From
the Latin for lead ‘Plumbum’,
so called by Pliny who attributed the curing of lead disease to European
species.
Key
differences from similar families - the
following families differ from Plumbaginaceae in having the following features:
Primulaceae:
Sympetalous.
Opposite
leaves (can also be alternate or basal).
Axillary
inflorescence.
Often
solitary flowers.
Polygonaceae:
Tepals.
Normally
3-sided fruiting structures, either a nut or achene.
Conspicuous
swollen nodes on the stem.
Frankeniaceae:
Revolute
leaves.
Pedicels
absent.
Ligule-like
appendage present adaxially at petal base.
SYSTEMATICS two subfamilies, both in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
STATICOIDEAE (24/590) ‣ two
subtribes, Aegialitideae (1/2, coasts along E India to Burma, Andaman
Islands, N Australia and S New Guinea) does not occur in South America; among Staticeae,
outsiders are Acantholimon (290–300; E Mediterranean to C Asia), Bamiania (1;
Afghanistan), Bukiniczia (1; Afghanistan, Pakistan), Cephalorhizum
(6; C Asia), Ceratolimon (3; Mediterranean), Chaetolimon (3;
C Asia), Dictyolimon (2; Afghanistan to India), Ghaznianthus
(1; Afghanistan), Gladiolimon (1; Afghanistan), Goniolimon (c
20; Russia and the Balkan Peninsula to Mongolia), Ikonnikovia (1;
C Asia, China), Limoniastrum (1; Mediterranean), Limoniopsis (2;
Türkiye to the Caucasus), Muellerolimon (1; Australia), Myriolimon (2;
W and C Mediterranean), Neogontscharovia (2; Afghanistan, C Asia), Popoviolimon (1;
Central Asia), Psylliostachys (c 7; E Mediterranean to the
Caucasus and Central Asia), Saharanthus (1; Morocco, N Sahara), Vassilczenkoa
(1; Afghanistan, Central Asia).
1. Armeria (A. P. Cand)
Wild. Caespitose perennial herbs, with a branched woody caudex, sometimes cushions.
98 spp., temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere, two
in New World, and only one sp., A. maritima (Mill.) Willd.
var. goodalliana T.R., in the Chilean Andes southwards to
Tierra del Fuego.
2. Bakerolimon Linez.
Shrubs, leafless; branches thin, covered of small, apressed scale. Two spp., Chile and Peru one endemic each.
3. Limonium L. Perennial, rarely annual herbs or dwarf shrubs, usually in
a basal rosette. 606 spp., cosmopolitan, with their highest diversity in
maritime and arid habitats on the Northern Hemisphere. 6 in New World, in SE
U.S.A. to NW Mexico (1), Atlantic side of North America (1), Pacific side of
North America (1), Caribbean (1), L. brasiliense (Boiss.) Kuntze from SE
& S Brazil to Argentina, and L. guaicuru (Molina) Kuntze from N
& NC Chile.
2. SUBFAMILY
PLUMBAGINOIDEAE (4/36) ‣ outsiders Ceratostigma (8; NE
tropical Africa, Tibet, China, SE Asia), Dyerophytum (3;
Namibia, N and W Cape, Socotra, Arabian Peninsula to India), Plumbagella (1;
Central Asia).
4. Plumbago L. Herbs, shrubs or subshrubs, leafy. 23 spp., tropical to
warm-temperate regions on both hemispheres, mainly in Africa, Mediterranean, 3 in New
World, found throughout the Neotropics in dry scrubland, lowland tropical
forest and in the Andes: one endemic to Mexico, P. zeylanica L. dry
scrubland from Mexico to Argentina (cosmopolitan, in all New World countries
except Canada, Panamá, Chile and Uruguay) and Brazil; and P. caeruela
Kunth. From Colombia, S Ecuador to Chile and Argentina.
P. zeylanica L. and P.
scandens, both Linnaean species, have heretofore been treated as distinct,
the former name applied exclusively to Old World plants, the latter to New
World specimens. John Edmondson (pers. comm.) indicates that he believes this
‘could be a classic case of New World and Old World taxonomists each doing
their own thing.’ Plants in herbaria under these two names appear
indistinguishable.
LINEAGE
2: FRANKENIIDS
FRANKENIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
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IN POWO ON JUNE 26, 2024
Genera/species
1/84 Distribution northernmost and southernmost
Africa, Macaronesia, St. Helena, southern Europe, SW Asia and Australia, with
their largest diversity in Mediterranean and SW Asia, New World. Habit usually
bisexual (sometimes polygamomonoecious), evergreen shrubs, suffrutices or
perennial (sometimes annual) herbs. Usually halophytic or xerophytic, sometimes
gypsophilous or calciphilous.
Key
differences from similar families - differs from
Plumbaginaceae in having: revolute leaves; pedicels absent; ligule-like
appendage present adaxially at petal base; 1-3 carpels.
SYSTEMATICS a single genus.
1. Frankenia
L. Caracters of family, sometimes
cushions in South America. 84 spp., 15 spp.
in New World, 9 spp. in SW South America, 7 restricteds from Peru to Uruguay,
and in saline conditions and the Puna at 3,350-4,800 m, F. vidalii Phil. in
Desventurados Is., and F. salina (Molina) I.M. Johnst. disjunct North
America and Chile.
LINEAGE
3: RHABDODENDRACEAE
RHABDODENDRACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 26, 2024
Genera/species
1/3 Distribution tropical South America (mainly the Amazon rainforest). Habit
usually bisexual (rarely androdioecious), evergreen trees or shrubs; the
family was often placed in or near Rutaceae and was in the Chrysobalanaceae for
a while; it differs in many characters from both families; molecular and wood
anatomy place it near to the Phytolacaceae in the Caryophyllales.
SYSTEMATICS A single genus.
1. Rhabdodendron Gilg &
Pilg. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves entire, alternate, gland-dotted,
coriaceous, with small peltate hairs on the undersurface; stipules small,
subulate or obscure; inflorescence of supra-axillary racemose panicles or
racemes; bracts and bracteoles small and reduced to scales; flowers hermaphrodite;
petals 5. Three spp., native and endemic to the Neotropics: R. gardnerianum
(Benth.) Sandwith, a shrub 6 m taller, usually
smaller, known from the type, collected in 1839 on the banks of the Rio Negro
in Bahia state (a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), and
so may be extinct; some records possibly in Tocantins state; R. macrophyllum
(Spruce ex Benth.) Huber, a multi-trunked also with pelucid
dots on the leaves; this species is a common shrub of north-amazonic white-sand
savannas (campinaranas) in the immediate vicinity of Manaus and east to
the Trombetas River only, and one record in Moju Island; and R. amazonicum
(Spruce ex Benth.) Huber, a tree to 15 m x 20 cm diameter,
usually smaller; this species is common in terra firme forests from the Manaus
region eastwards to the Para-Maranhão border and northwards into the three
Guianas, and two highly isolated records in Colombia and upper Rio Negro of
Brazil.
LINEAGE
4: MICROTEACEAE
MICROTEACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 26, 2024
Genera/species 1/10
Distribution Baja
California to South America America and Caribbean. Habit bisexual,
usually annual herbs.
Key to
families in Phytolaccaceae s.l.
1. Ovary of
5-16 carpels and seeds ------------ Phytolaccaceae
s.s.
1. Ovary of
a single carpel and seed - 2
2. Ovary
with 2-4 stigmas ------------ Microteaceae
2. Ovary
with a single stigma ------------ Petiveriaceae
SYSTEMATICS A single genus.
1.
Microtea Sw. Annual
herbs (occasionally perennial and somewhat lignified at base), fruit a
muricate to spiny achene. 10 spp., 4 endemic
to E Brazil, two from Brazil to adjacent Paraguay and Bolivia, two widely in
South America, M. debilis Sw. from Belize to Paraguay and Caribbean, and one
restricted from Caribbean. M. debilis
Sw. and M.
maypurensis (Kunth) G. Don are considered as
aliens in the humid tropics of Africa (Cameroon) and Asia (Indonesia),
respectively.
LINEAGE
5: AMARANTO/CARYOPHILIIDS
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
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IN POWO ON JULY 07, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/Species
101/2,625 Distribution cosmopolitan
although mainly temperate regions in the Northern Hemisphere, the Arctic,
temperate parts of the Southern Hemisphere (including the Antarctic continent),
tropical mountains, with their largest diversity in Mediterranean and West and
Central Asia. Habit usually bisexual (rarely monoecious,
andromonoecious, dioecious or gynodioecious), usually perennial, biennial or
annual herbs (sometimes suffrutices; rarely shrubs, small trees or lianas).
Caryophyllaceae
includes 54 locally endemic genera (many of which in the eastern Mediterranean
region of Europe, Asia, and Africa). Caryophyllaceae and Molluginaceae are
exceptional on this order by in processing anthocyanin pigments rather than
betalains. In neotropics, this family centred in Andes of Peru to Chile. Few in
Caribbean and tropical Brazil; the number of genera and species in the Southern
Hemisphere is rather small.
525 spp. in New World, 254 in South America. (10/)30 spp. in
Brazil, 4 endemic in three genera.
SYSTEMATICS two main clades, both in South America.
UNPLACED
1. Reicheëila Pax.
Caespitose moss-like herbs (cushions);
leaves small, scale-like, with scarious margins. Only one sp., R. andicola (Phil.)
Pax, Chile, in altitudes beyond 3,000 m.
1. SUBFAMILY
TELEPHIOIDEAE (2/15) ‣ outsider Telephium (5;
Mediterranean, Madagascar).
2. Corrigiola L. Herbs, annual or biennial (perennial); taproots slender;
stems decumbent to ascending, branched, terete. 12 spp., nearly
cosmopolitan, 8 from Old World and 4 in New World, C. andina Planch.
& Triana disjunct in S U.S.A., Mexico, Colombia to Bolivia, and three
endemic to Chile.
2. SUBFAMILY
CARYOPHYLLOIDEAE (c. 80/c. 2,600)
‣ 11 clades, Sclerantheae (9–10/85–100, Northern Hemisphere,
Ethiopia, New Guinea, Australia), Eremogoneae
(1/90–100, temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere), Rhodalsine clade (1/1, Mediterranean, Canary Islands,
Morocco to N Egypt, N Somalia) and Caryophylleae (13/665–685, Eurasia, Africa,
North America and Australia and New Zealand) do not occcur in South America.
2.1 CARYOPHYLLOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
PARONYCHIEAE (c 6/110-160) - outsiders
Chaetonychia (1; W Mediterranean), Gymnocarpos
(10; Canary Islands to E Asia, NE Africa), Cometes (2; NE
Africa and Ethiopia to NW India).
3. Herniaria L. Herbs or dwaft shrubs, often mat-forming. 52 spp., 51 from
northern hemisphere in Old World in Europe, Canary Is, Mediterranean, N Africa,
Somalia, southern Africa, SW Asia to India and NW U.S.A., and H.
austroamericana Chaudhri & Rutish, in Bolivia and N Argentina.
4. Paronychia Milller. Herbs, often woody at base, or small shrubs, sometimes cushions.
117 spp., nearly cosmopolitan (except southern Africa, SE Asia), especially
Mediterranean, Türkiye, SE U.S.A. and the C Andes in Peru. 55 spp. in New
World, 26 in South America, 20 from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile, six in
Brazil (all South American exclusives), two endemic, both rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book: P. fasciculata Chaudhri from Minas
Gerais state, and P. revoluta C.E. Carneiro & Furlan in Rio Grande
do Sul state.
5.
Philippiella Speg. Cushion-forming, dioecious,
small shrub; leaves imbricate, slightly fleshy, stipules interpetiolarly
connate. One sp., P. patagonica Speg.,
Patagonia of Chile and Argentina.
2.2 CARYOPHYLLOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
POLYCARPAEAE (21/155–165) - outsiders Dicheranthus (1; Canary
Islands), Pteranthus (1; North Africa and Cyprus to
Iran), Illecebrum (1; Europe, Canary Islands, Mediterranean), Loeflingia (4;
S Iberian Peninsula; W Mediterranean; S Portugal; U.S.A., Mexico), Polycarpaea
(40–50; warmer regions of both hemispheres),Scopulophila (2; Mexico,
California, Nevada), Sphaerocoma (1; NE Sudan, S Arabian
Peninsula, Iran), Pollichia (1; N Arabian Peninsula, Ethiopia,
tropical E to S Africa), Achyronychia (1; SW U.S.A., Mexico), Cerdia (1;
Mexico), Ortegia (1; the Iberian Peninsula), Krauseola (2; N
Kenya, S Ethiopia; Mozambique), Pirinia (1; SW Bulgaria), Polytepalum (1;
Angola), Stipulicida (1; SE U.S.A., Cuba).
6. Augustea
Iamonico.
Shrubs, chamaephytes/nanophanerophytes, up to 50 cm tall; stem woody at the
base, branched; leaves often in whorls of 4 or in whorls of 4 (rarely 6)
shortly petiolate or sessile; inflorescence terminal and dichotomous cymes;
flowers subsessile. 4 spp., A. anomalum Hassler endemic to
Paraguay, A. suffruticosum (Griseb.) Iamonico from Argentina,
Bolivia, Paraguay, and two endemic to Chile.
7.
Baretia Timaná. Perennial shrub, forming either a densely pulvinate
hemispherical cushion plant, from c. 25 to 100 cm across, and up 60 cm high,
growing in small patches. Only one sp., B. lanata (Phil.) Timaná, endemic to C Chile.
8. Cardionema DC. Tufted perennial herbs; stems slightly woody. 7 spp.,
Ecuador, Brazil (C. camphorosmoides (Cambess.) A.Nelson &
J.F.Macbr.) and Chile one endemic each, three in Argentina up to Chile (1),
Bolivia (1) and S Brazil (C. rosetta (Cambess.) A.Nelson &
J.F.Macbr.) and C. ramosissima (Weinm.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr. from W
U.S.A. to Mexico, Colombia to Argentina and S Brazil, a aggressive spine
fruited common in coast of S Brazil.
9. Drymaria Willd. ex. J.
A. Schults. Annual or perennial herbs. 57 spp., one
from S Asia to NW Australia, 55 restricteds of New World from western U.S.A. to
Patagonia, and D. cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem.
& Schult. in over tropcal New World (unique species in
Brazil) and tropical Africa. 22 spp. in South America.
10. Microphyes
Philippi.
Low herbs, often strongly pubescent; leaves mainly basally. Three spp. in Chile,
one up to S Argentina, in dry sandy habitats.
11. Polycarpaea Lam. Herbs to
shrubs, sometimes with xylopodium. 74 spp.,
only two in New World, P. hassleriana Chodat from Bolivia and
Paraguay and P.
corymbosa
(L.) Lam.
from over South America (collected in several Brazilian states), Panamá,
tropical Africa south to Saara, India and E China to Thailand.
12. Polycarpon Loef. 7 spp., 4 from Europe to N Africa and India, make up a
complex of highly similar, annual or perennial taxa mainly distributed in
Mediterranean region, P. depressum Nutt. in California to Mexico
(Baja California), two in South America, P. tetraphyllum (L.) L. from Europe to
Sri Lanka, Macaronesia to N & NE Africa, Arabian Pen., Venezuela, Colombia,
Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, and P. urbanianum Muschl. endemic to W Peru.
13. Pycnophyllum Remy. Perennial caespitose or tufted
herbs with creeping rhizomes (cushions),
dioecious. 14 spp., Andes from 3,000-4,600 m from Colombia to Argentina and
Chile.
2.3 CARYOPHYLLOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
SPERGULEAE (3/c 65)
- outsider Thylacospermum (1; C
Asia, Himalayas, W China)
14. Spergula L. Annual, rarely perennial herbs, often glandular viscid. 10
spp., 7 from Africa to Eurasia and 3 in South America, S. calva Pedersen
(S Argentina), S. cerviana (Cham. & Schltdl.) D.Dietr. (N & C
Chile) and S. grandis Pers. (Rio Grande do Sul in S Brazil to NE &
NC Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay).
15. Spergularia (Pers.) J.
Presl. and C. Presl. Herbs, annual
or strongly perennial with branched, woody caudex; taproots filiform to
stout; stems erect to sprawling, simple to freely branching distally or
throughout, terete, sometimes woody. 66 spp., subcosmopolitan except some
tropical areas and Australia, 29 in New World, 4 from Canada to Mexico, two
disjunct North and South America, and 23 only South America, from Colombia to
Argentina and S Brazil (S. ramosa Cambess. and S. levis Cambess,
no endemic).
S.
manicata (Skottsb) Kool & Thulin, endemic
to remote San Ambrosio Island, off the coast of Chile, in the only member of Caryophyllaceae that may grow to a small
tree.
2.4 CARYOPHYLLOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
SAGINEAE (c 10/210–215) - outsiders
Drypis (1; Mediterranean
to Lebanon); Bufonia (34; Canary Islands, Mediterranean, the
Middle East), Mcneillia (5; S and SE Europe, NW Anatolia in Türkiye), Minuartia (c
55; Europe, North Africa, SW Asia, the Caucasus, N India), Habrosia (1; Syria,
Iraq, W Iran), Minuartiella (4; mountain regions from Anatolia in Türkiye
to Nakhichivan in Azerbaijan and N Iran), Facchinia (7; alpine
areas in Central Europe).
16. Colobanthus
Bartl. Glabrous, often strongly caespitose perennial herbs, sometimes cushions,
usually with strong taproot. 20 spp., mountains of SE Australia and Tasmania,
New Zealand and adjacent islands, four in New World: two from Argentina and
Chile, one endemic to Bolivia, and C. quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. disjunct
in Mexico, Colombia to Patagonia, Falkland Islands, the Antarctic Peninsula and
adjacent islands, South Georgia, New Amsterdam, Kerguélen, up to 3,600 m
altitudinal range in Andes.
C.
quitensis (Kunth) Bartl.) is the
world´s southernmost dicot, which is
one of only two flowering plants found in Antarctica.
17. Sabulina Rchb. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely subshrubs, often tufted
or mat-forming, glabrous or pubescent. 76 spp., 75 from Arctic to Mexico,
Algeria, Yemen, Pakistan, E China and Japan, and S. acutiflora (Fenzl ex
Endl.) Dillenb. & Kadereit endemic to Chile. 26 spp. in New World.
E. Hultén (1964)
confirmed the report of Sabulina groenlandica (Retz.) Small
from a mountain in southern Brazil (Morro de Igreja, Santa Catarina state, as Minuartia
groenlandica (Retz.) Ostenf.); this remains the only report of ex-Minuartia in
South America, but not fully accepted.
18. Sagina L. Annual or perennial herbs, dwarf, often tufted; flowers
solitary or in few-flowered cymes. 36 spp., Old World in
Africa, Eurasia, some island in Pacific side, Australia, and 8 in New World six
from North America to C Mexico, some up to Eurasia, and S. chilensis Gay
and S. humifusa (Cambess.) Fenzl ex Rohrbach, from S Brazil, Argentina
and Uruguay, the former also in Chile and Juan Fernandez.
2.5 CARYOPHYLLOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
ARENARIEAE (4-5/c. 200)
- outsider Moehringia (c
30; temperate Europe, Asia and North America).
19. Arenaria Ruppius ex. L. Annual
or perennial, sometimes cushions (e.g. in Andes); taproots filiform
to moderately thickened; rhizomes slender; stems prostrate to ascending or
erect, simple or branched, terete to ellipsoid, angular or grooved; with leaves
ovate to lanceolate, petals usually with margins entire, stamens 10. 189 spp., mainly in
northern temperate regions, also in the Artic, some spp. on the mountains of
South America and NE Africa. 61 spp. in New World, 47 in South America, all
belong to former subgen. Dicranilla and subgen. Leiosperma; Only one sp. in
Brazil, A.
lanuginosa (Michx.) Rohrb., a widely species from SE.
U.S.A. to NW Venezuela and N Argentina, S & SE Brazil, and Caribbean.
2.6 CARYOPHYLLOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
ALSINEAE (12/400–410) - outsiders Lepyrodiclis (3; Türkiye
to Himalayas), Pseudostellaria (17; Europe, Afghanistan,
Central Asia and W China to Korean Peninsula and Japan, Canada, U.S.A.), Odontostemma (c
65; China, Tibet, Sikkim), Shivparvatia (7; N India, Himalayas, SW
China), Holosteum (5; temperate regions in Europe and Asia, Ethiopia), Moenchia (4; Europe,
Mediterranean), Brachystemma (1; Himalayas, China, Indochina),
Pseudocerastium (1; Anhui in E China), Thurya (1; SW Asia).
20. Cerastium
L. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely
subshrubs, usually glandular hairy; leaves sessile or subsessile. 217 spp.,
with almost cosmopolitan distribution. 66 in New World, 36 in South America,
from Venezuela to Chile, Argentina and Uruguay, 9 in Brazil (all restricteds
from South America), one endemic.
21. Pycnophyllopsis
Skottsb. Moss-like herbs (cushions), perennial evergreen, glabrous. 6 spp., 5
in Andes of Bolivia and Peru, and P. muscosa Skottsb. in montane regions
of Patagonia, Argentina.
22. Stellaria
L. Annual or perennial herbs, often
fragile. 166 spp., mainly Eurasia, with center of diversity in E central Asia,
some are afromontane, others cosmopolitan. 43 spp. in
New World, 19 in South America, from Venezuela to Chile and Argentina.
2.7 CARYOPHYLLOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
SILENEAE (2/882)
- outsider
Agrostemma (2;
temperate regions of Europe and Asia, Mediterranean).
23.
Silene L. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, rarely geophytes or
small shrubs, sometimes cushions. 904 spp., subcosmopolitan, 79 spp. in New World, 20 in South America,
all from S Ecuador to Chile and Argentina.
ACHATOCARPACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 26, 2024
Genera/species 2/10 Distribution
Texas, Mexico, America Central, South America to Paraguay and Argentina. Habit
dioecious, evergreen trees or shrubs. Apices of short shoots often modified
into spines. The Achatocarpaceae has been treated as part of the Phytolaccaceae
in the past, but now it stands alone as an independent family. Recent molecular
studies using the markers rbcL and matK resolve
Amaranthaceae-Chenopodiaceae as sister to the Achatocarpaceae and this evidence
is supported by existing morphological data.
Key
differences from similar families It differs from the
Amaranthaceae s.l. in having fleshy fruit with translucent skin (vs. dry fruit
with different projections, dispersed mostly by wind); the Phytolaccaceae have
mostly bi-many-locular ovaries, while the Achatocarpaceae has a one-locular ovary
with one ovule.
SYSTEMATICS outsider Phaulothamnus (1, California,
Texas, N Mexico, Tres Marias Islands)
1. Achatocarpus
L. Shrubs or trees up 10 m heigh, leaves often
succulent, fleshy, deciduous, drying black. 9 spp., two in Mexico, 4 from
Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia, two from Mexico to Bolivia, and A. praecox
Griseb. from Peru to Brazil and N Argentina.
AMARANTHACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JULY 07, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species 184/2,400–2,500
Distribution cosmopolitan except polar areas, with their highest
diversity in saline, arid and semiarid areas. Habit usually bisexual
(sometimes monoecious, andromonoecious, gynomonoecious, dioecious,
androdioecious, rarely polygamomonoecious), perennial, biennial or annual
herbs, evergreen or deciduous suffrutices or shrubs (rarely trees or lianas),
sometimes with spines. Often leaf or stem succulents. C4 plants with
c. 17 different types of foliar anatomy. Many species are halophytes or
xerophytes.
Currently,
19 families of higher plants are known to contain species expressing the C4
photosynthetic pathway. In each family, the C4 pathway arose independently,
producing approximately 50 distinct evolutionary lineages. Sixteen of these
families are eudicots; the eudicot clade with the
largest number of C4 species is the Amaranthaceae, with half
of the approximately 1,400 eudicot C4 species.
Use
Ornamental plants, vegetables (Beta vulgaris L., Spinacia oleracea L.,
Chenopodium quinoa Willd., etc.), sugar (Beta vulgaris var. altissima),
forage-plants (Beta vulgaris, Atriplex, Chenopodium), glass
production (Salicornia, Salsola, etc.), timber, wood carving,
medicinal plants (Dysphania etc.).
SYSTEMATICS subfamilies
Salsoloideae (c 35–37/c 370, Europe, Macaronesia, Mediterranean,
Africa, SW and central Asia, with their highest diversity in central and SW
Asia), Betoideae (6/17, Europe, Macaronesia, Mediterranean region,
North Africa, SW Asia, SW North America), Camphorosmoideae (16/170–180,
temperate and subtropical Eurasia, N and S Africa, Australia, with their
highest diversity in Australia, few species in South Africa or North America)
and Corispermoideae (3/c 80, Eurasia) do not occur in South
America.
1. SUBFAMILY
POLYCNEMOIDEAE (3/16–18) ‣
outsiders Hemichroa (1; Australia, Tasmania), Surreya (2; Australia), Polycnemum (6; C,
S and E Europe, Mediterranean, NW Africa, Central Asia).
1. Nitrophila
S.
Watson. Herbs, perennial,
suffrutescent, glabrous; stems numerous from base, erect or prostrate, not
armed, not fleshy; inflorescences axillary, flowers solitary or in
2-3-flowered clusters, bibracteate;fruiting structures: fruit a utricle;
pericarp free from seed, membranous, indehiscent. 4 spp., two in W North
America and Baja California in Mexico, N. atacamensis (Phil.)
Ulbr. in Antofagasta region in Chile, and N. australis Chodat &
Wilczek in N
& S Central Argentina.
2. SUBFAMILY
AMARANTHOIDEAE (c 76/c 330) ‣
5 tribes, four in South America; Aerveae (3/c.
120, 100 in drier regions in Australia, Flores and Timor, tropical Africa from
Senegal to Ethiopia and N Somalia, south to S Africa, Mauritius, Pakistan,
India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Mauritius, tropical and subtropical regions in the Old
World) does not occur in South America.
Key to
genera of South American Amaranthoideae
1. Leaves
alternate - 2
2. Fruits
with many seeds; flowers bisexual - 3
3. Sepals
ovate or suborbicular, obtuse; stigmas 3; seeds more than 10 ------------ Pleuropetalum
3. Sepals
lanceolate or elliptic, obtuse or acute; stigmas 2-3; seeds less than 10
------------ Celosia
2. Fruits
with one seed; flowers bisexual or unisexual - 4
4. Erect
herb; stamen filaments free at the base ------------ Amaranthus
4. Scandent
herbs or lianes; stamen filaments fused into a cup-shape - 5
5. Fruits
indehiscent or irregularly dehiscent; seeds non-arillate ------------ Herbstia
5. Fruits
dehiscing by circumsissile lid; seeds arillate ------------ Chamissoa
1. Leaves
opposite - 6
6. Flowers
or flower glomerules in elongate spikes or in cymes - 7
7. Flowers
in glomerule or a many-flowered cyme; flowers sterile; bractoles terminating in
a hook ------------ Cyathula
7. Flowers
in spikes or cymes; flowers: one bisexual and one sterile with hook-shaped
projections ------------ Pseudoplantago
6. Flowers
or flower glomerules in cylindrical spikes, simple heads or arranged in complex
paniculate or racemose structures - 10
8.
Inflorescences in glomerules or axillary spikes ------------
Guilleminea
8.
Inflorescences in simple or composite panicles, racemes or spikes - 9
9. Sepals
basally connate; plants with abundant grey indumentum; fruits with or without
appendages - 10
10. Sepals
connate into a tube; fruits winged; flowers shorter than 5 mm ------------
Froelichia
10. Sepals
only connate at base; fruits not winged; flowers longer than 8 mm ------------
Frielichiella
9. Sepals
free at base; plants glabrous to densely indumented, but indumentum not grey;
fruits without appendages - 11
11. Stigma
penicillate; staminodes ligulate or triangular, apex acute or divided,
alternating with the filaments ------------ Alternanthera
11. Stigma
bilabiate or bifid; staminodes present or absent, not like Alternanthera
- 12
12. Stigma
bilabiate or broadly emarginated - 13
13.
Inflorescences of heads; trichomes straight, surrounding the flowers ------------
Pfaffia
13.
Inflorescences in long racemes; trichomes S-shaped, surrounding the flowers
------------ Hebanthe
12. Stigmas
bifid - 14
14.
Filaments fused into a tube; inflorescences with or without foliolose bracts ------------
Gomphrena p.p.
14.
Filaments only fused at base; inflorescences without foliolose bracts - 15
15.
Inflorescences of racemes ------------ Iresine
15.
Inflorescences in globose or cylindrical spikes or head ------------
Gomphrena p.p.
AMARANTHOIDEAE ▸ UNPLACED
GENERA - 36 unplaced genera, 23 in Africa, 2 in Australia, 5 in E
& SE Asia, 1 in Arabia peninsula, 2 in over tropical Old World, 1 in Indian
Ocean islands, and 2 in South America.
2. Hebstia Sohmer. Herbs
or shrubs with alternate leaves; flowers in one to several condensed axillary
cymules. Only one sp., H. brasiliana (Moq.) Sohmer, in Brazil, Argentina
and Paraguay.
3. Lecosia
Pedersen.
Herbs to suffrutices, leaves opposite or alternate; flowers hermaphrodite in
solitary dichasia; sorne leaves tinged with red on lower surface. Two spp.,
both rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, known only their
type collections, both Atlantic Forest in E Brazil, L. formicarum Pedersen in coast of
Bahia state (collected in ant nests), L. oppositifolia Pedersen in Espírito
Santo state; in aspect, the species of this genus are not unlike certain
species of Celosia, for which reason its name is an anagram of that
word; on the whole, the systematic position of Lecosia is uncertain, but
probably it should be placed near Celosia.
2.1 AMARANTHOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
ACHYRANTHEAE (8/81) - outsiders Achyranthes (12; tropical
and subtropical regions in the Old World), Nototrichium (3;
Hawaii), Calicorema (2; tropical Africa and southwards to
Namibia and N Cape), Pandiaka (13; tropical and S
Africa), Psilotrichum (16; tropical regions in the Old
World), Pupalia (4; tropical regions in the Old World), Sericostachys
(1; tropical Africa).
4. Cyathula Blume.
Annuals or perennial leaves opposite; inflorescence spiciforme or capitate,
with a complex and singulat terminal architecture. 28 spp., 12 in mainland
Africa, two up to Madagascar, 9 endemic to Madagascar, 4 in E Asia, and two
cosmopolitan, C. achyranthoides (Kunth) Moq. and C. prostrata (L.) Blume,
both in tropical America and Brazil.
2.2 AMARANTHOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
AMARANTHEAE (2/c. 50) - both genera occur in South America.
5. Amaranthus
L. Annual or more rarely perennial herbs (only in A. peruvianus
(Schauer) Standl., A. rosengurttii Hunz. and A. vulgatissimus
Speg.), erect or rarely decumbent, monoecious or dioecious, green, but
sometimes pupish because betalains; inflorescence terminal, spikes or
paniculate. 93 spp., 64 in New World, 32 in Mexico (six endemic), 31 in South
America, being 22 restricteds from Venezuela to Chile and Argentina, three from
Mexico to South America absent in Brazil (A. australis
(A.Gray) J.D.Sauer, A. crassipes
Schltdl., A. tortuosus Hornem.), and six in Brazil, four
widey distributeds and two with restricted distributions. Four well defined
clades:
§ Eurasian/South
African/Australian (ESA) + South American clade ‣ contains
all of the Old World species and 11 spp. from South America, 3 in Brazil, the
widely distributeds A. blitum
L., and A. viridis L., and A.
rosengurtii Hunz., from Uruguay, Argentina and small portion of southern Rio
Grande do Sul state, Brazil, truly assignated as native in Brazil; however, in
this country this species is very rare, possibly extinct.
§ Hybridus
Clade ‣ monoecious; 13 spp., all endemic to New World,
A. spinosus L.and A. hybridus
L. in Brazil, both widely distributeds; this monophyletic group here called the
Hybridus Clade consists of A. hybridus
L. and its domesticated and wild or weedy relatives from the Americas, as well
as two lesser-known Neotropical species, A.
acutilobus Uline & W.L. Bray and A. scariosus
Benth. It loosely corresponds to Mosyakin and Robertson’s subgenus Amaranthus.
Includes A. palmeri from North Americ and Mexico, and
possiby the Brazlian endemic A. bahiensis
Mart.
§ Dioecious/Pumilus
clade(S) ‣ all dioecious species of Amaranthus
are included in this group, except for A. palmeri S.
Watson and A. watsonii Standl., both from Hybridus clade;
this clade includes one monoecious species, A. pumilus
Raf. from North America.
§ Galapagos
Clade ‣ include species from North America, America
Central, Caribbean and Galapagos (4).
6. Chamissoa Kunth. Herbs
or shrubs with arching branches, or scandent, with alternate leaves; flowers in
long spike-like thyrsi. Tree spp., C. altissima (Jacq.) Kunth. widely distributed from
Mexico to South America and Caribbean, and two restricted of
center and E South America, from Peru to Argentina and Brazil (both).
2.3 AMARANTHOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
CELOSIEAE (5/81) - outsiders Deeringia (12; tropical
and subtropical regions in the Old World), Henonia (1; Madagascar), Hermbstaedtia (c
15; tropical and southern Africa except the Cape provinces).
7. Celosia L. Perennial,
annual, suffrutescent or ocasionally scadent herbs; flowers in lax or compact
thyrses or spikes. 45 spp., worldwide, 13 in New World, 8 in South America, 5
in Brazil, C.
grandifolia
Moq. from Costa Rica to W South America, E & S Brazil, and four endemic.
8. Pleuropetalon
Hook.
f. Small subshrubs, shrubs or more rarellly small trees, with alternate leaves.
Three spp., P.
darwinii
Hook. f. from Galapagos, and remaining two widely from Mexico to Bolivia and
Caribbean.
2.4 AMARANTHOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
GOMPHRENEAE (19/c. 390) - outsiders Woehleria (1; Cuba),
Tidestromia (6; SW U.S.A., Mexico), Gossypianthus (2; U.S.A.,
Mexico, America Central).
9. Alternanthera
Forssk.
Annual or perennial, sometimes scrabling or floating, with opposite leaves;
inflorescence axillary, sessile or pendunculate, solitary or fasciculate, of
heads or shorts spikes. 106 spp., pantropical, 99 in New World, 84 in South
America, 34 in Brazil, 12 endemic; two spp. from Minas Gerais state are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
10. Froelichia Moench.
Annuals or perennials with opposite leaves, sometimes
with xylopodium; flowers hermaphrodite, solitary in the bracts
of branched spikes, the branches often short and dense. 15 spp., tropical and
subtropical N and S America (8), only 4 in Brazil, F. sericea Moq.
endemic; F. interrupta (L.) Moq. is widely in tropical America.
11. Froelichiella
R.E.Fr.
Erect small herb with chartaceous opposite leaves; flowers hermaphrodite,
solitary in the bracts of a short, compact or interrupted spike. Only one sp., F. grisea R. E. Fr., a rare
plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, very narrow endemic N Goiás
state in center Brazil.
12. Gomphrena L. Annual or
perennial with opposite leaves, sometimes with xylopodium, sometimes
fleshy, mainly showy globose inflorescences, capitate to spicate, axillary or
terminal, sessile or pendunculate. 139 spp., tropics and subtropics of New
World (103) and Australia. 93 spp. in South America, 57 in Brazil, 37 endemic.
9 spp. in several states are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
13. Guilleminea Kunth in H.
B. K. Perennial with opposite leaves; inflorescence, axillary, in dense often
fasciculate spikes. 7 spp., one in Caribbean and North America, G. densa (Humb. &
Bonpl. ex Schult.) Moq. from North America to Argentina along W South
America, 4 in W South America to Uruguay zone, and G. fragilis Pedersen from
Paraguay to SW Brazil in Mato Grosso do Sul state.
14. Hebanthe
Mart. Shrubs, subshrubs, scadent or semi-scadent (some fully
climbing), woody underground system; leaves opposite, ovate; inflorescences
spikes, joined in panicles, axillary or terminal; flowers bisexual; fruit a
capsule monospermic. 6 spp., 5 from Brazil up adjacent countries
in southern South America (3 endemic), and H. grandiflora (Hook.) Borsch
& Pedersen from Mexico to Guianas, Bolivia and Brazil.
H. eriantha (Poir) Pedersen is one of the important medicinal plants of
Brazil due to its adaptogenic qualities that serve to normalize and enhance
body systems, increase resistance to stress, and boost overall functioning.
15. Hebanthodes
Pedersen.
Herbs;
flowers
in elongate spikes grouped in a panicle with plurinodal main axis; filaments
connate at base only; stigma broadly extended, emarginated. Only one species
known, H. peruviana Pedersen, endemic to Pasco region, center Peru,
which is the type.
16. Iresine P. Browne. Annual
or perennial herbs to subshrubs or shrubs, rarely scadent or small trees;
inflorescence capitate or spike-like. 34 spp., widely distributed in New World,
mainly in Mexico (30, 20 endemic), 9 in South America, only one in Brazil, I. diffusa Humb. &
Bonpl. ex Willd., widely in New World.
17. Pedersenia Holub. 8 spp.
from Honduras to Paraguay, Venezuela and N & W Brazil (2, P. argentata (Mart.)
Holub, in Amazonas and Pará states, and P. macrophylla (R.E. Fr.) Holub in Mato Grosso do Sul
state),
none endemic. 6 spp. in South America.
18. Pffaffia Mart. Herbs,
perennials, erect or semi-prostrate, sometimes with xylopodium; flowers
hermaphrodite, perfect, solitary in the bracts of dense and spike-like to lax
and paniculate inflorescence; fruit as capsule monospermic. 33 spp. from South America
(30 exclusives) to Caribbean, America Central and Mexico, 24 in Brazil, 16 endemic,
centered in mountains dry areas of center Brazil; only one Brazilian spp. not
occurs in savannas of C Brazil (cerrado); two spp. from Minas
Gerais state are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
19. Pseudoplantago
Suesseng.
Herbs with opposite leaves, perennials. Two spp., one from Venezuela, and P. friesii Suess. in Argentina
and S Brazil.
20. Quaternella
Pedersen.
Three spp., Q.
confusa
Pedersen, Q. ephedroides Pedersen and Q. glabratoides (Suess.)
Pedersen, all endemic to Brazil, in over eastern country.
21. Xerosiphon
Turcz.
Herbs, highly fragile, erect, subglabrous, tuberous; quadrangular stems;
sometimes aphyllous; inflorescences simple or cymes of spikes. Two spp.,
endemic to dry areas in Brazil, one from Minas Gerais to Mato Grosso, and other
in dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga) at Piauí to Bahia and
Paraíba, some specimens apparently leafless.
3. SUBFAMILY
CHENOPODIOIDEAE (23/460–470) ‣
four
tribes, three in South America, Axyrideae (3/10, Mediterranean, E
Europe, SW to Central Asia, temperate Asia, Korean Peninsula, western North
America) absent
3.1
CHENOPODIOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
ANSERINEAE (2/15) - outsider unvailable.
22.
Blitum L. 12 spp., Actic to N Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Australia. 4 spp. in
New World, 3 from North America to Mexico, and B.
antarcticum Hook.f. from S Chile to Argentina (Santa
Cruz).
3.2 CHENOPODIOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
ATRIPLICEAE (14/c. 400) - outsiders Lipandra (1; Europe,
Mediterranean), Chenopodiastrum (5; temperate regions on
the Northern Hemisphere), Microgynoecium (1; Tibet), Archiatriplex (1; Sichuan), Exomis (1; Namibia,
N, W and E Cape, Free State), Extriplex (2; California), Grayia (3; W
U.S.A.), Manochlamys (1; Namibia, N and W Cape), Proatriplex (1; the
Navajo Basin in SW U.S.A.), Stutzia (2; W U.S.A.).
23. Atriplex
L. Annual or perennial herbs,
subshrubs or shrubs; flowers solitary or in clusters. 249 spp., worldwide, 106
in New World, 46 in South America in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay,
Bolivia and Peru, plus A. peruviana Moq. up to Ecuador and three from coasts of Colombia and Venezuela
(with A.
oestophora S.F. Blake endemic); common in W South
America.
24. Chenopodium
L.
Annual or perennial, nonaromatic (but sometimes foetid)
herbs, shrubs or small trees, young stems and leaves often densely farinose,
i.e. covered with vesicular globose trichomes, which later collapse forming a
cup shaped structure mostly persistent; monoecious or (rarely) dioecious. 131
spp., cosmopolitan, nearly absent in E South America; 58 spp. in New World, 20
in South America, all from N Peru to Patagonia, Paraguay and Uruguay, some
disjuncts in North America, except by C. petiolare Kunth up to Colombia, and C. quinoa Willd. up to
Ecuador.
25. Oxybasis
Kar.
& Kir. Non-aromatic annual herbs; their stems grow
erect to ascending or prostrate and are branched with usually alternate,
basally sometimes nearly opposite branches; the alternate leaves consist of a
petiole and a simple blade; the leaf blade is thickish oder slightly fleshy,
and may be triangular, triangular to narrowly triangular, hastate, rhombic, or
lanceolate, with entire to dentate margins. 14 spp., subcosmpolitan, mainly Northern
hemisphere, 8 in New World, 5 in South America, O. macrosperma (Hook.
f.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch from Peru to Argentina and Chile, Paraguay,
Uruguay, and Falklands Is, O. ambigua (R.Br.) de Lange & Mosyakin, from SE
& S Australia, New Zealand, Easter Is., Chile (Chonos Arch.), and three endemic
to Argentina/Chile zone.
26. Holmbergia
Hicken.
Climbing shrub, flowers clustered in leaf axils or arranged in terminal spikes.
Only one sp., H. tweedii (Moq.) Speg., from Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay
and Argentina.
3.3 CHENOPODIOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
DYSPHANIEAE (4/43) - outsiders Suckleya (1; Rocky
Mountains), Neomonilepis (1; North America), Teloxys (1; Mongolia).
27. Dysphania R.Br. Annuals
or short-lived perennial herbs,more or less covered with simple multicellular
hairs andstalked glandular hairs/subsessile glands, sometimes glabres-cent,
usually aromatic; stems rarely somewhat woody in lowerpart, erect, ascending,
decumbent or prostrate, branched (rarely± simple), not jointed, not spiny, not
fleshy. 46 species in five sections.
§ sect. Adenois
‣ 13 spp., three from
Canada to Mexico zone, 8 in southern half of South America, 3 of these in
Brazil (D. multifida (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, D. retusa
(Moq.) Mosyakin & Clemants ex Brignone and D. minuata (Aellen)
Mosyakin & Clemants, the last endemic), D. ambrosioides (L.)
Mosyakin & Clemants in America and Subantarctic Is., and D.
anthelmintica (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants from E & SE U.S.A. to
Colombia and Caribbean.
§ sect. Botryoides
‣ 10 spp., mainly in Himalayas and adjacent
China, Central Asia to Arabian Peninsula and Mediterranean Europe and Africa,
and E Africa and the adjacent Arabian Peninsula.
§ sect. Dysphania
‣ 17 spp., Australia, one in New Zealand.
§ sect. Incisa
‣ only one sp., D. incisa (Poir.) ined.
from Arizona to W Texas and Guatemala, Peru to NW Argentina.
§ sect. Margaritaria
‣ 4 spp., West-Australian and Africa to SW of
Arabian Peninsula, with secondary distribution in Europe and West Asia.
4. SUBFAMILY
SUAEDIOIDEAE (2/75-80)
- outsider Bienertia (3; SE European Russia and Kazakhstan to W Central
Asia).
28. Suaeda
L.
Glabrous herbs, fleshy; flowers perfects and perfects. 93 spp., cosmopolitan, 18
in North America, Mexico and Caribean, and 8 in South America, from Argentina
and Chile, S. divaricata Moq. and S. foliosa Moq. up to Bolivia
and Peru.
5. SUBFAMILY
SALICORNIOIDEAE (10–11/c 90) ‣ outsdiers Halopeplis (3; Mediterranean, North
Africa; Arabian Peninsula to Pakistan; the Caucasus and Iraq to
Central Asia and Xinjiang), Halostachys (1; Russia to
Central Asia), Halocnemum (2; central Mediterranean to
Central Asia), Kalidium (6; Mediterranean to Central
Asia), Microcnemum (1; Mediterranean to the
Caucasus), Arthrocaulon (2; Mediterranean, Macaronesia,
NW and NE Africa, SW Asia), Arthroceras (1; California, N
Mexico), Tecticornia (44; Australia, one species, T.
indica, along coasts of E Africa, S Asia and N Australia).
29. Allenrolfea
O.
Kuntze. Succulent, articulate shrubs without distinct leaves; flowers 3 to 5 in
the axil of free bracts. Three spp., A. occidentalis (S. Watson) Kuntze
from U.S.A. and N Mexico, and A. patagonica (Moq.) Kuntze and A.
vaginata (Griseb) Kuntze are restricted from dry areas in Argentina.
30. Heterostachys
Ung.
Sternb. Succulent shrubs with cylindrical leaves; flowers solitary, free. Two
spp., H. olivascens Speg., endemic to southern coast of Argentina, and H.
ritteriana (Moq.) Ung. from Argentina, Paraguay, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru,
and Hispaniola (Haiti, Dominican Republic), mainly Caribbean coast.
31. Mangleticornia
P.
W. Ball, G. Kadereit & Cornejo. Shrubs; stems opposite-branched, jointed
and fleshy when young, becoming woody and not jointed, not armed; leaves
opposite, sessile, joined at base, eventually deciduous; leaf blades fleshy
projections at distal end of each joint; inflorescences terminal, branched,
spike-like thyrse. Only one sp., M.
ecuadorensis P.W. Ball, G. Kadereit & Cornejo, in SW Ecuador, primarily
in Guayas province, extending south to departamento Tumbes in N Peru.
32. Salicornia L. Annual or
perennial fleshy herbs or subshrubs, erect to prostrate, sometimes creeping and
rooting at the nodes. 53 spp. in 4 subgenera:
§
subg.
Amerocornia ‣ 8
spp., New World, six in South America: S.
cuscoensis Gutte & G.K. Müll. ex Freitag, M.Á. Alonso & M.B. Crespo
(endemic to Andean Peru), S. andina Phil. (saline soils
of high plateaus on Atacama Desert in Chile and in Argentina and Bolivia), S.
magellanica Phil. (coastal salt marshes on Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego in
Argentina), S. neei Lag. (saline
deserts in Pacific Coast of Chile and Peru, through the N half of Argentina, to
the Atlantic coast of Argentina up to S Brazil), S. perennis Mill. (W
Europe to S Africa, SE Alaska to W Oregon, S. Mexico, Caribbean to Venezuela,
Colombia to Argentina, Paraguaya and Uruguay, absent in Brazil) and S.
pulvinata R.E. Fr. (strongly saline soils on the edges of temporary, endorheic salt
pans of Altiplano Andino in Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile).
§ subg. Arthrocnemoides ‣ 7 spp.;
W-Europe, Mediterranean Basin and W-Asia.
§ subg. Afrocornia ‣ ca. 18
spp.; S-Africa and Australia.
§ subg. Salicornia ‣ ca. 20
annual spp.; worldwide except South America and Australia.
LINEAGE
6: AIZOA/NYCTAGINIIDS
AIZOACEAE
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Genera/species 119/c. 1,800
Distribution arid tropical and subtropical regions including western and
southern Australia, with their highest diversity in S and SW Africa.
Habit predominantly succulent, annual to
perennial herbs, subshrubs or shrubs.
Aizoaceae
is the largest group of succulent species worldwide.
Of the several ornamental genera grown, the most notable are the
succulents Lithops
and Conophytum,
the stone plants, which consist of a pair of truncate
leaves, often with translucent windows to
allow sunlight in. Amongst the members of Aizoaceae with showy flowers, the
anthesis is determined by the presence of sunlight, with flowers opening at
noon and closing after a few hours to re-open the next day, lasting a few days.
Mesembryanthemoideae and Ruschioideae
dominate much of the succulent vegetation in the Karroo areas of South Africa,
where they constitute more than half the number of species and more than 90% of
the biomass.
Key
differences from similar families Unlike Cactaceae, where
succulence is found on stems and leaves (which are alternate if present) in the
Aizoaceae the succulence is confined to their (generally opposite) leaves;
Aizoaceae differs from Portulacaceae in opposite leaves and many strap-like
perianth segments of staminodial origin; it can be separated from the
Molluginaceae because of its succulence and generally colourful and showy
flowers, while Molluginaceae are not succulent and have white, small flowers.
SYSTEMATICS only
eight genera outside Ethiopian Region: Australian endemic Sarcozona and Gunniopsis,
one also in Australia and South America (Carpobrotus), and other (Disphyma)
also in Australia and New Zealand, and the widely distributeds Tetragonia,
Aizoon (Africa, Mediterranean and Middle East.), Sesuvium (22)
and Trianthema (28); subfamilies Acrosanthoideae (1/6, W
Cape) and Mesembryanthemoideae (6/c 95, Southern Africa) do not
occur in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
SESUVIOIDEAE (5/63) ‣
two tribes: Sesuvieae and Anisostigmateae (2/4, Somalia,
Namibia); among Sesuvieae, outsiders Zaleya (7; NE and E Africa,
Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka, the Lesser Sunda Islands, northern Australia).
1. Sesuvium L.
Erect to procumbent herbs with opposite leaves
that often bear conspicuous sheath-like lateral appendages on the petioles
(pseudostipules). 15 spp., U.S.A to southern South America, Caribbean, Africa,
Madagascar, Middle East, southern Asia to Oceania, 5 only Old World, S.
portulacastrum (L.) L., distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical
zones between approximately 35°N and 42°S, inc. Brazil, and 8 exclusives to New
World, five more restricteds in Galapagos to Uruguay (3), Caribbean to Colombia
and Venezuela (3), Texas (1), North America to America Central and Caribbean
(2).
2. Trianthema L.
Herbs with leaves with membranes at the base of the
petiole. 28 spp. only from Africa, tropical and subtropical Asia, Australia
(12), and three spp. in New World, T. argentina
Hunziker & Coccuci endemic to Argentina, T. hactandra
Wingfield & M. F. Newman endemic to Venezuela, and T. portulacastrum L.,
pantropical, a weedy very common in NE Brazil, in cities, houses, gardens, etc.
2. SUBFAMILY
AIZOOIDEAE (7/124) ‣ outsiders
Aizoanthemopsis (1; Mediterranean, northern Africa, the
Middle East to Iran), Gunniopsis (14; Australia), Aizoanthemum (4;
southern Angola, northern Namibia), Aizoon (c 30; southern
Angola to South Africa, one species, A. canariense, in Macaronesia,
Mediterranean, Zimbabwe, northern Kenya and Socotra to India).
3. Tetragonia L.
Fleshy to succulent, erect to weak annual or perennial
herbs or low shrubs, somewhat papillose, flowers axillary, soli-tary to
fascicled or cymose, subsessile to stipi-tate or pedunculate. 51 spp., Marocco
(1), Australia and New Zealand (5), Africa including Socotra (36), subtropical
Pacific coast and temperate coasts of W South America, 4 in Peru and Chile, 4
only in Chile, and one only Peru.
3. SUBFAMILY
RUSCHIOIDEAE (106/1,410–1,430)
‣ all genera are african except Dysphima
from W Cape, Australia and New Zealand, and Carpobrotus in Africa,
Australia and South America.
4. Carpobrotus
N.E.Brown.
Subshrubs, succulent, glabrous; stems trailing,
mat-forming; rooting at nodes; inflorescence branches ascending; leaves
cauline, opposite; inflorescences terminal or axillary, flowers solitary,
showy, tubular, 3-10(-15) cm diam.; petals (including petaloid staminodia) to
250, distinct, magenta, pink, yellow, cream, or white. 14 spp., 13 from S
Africa and Australia, and C. chilensis (Molina) N.E.Br, from Chile and
adjacent Argentina.
PHYTOLACCACEAE
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Genera/species 4/33.
Distribution tropical and subtropical regions, with their largest
diversity in South America, also in Chile.
Habit usually bisexual (rarely dioecious), evergreen trees, shrubs or
lianas (Ercilla), perennial or annual herbs. perennial or annual herbs (Anisomeria
is a succulent). Anisomeria and some species of Phytolacca with
napiform roots.
The family
is of little economic importance. Phytolacca
dioica L., ombú
tree, is occasionally cultivated in warmer regions of the world, mostly as a
fast-growing shade tree having a peculiar trunk and soft, spongy wood. The high saponin
content of some species makes them useful for washing clothes, and in eastern
Africa Phytolacca
dodecandra LHér., endod or soap berry plant, is employed locally for
this purpose. This species also has molluscicide properties and is used to
control schistosomiasis.
Although
Phytolaccaceae clearly belongs to the Caryophyllales, there is much debate
about its circumscription and exact position. Some genera historically
considered within the family have recently been segregated as separate
families. For example, the North American genus Stegnosperma Benth.
is now considered in a monogeneric family Stegnospermataceae, as too are
the Old World genera Barbeuia Thouars. (Barbeuiaceae)
and Gisekia L. (Gisekiaceae).
The New
World genera Achatocarpus Triana. and Phaulothamnus A.
Gray were recognized by some specialists as members of Phytolaccaceae, but
these are now treated in Achatocarpaceae. Even with these genera removed,
controversy exists, and the core of the family is sometimes
further divided into two families: Phytolaccaceae (ovary of 3-16
carpels, corresponding to subfamilies Agdestioideae and Phytolaccoideae) and
Petiveriaceae (ovary of one carpel, corresponding to subfamilies
Rivinioideae and Microteoideae).
A definitive
conclusion as to their status awaits further comprehensive studies, and the
recommendations for a broad Phytolaccaceae are followed here.
Key to
families in Phytolaccaceae s.l.
1. Ovary of
5-16 carpels and seeds ------------ Phytolaccaceae
s.s.
1. Ovary of
a single carpel and seed - 2
2. Ovary
with 2-4 stigmas ------------ Microteaceae
2. Ovary
with a single stigma ------------ Petiveriaceae
Key to
genera of South American Phytolaccaceae
1. Climbers ------------ Ercilla
1. Herbs, shrubs or trees - 2
2. Sepals unequal and somewhat fleshy; carpels
distinctly free ------------ Anisomeria
2. Sepals subequal and not fleshy; carpels (at
least in the neotropical species) united ------------
Phytolacca
SYSTEMATICS outsiders Agdestis (1; S U.S.A., Mexico, America Central southwards to
Nicaragua, introduced in Caribbean and Brazil).
1. Anisomeria
D.
Don. Herbs or shrubs, often succulent; flowers in spikes or racemes. 4 spp., endemic to
Chile.
2. Ercilla
Adr.
Juss. Woody climbers; flowers in dense axillary spikes or spike-like racemes.
Two spp., endemic to temperate rainforest in Chile.
3. Phytolacca L. Herbs,
shrubs or trees; flowers in most terminal spikes and racemes. 26 spp., subcosmopolitan,
13 in New World, Mexico to Argentina, 11 in South America, only P. dioica
L., P. rivinoides Kunth & C.D. Bouché and P. thyrsiflora
Fenzl ex J.A. Schmidt in Brazil, all widely distributeds.
PETIVERIACEAE
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Genera/species 9/22
Distribution Florida, Caribbean,
Central and South America, tropical Africa (some species of Hilleria),
Australia, Vanuatu and New Caledonia (Monococcus). Habit usually
bisexual (in Ledenbergia and Monococcus dioecious), evergreen
trees (in Seguieria with spines), shrubs or lianas, perennial herbs
(sometimes with lignified base).
Petiveria
and some species of Gallesia
are used in traditional medicine.
Key to
genera of families in Phytolaccaceae s.l.
1. Ovary of
5-16 carpels and seeds ------------ Phytolaccaceae
s.s.
1. Ovary of
a single carpel and seed - 2
2. Ovary
with 2-4 stigmas ------------ Microteaceae
2. Ovary
with a single stigma ------------ Petiveriaceae
Key to
genera Petiveriaceae at South America
1. Flowers
slightly zygomorphic, upper tepal free, the lower three tepals connate at the
base into a three-lobed lip ------------ Hilleria
1. Flowers
actinomorphic, all tepals free - 2
2. Ovary
with 4-6 recurved, awn -like protuberances ------------
Petiveria
2. Ovary
without protuberances - 3
3.
Inflorescence paniculate; fruit a samara - 4
4. Plants
usually spiny; tepals 5, herbaceous and reflexed in fruit ------------
Seguieria
4. Plants
unarmed; tepals 4, woody and erect in fruit ------------
Gallesia
3.
Inflorescence spiciform or racemose; fruit a drupe or utricle - 5
5. Fruit a
drupe - 6
6. Stamens
4; stigma capitate ------------ Rivinia
6. Stamens
8-25; stigma penicillate ------------ Trichostigma
5. Fruit a
utricle - 7
7. Racemes
pendulous; bract placed halfway or above between the flower and the base of the
pedicel ------------ Ledenbergia
7. Racemes
erect; bract placed at the base of the pedicel ------------
Schindleria
SYSTEMATICS outsider
Monococcus (1, SE Queensland, NE New South
Wales, New Caledonia, Vanuatu).
1. Gallesia Casar. Trees,
up to 30 m tall; smelling of garlic. Only one sp., G. integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms, South America
in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru, widely distributed, mainly most forests
and gallery forests.
2.
Hilleria Vell. Herbs,
sometimes suffrutescent at the base; flowers in racemes. Three spp., one endemic to Peru, H.
secunda (Ruiz & Pav.) H. Walter in Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia, and
H. latifolia (Lam.) H. Walter in tropical South America to S Brazil
and Argentina, also in tropical Africa, Madagascar and Mascarene Islands.
3. Ledenbergia Klotzsch. ex.
Moq. Trees or shrubs, flowers in racemes. Three spp., L. macrantha Standl. in Mexico to Nicaragua,
L. peruviana O.C. Schmidt from Costa Rica to Peru, and L.
seguierioides Klotzsch ex Moq. in Venezuela and Colombia.
4. Petiveria L. Herbs or
subshrubs, slightly woody at the base; flowers in spike to spike-like racemes.
Only one sp., P.
alliacea
L., widely
distributed in tropical and subtropical America from Florida and the Antilles
to Argentina and Brazil, two subsp., one diploid and another tetraploid.
5. Rivina
L. Herbs or subshrubs, woody at the base. Only one sp., R. humiliis L., widely
distributed in tropical and subtropical America from the southern U.S.A. and
the Antilles to Argentina and Chile, also in Brazil.
6. Schindleria H. Walter.
Shrubs, rarely subshrubs, flowers in racemes, bisexual. Three spp., Peru,
Bolivia and Paraguay.
7.
Seguieria Loefl.
Trees, slightly scandent shrubs, lianas, nearly always spine. 6 spp.,
distributed from Trinidad and America Central to Argentina and Guianas, mainly
open areas. 5 spp. in Brazil (one endemic), S. brevithyrsa H. Walter endemic to
Bolivia.
8. Trichostigma A. Rich.
Shrubs or vines, rarely tree-like; flowers in racemes, bisexual. Three spp.,
two more restricted from America Central to Ecuador, and T. octandrum (L.) H. Walter distributed
from Florida and Mexico and the Antilles to
Argentina and Brazil.
NYCTAGINACEAE
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Genera/species
31/300–400 Distribution tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate regions
in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, with their largest diversity in North
and South America; Phaeoptilum in SW Africa. Habit
Usually bisexual (rarely monoecious, andromonoecious, gynomonoecious or
dioecious), evergreen or deciduous trees (Leucastereae), shrubs or
lianas, perennial or annual herbs. Roots sometimes fleshy or tuberous.
The
Nyctaginaceae are distributed mostly in the tropics and subtropics of the New
World and comprise approximately 32 genera and 400 species. Of the 23
genera only Boerhavia, Commicarpus, Phaeoptilum, Pisonia
and one species of Mirabilis also occur in the Old World. Only one genus
is endemic to Old World: Phaeoptilum, monotypic in Africa. In the
Neotropics there are 27 genera and approximately 200 species. Selinocarpus
is highly disjunct from N Mexico and SW U.S.A. (8), and Somalia (1).
As in many
caryophyllid families, e.g., Amaranthaceae and Portulacaeae, Nyctaginaceae is a
propensity in many Nyctaginaceae to be tolerant of, or specialists of, gypseous
soils. Outcrops of gypsum (hydrous calcium sulfate) are quite common in arid
North America, especially in the Chihuahuan Desert. These areas have a flora
characterized by gypsophiles, which never occur on other substrates, and
gypsum-tolerant species, which are found on both gypseous and nongypseous
soils. In the U.S.A. and Mexico, Nyctaginaceae are well represented in gypsum
communities. At least 25 species in seven genera are known to occur on gypsum.
Of these, roughly half are known gypsophiles, found only on gypsum soils.
Distinguishing
characters (always present): sepals united to form a tube; inflorescences often
subtended by conspicuous involucre or flowers sometimes subtended by sepal
-like bracts; corolla absent; fruits often surrounded by accrescent perianth
tube, with a single seed (anthocarps); inflorescences terminal or axillary,
variously branched but usually ultimate branches cymose, paniculate or
sometimes capitate pseudanthia; bracts and bracteoles (1-3) present, sometimes
very small and early caducous, calyx-like and subtending a single corolla-like
calyx (Mirabilis) or corolloid and subtending a cluster of flowers (Bougainvillea).
SYSTEMATICS all
subfamilies occur in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
LEUCASTEROIDEAE (4/5) ‣
all genera are South American endemic.
1. Andradea
Allemão.
Tall trees; inflorescense paniculate; flowers petaloid. Only one sp., A.
floribunda Fr. Allemao, endemic to SE Brazil and Bahia state.
2. Leucaster Choisy.
Scandent shrubs, densely covered with stellate hairs on younger parts; flowers
rotate. Only one sp., L. caniflorus Choisy, endemic to SE Brazil.
3. Ramisia
Glaz.
ex Baill. Tree; flowers in short axillary paniculate cymes; flowers petaloid.
Only one sp., R. brasiliensis Oliv., endemic to SE Brazil.
4. Reichenbachia
Spreng. Shrubs or small trees; flowers tomentose,
tubular. Only one sp., R. hirsuta Spreng. from Colombia to Bolivia, Mato
Grosso do Sul state in C Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
2. SUBFAMILY
BOLDOOIDEAE (2/6) ‣ both
genera in South America.
5. Salpianthus
Bonpl. Herb, up to 2 m high, campanulate perianth (2.0-3.5 mm
long) with glandular and uncinated hairs. 5 spp. from Mexico to
Costa Rica, with S. purpurascens (Cav. ex Lag.) Hook. & Arn. up to
Ecuador and Venezuela, also Caribbean.
6. Cryptocarpus
H. B. K. Shrubs; leaves thicksh. Only one sp., C.
pyriformis Kunth, in Galapagos, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, disjunct in
Mexico.
3. SUBFAMILY
NYCTAGINOIDEAE (25/390) ‣ 4
tribes, all in South America.
3.1 NYCTAGINOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE COLIGNONIEAE (1/6) - a single
genus in this tribe.
7. Colignonia
Endl. Subshrubs perennial, tuberous roots; flowers in cymose
umbel-like partial inflorescense. 6 spp. from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
Paraguay and Argentina.
3.2 NYCTAGINOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE BOUGAINVILLEAE
(2/c 20) - outsider Phaeoptilum (1; Namibia,
northern South Africa, Botswana).
8. Belemia Pires.
Climbing shrubs with small potato-like tubers; flowers pink, bisexual. Two
spp., B. fucsioides Pires from Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais states,
and B. cordata Harley & Giul. endemic to Tocantins state, C Brazil.
9. Bougainvillea Comm. ex.
Juss. Coarse climbers up to 25m long, often with superaxillary spines;
inflorescence sorroundedeb by three sessile showy cordate bracts (true epiphylly). 11 spp., 9 from Ecuador to S
Agentina and Paraguay (5 of them up to Brazil), and two endemic to Brazil.
Phylogenetic
reconstructions based on plastid genomes showed that B. pachyphylla and B.
peruviana (Peru, Ecuador) are basal taxa, while B. spinosa
(Argentina, Bolivia, upper Paraguay, Peru) is sister to two distinct clades:
the predominantly cultivated Bougainvillea clade (B. spectabilis, B.
glabra, B. praecox, all form Brazil, the latter up to Argentina, Bolivia
and Paraguay) and the clade containing wild species of Bougainvillea (B.
berberidifolia, B. campanulata, B. infesta, B. modesta, B. stipitata,
Argentina (3), Bolivia (5), Paraguay (3), Brazil (4)). B.
spectabilis Willd. is native to eastern Brazil and widely cultivated
throughout the world for the ornamental effect of its beautiful and colorful
floral bracts.
3.3 NYCTAGINOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE PISONIEAE
(7/c. 200) - outsdiers Ceodes (21, Africa, India to
Australa), Grajalesia (1; Mexico), Neeopsis (1; Guatemala),
Rockia (1, Hawaii).
10. Cephalotomandra
Karst.
& Triana. Shrubs or small trees; flowers yellow. Two
spp., Colombia and Panama one endemic each.
11. Guapira Aubl. (inc. Neea) Trees or shrubs, making
ECM symbioses with fungi, puberulent becoming glabrous; flowers in
terminal inflorescences. 162 spp., from Central to South America and Antilles, 119
in South America, 65 in Brazil, 33 endemic.
12. Pisonia L. Trees or shrubs or climbers, making ECM
symbioses with fungi, with or without spines; flowers in paniculate cymes. 27
spp., pantropical, barely in Africa and Australia, 25 in New World, six in
South America, three in Brazil, none endemic.
13. Pisoniella
(Heimerl) Standl. Shrub
or small tree with mostly regularly forked branches; inflorescence terminal,
many flowered. Two spp., P. arborescens
(Lag. & Rodr.) Standl. in Mexico and P. glabrata
(Heimerl) Standl. from S Bolivia and N Argentina.
3.4 NYCTAGINOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE NYCTAGINEAE (12/240–260)
- outsiders Acleisanthes (16;
Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts in SW U.S.A. and N Mexico, Somalia); Abronia (20–25;
SW U.S.A., N Mexico), Tripterocalyx (4; SW Canada, W
U.S.A.); Cyphomeris (2; New Mexico, Texas, N Mexico), Anulocaulis (5; SW
U.S.A., N Mexico), Nyctaginia (1; New Mexico, Texas, N Mexico), Okenia (1–2;
SE Florida, Mexico, Nicaragua), Cuscatlania (1; El Salvador).
14. Allionia
L. Annual or perennial, prostrate herbs;
flower triad forming a pseudanthium. 19 spp., U.S.A. to Uruguay, mainly in
North America, two in South America, both highly widely distributed from North
America and Mexico up to Southern Coast of western flanks of mainland South
America.
15. Boerhavia
L. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely wood
at base. 60 spp., 30 only Old World, 20 restricted form North and America
Central, one in Hawaii, six endemic to South America, in Peru (3), Argentina
(2) and Chile (1), B. coccinea Mill. and B. erecta L. native
from U.S.A. to Bolivia, sometimes adventive in Brazil, and only native to
Brazil, the widely distributed pantropical B. diffusa L.
Several
authors (Fay 1980; Spellenberg 2001, 2003) have highlighted that at the species
level this is a taxonomically difficult group due to morphological variation.
Especially among annuals of the Sonoran desert and the pantropical B. diffusa Vahl and B. coccinea Mill. complex, apparently
factors such as wide dispersal, hybridization, and autogamy have contributed to
that variation; the genus is in need of a critical revision.
16. Commicarpus
Standl. Subshrubs, leaves often fleshy; flowers in capitula,
umbels or racemes. 38 spp., Africa (except extreme N and S), S Spain,
Burma-China-Malaysia region, and 5 in New World, 3 restricted for Mexico, C.
scandens (L.) Standl. from North America to Peru, Venezuela and Caribbean,
and C. tuberosus (Lam.) Standl. in northern Andes.
17. Mirabilis
L. Annual or perennial herbs. Roots
sometimes tuberous; flowers in dichasias. 53 spp., North America to N South
America (14, Colombia to Argentina and Chile, only three in tropical Andes), M.
himalaica (Edgew.) Heimerl. in Himalaias to E China.
LINEAGE
7: PORTULACIDS
MOLLUGINACEAE
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Genera/species
11/c. 90 Distribution mainly tropical and subtropical regions, with
their highest diversity in southern Africa; some species in warm-temperate
areas. Habit usually bisexual (in Mollugo species dioecious),
usually annual or perennial herbs (sometimes suffrutices). Often somewhat
succulent.
All
are found in dry, open Neotropical environments. Mollugo verticillata L. and Glinus radiatus (Ruiz & Pav.)
Rohrb. are weedy and commonly found in disturbed habitats. Molluginaceae is
more diverse in Africa, and some species of Mollugo
are used as herbs in cooking.
Key
differences from similar families may be confused with Galium
L. and other herbaceous Rubiaceae because of its general habit, but has
superior ovary and free petals (Rubiaceae has inferior ovary and gamopetalous
corolla); it can be confused with Aizoaceae and Portulacaceae, but is less
succulent and has smaller, less colourful flowers than those.
SYSTEMATICS outsiders Trigastrotheca (3;
tropical and subtropical Asia and Australia), Polpoda (2; W
Cape), Adenogramma (10–11; N and W Cape), Psammotropha (11;
tropical and S Africa), Suessenguthiella (1; Namibia, N
and W Cape), Coelanthum (3; S Namibia, N and W Cape), Pharnaceum
(c 28; S Africa).
1. Glinus L.
Much-branched annual herbs, often forming mats. 6 spp., three in Africa, one of
then up to Arabia, another up to Australia; one endemic to Australia; one in SE
Asia; and one in New World, a single weedy, widely distributed species, G. radiatus (Ruiz & Pav.) Rohrb.,
a prostrate semi-succulent herb with purplish leaves and stellate white
flowers.
2.
Hypertelis E.Mey. ex Fenzl. 7 spp., 6
only in Old World, H. umbellata
(Forssk.) Thulin from Eritrea to Limpopo, Arabian Pen., India, N China, SW
& SC U.S.A. to N & W Mexico, Venezuela, Ecuador to Peru.
3. Mollugo L. Annual or perennial herbs, small
shrubs or subshrubs in Brazilan M. ulei
(Pilg.) Thulin, rarely dioecious (also M.
ulei), glabrous or with indumentum of glandular hairs; flowers in
seemingly axillary, sessile or pedunculate, umbel- or raceme-like cymes, or
flowers solitary; bracts small, membranous or partly herbaceous. 13 spp., 12
spp. in New World, 11 endemic in in Cuba (4), Galapagos (4) and Brazil (3), and
M. verticillata L., widely in New and Old World.
4. Paramollugo
Thulin.
9 spp., six from Old World and three in New World, two from Cuba and P.
spathulata (Sw.) Sukhor. from Caribbean to Guyana.
HALOPHYTACEAE
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Genera/species
1/1 Distribution endemic to Argentina. Habit herbs.
SYSTEMATICS a single argentine species.
1. Halophytum
Speg. Annual, glabrous, leaf-succulent monoecious herbs; leaves
sessile, alternate, but occasionally fascicled on short shoots; flowers
unisexual, small, usually with 2 (male flowers) or 2–4 (female flowers) bracts
or bracteoles, female flowers 4–5 together in the axils of upper leaves, male
flowers numerous, densely aggregated in a condensed spike-like inflorescence
from the axils of the upper leaves; sepaloids none; petaloids none in female
flowers, 4 in male flowers, fruit a thin-walled, indehiscent, 1-seeded nutlet
partly. Only one sp., H. ameghinoi Speg., from Argentina (Catamarca,
Chubut, La Rioja, and Mendoza).
MONTIACEAE
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Genera/species 16/275
Distribution cosmopolitan except polar areas (mainly temperate regions
on the Northern Hemisphere), with their largest diversity in western North
America, western and southern South America, southern Australia, Tasmania, New
Zealand, and subantarctic islands; Habit usually bisexual (rarely
unisexual), perennial or annual herbs (rarely suffrutices), often succulent.
Roots sometimes tuberous. Stem frequently absent. Some species are xerophytic.
SYSTEMATIC 16
genera in four main clades, Rumicastrum
Clade (1/66) is endemic to Australia, three
remaining in South America, with 98 spp. in region.
1. TRIBE
CISTANTHEAE (5/74) ‣ outsiders
are Calyptridium (11, Canada,
U.S.A. to Mexico), Thingia (1, U.S.A. to Mexico).
1.
Cistanthe Spach. Herbs or shrubby succulents. 46 spp., two in North America and Mexico, and
44 from Peru, Argentina and Chile, in two
sections:
§ sect. Cistanthe ‣ 12 spp., all but one perennial, primarily in Chile, one
extending into San Juan Province, Argentina, and two endemic to Peru.
§ sect. Rosulatae ‣ 34 annual
and perennial species, mainly Chile, four extending into Argentina, one
primarily in Peru but now collected in Chile, one endemic to Peru, and two in
SW North America.
2. Lenzia Philippi.
Small perennial acaulescent herb, chaemophyte, largely membranous awl-shaped
leaves, scarcely 2-3 cm tall, solitary axillary flowers. Only one sp., L.
chamaepitys Phil., Bolivia, Chile and Argentina at very high altitudes in
fjaeldmark, observed to occur among the highest elevation plant species (4,200
m).
3.
Montiopsis Kuntze. Perennial or annuals. 19 spp. in Chile and bordering
regions of Argentina, often
in high altitudes, in two subgenera:
§ subg. Montiopsis ‣ 16 spp.,
mainly Chile and Argentina, M. cumingii (Hook. & Arn.) D.I.
Ford up to Peru, and M. polycarpoides (Phil.) Peralta up to Bolivia.
§ subg. Dianthoideae ‣ 3 spp.,
Argentina and Chile.
2. TRIBE
MONTIOIDEAE (8/109) ‣
outsiders are Claytonia (33, temperate
Asia, North America), Erocallis (1, Canada to NW U.S.A.), Hectorella
(1, New Zealand), Lyallia (1,
Kerguelan), Lewisia (16, Yuko to N Mexico),
Lewisiopsis (1, Canada to NW U.S.A.), Rumicastrum (66, New Guinea
to Australia).
4.
Calandrinia H.B.K. Herbs to subshrubs, sometimes cushions. 36 spp., 3 only in North America to
Mexico, two from North to South America, and 31 only in South America,
from Venezuela to Chile and Argentina, more than 3,000 m high in tropical Andes.
5. Montia L. Annual
herbs, prostrate or decumbent, rooting at the nodes, often sub-aquatic. 20 spp. from North America, mainly western, some up to E
Siberia, 1 in Australia and New Zealand, and 3 in South America. Three
sections:
§ sect. Australiensis
‣ 10 spp., 8 in Australia/New Zealand and two in
NW North America and SW Canada.
§ sect. Montia
‣ 6 spp., evidently
originally of W North America, including the widespread M. fontana L. in
Europe east to Siberia, south to the Middle East and North and E Africa, also
in Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, northern and western
North America and western South America up to Uruguay (possibly introduced); it occurs more or less
throughout Europe from the Iberian Peninsula north to Iceland, east through
Scandinavia to North European Russia and south to Mediterranean, the Ukraine
and the Balkans. Includes also the other two South American species, M.
biapiculata Lourteig endemic to Colombia and M. meridensis Friedrich
in high
mountains in Colombia and Venezuela.
§ sect. Montiastrum
‣ 4 spp., NW North America and NE Asia,
including the adventive M. linearis (Douglas)Greene.
3. TRIBE
PHEMERANTHEAE (2/26) ‣ two
genera, both in South America.
6. Phemeranthus (Raf) DC.
Herbs sometimes with tuberous roots; leaves mostly basal on a branched caudex,
usually linear. 25 spp., mainly restricted of NW, SW U.S.A. (10 endemic) and
Mexico (5 endemic, up to Oaxaca), including also six in both countries
simultaneously, and P. punae (R.E. Fr.) Eggli & Nyffeler in N
Argentina and S Bolivia.
7. Schreiteria Carolin.
Perennial herb with tuberous roots; flowers in cymes. Only one sp., S. macrocarpa (Speg.)
Carolin, endemic to Tucuman province in N Argentina; the placement of the
monotypic Schreiteria in Montiaceae is preliminary; this enigmatic genus
has not been found again in the past 80 years or so, and was not available for
analysis.
BASELLACEAE
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Genera/species
4/19 Distribution tropical and subtropical regions of America (most
species) and Africa, Madagascar; introduced into South Asia, New Guinea and
islands of the Pacific. Habit usually bisexual (rarely monoecious; some functionally unisexual),
winding or climbing perennial herbs or lianas, slightly to distinctly fleshy.
Stem bases and rhizome usually swollen and tuberous; roots sometimes tuberous. Perenial, sub-fleshy to succulent, herbaceous or occasionaly
suffruticose vines, or sometimes erect plants. Small flowers with 2 petaloid
sepals and 5 petals, subtended by 2 opposite bracteoles.
Ullucus
tuberosus Caldas is an important high Andean food crop, and Basella alba L. is cultivated
for its edible leaves. A few Anredera
species are grown as ornamentals, also outside their native distributions. The
homologies of the (1) bracteoles, (2) sepals, and (3) petals have been much
debated without being definitely settled. Three of the
four genera are endemic to New world. All species of Anredera, Tournonia, and Ullucus are native, and all
except a few widely distributed Anredera
species are endemic; the Basella
species (all 5 in Africa) found in the Neotropics is cultivated and
naturalised. Most species are found in open, dry habitats.
Key to genera of Neotropical Basellaceae
1. Leaf margin dentate by glands; inflorescence
a dichasium ------------ Tournonia
1. Leaf margin entire; inflorescence a raceme,
spike, or panicle - 2
2. Petals caudate at apex; anthers basifixed,
dehiscent by short apical slits ------------ Ullucus
2. Petals obtuse at apex; anthers dorsifixed,
dehischent by longitudinal slits ------------ Anredera
SYSTEMATICS outsider Basella (5, tropical
E and SE Africa, Madagascar, tropical Asia from India to New Guinea, possibly
introduced in tropical America and on oceanic islands).
1. Anredera Juss. Twining or scandent succulent twining vines, producing new
shoots to tickend stem base or tubers. 12 spp., 8 from Colombia to Argentina
(one up to Mexico), three widely in South America, all in Brazil (A.
cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis, A. marginata (Kunth) Sperling and A.
tucumanensis (Lillo & Hauman) Sperling) and A. vesicaria (Lam.)
C.F.Gaertn. from Texas to Venezuela, Florida to Caribbean.
2. Tournonia Moq.
Scandent succulent twining vines, producing new shoots to tickend stem base.
Only one sp., T. hookeriana Moq., known paramo and semi-dry scrub to
more humid forest at high altitudes from W Colombia
to N Ecuador.
3. Ullucus
Caldas. Erect or trailing succulent herbs, producing new shoots to
tubers, edible by natives. Only one sp. with two subsp., U. tuberosus subsp. aborigineus (Brücher) Sprerling from high
altitudes in Peru, Bolivia and N Argentina, and U. tuberosus subsp. tuberosus (Brücher) Sprerling cultivated from
Venezuela to Chile.
TALINACEAE
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Genera/species 2/28 Distribution
Africa, Madagascar, North and South America, with their largest diversity in
southern North America. Habit bisexual, usually small shrubs (sometimes
perennial herbs, suffrutices or small trees, sometimes lianoid) with somewhat
succulent leaves. Subterraneous organs often tuberous. Aerial parts often
ephemeral.
SYSTEMATICS two genera, both in South America.
1. Amphipetalum
Bacigalupo. Xerophytic scrub with a tuberous
root, up to 40 cm tall. Only one sp., A. paraguayense Bacigalupo,
endemic to SE Bolivia and Paraguay.
2. Talinum
Adans. Shrublets with annual branches from a perennial
base, usually tuberous; leaves basally in a rosette or
semirosette; inflorescence normally a compact terminal panicle composed of
branched lateral cymes, less commonly of terminal branched cymes or, rarely, of
solitary axillary flowers; flowers opening during the day or during the night,
small or large (0.5 – 2.2 cm diam.). 27 spp., 16 restricted of S
Africa, T. portulacifolium lium (Forsk.) Aschers. ex Schweinf
occur in Africa to India, and 10 in New World, two from Bolivia to Paraguay,
four only from U.S.A. and Mexico, one in Hispaniola, T. polygaloides
Gillies ex Arn. from SC U.S.A. to N. Mexico , disjunct in Peru to W. Argentina,
and widely in New World, both in Brazil: T. fruticosum (L.) Juss. and T.
paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn.
T. polygaloides Gillies ex Arn.,
from Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia and Chile, is anomalous having woody stems c.
40 cm high with only the leaves succulent; additionally its flowers are much
larger than in other species and the seeds have a different ornamentation; although
it is very different from the other Bolivian species, molecular studies support
its retention in Talinum.
PORTULACACEAE
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Genera/species
1/152. Distribution cosmopolitan. Habit bisexual,
perennial or annual herbs (in Portulaca suffrutescens Engelm. somewhat
lignified at stem base). Roots often tuberous. Usually leaf succulents. Use
Ornamental plants, vegetables, medicinal plants. Only one
genus.
SYSTEMATICS a single genus.
1. Portulaca L. Usually succulent herbs mostly with tuberous roots. 152
spp., cosmopolitan, with two subgenera, one endemic to Australia, the other
cosmopolitan. 76 in New World, 56 in South America, 23 in Brazil, 9 endemic. P.
hirsutissima Cambess. and P. confertifolia
Hauman (Argentina) has hairs in leaf limb, unique
with this feature in New World Portulacaceae, like some African
species; P.
cryptopetala Speg. (Bolivia to Uruguay) is only
species of genus with C3 – C4 photosyntesis. P.
hatschbachii Legr from Paraná state is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book.
ANACAMPSEROTACEAE
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Genera/species 3/63 Distribution
southern and southeastern Africa, Somalia, southwestern Arabian Peninsula,
southwestern United States, Mexico, Bolivia, Argentina, with their largest
diversity in South Africa. Habit bisexual, small shrubs or suffrutices
to thick-stemmed perennial herbs. Sometimes with a basal fleshy caudex or
tuberous main-root. Often stem succulents.
SYSTEMATICS outsider Talinopsis
(1, S U.S.A., Mexico).
1. Anacampseros L. 61 spp., 53
in SE and S Africa, two only in NE Africa, one in Australia, A. coahuilensis
(S.Watson) Eggli & Nyffeler in N Mexico and SW U.S.A., A.
vulcanensis Añon, and A. kurtzii Bucigalupo in N Argentina and S
Bolivia.
2. Grahamia Hook. Only
one sp., G. bracteata Hook
& Arn.,
endemic to N and C Argentina.
CACTACEAE
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Genera/species 151/1,886 Distribution
mainly arid and semiarid regions of North and South America (British Columbia
and Alberta southwards to Patagonia). Habit usually bisexual (at least
in Mammillaria dioica K. Brandegee and Selenicereus innesii
Kimnach functionally dioecious), usually perennial herbs (sometimes climbing or
epiphytic; rarely deciduous shrubs or small trees (Pereskia)). Usually
xerophytic. Cactaceae is the second largest group of succulent
species worldwide (after Aizoaceae); almost all
species are stem succulents with elongate and branched or unbranched, or almost
globular pachycaul photosynthesizing stem; some genera with flattened almost
foliaceous stem segments, phylloclades, such as the well-known Christmas cactus
or Thanksgiving cactus (in the genus Schlumbergera). Stem and branch
surfaces usually with areolae – modified axillary short shoots, brachyblasts –
with numerous spines – modified leaves or foliar lobes. Cacti occur in a wide
range of shapes and sizes. The tallest free-standing cactus is Pachycereus
pringlei (S.Watson) Britton & Rose, with a maximum recorded height of
19.2 m (63 ft),(2) and the smallest is Blossfeldia liliputiana Werderm,
only about 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter at maturity.
The word
‘cactus’ derives, through Latin, from the Ancient Greek κάκτος
(kaktos), a name originally used for a spiny plant whose identity is not
certain. Cultivated under glass in temperate regions, naturalised outdoors in
the Paleotropics (in Australia some Opuntia
became weeds), especially Opuntia
ficus-indica Mill. (from Mexico but widely cultivated and
introduced in Mediterranean regions, nowadays part of the culture in Europe); Lophophora
williamsii, commonly known as peyote, is noted for its psychotropic
alkaloids.
Key
differences from similar families rarely present latex
(different from succulent Euphorbiaceae); spines are produced in areoles
(different from other stem succulents like Asclepiadaceae, Euphorbiaceae,
etc.). DNA studies show that Portulacaceae possibly cannot be
separated from Cactaceae because it lacks autoapomorphies; Cactaceae however
presents areoles which are not present as such in Portulacaceae.
SOME DATA One
the most striking features of cacti is their high evels of endemisms at both
generic and species levels. Brazil, Mexico and Peru have the highest levels of
generic endemisms, at 40% and 30% respectively. Astoundingly, however, 78,9% of
all cacti occurring Mexico (536), and 67,34% of Brazilian species (198) are
found within these respective countries and nowhere else in the world. 182 in
North America, 688 in Mexico, 279 in Peru, 254 in Brazil (in 40 genera), 233 in
Bolivia. 1884 spp. in New World. 1027 cacti occur in South America.
SYSTEMATIC all
lineages occur in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
LEUENBERGERIOIDEAE (1/8) ‣ a single genus.
1. Leuenbergeria
Lodé. Small trees and shrubs, may be lianas, with precocious development of the
cork cambium and without stomata in the stems (not xeric features in plants);
yellow flowers in two spp., one in Brazil, another in Colombia/Venezuela; over
all others cactus has cauline stomata. 8 spp., three in Hispaniola, one in
Cuba, 1 from Pacific coastal area from S Mexico to Costa Rica in lowland dry
forest from sea level to 1,000 m, and three in South America: L. aureiflora
(F. Ritter) Lodé in dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga), at
NE Minas Gerais and S Bahia, at elevations of 300–700 m; L. bleo (Kutnh)
Lodé in Panamá and Colombia along rivers and in secondary forests, from sea
level to 500 m; and L. guamacho (F.A.C. Weber) Lodé in
drier regions of Colombia and Venezuela, from sea level to 800 m; possibly also
the Dutch Antilles.
2.
SUBFAMILY PERESKIOIDEAE (2/9)
‣ two genera, both in
South America.
2. Pereskia
Mill. Trees, shrubs or climbers with well developed leaves, flowers without
developed tube, white, orange, pink or red, fruits indehiscent with large
seeds. 4 spp., P. aculeata Mill. from Panama to Brazil and Argentina,
two endemic to Bolivia and one endemic to Peru.
3. Rhodocactus
(A.Berger) F.M.Knuth. 5 spp., two from SW Brazil to Argentina, Paraguay,
Uruguay and Bolivia, and three endemic to E Brazil. R. stenanthus
(F.Ritter) I.Asai & K.Miyata has unique in basal genera due to their urceolate
corolla and larger nectary, indicative of hummingbird
pollination. R. nemorosus (Rojas Acosta) I.Asai & K.Miyata of
Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina, and Uruguay has the largest
flowers in the basal genera.
3.
SUBFAMILY MAIHUENIOIDEAE (1/2) ‣
a single genus.
4. Maihuenia (Philippi ex F. A. C. Weber) Schumann. Low, caespitose shrubs, resembling Opuntia (Maihueniopsis)
spp.; stems succulent, globose or short cylindric; leaves small, terete,
persistent. Two spp., NW Argentina to Terra del Fuego.
4.
SUBFAMILY OPUNTIOIDEAE (17/303)
‣
three tribes, all in South America.
4.1 OPUNTIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE OPUNTIEAE
(7/171)
- outsider Consolea
(7, Florida Keys, Caribbean).
5. Airampoa
Fric.
Clump-form shrubs (cushions) with
determinate cylindrical or flattened stems. 4 spp.,
Peru to NW Argentina.
6. Brasiliopuntia
(K.Schum.) A.Berger. Tree-like; bee-pollinated, bowl-shaped flowers with
yellow or greenish-yellow petals, quite unlike the hummingbird-pollinated
flowers of Nopalea and Tacinga. Only one sp., B. brasiliensis
(Willd.) A.Berger, Brazil to E Peru and N Argentina.
7. Miqueliopuntia
Fric.
ex F.Ritter. Clump-form shrubs with determinate cylindrical stems. Only one
sp., M.
miquelii
(Monv.) F. Ritter, endemic to N Chile.
8. Opuntia
Mill. Shrubs to tree-like plants
with reduced, sometimes cushions, scale-like
leaves and flattened pads with glochids and serrate
spines, flower with well defined green pericarpel. 145 spp.,
from Canada to Argentina, 25 in South America, six in Brazil, none endemic; the
divergent O. schickendantzii F.A.C.Weber occurs in Argentina in
Catamarca, Jujuy, Salta, and Tucumán provinces, Paraguay and in Cochabamba in
Bolivia; it occurs at elevations 1,000 – 2,000 m, and maybe
a distinct genus.
Eight major clades have been recovered within Opuntia s.
str., and the South American species are mainly nested in two of these clades: Macbridei
(northern part of South America, from central Peru to central Colombia) and Elatae
(southern South American lineages occupying mainly the Pampa and the Chaco
regions, as well as the Galapagos Islands). Opuntia leoglossa Font &
M.Köhler is known only invasive populations in Australia and Spain.
9. Salmonopuntia
Fric.
Two spp., Bolivia and Paraguay to N Argentina.
10. Tacinga
Britton & Rose. Prickly-pear cacti, stems alender cylindric,
scrambling, cane-like; some of its species have a unique growth form among the
prickly pears, that of a vine that scrambles over other plants for support. 11
spp., one endemic to NE Venezuela in Lara and Sucre states, and 10 restricted
for NE Brazil, one of them, from Minas Gerais state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book; it is only opuntioid genus
found in the semiarid regions of the E corner of Brazil.
4.2 OPUNTIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE TEPHROCACTEAE
(6/62) - all genera in
South America.
11. Austrocylindropuntia Backeberg. Low plants, sometimes cushions.
7
spp. from C Colombia to NW Argentina, in montane dry environments
12. Cumulopuntia Rotter. Low plants, sometimes
cushions. 14 spp.,
Andes of Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina.
13. Maihueniopsis Spegazzini. Compact cushions,
with small ovate to obconic cladodes and areoles evenly distributed upon the
cladode. 20 spp. from Argentina and Chile, three up to S Bolivia.
14. Pterocactus Schumann. Dwarf, almost geophytic
shrubs; rootstock usually large, tuberous; stems segments globose, cylindric or
clavate. 10 spp., S Chile (1) to
W & S Argentina.
15. Punotia R. Kiesling. Cushion. Only one sp., P. lagopus (K.Schumann)
D.R.Hunt, from Peru and Bolivia.
16. Tephrocactus Lemaire. 10 spp. from Argentina, two up to Bolivia and one up to
Chile.
4.3 OPUNTIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CYLINDROPUNTIEAE
(4/70) - outsiders Pereskiopsis
(7, Mexico to Honduras), Grusonia (21, SW U.S.A., NW Mexico).
17. Cylindropuntia Rotter. 41 spp., Mexico to America Central,
Caribbean, U.S.A., one up to South America, C. caribaea (Britton &
Rose) F.M.Knuth also in Venezuela and Colombia.
18. Quiabentia
Britton & Rose. Shrub or tree-like; stems often verticillate, cylindric
terete; leaves flat, fleshy. Two spp., the tree Q. verticillata (Vaupel)
Vaupel ex Berger in W Paraguay and nearby portions of Bolivia and Argentina,
and the shrubby, Pereskiopsis-like Q. zehntneri (Britton &
Rose) Britton & Rose endemic to S Bahia and N Minas Gerais, near São
Francisco River, Brazil.
5.
SUBFAMILY CACTOIDEAE (130/1,564) - 7 lineages, all in South America.
CACTOIDEAE ▸
UNPLACED CACTOIDEAE (lack informations)
19. Cremnocereus
M. Lowry, M. Winberg & J. Gutierrez. Shrub with stems
branching from near the base; stems cylindrical, a few metres long with ribs
bearing areoles several millimetres apart; flowers borne close to the stem
apex, tubular, erect; tepals flesh coloured or white. Only one sp., C.
albipilosus M. Lowry & Winberg, endemic to dry forests of Bolivia
5.1
CACTOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE
BLOSSFELDIEAE (1/1) - a single genus.
20. Blossfeldia Wedermann. Tinly, button-like, only about 10-12 mm in
diameter at maturity, the smallest of all cacti;
stem simple or caespitose, not ribbed or tuberculate, poikilohydric;
spine absent. Only one sp., B. liliputana Werderm., from the
eastern Andes in W Bolivia and NW Argentina; is the one from two dissecation tolerant species dicots in New
World, joined Clinopodium giliesii (Benth.)
Kuntze (Lamiaceae).
5.2 CACTOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CACTEAE
(26/399)
- outsiders Acharagma (3, NE Mexico), Ariocarpus (7, S Texas and N Mexico), Astrophytum (6, S Texas and N Mexico), Aztekium (2, NE
Mexico), Chichimecactus
(1, NE Mexico), Cochemiea (39, SW & SC U.S.A. to Mexico), Coryphantha (42, SW & SC U.S.A. to Mexico), Cumarinia (1, Mexico), Echinocactus (5, SW & C U.S.A. to Mexico), Epithelantha (10, Arizona to Texas and NE Mexico), Ferocactus (30, SW & SC U.S.A. to Mexico), Geohintonia (1, NE Mexico), Kadenicarpus (3, E Mexico), Kroenleinia (1, NE Mexico), Leuchtenbergia (1, NE Mexico), Lophophora (4, Texas to N & W Mexico), Obregonia (1, NE Mexico), Pediocactus (9, NW & WC U.S.A.), Pelecyphora (21, S Canada to Mexico, Cuba), Rapicactus (5, Mexico), Sclerocactus (23, S U.S.A. to N Mexico), Stenocactus (9, Mexico), Strombocactus (1, NE Mexico), Thelocactus (13, Texas, Mexico), Turbinicarpus (14, NC Mexico). North America, with their
highest diversity in the Chihuahuan desert in Texas and northern Mexico, one reaching into Cuba and one reaching into
South America.
21. Mammillaria Haworth. Small globose to cylindric, with
tubercles and two different types of areoles, latex sometimes present, small
flowers appearing in rings around the stem. 147 spp., SW
U.S.A., Caribbean, and Mexico, two up to N Colombia and coast of Venezuela.
5.3 CACTOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE LYMANBENSONIEAE
(3/44) - all
genera confined to South America.
22. Calymmanthium Ritter. Shrubby or arborescent; stems segmented, 3-4
winged, spiny, especially the old stems. Only one sp., C. substerile
F.Ritter, from Cajamarca in N Peru.
23. Copiapoa Britton & Rose. Low growing or mound-forming, very
small or to 1 m, sometimes cushions; rootstock fibrous or with greatly enlarged
taperoot. 38 spp., coastal deserts in N Chile.
24. Lymanbensonia Kimnach. Terrestrial or epiphytic, epiphytic
habit obligatory or facultative; plants usually erect at first, then spreading,
pendent; flowers usually solitary, rarely 2 per areole, lateral,
actinomorphic, 1.2 to 3 cm long, narrowly tubular bell-shaped, tepals not fully
expanding, spreading at apices perianth intensely coloured (red, pink, orange,
magenta) or white. 5 spp., from S
Ecuador (Loja) to central and S Peru (Amazonas, Junín, Puno) and the eastern
Andes of Bolivia (La Paz; Cochabamba, Santa Cruz).
5.4 CACTOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE
PHYLLOCACTEAE (38/330) - 10 lineages,
all in South America except Pachycereae.
∎ FRAILEA
CLADE (1/19) ‣ a single genus.
25. Frailea
Britton & Rose. Low growing, caespitose or unbranched; stems sometimes
tuberculous (i.e., without ribs), flowers yellow, diurnal. 19 spp., endemic in
Brazil (6, highly centered in Rio Grande do Sul state, two of them rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), Paraguay (2), Bolivia (3), 7 in
Brazil up to adjacent Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina, and F.
pumila (Lem.) Britton & Rose from Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and
Argentina, disjunct in Colombia.
F. castanea Backeberg,
resembling a miniature Euphorbia obesa Hook.f. or Astrophytum
asterias (Zucc.) Lem., with its body flat with the ground, and having many
low ribs with strings of areoles bearing very short black spines; the species
grows in areas of shallow reddish soil with rock outcrops of iron-rich
sandstone. F. pygmaea (Spegazzini) Britton & Rose, as the name
implies (pygmaeus meaning dwarf), this is perhaps the smallest of all Frailea
species, some forms having heads no wider than one or two centimetres; it is
also quite widely distributed, growing in S Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina.
∎ AUSTROCACTUS
+ EULYCHNIA CLADE (2/19) ‣ both genera
in South America.
26. Austrocactus Britton
& Rose. 10 spp.,
Chile and S Argentina.
27. Eulychnia
Phil.
9 spp. coastal deserts in Peru to N Chile.
∎ PFEIFFERA
CLADE (1/6) ‣ a single genus.
28. Pfeiffera
Salm-Dyck. Epiphytic, rarely epilithic or terrestrial; epiphytic
habit mostly obligatory; flowers usually solitary, rarely 2 per areole,
lateral, sometimes subterminal, actinomorphic, funnel-shaped or
broad-campanulate, mostly 1 – 2 cm in diameter. 6 spp. from Bolivia (La Paz,
Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca and Tarija) to N Argentina (Jujuy, Salta,
and Tucumán).
∎ CORRYOCACTUS
CLADE (1/15) ‣ a single genus.
29. Corryocactus Britton & Rose. 15 spp., S Peru up to N Chile and Bolivia.
∎ ARMATOCEREUS
CLADE (4/28) ‣ outsider Leptocereus (19, Cuba,
Hispaniola, Puerto Rico).
30. Armatocereus Backeb.
7 spp.
from Ecuador and Peru.
31. Brachycereus Britton & Rose.
Shrub; lava cactus. Only one sp., B. nesioticus (K. Schum.) Backeb., endemic to Galapagos, Ecuador.
32. Jasminocereus Britton & Rose.
Tree. Only one sp., J.
thouarsii (F.A.C. Weber) Backeb, endemic to Galapagos, Ecuador.
∎ STROPHACACTUS
+ NEORAIMONDIA CLADE (2/4) ‣ both genera
in South America.
33. Neoraimondia Britton & Rose. Two
spp., one in Peru, another in Bolivia.
34. Strophocactus
Britton & Rose. Weakly scandent, terrestrial
prostrate; flowers funnelform, nocturnal, white. Three spp., S. brasiliensis
(Britton & Rose) S. Arias & N. Korotkova restricted from dry areas in
Bahia and Minas Gerais states in E Brazil, S. kramii Ostolaza from Peru,
and the very odd S. wittii (K. Schum.) Britton & Rose, from Amazon
rainforest in high waterline of black water rivers; this
species is a water-dispersed seed, a feature unique in Cactaceae.
∎ ACANTOCEREUS
CLADE (2/25) ‣
outsider Peniocereus (8, Arizona to Texas and Mexico).
35. Acanthocereus (A. Berger) Britton & Rose. 17 spp., inc.
Florida, S Mexico, America Central Caribbean, and A.
tetragonus (L.) Hummelinck up to coastal Venezuela and Colombia.
∎ SUBTRIBE
HYLOCEREINAE (8/77) ‣ outsiders Aporocactus (2, Mexico), Deamia (4, Mexico
to Nicaragua), Disocactus (18, Mexico to Panama).
36. Epiphyllum
Haw. Mostly epiphytic, some lithophytic, leaf-like;
flowers similar to Hylocereus and Selenicereus, large white. 10
spp. from Mexico and America Central, 4 reaching to South America up to NE
Argentina, only the widely E. phyllanthus
(L.) Haw. in Brazil.
37. Kimnachia
S. Arias & N. Korotkova. (off Pseudorhipsalis)
Shrubby with pendent stems, differentiated into primary and
secondary stems (dimorphic), lacking spines; flowers actinomorphic, 1–2 per
areole, 7–12 mm long and for up to 15 mm in diameter, green to reddish brown,
perianth whitish/yellowish; fruit globose to ovoid, 4-8 mm in diameter,
whitish, pulp whitish. Only one sp., K. ramulosa (Salm-Dyck)
S. Arias & N. Korotkova, Mexico to Bolivia, N Brazil and Venezuela.
38. Pseudorhipsalis Britton & Rose. (exc. Kimnachia) Epiphytic; stems leaf-like, spineless; flowers
small, diurnal, white or yellow. 5 spp., four in America Central (two up to N
South America to Peru and Guianas, P. amazonica (K. Schum.) Ralf Bauer
up to Amazonas, Roraima and Pará states in N Brazil), one only in Caribbean.
39. Selenicereus (A. Berger) Britton & Rose. Scandent,
epilithic or epiphytic shrubs; large flowers, nocturnal; stems often 5 m or
more, often producing aerial roots. 30 spp., S
Mexico, America Central, N South America: 6 spp., 5 from Venezuela to Peru, and
S. setaceus (Salm-Dyck) A. Berger ex Werderm. from Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay.
40. Weberocereus Britton
& Rose.
Night-blooming, epiphytic or lithophytic, climbing or sprawling shrubs. 8 spp.,
7 in America Central, and W. rosei (Kimnach) Buxb. endemic to Ecuador.
∎ SUBTRIBE PACHYCEREINAE (9/28) ‣
absent in South America: Bergerocactus (1, California and Baja
California), Carnegiea (1, SW U.S.A. to N Mexico), Cephalocereus
(13, E and S Mexico), Lemairecereus (2, Mexico to Honduras), Lophocereus
(3, U.S.A. to Mexico), Marshallocereus (1, Mexico to Nicaragua), Nyctocereus
(1, Mexico), Pachycereus (5, Mexico), Pterocereus (1, S Mexico).
∎ SUBTRIBE
ECHINOCEREINAE (8/109) ‣ outsiders
Echinocereus (78, W & C U.S.A. to Mexico), Escontria (1, S Mexico),
Isolatocereus (1, C Mexico), Mitrocereus (1, SW Mexico), Morangaya
(1, NW Mexico), Myrtillocactus (4, Mexico to Guatemala), Polaskia
(2, S Mexico).
41. Stenocereus Riccobono. 21
spp., S U.S.A., Mexico, Central and N South America (2, in Colombia and Venezuela),
Caribbean.
5.5. CACTOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE RHIPSALIDEAE
(5/64) - all genera in South
America.
42. Hatiora
Britton & Rose. Epiphytic or epilitic shrubs; stems cyllindric, angled,
winged or flat, segmented. Three spp., both endemic to SE Brazil.
43. Lepismium
Pfeiff. Epiphytic or epilitic shrubs, creeping or pendulous; stems
cylindric, ribbed, angled, winged or flat; small flowers. 7 spp., E
Bolivia and NE Argentina extending to E Brazil (6, 2 endemic).
44. Rhipsalidopsis
Britton & Rose. Two spp., both endemic to S Brazil.
45. Rhipsalis
Gaertn. Epiphytic, rarely epilitic shrubs, often pendulous. Stems cylindric,
ribbed, angled, winged or flat, usually segmented and spineless, with small
white flowers and fleshy fruits. 45 spp. from South
American, two up to Caribbean, America Central and Mexico, with R. baccifera
(J.M.Muell.) Stearn in S Africa, Madagascar and
Sri Lanka, 38 in Brazil (34
endemic; two of them, from Espírito Santo and Rio Grande do Sul states, are
rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), with outliers endemic
in Ecuador (1), Peru (2) and Bolivia (1); four extra-Brazilian many widely.
Three subgenera.
§ subg. Calamorhipsalis ‣ 8 spp., all endemic to Brazil exc. R.
floccosa Salm-Dyck ex Pfeiff., widely in South America.
§ subg. Erythrorhipsalis ‣ 9 spp., all endemic to Brazil exc.
R. cereuscula Haw. up to
Argentina, Bolivia, Parguay and
Uruguay.
§ subg. Rhipsalis ‣ 28 spp., Florida to Uruguay in tropical America to Africa, 23 in Brazil (19 endemic) and 5 widely from Costa Rica to Suriname and
Bolivia.
46. Schlumbergera
Lem. Epiphytic or epilitic shrubs, stems segmented, in some spp. opuntioids;
flowers scarcely to strongly zygomorphic, white, red, pink, or purplish; fruit
baccate, globose to obconic, ribbed or terete, the perianth deciduous. 7
spp. found in the coastal mountains of SE & S Brazil, one of them, from Espírito Santo state, is a rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
5.6. CACTOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE NOTOCACTEAE
(4/131) - all
genera in South America.
47. Eriosyce Philippi. Stems usually unbranched, globose to
short-cylindric, ribbed; ribs usually divided into prominent tubercles. 57 spp. from
Chile and N Argentina, five up or endemic to dry coasts of SW Peru.
48. Neowerdermannia Backeberg. Low growing, with stout taproot; stem simple,
globose to depressed. Two spp., Peru, S Bolivia, N Chile
and N Argentina.
49. Parodia Spegazzini. Small, globose to cylindric, ribbed or
tuberculate cactis, low growing, simple or clustering; flowers diurnal yellow
to red or pink, short tube. 71 spp. from E South America, in S Brazil
(36, 19 endemic, 6 are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s
book, one in Paraná and remaining in Rio Grande do Sul state), Uruguay, NE
Argentina and S Paraguay, and E Andes from Bolivia and NW Argentina; one record
of P. erinacea (Haw.) N.P. Taylor in Colombia, dubious.
50. Yavia R.Kiesling & Piltz. Only one sp., Y. cryptocarpa R. Kiesling &
Piltz,
Bolivia and NW Argentina.
5.7. CACTOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CEREAE
(52/594) - six lineages, all in South America. All genera exclusive
from South America except Cereus,
Melocactus, Pilosocereus,
Serratulocereus and Harrisia.
∎ UEBELMANNIA
CLADE (1/3) ‣ a single genus.
51. Uebelmannia
Buining. Unbranched, stems usually small, globose to cylindric;
flowers small, diurnal, yellow. Three spp., all rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras
do Brasil’s book,
endemic to mountains of NE Minas Gerais state.
∎ AYLOSTERA
CLADE (1/26) ‣ a single genus.
52. Aylostera
Speg. Small globullar cacti, flowers showy. 26
spp., Bolivia to NW Argentina.
∎ GYMNOCALYCIUM
CLADE (1/67) ‣ a single genus.
53. Gymnocalycium
Pfeiff. ex Mittler. Low growing, globular cacti, mostly
unbranched, stems often strongly depressed, or globose to short cylindric, sometimes
cushions. 67 spp., S Brazil (6, G.
horstii Buining endemic), Paraguay, Bolivia (8), Uruguay and Argentina
(41).
∎ SUBTRIBE
REBUTIINAE (5/50) ‣ all genera
in South America.
54. Browningia Cardenas. 11 spp., C Colombia to Peru.
55.
Castellanosia Cárdenas. Only one sp., C.
caineana Cárdenas. restricted from Bolivia and Paraguay.
56. Lasiocereus F.
Ritter. Two
spp., endemic to Peru.
57. Rebutia
Pfeiff. ex Mittler. Low growing, stems simple or more often freely
clustered, small, globose to shortly cylindric. Three
spp., NW Argentina, one up to S Bolivia.
58. Weingartia
Werderm. 33 spp., Bolivia to NW Argentina.
∎ SUBTRIBE
CEREINAE (16/203) ‣ all genera
in South America and exclusives except Cereus,
Melocactus and Pilosocereus.
59. Arrojadoa
Britton & Rose. Low shrubs, few branched; stems cylindric or
slender-cylindric, sometimes segmented; one sp. with true stem-tuber. 11
spp., NE Brazil, six are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s
book, all in Minas Gerais or Bahia states; at maturity, stems produce terminal
cephalia blanketed in white wool and brown to reddish bristles.
60. Brasilicereus
Backeb. Shrubs, stems cylindric, rather woody. Three spp. from Minas
Gerais and Bahia states in E Brazil, B. markgrafii Backeb. & Voll a
rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, from Minas Gerais
state.
61. Cereus
Mill. Tree-like or shrub, usually much branched; stems erect or ascending;
sweet potato cactus; naked large nocturnal flowers and fruits dehiscent by
longitudinal slits. 29 spp., endemic in Brazil (11, one, from Fernando de
Noronha Is., is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book),
Venezuela (1), Paraguay (1), Bolivia (1), Peru (1), remaining widely, in
Caribbean and northern South America in Colombia and Venezuela (4), highlands
and plains from Peru to Uruguay and Argentina absent in Brazil (4), Bolivia
to Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (4, all in Brazil), and Venezuela to NE
Brazil (1).
C. jamacaru DC. is the one of
the largest tree-cacti at up to 18 m (59 ft) in height, 10 m (33 ft) crown
spread and up to 102 cm (40 in) trunk thickness; It can bear spines up to 19 cm
long; by reason of its succulence, these may be the most massive (heaviest) of all tree flowers.
62. Cipocereus
F.Ritter. Shrubs, stems cylindric, rather woody; spines absent to
numerous; fruits in some species intensely blue-waxy.
6
spp., endemic to Minas Gerais state, E Brazil, all are rare plants in Brazil,
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
63. Coleocephalocereus
Backeb. Branching from the base or unbranched; stems
elongate-globose to cylindrical or columnar; flowers in cephalium. 7 spp., E
& SE Brazil, mainly in open areas, one of them a rare plant in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, in Minas Gerais state.
64. Discocactus
Pfeiff. Low growing, stem mostly simple, depressed-globose to globose;
cephalium terminal, depressed; flowers small, white, and nocturnal. 15 spp., 12
endemic to Brazil, two from Brazil to Bolivia and Paraguay, and one endemic to
Bolivia; two endemic species from Minas Gerais state are rare plants in Brazil,
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
65. Espostoopsis
Buxb. Shrubby, mainly branching near the base; stems cylindric;
stems plenity cobered of white hairs. Only one sp., E. dybowskii
(Rol.-Goss.) Buxb., endemic to Bahia state in E Brazil.
66. Facheiroa
Britton & Rose. Shrubs or tree-like; stems cylindric;
nocturnal flowers inside a lateral cephalium. 4 spp. endemic to NE Brazil,
Bahia, Piauí and Pernambuco states, with one is a rare plant in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, endemic to Bahia.
67. Lagenosocereus
Doweld. Tree-like, sparsely branched to unbranched; stems
cylindric to ovoid; flowers in ring-like cephalia. Only one sp., L.
luetzelburgii (Vaupel) Doweld, Bahia and Minas Gerais states in Brazil.
68. Leocereus
Britton & Rose. Few-branched; rootstock woody; stems slender,
erect, ribbed; flowers tubular, nocturnal. Only one variable sp., L.
bahiensis Britton & Rose, endemic to E Brazil.
69. Melocactus
Link & Otto. Unbranched (unless damaged); stem depressed to
globosse-columnar, rarely more than 1 meter; with cephalium and small diurnal
red, pink or magenta flowers, fruits white to deep red. 49 spp., Caribbean
(18), Colombia to Venezuela (1), Venezuela (2, endemic), Ecuador to Peru (2), N
Brazil to Venezuela and Guyana (3, all in Brazil, Roraima state), E & NE
Brazil (22), and M. curvispinus Pfeiff. widely from S Mexico to
Venezuela and Caribbean. 25 spp. in Brazil, 23 endemic; rocky fields,
semideciduous and deciduous forest, vegetation on sandy soil and coastal dunes
and vegetation on rocky outcrops.
70. Micranthocereus
Backeb. Shrubby to tall columnar, unbranched or branched, from the
base; stems cylindrical; flowers from the cephalium. 10 spp., endemic to
Tocantins, Bahia, Minas Gerais and Goiás states in C Brazil, 5 of them (from
Bahia and Minas Gerais) are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s
book.3
71. Pilosocereus
Byles & G.D.Rowley. Tree-like or shrubby, more or less branched from the
base or thunk, globose to cylindric, to 10 m; fruit fig-like, flowers
diurnal yellow to red or pink, short tube. 57 spp., one with unknown range and
56 defined, in Mexico to Panama (7), W Colombia to N Peru (1), exclusive
Caribbean (9), Caribbean to Florida (2), Caribbean to Venezuela (1), exclusive
Venezuela (2), W, C, E & NE Brazil (33, six are rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, all in Minas Gerais or Bahia states) and Brazil
to adjacent Guyana, Venezuela and Paraguay (2).
72. Praecereus
Buxb. Cereus-like. Two spp., P. euchlorus (F.A.C. Weber ex K.
Schum.) N.P. Taylor from Venezuela and Colombia up to Argentina, Paraguay and
Brazil, and P. saxicola (Morong) N.P. Taylor from Brazil to Bolivia.
73. Stetsonia
Britton & Rose. Tree-like, 5-10 m; stems cylindric, ribbed, spiny; flowers
large, nocturnal. Only one sp., S. coryne (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose, from
Paraguay, S Bolivia, NW Argentina, and Mato Grosso do Sul state in C Brazil.
74. Xiquexique
Lavor,
Calvente & Versieux. Tree-like to shrubby cacti, main stem upright, mature
branches arched, running more or less parallel to the ground, apices ascending,
new axes arising subapically (branching candelabriform); ribs 4-15. Three spp.
from NE Brazil, along the entire NE region and in the central-north portion of
Minas Gerais state.
∎
SUBTRIBE TRICHOCEREINAE (28/245) ‣ a monophyletic
Echinopsis would need to include Acanthocalycium Backeb., Arthrocereus
A.Berger, Cephalocleistocactus F.Ritter, Cleistocactus Lem.
(including Borzicactus Riccob.), Denmoza Britton
& Rose, Espostoa Britton & Rose (including Vatricania Backeb.),
Haageocereus Backeb., Harrisia Britton, Matucana Britton & Rose, Mila Britton & Rose, Oreocereus
(A.Berger) Riccob., Oroya Britton & Rose, Pygmaeocereus H.Johnson
& Backeb., Rauhocereus Backeb., Samaipaticereus Cárdenas, Weberbauerocereus
Backeb., and Yungasocereus F.Ritter, all of which are part of a
well-supported clade (100% bootstrap support) interspersed with species of Echinopsis.
Species previously assigned to Lobivia, i.e., species with diurnal
flowers, Trichocereus, i.e., columnar species, or Echinopsis s.str.,
i.e., globular species with funnel-shaped flowers of nocturnal anthesis, do not
form clades.
Adopted here
with 4 clades and a isolate genus. All genera exclusive to South America except
Harrisia and Serrulatocereus, known from Caribbean and Florida.
ISOLATE
GENUS (1/4)
75. Arthrocereus
A.Berger. Shrubs; stems cylindric; showy nocturnal white or pinkish flowers,
mainly open areas in rocky places. 4 spp., 3 from Minas Gerais and São Paulo,
one from Mato Grosso states, all in Brazil, two of them are rare plants in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, both in Minas Gerais state.
CLADE I
(5/39)
76. Cleistocactus
Lemaire. Shrubby or rarely tree like, variously habit, color
flower and corolla format. 27 spp. from Colombia to N Argentina, Bolivia,
Paraguay and Uruguay, two in Brazil, reported from Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso
do Sul states in W Center Brazil.
77. Samaipaticereus Cárdenas.
Only one sp., S. corroanus Cárdenas, from Bolivia to Peru.
78. Vatricania
Backeb. Only one sp., V. guentheri (Kupper) Backeb.,
endemic to Bolivia.
79. Weberbauerocereus Backeb.
9
spp., 8 in Peru and one endemic to Bolivia.
80.
Yungasocereus F.Ritter. Only one spp.,
Y. inquisivensis (Cárdenas) F.Ritter ex D.R.Hunt, endemic to Bolivia.
CLADE II
(11/79)
81. Borzicactus
Riccob. Erect, crawling or decumbent plants, with more or less
sturdy, cylindrical, long stems, ribs rounded, more or less thick around
the areoles, sometimes with chins; spines relatively short and often numerous,
aciculate. 10 spp., Colombia to Peru.
82. Espostoa Britton
& Rose. 11
spp. from Ecuador to Peru.
83. Haageocereus Backeb.
10
spp., Peru to N Chile.
84. Loxanthocereus Backeb.
12
spp., endemic to Peru.
85. Matucana Britton
& Rose. 22
spp., endemic to Peru, mainly along Marañon Valley
86. Mila Britton
& Rose. Only
one sp., M. caespitosa Britton & Rose, central Peru.
87. Oreocereus (A.Berger)
Riccob. 11 spp.,
Peru, Bolivia, Chile, NW Argentina.
88. Oroya Britton
& Rose. Two
spp., endemic to Peru.
89. Perucactus
Pino
& L.E.Alomía. Only one sp., P. ostolazae Pino & L.E.Alomía,
north of the province of Junín on steep rocky slopes and clay soils. The type
locality is located at 3,850 meters above sea level and plants grow in a range
between 3,050 and 3,950 m.a.s.l. on the right bank of the Ulcumayo River, near
the border of the provinces of Junín and Tarma, Department of Junín, Peru
90. Rauhocereus
Backeb. Only one sp., R. riosaniensis Backeb., endemic to
Peru.
91. Reicheocactus Backeb. Only one sp., R.
famatinensis (Speg.) Schlumpb., endemic to NW Argentina.
CLADE III
(5/46)
92. Acanthocalycium Backeb.
5
spp., endemic in Argentina (3) and Bolivia (1), and A. rhodotrichum
(K.Schum.) Schlumpb. from E.
Bolivia to W. Central Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul state) and Uruguay.
93. Denmoza Britton &
Rose. Only one sp., D. rhodacantha (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose, W
and NW Argentina.
94. Lobivia
Britton
& Rose. 30 spp., Peru to Argentina, Chile and
Bolivia.
95. Setiechinopsis
Bolivia Only one sp., S. mirabilis (Speg.) Backeb. ex de
Haas, from E Argentina (Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, San Juan, San Luis,
Mendoza, La Rioja, Mendoza, Colonia Ceres), grows on the edges of salinas and
in monte shrublands, often under shrubs in flat prairies up to the base of mountains.
96. Trichocereus
Ricoob. Three spp., Ecuador to Chile and Bolivia.
CLADE IV (6/77) - a tentatively
outsiders: Serrulatocereus (1, Haiti)..
97. Chamaecereus Lodè
& F. Carlier. 5 spp., Bolivia to NW Argentina.
98. Echinopsis
Zucc. Tree-like to globose, large flowers white to deep red, externally with
areoles and hairs, stems usually disticly ribbed, very spine to spineless. 20
spp. in South America, from Bolivia to Argentina and S & W Brazil (two,
none endemic), one up to Ecuador.
The only cactus genus that is more confusing than Echinopsis
is that of Opuntia.
99. Harrisia Britton. Shrubs, some tree like, to 7 m tall, or
scandent; roots sometimes tuberous; flowers large, white, nocturnal. 18 spp. in two subgenera:
§
subg. Harrisia (12) ‣
two sections.
§
sect. Adscendens ‣
only H. adscendens (Gurke) Britton & Rose, in dry seasonal scrubland
of NE Brazil (caatinga).
§
sect. Harrisia ‣ 11
spp., Greater Antilles, Bahamas, and Florida/U. S. A.
§
subg. Eriocereus (6) ‣ two
sections.
§
sect. Eriocereus ‣ 5
spp., Gran Chaco region of Argentina, Bolivia, S Brazil (2, none endemic), and
Paraguay.
§
sect. Roseocereus ‣
only H. tetracantha (Labour.) D.R. Hunt in the E inter-Andean dry
valleys of Bolivia at elevations of 1,200–2,600 m.
100. Leucostele
Backeb. 13 spp. from
Bolivia, Chile and NW Argentina.
101. Soehrensia
Backeb.
24 spp., 23 from Bolivia and Argentina, one endemic to Paraguay.
48. CORNALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: CURTISIACEAE (1/1), GRUBBIACEAE (1/3), HYDROSTACHYACEAE
(1/22) AND NYSSACEAE (5/37), AS IN POWO IN JUNE 17, 2024.
CORNACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 17, 2024
Genera/species 2/108 Distribution temperate
regions in the Northern Hemisphere, tropical Central and E Africa, Madagascar,
Mascarene Islands, subtropical and tropical Asia, Malesia, New Guinea and
nearby islands, E Australia, Melanesia. Habit usually bisexual (in Alangium
grisolleoides and some species of Cornus dioecious), evergreen or
deciduous trees or shrubs (Cornus suecica and C. canadensis are
stoloniferous perennial herbs or suffrutices; some species of Alangium
are lianas). Use ornamental plants, fruits (Cornus mas, etc.),
timber.
Some Viburnum
species look similar to Cornaceae, but the latter often have 4-merous flowers,
they lack stellate indumentum, and their lateral veins ascend towards the apex
of the blade. Only one genus in South America.
SYSTEMATIC outsider are Alangium (57, tropical Africa, NE
Madagascar, China to E Queensland, NE New South Wales and New Caledonia).
1. Cornus
L.
Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, simple, margins entire or
denticulate, primary venation pinnate, arching; stipules very rarely present;
inflorescences terminal occasionally axillary, cymose, involucres petal -like;
flowers bisexual (rarely unisexual and dioecious), small, actinomorphic; sepals
4(-10); petals 4(-10), free, valvate; fruit a grooved, globose or ovoid drupe;
seeds 2, flat. 51 spp., northern temperate up to America Central, 20 in South
America, only one sp. in South America, C. peruviana J.F.Macbr., found
predominately at high elevations at 1,400-3,000 m above sea level, below the
forest canopy in mountainous regions of Mexico, America Central, Colombia to
Bolivia and Venezuela.
HYDRANGEACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 17, 2024
Genera/spp. 9/221
Distribution temperate and subtropical North America, southern Mexico, America
Central, W South America to central Chile (Andes), Caucasus, E Asia to Japan
and Russian Far East, and a few species in SE Asia eastwards to New Guinea,
with their highest diversity in China. Habit usually bisexual (in Broussaisia
polygamodioecious), evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs, often climbing and
twining (rarely suffrutices or perennial herbs). Bark usually exfoliating. Use
ornamental plants, medicinal plants.
The climbing
habit is relatively rare in the family Saxifragaceae, the majority of the
species being shrubs; all the climbing species, which are found only in Hydrangea
L., utilize the same method of climbing, i.e., attachment to a supporting
substrate by means of fine rootlets arising directly from the upright stems (a
method of climbing similar to that of poison ivy, Rhus toxicodendron).
The opposite
leaves and inferior ovary might cause confusion with families included in the
Gentianales (Rubiaceae and others), Caprifoliaceae, Lamiales. The free petals
and stamens twice as many as petals found in Hydrangeaceae are good characters
to separate them.
SYSTEMATIC subfamily
Jamesioideae (2/5, SW U.S.A., northern Mexico) and Philadelpheae
(6/c 125, temperate and subtropical regions on the Northern Hemisphere, with
their highest diversity in SE Asia to Philippines) do not occur in South
America. In South America only the monogeneric Hydrangeoideae.
1.
Hydrangea L. Evergreen root
climbers growing up to 30 – 40 m high in the canopy of mostly primary forests,
as tipically tropical lianas, with coriaceous leaves and hortensia-like
whitish, greenish, yellowish or purplish inflorescences, in large terminal
corymbs often with sterile outer flower. 96 spp., including Hydrangea s.str.
in America and Himalayas to Japan and Philippines, Cardiandra in
E Asia, Deinanthe in central China and Japan, Platycrater
in Japan, Dichroa in China, SE Asia and Malesia to New Guinea, Broussaisia
on Hawaii, Schizophragma in Himalayas to Korean Peninsula, Japan and
Taiwan (China), Decumaria in China and U.S.A., and Pileostegia in
E Asia.
23 spp. in
New World. All Neotropical species belongs Hydrangea sect. Cornidia, with 19 spp., H. integrifolia Hayata from Philipinnes and
Taiwan (China) and 18 in New World: 8 endemic to Mexico, two from Mexico to America
Central, 4 from Costa Rica to Peru (two up to Bolivia, one up to Venezuela),
two from Ecuador to Bolivia, H. mathewsii
Briq. endemic to Peru, and H. serratifolia (Hook. & Arn.) F. Phil.
from Chile and Argentina (a shrubs or robust
climbers, the largest liana of southern
South America).
LOASACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 17, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3.
Genera/species 21/c.
346 Distribution temperate, subtropical and tropical regions of North,
Central and South America from SW Canada to Argentina and Chile, Caribbean, the
Galápagos Islands, Marquesas Islands, one species in SW Africa, one species in
Somalia, NE Ethiopia, and the SW Arabic Peninsula. Habit usually annual,
biennial or perennial herbs, sometimes winding, rarely subshrubs or a succulent
tree with often exfoliating bark, very rarely woody lianas or cushion-forming
plants, thickend storage roots sometimes present.
344 spp. in
New World, 227 in South America. Only the genera Kissenia (one species
in SW Africa; one species in Somalia, NE Ethiopia, and the SW Arabic Peninsula)
and Plakothira
(Marquesas Islands) are extra-American. Peru is the most important centre
of diversity for the family, with at least 80 spp. in 7 genera, one endemic.
Mexico and Chile are secondary centres of diversity. Only Blumembachia,
Caiophora, Loasa and Mentizelia in Argentina. The family
is a potential source of highly unsaturated oils from the seeds. Several
species are used in traditional medicine, but only one is found in
international trade and only to a very limited extent (Mentzelia scabra subsp. chilensis (Gay)
Weigend). Many species, especially in Aosa, Nasa, Caiophora and Loasa,
have extremely painful stinging hairs. A large number of species, especially of
the genus Nasa, are very narrowly endemic, some only known from the
type collection, and at least two already extinct (N. hastata (Killip)
Weigend from C Peru and N. humboldtiana subsp. humboldtiana (Urb.
& Gilg) Weigend from S Ecuador).
Members of
the Loasaceae are sometimes confused with Cucurbitaceae or Malvaceae:
ü flowers hermaphrodite
(vs. usually unisexual in Cucurbitaceae).
ü leaves estipulate
(stipulate in Malvaceae).
ü pubescence of
glochidiate/scabrid trichomes (stellate trichomes in Malvaceae)
SYSTEMATIC genera
Eucnide (14, SW U.S.A. to Guatemala) and Schismocarpus (1/2, S
Mexico), sucessively basal in Loasaceae, do not occur in South America.
SYSTEMATIC genera
Eucnide (1/14, SW U.S.A. to Guatemala) and Schismocarpus
(1/2, S Mexico), sucessively basal in Loasaceae, do not occur in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
MENTZELIOIDEAE (1/100) ‣
a single genus.
1. Mentzelia L. Annual or
perennial herbs, shrubs to small trees. 100 spp. from Argentina to Canada,
Caribbean, Galapagos Is., most SW U.S.A. and Mexico. 8 in South America, only
the New World widely distributed M. aspera L. in Brazil.
2. SUBFAMILY
GRONOVIOIDEAE (4/9) ‣ outsiders are Cevallia (1, SW U.S.A., Mexico), Fuertesia
(1, Hispaniola), and Petalonyx (4, SW U.S.A., Mexico).
2. Gronovia L. Scandent,
annual herbs, stinging hairs and characteristical glochidiate hairs 0.5 mm long
with two hooks at their tip always present; leaves opposite below, alternate
above; flowers in terminal thyrsoids, flowers 5-merous, subsessile, calyx
yellow or yellowish green; petals pale yellow; fruit an ovoidal cypsela. Two
spp., G. longiflora Rose endemic to S Mexico and G. scandens L.
is widely distributed from Mexico to Venezuela and Peru, fast-growing weeds in
raingreen forests.
3. SUBFAMILY
LOASOIDEAE (15–17/c 225) ‣ outsiders
are Kissenia (2, Ethiopia, Somalia, SW Arabian Peninsula; Namibia,
Northern Cape) and Plakothira (3, Marquesas Islands).
3. Aosa Weigend.
Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, often sparsely
branched. 7 spp., A. plumieri (Urb.) Weigend in south Hispaniola, A.
grandis (Standl.)
R.H.Acuña & Weigend in Costa Rica/Choco region, and five species of
Brazil, four in dry areas in NE region, and one in Atlantic Forest in Rio de
Janeiro state.
A.
grandis is among the largest
species of Loasaceae, both in terms of absolute plant size and in the
size of its organs; in the wild, plants have stems up to ca. 4 m long and 7 cm
in diameter (the largest stems sometimes held almost horizontal for most of
their length, with adventitious roots often developing from the nodes); the
species inhabits the understory of evergreen wet forests, close to forested
streams or more rarely, roadsides; the leaves are lobed as in Aosa and
other Loasoideae, usually very large, reaching
lengths up to ca. 50 cm, as are the bracteate inflorescences that can
grow to more than 1 m long.
4. Blumenbachia
Schrad. Scandent or ascending, annual or perennial
herbs. 11 spp. from Brazil (7, 5 endemic), Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile.
Brazilian species are restricted of southern region, mainly in Santa Catarina
state, and B. amana T. Henning & Weigend from Minas
Gerais state.
5.
Caiophora C.Presl. Rosulate, erect or
scadent perennial herbs. 37 spp. from Peru to Argentina, Chile, C.
arechavaletae (Urb.) Urb. & Gilg up to
Uruguay and S Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul state, unique outside Andes) and C.
contorta (Desr.) C. Presl up to Ecuador.
6. Grausa Weigend
& R.H. Acuña. (off Loasa) Perennial, rosulate or weakly rhizomatous, or climbing herbs with
diffuse root-system; leaves congregated into dense, basal leaf rosette,
petiolate, sagittate, pinnatisect or palmatisect to ternately compound, very
rarely pinnate, petiole distinct. Six spp. from Argentina and Chile, from
lowlands (twining species) or high Andes (acaulescent species).
7.
Huidobria Gay.
Erect, densely branched annual herbs or shrubs. Two spp. endemic to deserts of
N Chile; diphyletic
genus.
8. Klaprothia
Kunth. Erect or ascendant annual or perennial herbs. Two spp., K.
fasciculata (C. Presl) Poston and K. mentzelioides Bonpl. &
Kunth, both widely distributed and weedy spp. from S Mexico to Brazil (both
species) and Bolivia, also Caribbean, Galapagos.
9. Loasa
Adans. Rosulate, ascendant, or erect annual or perennial herbs,
often cushions; petals
white, red or yellow. 24 spp. in Chile (mostly) and adjacent Argentina.
10. Nasa
Weigend. Annual or perennial herbs, subshrubs and
shrubs, 5 to 400 cm tall; stinging hairs always present, primary root
short-lived, root system dominated by adventicious roots from the decumbend
basal stem portion; leaves opposite or alternate, flowers in terminal
thyrsoids, dichasia or monochasia; flowers pentamerous, corolla reflexed,
spreading or narrowly campanulate, petals white, yellow or orange; fruits are
capsules. 99 spp., N. triphylla (Juss.)
Weigend from Mexico to Bolivia, two only in America Central, and remaining 96
confined to South America. 20 spp. in Colombia, 32 in Ecuador, over 50 in Peru,
2 in Bolivia, Chile, Venezuela, essentially a Andean group from the
cloud forests, subparamo and the puna with only very few species at lower
elevation or outside the Andes (e.g. Cordillera de Colonche, Ecuador); the vast
majority of taxa is narrowly endemic to single mountains or narrow regions;
morphologically the genus is enormously variable including evergreen shrubs
with hummingbird-pollinated, large, orange flowers and ephemeral plants which
are self-pollinated.
11. Pinnasa
Weigend & R.H. Acuña. Perennial, rosulate herbs with thick
tap-roots, sometimes stoloniferous; leaves congregated into dense, basal leaf
rosette, petiolate, deeply pinnatifid to bipinnate, petiole distinct, much
shorter than lamina/rachis; inflorescences usually axillary, arising from the
axils of the rosette leaves, one- to many-flowered, often with a winding axis,
frondose with opposite, pinnate or pinnatifid bracts. 7 spp., Argentina (4) and
Chile.
12. Presliophytum
(Urb. & Gilg) Weigend. Erect densely branched shrubs and tiny
small herbs. 5 spp., three in desert of W Peru and two in N Chile and Argentina, in rocky slopes.
13. Scyphanthus
D.Don. Scandent annual herbs. Two spp., mediterranean scrub lands
of central Chile.
14. Xylopodia
Weigend. Shrub with erect branches from horizontal xylopodium. Two
spp., X. klapothioides Weigend, very narrowly endemic is so far only
know from in rocky slopes in Cajamarca, Peru, and X. laurensis C.M.
Martín & C.A. Zanotti eastern slope of the Andes from Bolivia (Dptos. La
Paz and Chuquisaca) to northern Argentina (Prov. Jujuy).
49. ERICALES
FAMILIES ABSENT IN SOUTH AMERICA: BALSAMINACEAE
(2/1,108), DIAPENSIACEAE (6/19), FOUQUIERIACEAE (1/11), RORIDULACEAE
(1/2), SLADENIACEAE (2/3), AS POWO IN JUNE 25.
LINEAGE
1 of 6: MARCGRAVIIDS
MARCGRAVIACEAE
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Genera/species 7/139 Distribution southern
Mexico, America Central, Caribbean, northern and central South America; Habit
bisexual evergreen shrubs, often epiphytic or semi-epiphytic, or lianas (rarely
small trees).
Marcgraviastrum,
Souroubea, Norantea and Sarcopera are missing in the
Antilles (although Norantea guianensis Aubl. is rarely cultivated
as an ornamental). Native and endemic to the Neotropics, Norantea guianensis
sometimes cultivated in countries outside its range (e.g. Jamaica, Costa Rica,
Trinidad). The elaborate inflorescences with the variously shaped bracteal
‘nectary-containers’ are frequented by a wide range of visitors (insects,
lizards, birds, bats, non-flying mammals). Different pollination syndromes are
exemplified in the various taxa. Whereas Ruyschia
and Souroubea seem
predominantly insect-pollinated, Norantea,
Sarcopera and Schwartzia brasiliensis
(Choisy) Bedell ex Gir.-Cañas are probably best adapted to bird-pollination,
especially by perching birds. Most Schwartzia,
Marcgraviastrum
and Marcgravia
spp. seem to be primarily bat-pollinated, but the ornithophilous syndrome
seems to occur as well. Apart from occasional horticultural use in the tropics
the family has no significant economic value.
Marcgravia is
sister to the remaining Marcgraviaceae. The leaves in Marcgravia are
distichous. The inflorescence is umbel-like, racemose, with sterile flowers.
The flowers have four sepals, four petals connate into a calyptra, and
nectaries adnate to the sterile aborted flowers. The
remaining Marcgraviaceae have spiral leaves, inflorescence with
exclusively fertile flowers, three or five sepals, five entirely or partially
free petals, and free (not adnate) nectaries. Marcgraviastrum has an
umbel-like racemose inflorescence. ’Sarcopera’ (non-monophyletic) has a
spicate inflorescence.
Vegetatively
similar to the Ternstroemiaceae (non-climbing!) this family was formerly
considered to be close to Theaceae/Ternstroemiaceae. Recent molecular data
associate it rather with Balsaminaceae, and the former Theaceae-satellites
Pellicieraceae and Tetrameristaceae.
SYSTEMATIC all
genera in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
MARCGRAVIOIDEAE (1/67) ‣ a
single genus.
1. Marcgravia L. Climbing
shrubs or vines with dimorphic branches: juveniles are creeping, adepressed to
the substrate; fertile pendulous; leaves distichous; conspicuous heterophylly
between juvenile, plagiotropous and adult orthotropous branches; perianth
tetramerous, petals fully fused to form a caducous cap; only central (sterile)
flowers of inflorescence fused with nectary bract, other flowers lacking
nectary. 62 spp., S Mexico, Mesoamerica, South America (46), Antilles; 18 ssp.
in Brazil, 8 endemic.
2. SUBFAMILY
NORANTEOIDEAE (6/71) ‣ all
genera occur in South America.
2. Marcgraviastrum (Wittm. ex. Szyszyl) de
Roon & S. Dressler. Sprawling shrubs and lianas, often epiphytic.
15 spp., all in South America, 13 in northern South America up to S Nicaragua
and up N Brazil (4, two endemic).
3. Norantea Aubl. Lianas
or sprawling shrubs, often epiphytics; inflorescence long, dense racemes, red
showy. Only one sp., N. guianensis Aubl. in N South America to S Brazil
and Bolivia.
4. Ruyschia
Jacq. Climbing shrubs or lianas; Inflorescence dense multiflorous
racemes. 10 spp. confined high mounatins, 7 from Mexico up to South America (6,
3 in N Andes), and one in Lesser Antilles.
5. Sarcopera Bedell.
Sprawling shrubs and lianas, occasionally small trees, often epiphytic. 8 spp.
in N South America, two up to America Central (Honduras southwards), mainly in
N Andes and Guiana Shield, 3 up to N Brazil (none endemic, only in Amazonas and
Roraima states).
6. Schwartzia Vell.
Sprawling shrubs, occasionally small trees; inflorescence short racemes. 20
spp., 16 from Costa Rica through the Andes south to Bolivia, in the Caribbean
Basin, and 4 spp. in E Brazil, all endemic. S.
brasiliensis (Choisy) Bedell ex Gir.-Cañas.
(Marcgraviaceae) endemic to E Brazil and Puya
alpestris (Poepp.) Gay (Bromeliaceae) endemic to Chile are the unique blue-nectar
plants known. 16 spp. in South America.
7. Souroubea Aubl.
Climbing shrubs or lianas, often epiphytic; inflorescence lax or dense racemes.
19 spp., Mexico to Bolivia (absent from the Antilles), 15 in South America, 5
in Brazil, one endemic.
TETRAMERISTACEAE
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Genera/species 3/4 Distribution
Neotropics and SE Asia. Two neotropical trees genera
restricted Costa Rica to Brazil, and one sp. (the type) in SE Asia. Tetramerista
(1-3) is endemic to SE Asia. Habit bisexual, evergreen trees or shrubs (Pelliciera
consists of mangrove trees with buttresses). Aerial roots frequent along stem
base in Pelliciera.
SYSTEMATIC
two subtribes, both in South America.
1. TRIBE
PELLICIEREAE (1/1) ‣ a
single genus.
1. Pelliciera
Planch. & Triana. Mangrove
trees to 15m tall, 15-20cm in diameter (above buttresses); trunks with
enlarged fluted boles, buttresses 1.5-2m tall (average high tide level), 1.5m
in diameter, formed by the emergence of short-born roots; leaves spirally
arranged, clustered at apex of branches; flowers solitary, in leaf axils or
terminal, sessile; sepals 5, free; petals 5, free; stamens 5; fruit
indehiscent, woody, covered with resinous pustules; seed 1. Two spp., P.
benthamii (Planch. & Triana) Cornejo from Panamá to Colombia, and P.
rhizophorae Planch. & Triana from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica to the
Esmeraldas river, Ecuador and few scattered populations on the Caribbean coasts
of Nicaragua, Panamá and Colombia; these species has the second
largest seed in dicots (10 cm diameter) and sixth of all flowering plants.
2. TRIBE
TETRAMERISTEAE (2/2) ‣ outsider Tetramerista (1, the
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo).
2. Pentamerista Maguire.
Tree 3-6m tall, tortuous branches; leaves simple, axillary racemes and
greenish-yellowish flowers; sepals 5, free; petals 5, free; stamens 5, free
from perianth, filaments flattened, base connate, alternate with petals,
anthers basifixed, dehiscing via longitudinal slits; ovary superior, carpels
and locules 5, syncarpous, placentation axile, ovule 1 in each locule; style 1,
undivided; stigma simple to minutely lobed; fruits berries, endocarp firm;
seeds 4-5, relatively large. Only one sp., P. neotropica Maguire, in a
restricted area of savannas in N South America in border of Venezuela and
Colombia, and one small scarcely population in Madeira – Purus rivers
interfluvial region of Amazonas state of Brazil, 1,000 km distance of both,
diiscovery (in Brazil) only in 2007.
LINEAGE
2 of 6: LECYTHIDS
POLEMONIACEAE
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Genera/species
27/c. 385 Distribution North America including polar areas, Mexico, America
Central, northern and W South America southwards to southern Chile, temperate
and arctic Eurasia, Himalaya, with their largest diversity in W North America. Habit
bisexual, usually perennial, biennial or annual herbs (sometimes shrubs or
suffrutices; rarely lianas; in Cantua trees). Often evil-smelling.
SYSTEMATIC subfamily
Acanthogilioideae (1/1, Baja California in NW
Mexico) do not occur in South America. South America includes 37 spp. in this
families.
1. SUBFAMILY
COBAEIOIDEAE (3/32) ‣ outsider Bonplandia (1; Mexico, Guatemala). 22
spp. in South America, 21 in Peru, 12 endemic.
1. Cantua Juss. ex.
Lam. Shrubs or small trees, often with
dimorphic leaves. 17 spp., almost a half South American Polemoniaceae, all endemic
to Peru except 5, two into Ecuador and three into Bolivia and Chile.
2. Cobaea
Cavanilles. Vines with alternate, pinnatelly compound leaves,
stems woody or herbaceous, to 25 m long; inflorescence cymose, 1-5 flowered;
corolla campanulate; corolla green, yellow, white, or purple, sometimes
greenish at the beginning of anthesis and turning pink or purple with age,
often suffused with pink, purple, or red, rarely striped, actinomorphic,
glabrous or variously pubescent externally, villous inter nally near stamen
insertion. 17 spp., 4 sections:
§ sect. Cobaea ‣ 6
spp., 5 in Mexico and C. trianae Hemsley in Colombia, Ecuador, and
Venezuela; along streams or canyon walls in Andean cloud forests.
§
sect.
Pachysepalae ‣ only one sp., restricted to southern Mexico
and Guatemala
§ sect. Rosenbergia ‣ 9 spp., 5 in South America: two in NW Peru and Ecuador; C.
lutea D.Don from 0. Mexico to Costa Rica, Ecuador to Bolivia, and C.
penduliflora (H.Karst.) Hook.f. from Venezuela to Peru.
§ sect. Triovulatae
‣ only one
sp., C Mexico, Costa Rica, and Panama.
2. SUBFAMILY
POLEMONIOIDEAE (19/c 350) ‣ 4
subtribes (all in South America); 14 spp. in South America in 10 genera; two
spp., Microsteris gracilis (Hook.) Greene and Polemonium
micranthum Benth., are conspecific with their high disjuncts North America
counterparts, while the rest are unique to South America.
2.1 POLEMONIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE POLEMONIEAE (1/c
28) - only one genus in this tribe.
3. Polemonium
L. 38 spp., 11 in Eurasia and 27 remaning
from North America, P. micranthum Benth. disjunct also in Chile
and Argentina.
2.2 POLEMONIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE PHLOCIDEAE (3/c
125) ‣ outsiders Linanthus (c 55; W North
America, Mexico), Gymnosteris (2; W U.S.A.), Phlox (c
70; NE Asia, North America).
4. Leptosiphon
Benth. Annual, herbaceous, or
suffrutescent perennials, or shrubs. 32 spp., 31 from Canada to Baja
California, with L. pusillus (Benth) Greene) endemic Chile (Coquimbo,
Valparaiso, O'Higgins, Reg. Metropolitana).
5. Microsteris
Greene. Annual, herbaceous, or suffrutescent perennials. Only one
sp., M. gracilis (Hook.) Greene, in Canada to Mexico disjunct in
Argentina, Peru, Chile and Bolivia.
2.3 POLEMONIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE GILIEAE (c
6/c 95) ‣ outsiders Saltugilia (3;
California); Lathrocasis (1; W North America), Allophyllum (6;
W U.S.A.).
6. Collomia
Nutt. 15 spp., 14 from shrublands and woodlands of W North
America, and C. biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Brand in South America, as
common annual foothills species along the Andean corridor in Argentina and
Chile.
7. Gilia
Ruiz & Pavon. 39 spp., 35 in W North
America and 4 in South America: G. lomensis V. F. Grant. are
endemic to coastal regions Peru, G. valdiviensis Griseb. is
endemic to coastal Chile, G. laciniata Ruiz & Pav. are from S
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina and Uruguay, near sea level to
high-alpine habitats, and G. crassifolia Benth. in Cono Sur.
8. Navarretia
Ruiz & Pavon. 45 spp., 44 in North America and Mexico, and N.
involucrata Ruiz & Pav. in South America, inhabiting vernal pools and
seasonally moist depressions along the Andean corridor in Chile and Argentina.
2.4 POLEMONIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE LOESELIEAE (9/c
95) ‣ ousiders Aliciella (21; W North
America), Bryantiella (2; S California), Microgilia (1; W
U.S.A.), Eriastrum (14; SW U.S.A.), Langloisia (3; SW
U.S.A., N Mexico).
9. Dayia
J.M.Porter. 5 spp., 4 in SW U.S.A. and NW Mexico, and D. glutinosa
(Phil.) J.M.Porter in N Chile and S Peru.
10. Giliastrum
(Brand) Rydb. Perennial (also annual?) herbs, flowering the first
year, glandular puberulent, with sparse nonglandular trichomes, or glabrous;
leaves alternate, entire, toothed to pinnatifid, gradual1y reduced in size in
the inflorescence; flowers perfect, in dichasia. 10 spp., 8 in North America,
one of them up to Caribbean, and two endemic to NW Argentina (Catamarca,
Mendoza and San Juan).
11. Ipomopsis
Michx. Annuals, long-lived monocarpics, or suffrutescent
perennials. 29 spp., 28 in shrublands and forests of W North America, one SE
North America, and I. gossypifera (Gillies
ex Benth.) V. E. Grant in Andes of Argentina, Chile and Bolivia.
12. Loeselia
L. Annual, suffrutescent perennials, or subshrubs. 15 spp. in
North America to America Central, although a single species, L. glandulosa
Cav. G. Don, extends southwards as far as Venezuela and Colombia in South
America.
LECYTHIDACEAE
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Genera/species 24/305-310.
Distribution pantropical, subtropical regions of South and E Asia. Habit
bisexual, usually evergreen trees (sometimes shrubs or lianas). Foetidia
has evil-smelling wood. Bark often fibrous. Brazil Nut family. Many
species are large trees in lowlands of South America, esp. Brazil. Bertholletia excelsa is a source of
income for local populations in Amazonian rainforest in Brazil and Bolivia
(Brazil-nut, castanha-do-pará).
A single 1 km2 plot 90 km north of Manaus, Brazil, has 38
spp. of Lecythidaceae; continental New World has almost all Lecythidaceae
except one in Jamaica (Grias cauliflora L.); only 15 spp. occur in E Brazil, nine endemic. 95 spp.
in New World absent in Brazil, including 44 in Eschweilera and 30 in Gustavia; 11 spp. occur in Espírito Santo state. Actinomorphic
flowers are found in all species of Old World Lecythidaceae but only in Grias
and species of Allantoma and Gustavia in the New World.
SYSTEMATICS 5
subfamilies, two in New World. Napoleonaeoideae (2/c 13,
tropical W and C Africa), Barringtonioideae (5/c 84, tropical E Africa,
Madagascar, S and SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea, tropical Australia, Melanesia
to the Ryukyu Islands and Micronesia) and Foetidioideae (1/18,
Madagascar, the Comoros, Mascarene Islands, tropical E Africa) does not occur
in New World.
1. SUBFAMILY
SCYTOPETALOIDEAE (6/c 20) ‣ outsiders Oubanguia (3; tropical
W and C Africa), Scytopetalum (3; tropical W and C
Africa), Rhaptopetalum (11–12; tropical W and C Africa), Pierrina (1; Cameroon,
Gabon, Equatorial Guinea), Brazzeia (3; C Africa).
1. Asteranthos
Desf. Tree or shrubs to 4-15 m tall, locally common and abundant; petals
absent, but the flower have a corolla-like umbel. Only one sp., A. brasiliensis Desf., endemic
to the Guiana Shield of E Colombia, SW Venezuela and NW
Brazil (upper Rio Negro basin, in Amazonas state), 100 – 200 m elevation range.
2. SUBFAMILY
LECYTHIDOIDEAE (10/c 200) ‣ all genera
occur in South America.
2. Allantoma Miers. Upper
canopy and emergent trees; medium to large sized leaves (6-30 cm long),
glabrous, tertiary venation percurrent; inflorescence racemose or paniculate;
flowers with actinomorphic androecium; 5 sepals and 5 petals. 8 spp., 5 endemic
to N Brazil (3 in Amazonas and one in Rondonia, all rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book),
3 remaining in Brazil up Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela; from
the headwaters of the Negro River to the mouth of the Amazon River in Brazil
and on the eastern side of the Amazon River except A. lineata (Mart.
& O. Berg) Miers; not found in the Guianas.
3.
Bertholletia Bonpl. Trees to 62 m
tall, exceptionally large trees may reach the age of 800-1,200 years; leaves
not clustered at end of branches; trunk cylindrical with deep fissures in the
bark; leaves medium to large (20-30 cm long), glabrous, obovate to oblong;
flowers zygomorphic; calyx with two sepals; 6 petals. Only one species, B. excelsa Humb. & Bonpl.
(Brazil Nut), Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, N Brazil to Venezuela, and Guianas.
4. Cariniana
Casar. Small to large trees to 65 m tall, either canopy trees, the
tallest of all Ericales in Brazil; flowers nearly actinomorphic to
zygomorphic, the smallest at Lecythidaceae. 9 spp., 4 endemic to Brazil, 4 in
Brazil up to Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru and Paraguay, and C.
pyriformis Miers from America Central,
Colombia and Venezuela; two are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
An individual from C. legalis (Mart.) Kuntze in Santa Rita do Passo Quatro is identified by
many sources as being around 3,000 years old; however, as highlighted by other
sources, there is contention and controversy about this age, and cites that she
may not even be 1,000 years old; SDb does not accept this supposed age of,3000 years.
5. Corythophora
R. Knuth. Large trees; leaves not clustered at end of branches; flower
zygomorphic. 4 spp., two in Brazil and Guianas (Guyana, Suriname and French
Guiana), C. alta R. Knuth endemic to Brazil, and C. labriculata
(Eyma) S.A. Mori & Prance only in Guianas.
6. Couratari
Aubl. Canopy and emergent trees up to 40 m tall; leaves
small to medium (3-20 cm long), glabrous or pubescent; flowers zygomorphic,
with 6 sepals and 6 petals. 19 spp., distributed through America Central (Costa
Rica and Panamá), the western Andes (Colombia), throughout the Amazon
rainforest and in the coastal forests of the Brazilian states of Bahia,
Espírito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro. 14 spp. in South America, all in Brazil, 7
endemic, 4 of then are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
7. Couroupita
Aubl. Medium to large-sized trees, cauliflorous.
Three spp., C. nicaraguarensis DC. from Nicaragua to Ecuador, C. guianensis Aubl.
(cannon-ball tree) over Amazon rainforest, and C. subsessilis Pilg.
restricted of Brazil and E Peru; the cannon-ball tree is often used as a
street-tree in Rio de Janeiro, despite the weight of its fruits that threaten
parked vehicles.
8. Eschweilera
Mart. ex DC. Small to large trees up to 40 m tall;
trunk cylindrical, with or without large buttress roots; leaf blade glabrous
with brochidodromous venation; petiole with flat-convex outline; flowers
zygomorphic; calyx with 6 sepals; corolla with 6 petals. 102 spp.,
Trinidad-Tobago, Honduras to French Guiana, Bolivia and Brazil (47, 21 endemic,
five in Amapá, Para, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro as rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book). 76 spp. in South America. The only
mexican species of this family in the endemic Eschweilera
mexicana T. Wendt, S.A. Mori & Prance . 25 spp.
are adapted to montane forests in Andes; 89 in South America.
9. Grias
L. Trees to 30 m tall, mainly pachycaulous unbranched trees,
leaves largest (possibly largest among Ericales,
up to 2.2 m lenght), cauliflorous; leaves
clustered at end of branches, fleshy mesocarps, edible in some species; flowers
actinomorphic. 14 spp., restricted from Colombia (4 endemic), Ecuador (5 endemic)
and Peru except G. multinervia Cuatrec. up to Venezuela and G.
cauliflora L. also in Jamaica and Belize.
10. Gustavia
L. Small to large trees, leaves often clustered at end of branches,
inflorescenses axillary or cauline. 47 spp., Costa Rica to French Guiana, N
Bolivia, Ecuador and Brazil (9, 3 endemic, all are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book, in Roraima and Pará states); some spp. are adapted to montane
forests in Andes. 39 spp. in South America.
11. Lecythis
S.A.Mori. Small to medium size trees up to 60 m tall; leaves not clustered at
end of branches; flowers zygomorphic. 33 spp., Costa Rica to French Guiana,
Peru and Brazil (25, 12 endemic, two in Amazonas state are rare plants in
Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book), all in South America, 4 up to America
Central; some spp. in savannha of Roraima and savannas of C Brazil (cerrado)
are adapted to dry environments. 29 spp. in South
America.
LINEAGE
3 of 6: PENTAPHYLLACOIDS
PENTAPHYLACCACEAE
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Genera/species
12/c. 340 Distribution tropical and subtropical regions, Himalaya and E
Asia to Korean Peninsula and Japan, SE Asia to New Guinea and Queensland,
Melanesia, islands in the SW Pacific, Hawaii, Canary Islands, Mexico, America
Central, Caribbean, tropical South America; Balthasaria
in E Africa, two species of Ternstroemia in tropical W Africa. Habit
bisexual or dioecious, evergreen trees and shrubs. Use Ornamental
plants, timber.
Four
Neotropical and thirteen worldwide with a total of approximately 300 species;
found throughout the Neotropics in montane areas, particularly in cloud
forests.
SYSTEMATIC
subfamily Pentaphyllacoideae (1/1, Guangdong, Hainan, N Indochina, the
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra) do not occur in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
TERNSTROEMIEAE (2/c 100) ‣ outsider
Anneslea (3). Tropical, with their largest diversity in Malesia and in
Central and South America.
1. Ternstroemia Mutis ex
L.f. Shrubs or trees; leaf margin entire. 156 spp., 103 sp. in the New World
(Mexico to Argentina, 62 in South America, 24 in Brazil, 14 endemic), 2 in
Africa, and 40 in SE Asia. T. washikiatii Cornejo & C.Ulloa
(Ecuador) the large leaves (21–33 ✕ 8.5–11 cm),
and the large fruits (4.5–5.5 ✕ 6.5–7.7 cm)
of this genus.
2. SUBFAMILY
FREZIEREAE (9/233) ‣ outsiders
Visnea (1; Madeira, Canary Islands), Adinandra (c
85; India, Sri Lanka, Burma, China, S Japan, SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea,
tropical Africa), Archboldiodendron (1; mountains on New Guinea), Cleyera (13,
Mexico, America Central, Caribbean, one
species, C. japonica, in Himalayas and China to Korean Peninsula
and Japan); Euryodendron (1; S China), Eurya (c
70; tropical and subtropical regions in Asia, islands in the W Pacific,
Hawaii), Balthasaria (1; tropical Africa).
2. Freziera Willd. Small
dioecious trees or shrubs; leaf margin serrate.74 spp., S Mexico to S Bolivia,
E to Guyana, Caribbean, and E Brazil, mainly primarily montane, 64 in South
America, two in Brazil, F. carinata
A. L. Weitzman, in Venezuela and Brazil (in N Amazonas state), and F. atlantica Zorzanelli
& Amorim, discovery in 2015, known from two disjunct localities in the
Atlantic Forest of Brazil, in the states of Bahia and Espírito Santo.
3. Symplococarpon
Airy
Shaw. Trees; leaf margin entire to serrate. Two spp., S. purpusii
(Brandegee) Kobuski from Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela, and S.
flavifolium Lundell endemic to Mexico.
LINEAGE
4 of 6: PRIMULOIDS
SAPOTACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS IN POWO ON JUNE 24, 2024
Genera/species 75/1,250-1,300
Distribution mainly pantropical; some species in subtropical regions (SE
North America, central South America, SE Africa, S Asia). Habit usually
bisexual (sometimes monoecious or dioecious, rarely gynomonoecious), evergreen
trees or shrubs (rarely lianas). Sapotaceae is a largely tropical family of
evergreen trees and shrubs. There are 53 genera and about 1,100 species in the
family, but generic limits in the family are notoriously difficult and
changeable. Manilkara yield edible fruit, useful wood and latex.
The
best-known species are M. bidentata (A. DC.) A. Chev. (balata), M.
chicle (Pittier) Gilly (Chicle) and M. zapota (L.) P. Royen (Sapoti).
A South America forest family by excelence. Latex of Sapotaceae is a source of
gutta-percha, balata, and chicle, either pure trans-polyisoprene polymers or a mixture of cis and trans constituents. The
berries of a number of species are edible. 11 genera and 220 spp. in Brazil.
Key
differences from similar families The families listed below differ
from Sapotaceae as follows:
Ebenoideae:
lacks
white latex, corolla lobes contorted in bud,
stamens usually twice as many as corolla lobes, ovary locules 2-ovulate,
styles distally or completely free, seed coat without hard shiny
surface.
Lissocarpoideae:
lacks white latex, indumentum of simple hairs, inflorescence a cyme, corolla
lobes contorted in bud, corolla throat bearing a tubular corona.
Symplocaceae:
lacks white latex, indumentum of simple hairs, leaf
margins serrate or dentate, fruit a drupe.
SYSTEMATICS three
clades, Sarcospermatoideae (2/14, E Himalayas, S China, SE Asia,
Malesia) are absent in New World.
1. SUBFAMILY
CHRYSOPHYLLOIDEAE (36/660–680) ‣ outsiders outsiders: Amorphospermum (1,
Australia), Aningeria (2–8, Africa), Aubregrinia (1,
Africa), Breviea (1, Africa), Delpydora (2, Africa), Donella (1,
Africa), Englerophytum (20, Africa), Gambeya (16,
Africa), Magodendron (2, New Guinea), Malacantha (1,
Africa), Neohemsleya (1, Africa), Niemeyera (1,
Australia), Omphalocarpum (27, Africa), Pichonia (13,
Australasia), Planchonella (110, Asia, Oceania), Pleioluma (40,
Asia, Oceania), Pycnandra (59, New Caledonia), Sahulia (1,
New Guinea), Sersalisia (5, Australia, New Guinea), Spiniluma (2,
Africa, Arabia), Synsepalum (36, Africa), Tridesmostemon (2,
Africa), Van-royena (1, Australia), Xantolis (14,
Africa, Asia).
1. Achrouteria Eyma. Three spp., from Guyana, northern Brazil (all, none
endemic) and Venezuela.
2. Chloroluma Baill. Two
species distributed in N Argentina, SE Brazil (both,
one endemic), Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay.
3. Chromolucuma Ducke. Trees;
leaves subtended by large stipules, calyx of 5 imbricate sepals, corolla
cup-shaped or tubular, stamens included, staminodes present, seed with dull
rough testa. 9 spp., C. cespedesiiformis J.F. Morales in Costa Rica and
8 in South America, six in Brazil, two endemic.
4. Chrysophyllum L. Trees or shrubs, very rarely lianas; stipules absent,
calyx of 5 imbricate sepals, corolla cup-shaped to tubular, stamens included,
staminodes absent, seed scar lateral (adaxial). 37 spp. confined to the
Neotropics, including Central and South America (30), and the Lesser and
Greater Antilles. 19 spp. in Brazil, 13 endemic.
5. Cornuella
Pierre.
Only one sp., C. venezuelanensis Pierre, widely distributed from
southern Mexico, across America Central and the Andean countries to Bolivia.
Recorded from French Guiana and Suriname, extending into the Brazilian Amazon.
6. Diploon
Cronq. Trees with leaves spaced; stipules absent, calyx of 5 imbricate sepals,
corolla rotate, stamens exserted, staminodes absent, ovary unilocular with 2
basal ovules, seed with a basal scar. Only one sp., D. cuspidatum
Hoehne, Venezuela and Guianas to SE Brazil, and Ecuador to Bolivia.
7. Ecclinusa
Mart. Trees (up to 30 m tall) or rarely shrubs, white latex; stipules present,
flowers sessile, calyx of 5 imbricate sepals, staminodes absent, seed scar
lateral (adaxial) and extending around the base of the seed. 12 spp., mainly
Amazon rainforest, only one reaches to Atlantic Forest in Brazil (6, two endemic).
8. Elaeoluma Baill. Trees or shrubs; stipules
absent, leaves usually minutely punctate, calyx of 5 imbricate sepals, corolla
cup-shaped to rotate, stamens exserted, staminodes absent, seed scar lateral
(adaxial). 5 spp., 4 from
Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas and Amazonian rainforest of Brazil, and E. glabrescens (Mart. & Eichler)
Aubrév. in America
Central, Venezuela, Guianas, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. 3 spp. in Brazil, none endemic.
9. Englerella Pierre. Only
one sp., E. macrocarpa Pierre, from Colombia, Guyana, French Guiana to N
Brazil (Pará).
10. Gayella Pierre.
Treelet 2–3(–6) m tall, with fawn indumentum on young branches, petiole,
midvein, pedicels and sepals, turning greyish with age. Only one sp., G.
valparadisaea (Molina) Pierre, restricted to the provinces of Choapa
(Coquimbo Region) and San Antonio (Valparaíso Region) of central Chile, in
rocky slopes, ravines and gullies, usually below 100 m altitude and within
reach of sea mist, but with two subpopulations up to 400 m.
11. Labatia Sw. 16 spp.
from Brazil (14, 7 endemic) up to over South America up to Nicaragua, one from
Costa Rica to Colombia, and one restricted to Caribbean.
12. Lucuma Molina. 19 spp., one widely from Caribbean to Panama and Brazil,
one from Mexico to America Central, one from U.S.A. to Caribbean, remaining
only in South America (17). 12 spp. in Brazil, 6 endemic.
13. Martiusella Pierre.
Trees. Leaves with spinous-serrate margin and minute translucent veins;
tertiary venation oblique; flowers 5–6-merous. Only one sp., M. imperialis
(Linden ex K.Koch & Fintelm.) Pierre, endemic to E Brazil.
14. Micropholis (Griseb.)
Pierre. Trees or shrubs up to 50
m tall in rainforests, leaves spaced; stipules absent, leaves with numerous
fine closely parallel secondary veins, calyx a single whorl of 5 imbricate
sepals, corolla cup-shaped or tubular, stamens included or exserted, staminodes
present, seed scar lateral (adaxial). 41 spp., all in South America, 33 in Brazil, 9
endemic (4 of then, all in Amazonas state, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book), in two sections:
§ sect. Micropholis
‣ 31 spp. throughout tropical America from
Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil, and Caribbean.
§ sect. Exsertistamen
‣ 9 spp. Guianas to Peru and Brazilian Amazon
rainforest.
15. Nemaluma Baill. Two
spp. from N Brazil, both up to Guianas, one up to Venezuela.
16. Peteniodendron Lundell. 4 spp., P. durlandii (Standl.) Lundell widely in
Neotropics, three remaining mainly restricteds for Brazil, one endemic and two
up to Guianas.
17. Pouteria Aubl. Trees or shrubs up to 50 m tall, rarely with root rhizomes; leaves spirally arranged, rarely
opposite; stipules nearly always absent, calyx of 4 or more sepals in a single
imbricate whorl, corolla cup-shaped to tubular, stamens included, staminodes
present, seed scar lateral (adaxial). 170 spp., 4 rather in Old World (Cameroom
and Indonesia), and 166 in New World, 143 in South America, 92 in Brazil,
36 endemic.
18. Pradosia Liais. Tall canopy trees up to 40 m tall, treelets, sometimes with xylopodium,
leaves opposite or verticilate, rarely less frequently spirally arranged, some
buttressed. 25 spp., one in Costa Rica, and 24 in South America, one of them reaching
into Costa Rica and Panamá. 17 spp. in Brazil, 7 endemic.
Only
P. brevipes (Pierre) T. D. Penn., from Brazil and Paraguay, has a
specialized habit with most of the plant being below the ground, with only a
few branches emerging above the ground. P. huberi (Ducke)
Ducke
has been recorded in permanent flooded-forests, or swampy land in northeast
Amazon rainforest; 3
spp. are found in dry montane forest up to 1,200 m altitude in north and NW
South America.
19. Prieurella Pierre. 5
spp. from Nicaragua in the north, Guianas, and the Amazon basin, 4 in Brazil,
none endemic.
20. Ragala Pierre. 4
spp. from northern South America, 3 in Brazil, none endemic.
21. Sarcaulus Radlk. Trees; stipules absent, calyx of 5 imbricate sepals,
corolla globose, carnose, staminodes present, scar lateral (adaxial). 5 spp.,
endemic in Ecuador (1), Peru (1) and E Brazil (2), and S. brasiliensis
(A. DC.) Eyma widely distributed fom S America Central to Bolivia and Brazil.
2. SUBFAMILY
SAPOTOIDEAE (c. 23/515–520) ‣ five lineages (mainly tribe
level), two in New World, Lecomtedoxa/Neolemonniera clade
(2/9, Gabon, tropical W Africa), Tseboneae (3/25, Madagascar) and Isonandreae (7/c.
260, Seychelles, India, Sri Lanka, SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea, tropical
Australia) absent.
2.1 SAPOTOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE SAPOTEAE (10/c. 140)
- outsiders Inhambanella (2; W and SE tropical Africa), Vitellariopsis (5; E
Africa), Vitellaria (1; tropical W and C Africa), Tieghemella
(2; tropical W and C Africa), Mimusops (c 40; tropical Africa,
Madagascar, Mascarene Islands, Seychelles, one species to tropical Asia), Autranella
(1; tropical W and Central Africa), Labramia (9; Madagascar), Labourdonnaisia (7; Madagascar,
Mauritius, Réunion), Faucherea (11; Madagascar).
22. Manilkara Adans. Trees, rarely shrubs, nearly always with sympodial
branching, rarely dioecious, calyx of 2 whorls of 3 sepals, outer whorl
valvate, corolla lobes 6, usually divided into 3 segments, staminodes present,
seed scar usually basi-ventral. 75 spp., tropical Africa and Madagascar, Asia,
Australia, Pacific, and 29 spp. in New World, from Florida, Mexico to SE Brazil
(16, 12 endemic, 4 spp. in Bahia and one in Pernanbuco state are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), Caribbean. 26 spp. in South America.
2.2 SAPOTOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE SIDEROXYLEAE (1/75–80)
‣ a single
genus.
23. Sideroxylon L. Often
spiny, calyx a single whorl of 5 imbricate sepals, corolla lobes divided into 3
segments or entire, staminodes present, seed scar basal or basiventral. 83 spp.
worldwide, 6 in Africa, 6 in Madagascar, 8 in Mascarenes, 4 in Asia, 1 in NW
Pakistan and Afganinthan, Oman, Ethiopia, Djibuti and Somalia; 55 in New World,
only 4 in South America, three from America Central over Colombia/Venezuela
region, and one, S. obtusifolium (Humb. ex Roem. & Schult.) T.D.
Penn., widely distributed, and only spp. in Brazil.
EBENACEAE
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IN POWO ON JUNE 24, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species 3/803.
Distribution pantropical, with their highest diversity in Malesia; some
species in temperate parts of E North America, India, E China, and Japan. Habit
usually dioecious (rarely monoecious, polygamomonoecious or bisexual), usually
evergreen (rarely deciduous) trees or shrubs. Bark, roots and heartwood often
black or, in air, blackening. Species of Diospyros
are of economic importance for the wood that several produce and for their
fruits. The wood, which is either uniformly dark (ebony) or variously streaked
and marbled, has been much used in furniture making. The fruit (date plums,
persimmons) can be very astringent if eaten before they are fully ripe.
SYSTEMATIC both
genera in this family occcur in South America.
1. Diospyros
L. Trees or shrubs, bark often black; inflorescence
cymose in male flowers and a single flower in female flowers. 778 spp.,
pantropical, 200-300 in Asia and Pacific, 95 in Madagascar, 110 in Africa
mainland, 15 in Australia and 112 in over New World, 82 in South America, 60 in
Brazil, 32 endemic (16 spp. in several Brazilian states
(mainly in Amazon rainforest) are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book); Euclea
(Africa) and Royena (Africa) have sometimes been identified as
sister-group to Diospyros.
2. Lissocarpa Benth. Treelets,
small or, less frequently, medium tall trees without latex, glabrous on all
organs (except on stigmas); roots probably black; leaves alternate, simple; flowers
axillary, solitary along the proximal part of long-shoots; flowers
actinomorphic, 4-merous (very rarely 5-merous), unisexual (apart from many
completely sterile flowers); fruit wall thin, fleshy, pink or red at maturity
when alive. 9 spp., 6 from Colombia to Bolivia; one in Venezuela and Guyana;
and two in Brazil: L. benthamii Gurke, in Upper Rio Negro at SW
Venezuela, SE Colombia, NW Brazil (only Amazonas state, very common in some
places), along or near black-water rivers (bosques bajos de rebalse en las
orillas) in seasonally flooded, usually ‘low and open’ forests; and L.
kating B.Walln, known from Brazil (Amazonas), Colombia (Vaupés), and Peru
(Loreto), where it grows at elevations between 90 and 250 meters, in primary,
non-flooded (‘terra-firme’) rain forests).
PRIMULACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
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IN POWO ON JUNE 24, 2024
Genera/spp.
57/2040–3050 Distribution cosmopolitan
except polar areas. Habit usually
bisexual (rarely monoecious, polygamomonoecious or dioecious), evergreen or
deciduous trees (in), shrubs, lianas or suffrutices, perennial or annual herbs (sometimes
cushion-shaped and woody at base), usually with a basal leaf rosette. Some
species are xerophytes. Hottonia and Samolus are aquatic. Aegiceras
mangrove trees. Cyclamen
has a tuber formed by the hypocotyl. Use Ornamental plants, medicinal
plants.
The biggest
problem for APG III was the question of how to treat Primulaceae and their
immediate relatives, a closely related group that in the past has often been
recognized as a separate order. Primulaceae has 58 genera and 2590 spp. in
worldwide. APG III include in this family the ex-familys. Eight genus and 120
spp. in Brazil.
Locally, the
wood of several species is used for rustic construction (fencing) and as fuel
(wood/charcoal), and fruit with thick mesocarps are often aten. Species of Ardisia, Cyclamen, Lysimachia and Rapanea are cultivated as
ornamental plants, including trees. Some species of Anagallis are introduced weeds. In other
regions of world some species are used in folk medicine.
SYSTEMATIC subfamily
Maesoideae (1/100-110, tropical
Africa, SE Africa, Madagascar, Yemen, Sri Lanka, E Asia to Japan, SE Asia,
Malesia to New Guinea, Melanesia, Queensland, islands in the Pacific)
do not occur in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
PRIMULOIDEAE (6/540–550) ‣ outsiders
Omphalogramma (15; Himalayas, W China), Hottonia (2; Europe,
W Asia, SE Canada, E U.S.A.), Soldanella (16; mountain regions in C
and S Europe), Bryocarpum (1; E Himalayas).
1. Androsace
L. 173 spp., almost all restricted of Northern Hemisphere except
by A. salasii Kurtz native from S. Chile to W. Central & S.
Argentina.
2. Primula
L. Perennial herbs, sometimes very small. 545 spp., native to the
Northern Hemisphere, with the distribution extending southwards to Ethiopia,
Indonesia, New Guinea, 21 spp. in New World, with two, P. magellanica
Lehm. and P. comberi W.W. Sm., in the southern tip of South America,
also in Falklands Is.
2. SUBFAMILY
MYRSINOIDEAE (c. 40/1,500–2,500) ‣ outsiders
Coris (1; W and C Mediterranean, Somalia), Ardisiandra
(3; mountains in tropical Africa), Cyclamen (22; S Europe,
Mediterranean to the Caucasus and Iran, NE Somalia), Embelia (c
130; tropical and subtropical regions in the Old World), Grenacheria (12;
Malesia), Heberdenia (1; Madeira, Canary Islands), Pleiomeris
(1; Canary Is.), Solonia (1; Cuba), Emblemantha (1; Sumatra),
Sadiria (4; Assam, E Himalayas), Antistrophe (6; tropical
Asia from N India to SE Asia and Malesia), Aegiceras (1; coastal
areas in SE Asia to islands in the Pacific), Amblyanthus (3; E
Himalayas to SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea), Amblyanthopsis (3;
Himalayas to SE Asia and W Malesia), Elingamita (1; Three
Kings Islands in New Zealand), Loheria (10; Philippines, New
Guinea), Vegaea (1; Hispaniola), Oncostemum (c 90;
Madagascar, Mascarene Islands), Badula (17; Madagascar, Mauritius,
Réunion), Discocalyx (c 105; Central Malesia to tropical Australia,
Melanesia and Polynesia, with their largest diversity in Philippines and on New
Caledonia), Labisia (17; SE Asia, Malesia), Systellantha
(3; Borneo), Monoporus (9; Madagascar), Fittingia (7; New
Guinea), Conandrium (2; E Malesia to New Guinea and
Bismarck Archipelago).
3. Ardisia
Sw. (inc. Gentlea) Shrubs
or treelets, often subshrubs or herbs. 735 spp., pantropical, mainly tropical
America and Asia, a few in temperate Japan; is found in much of the family’s
range but not in Africa; 169 spp. in New World, 54 in South America, only three
in Brazil (all in Amazon rainforest, A. semicrenata Mart. up to Atlantic
Forest, none endemic). Ardisia subg. Graphardisia is a small
distinctive subgenus of 7 spp. with nine subspecies found from Mexico to
Bolivia and adjacent Brazil.
4. Ctenardisia Ducke.
Shrubs monocaulous or small trees; inflorescences
terminal panicles. 5 spp., two endemic to Mexico, one in America Central, C.
stenobotrys (Standl.) Lundell & Pipoly in Venezuela and Amazonas state
in Brazil, and C. speciosa Ducke endemic to Pará state.
5. Cybianthus
Mart. Shrubs or small trees, often epiphytic;
vegetative and floral parts sometimes brownish lepidote. 156 spp., 148 in South
America, fully neotropical, 70 in Brazil, 31 endemic. 11 subgenera, Conomorpha, Cybianthus,
Laxiflorus and Weilgetia occur in Brazil; Comomyrsine, Cybianthopsis,
Grammadenia, Iteoides, Micronomorpha, Stapfia and Triadophora
are absent.
6. Geissanthus
Hook.f. Trees or shrubs, inflorescence in terminal
panicles. 52 spp., all from Venezuela to Bolivia, two up to center and SE
Brazil (São Paulo state), and one up to Panamá.
7.
Hymenandra A. DC.
ex Spacht. 16 spp., 8 spp. in Indo-Malesia region
(Assan to Borneu) and 8 in New World, six from Nicaragua to Panamá, and two endemic
to Choco region in Colombia.
8. Lysimachia
L. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs; flowers in
axis or upper leaves, in panicles or racemes, sometimes cephalium. 282 spp.
worldwide, including 4 ancient species growing in New World, with white flowers
and morpholocally distinct (none in Brazil), and others moved from Anagalis
and Pelletiera. 33 spp. in New World, 13 in South America, 9 in Brazil, six
endemic (almost all in southern country).
9. Myrsine
L. Shrubs or trees, sometimes with roots
crown. 283 spp., pantropical. 78 spp. in New World, 65 in South
America, 28 in Brazil, 18 endemic, one of them, from Minas Gerais state, is
a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s
book.
10. Parathesis
(DC.) Hook.f. Trees or shrubs, often with stellate or hairs dendroid,
poliaxyal, mainly ferruginous-tomentose. 108 spp., Mesoamerica, Andes of South
America and Caribbean,
21 in South America, two in Brazil, none endemic, in Amazonas, Acre and
Rondonia; two subgenera:
§ subg. Parathesis
‣ three sections 59 spp., inc. both Brazilian
members of genus.
§ subg. Lateralis
‣ 49 spp. within 4 sections, absent in Brazil.
11. Stylogyne AD.C. Small
androdioecous, dioecious, or bissexual shrubs or trees, with small and delicate
4-merous, or more often, 5-merous campanulate flowers. 34 spp. of Neotropics, 30 in South America, 21 spp. in
Brazil, 12 restricted of Amazon rainforest (Xingu eastwards, one
of then endemic), and 9 restricted of Atlantic Forest (all endemic, one in
Bahia, 8 from Espírito Santo to border of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul
states, three of
them, all from Rio de Janeiro state, are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
3. SUBFAMILY
SAMOLOIDEAE (1/14) ‣ a single
genus.
12. Samolus
L. Herbs, short-lived perennial found in small colonies by permanently wet and
often seasonally flooded springs, flushed sea-cliffs, puddles, ditches, lagoons
and lake shores, reed (Phragmites) stands, wet pastures, and saline
meadows, in more or less saline habitats such as small, brackish ponds near
the seashore or in salt marshes. 14 spp., subcosmopolitan, 5 in
South America, three only in southern Patagonia (one scattered in Antartic
Zone), S. parviflorus Raf. in Japan, Canada to Honduras, Ecuador to
Chile, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, and S. subnudicaulis A.St.-Hil.
from S Brazil to SE Uruguay and Argentina (Córdoba, San Luis).
4. SUBFAMILY
THEOPHRASTOIDEAE (7–6/90–95) ‣ outsiders Theophrasta (2; Hispaniola), Neomezia (1;
Cuba) and Deherainia (3; Mexico to
Honduras).
13. Bonellia
Colla. 29 spp., a half only in Mexico and America Central,
six restricted of Caribbean, and 4 restricted of Andes from Venezuela to Peru.
14. Clavija Ruiz
& Pav. Unbranched or sparsely unbranched shrubs or treelets stems spini. 56
spp., 54 in South America (5 up to America Central); and the only Antillean
species, C. domingensis Urb. & Ekman, sister to all other
species occurring in South and America Central. 10 spp. in Brazil, 3 endemic.
15. Jacquinia
L. Shrubs or small trees, richly branched. 21 spp., 19
restricted of Caribbean and adjacent Mexico and Florida, J. arborea Vahl
from Mexico to Panamá and Venezuela, and J. armillaris Jacq. in
Caribbean, Colombia, Venezuela and N Brazil, at vast areas in Atlantic sandy
coastal shrublands (restingas), inc. Fernando de Noronha Is., in sand
psamophillous soils.
LINEAGE
5 of 6: THEOIDS
THEACEAE
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Genera/species 8/250–450
Distribution SE U.S.A., Caribbean, America
Central, tropical South America, E Asia to Korean Peninsula and Japan, SE Asia,
Malesia, New Guinea. Habit bisexual, usually evergreen (rarely
deciduous) trees and shrubs. Use Ornamental plants, stimulants,
seed-oils, timber.
SYSTEMATIC three
tribes, Gordonieae (3/3–60, SE Asia, W Malesia, Georgia in U.S.A.)
and Stewartieae (1/9–30, C China, Korean Peninsula, Japan, SE
U.S.A.) does not occur in South America; among Theeae, outsiders are Camellia
(c 125; E Asia to Japan and Taiwan in China, tropical Asia), Polyspora (c
40; S China, SE Asia), Pyrenaria (42; S China, SE Asia, W
Malesia), Apterosperma (1; China).
1. Gordonia Ellis.
Trees, with flowers, leaves at the tip of branches, inflorescences terminal. 23
spp. from New World, restrciteds in Caribbean (13), Colombia to Ecuador (4),
U.S.A. (1), Mexico to Panamá (1), SE Brazil (2), G. spathulata (Kobuski)
H.Keng, from Peru to N Brazil, and G. fruticosa (Schrad.) H.Keng, from
Honduras to Brazil, Venezuela and Guianas.
SYMPLOCACEAE
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Genera/species 1/410
Distribution SE U.S.A., southern Mexico, America Central, Caribbean,
tropical South America, tropical and subtropical areas in South, E and SE Asia,
Malesia, Melanesia, E Australia; some species in temperate regions of E Asia
and E North America. Habit usually bisexual (rarely polygamomonoecious
or dioecious), usually evergreen trees or shrubs (Symplocos paniculata (Thunb.)
Miq. is deciduous). Use Beverages (maté), dyeing sources,
carpentries, carvings.
SYSTEMATIC outsider
Cordyloblaste (2, E Asia).
1. Symplocos Jacq. Trees
or shrubs, evergreen or deciduous; mature current-year branchlets green or
brown; leaf midvein sulcate, flat, or prominent adaxially; hermaphroditic or
dioecious; inflorescences axillary or pseudoterminal, or irregularly
concaulescent; bracteoles subtending flowers caducous or persistent. 346 spp.,
144 in Old World, 198 in southern U.S.A., Caribbean, Central Mexico to S
Brazil (45, 33 endemic, 9 of them, all in Minas
Gerais or Rio de Janeiro states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book),
Argentina and Paraguay, particularly but not exclusively in montane areas;
lacking or very rare in the entral Amazon rainforest. 151 spp. in
South America. Two subgenera:
§
subg.
Symplocos ‣ almost over genus.
§
sect.
Symplocos ‣ 178 species, tropical
America.
o
ser.
Symplocos ‣ 171 spp., tropical
America; the informal Neosymplocos group has 13 spp. from Brazil and
Paraguay.
o
ser.
Urbaniocharis ‣ 7 spp., Caribbean.
§
sect.
Barberina ‣ 25 spp., S.
wikstroemiifolia Hayata in Asia and remaining in New World.
§
sect.
Lohdra ‣ 142 spp., E Asia,
Australasia.
§
subg.
Palura ‣ only one sp., S.
paniculata (Thunb.) Miq., from E Asia.
STYRACACEAE
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Genera/species
12/c. 160 Distribution The U.S.A., Mexico, Caribbean,
America Central, South America southwards to Argentina, the N and E
Mediterranean, E Himalaya (Nepal to Arunachal-Pradesh), Assam, E India, E Asia
to Korean Peninsula and Japan, SE Asia, Malesia, New Guinea, Solomon Islands. Habit
usually bisexual (in Bruinsmia gynodioecious), evergreen or deciduous
trees or shrubs.
Use
Ornamental plants, medicinal plants, balsam resins (benyamin-gum,
benzoin etc. from Styrax) for pharmaceutical, confectionery and perfume
industries, incense.
SYSTEMATIC
outsiders are Huodendron (4; S China, se Asia); Bruinsmia (2; E
Himalayas, Burma, S China, Indochina, Malesia to New Guinea), Alniphyllum
(3; E Himalayas, SW and C China (inc. Taiwan), SE Asia), Halesia (2, SE
U.S.A.), Melliodendron (1; S China), Changiostyrax
(1; S China), Perkinsiodendron (1; E China), Rehderodendron
(5; S and W China, Burma, Vietnam), Pterostyrax (4; Burma; China,
Japan), Sinojackia (8; S China), Parastyrax (2; Yunnan,
Burma).
1. Styrax L. Trees
(4-30 m), sometimes with developed xylopodia, which have a
strong capacity to form new sprouts after fire. 130 spp.,
widely distributed but disjunctive distribution, New World (84), E Asia, and
Mediterranean region. 61 spp. occur in South America, two in meditarranean
vegetation in California, several occurs in savannah in center Brazil and
Andean paramo; some Styrax in Brazil (26, 12 endemic).
LINEAGE
6 of 6: ERICOIDES
MITRASTEMONACEAE
§ PARASITIC (Prosopanche -
Cassyta - Bdalophytum - Krameria - Mitrastemon - APODANTHACEAE
– ... - Cuscuta)
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Genera/species
1/2 Distribution New World and Asia. Habit bisexual,
achlorophyllous, herbaceous endophytes without rhizome or normal roots.
Holoendoparasites on roots of Fagaceae (Castanopsis,
Lithocarpus, Quercus, and Trigonobalanus); isophasic
parasitism.
SYSTEMATIC
two achlorophyllous spp. in single genus.
1. Mitrastemon
Makino.
Two spp. worldwide, M. yamamotoi Makino from NE India, Indochina,
Malesia (including New Guinea), Taiwan (China), the Ryukyu Islands, Japan; and M.
matudae Yamam. from S Mexico, Guatemala, NW Colombia, in fagaceous forests.
ACTINIDACEAE
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Genera/species
3/448 Distribution S and E China, Korean Peninsula, Japan, Siberia, SE
Asia, Himalayas, Malesia to New Guinea, NE Queensland, Solomon Islands,
Fiji, Mexico and America Central, northern Andes to Bolivia). Habit bisexual,
morphologically dioecious (Clematoclethra), functionally dioecious or
monoecious, evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs or lianas. Use
Ornamental plants, fruits.
SYSTEMATICS
outsiders Clematoclethra (1, W and C China), Actinidia (55,
S and E China, Korean Peninsula, Japan, Siberia, SE Asia).
1. Sauraia
Wild.
Tall (up 30 m) to small trees or woody shrubs, usually
pubescent. 392 spp., 301 from Himalaya to Fiji, 90 spp. from Mexico to Bolivia,
and one sp. in Queensland. 62 spp. in South America (59 confined), in Venezuela
(8, 1 endemic), Colombia (34, 22 endemic), Ecuador (23, 14 endemic), Peru (11,
5 endemic) and Bolivia (6, 3 endemic), only the canopy S. yasicae Loes.
definitely wider range in Neotropics. 27 spp. occur only from Mexico and America
Central, 22 are treated in Hunters (1966) revision. 7 sections at Soejarto DD
(1980, only South Americans), with only 49 spp. at to date:
§ sect.
Omichlophilae - 4 spp., all endemic to Colombia,
1,700 – 3,200 m altitudinal range.
§ sect.
Gynotrichae - only one spp., S. loesneriana
Busc, endemic to 2,800 – 3,000 m altitudinal range in Piura and Cajamarca in
Peru.
§ sect.
Laevigatae - 9 spp., 8 from Venezuela to Peru
and one endemic to Bolivia.
§ sect.
Parviflorae - 10 spp., Colombia (6 endemic) to
Peru (1 endemic) and Bolivia (one endemic), mainly restricted.
§ sect.
Pulverulentae - 9 spp., Venezuela, Colombia (5
endemic) and Ecuador (2 endemic), coastal lowland to highlands.
§ sect.
Macrophyllae - 13 spp., from Venezuela (one
endemic) to C Peru (three Colombian endemic), and one endemic to Bolivia.
§ sect.
Lanatae - three spp., Colombia and Peru one
endemic each, and S. bullosa
Wawra from Colombia to Peru; at the volcano El Galeras, above Pasto,
individuals of this spp. are found up to 3,600 m, probably the highest limit of
tolerance of members of Saurauia.
The
highest altitude which members of South American Saurauia tolerate is 3,600
m, represented by S. bullosa, and the lower limit is almost at sea
level, represented by S. mexiae
Killip ex Soejarto, S. parviflora
Triana & Planch., S. pseudoleucocarpa
Buscal. and S. yasicae Loes.;
the geographical range of the South American species is
limited to the Andean mountain system, from Venezuela in the north to Bolivia
in the south. No species are represented in the ‘puna’ vegetation of Peru and
Bolivia. A strong species concentration is located near the Colombo- Ecuadorian
frontier (the Narino-Putumayo region), just before the Andes splits into the
three Colombian Cordillera systems, i.e., the Occidental, Central, and
Oriental.
SARRACENIACEAE
§ CARNIVOROUS
(Brocchnia - Catopsis - Paepalanthus
- Drosera - Heliamphora -
Philcoxia - Genlisea - Utricularia - Pinguincula)
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Genera/species
3/30 Distribution E U.S.A., S Canada, the Guiana Shield. Habit bisexual,
perennial rhizomatous herbs. Carnivorous. Helophytes.
At Guiana
Shield mountains, the uneven plateau of Cerro Duida is heavily
inclined, rising north to south from around 1,300–1,400 m to a maximum of
2,358 m. But the highest point of the massif, at 2,832 m, is found on
Cerro Marahuaca, this being the second-highest mountain of the entire Guiana
Shield (after Mount Neblina).
SYSTEMATIC
outsiders Darlingtonia (1; Oregon, N California) and Sarracenia
(9–10; E U.S.A., S and SE Canada).
1. Heliamphora
Benth. Pitcher herbs, with a double keel; rhizomatous, most acaulescent. H.
nutans and H. minor has erect stems and can attain a dendroid habit;
pitchers
long with short petioles and are borne in a rosette, shaped like urns and
trumpets; flowers are quite large, with free rather petal-like sepals, free
petals, and usually numerous stamens. 23 spp., live
in acidic, boggy habitats, in two geographical groups:
§ Western Range
(6) ‣ two spp. only inland Venezuela (H. macdonaldae Gleason
and H. tatei Gleason, restricted of Cerro Duida, Huachamakari and
Marahuaka), and four in Mount Neblina (three
only in this tepui), but only three in Brazil:
§ H. ceracea Nz.,
Wist., Grant., Riv., Fleisc. & McPherson - occur at 1,900 m altitudinal
range, known only from several small populations on slopes of Mount
Neblina in Brazil, but may have wider distribution; if not, it would be
the only known species not found in Venezuela.
§ H. hispida
Nerz & Wistuba - occur at 1,800–2,994 m altitudinal range,
found in southern portion of Mount Neblina,
on and around Mount Neblina and Pico 31 de Março (including
area around the Titirico River); additional populations may grow in the
largely unexplored Cañón Grande; plants near the summit of Mount
Neblina (2,994 m) represent the upper altitudinal
limit for the genus.
§
H. neblinae Maguire - occur at 860–2,200 m
altitudinal range, known with certainty from southern portion of Mount
Neblina, where it grows on and around summit up
to Pirapacu Range in Brazilian side; herbarium material suggests it is also
present in the northern parts, though it has not been observed in the extreme
north; the range of H. neblinae extends to the two northern tepuis
(Aracamuni and Avispa, the last represent the lower altitudinal
limit for the genus, with populations growing at 860 m; the pitchers
of H. neblinae are some of the largest in
the genus, occasionally exceeding 50 cm.
§ H. parva
(Maguire) S.McPherson, A.Fleischm., Wistuba & Nerz - occur at 1,750–2,200m
altitudinal range, recorded from NW part of Mount
Neblina at 2,000–2,200m in Venezuela side, and no other Heliamphora
species is known from this area, though the largest known stands grow in the
northwestern part of the massif, at lower elevations of 1,750–1,850 m; it
is unknown whether the range of this species extends into the central valleys
of Mount Neblina.
Mount
Neblina is located in the extreme north of Amazonas and is dominated by
the highly fragmented complex with many plateaus averaging 2,000–2,400 m in
elevation, and is the Brazil's highest peaks (2994 m), known as Pico Phelps in
Venezuela; a giant valley, Cañón Grande, runs southwest to northeast through
the middle of Mount Neblina; the smaller outcrops of Cerro
Aracamuni and Cerro Avispa, both reaching approximately 1,600 m, lie to the
north of this complex. The name Mount Neblina not
includes Cerro Aracamuni and Cerro Avispa.
Hibrids are H.
ceracea × H. hispida, recorded from Brazilian border
area on flanks of Mount Neblina; H.
neblinae × H. parva - found in the north of Mount
Neblina; complex backcrosses have been recorded; Undetermined hybrids -
putative complex swarms involving H. ceracea, H. hispida, H.
neblinae and H. parva are found in the southern part
of Mount Neblina.
§ Eastern
Range (17) ‣ 15 spp. are endemic to Venezuela (Gran Sabana,
Los Testigos and Ptari Tepui two endemic each, one endemic to Auyan Massif, 5
in Middle East Tepuis), mainly encompassed by Bolívar state,
Venezuela; the five remaining is from East Tepuis, and two ranges up to Brazil
and Guiana:
§ H. glabra (Maguire) Nerz, Wistuba &
Hoogenstrijd is found in Mount Roraima (in small, scattered populations
in northern portion of summit plateau (including around tripoint). Growing
at roughly 2750 m, these stunted plants represent the upper altitudinal
limit of the species; lowest altitude populations (1,200 m) grow on slopes
off the mountain's northern flank. Distribution may similarly extend eastwards
from Mount Roraima, but this requires confirmation), in Serra do Sol (summit
supports the largest known populations of this species, unusually consisting of
predominantly green-pitchered plants; only known Venezuelan locality for this
species is at the southern end of the plateau) and Wei Assipu Tepui (on summit.
Likely to grow around base also, but this requires confirmation).
§ H. nutans
Benth, the first Heliamphora to be described and is the best known
species, found in Mount Roraima (mostly around edges of mountain and on upper
tepui cliffs; summit plateau hosts highest-growing population of this species,
at 2,700 m; originally discovered in ‘El Dorado Swamp’ off Mount Roraima's
southern flank, but this population has not been relocated since its discovery
and was possibly destroyed by fires); and also in Wei Assipu Tepui (on upper
tepui cliffs).
§ hybrids H.
nutans x H. glabra also occur in Mount Roraima (in northern part
of summit plateau in apparently sterile clumps; complex backcrosses reported)
and Wei Assipu Tepui (complex backcrosses reported).
East tepuis,
this tepuis, known also Roraima–Ilú range, stretches in a northwesterly
direction from the tripoint of Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela, closely
following the Guyana–Venezuela border, with an isolated double-peaked plateau
(Serra do Sol or Uei Tepui) to the south. Moving in a northwesterly
direction from Serra do Sol (2,150 m), the major summits of this chain
are Mount Roraima (2,810 m), Kukenán Tepui (2,650 m),
Yuruaní Tepui (2,400 m), Wadakapiapué Tepui (2,000 m), Karaurín
Tepui (2500 m), Ilú Tepui (2,700 m), and Tramen Tepui; with the
exception of the tiny Wadakapiapué Tepui, all of these peaks are known to
support Heliamphora.
H. uncinata
Nerz, Wistuba & A. Fleischm. is only known from a single collection at the
type location, a narrow canyon on Amurí-tepui (the western sector of
Acopán-tepui), where it grows mainly on the vertical sandstone cliff surface in
shaded conditions in humus pockets and cracks at c. 1,850 m; the only other
species of Heliamphora known so far that preferably grows on vertical,
wet sandstone walls is H. exappendiculata (Maguire & Steyerm.) Nerz
& Wistuba.
They are
exquisitely constructed pitfalls that entrap insects lured to the mouth of the
pitcher by nectar-secreting glands and glistening surfaces. Downward-pointing
hairs in the throat of the pitcher prevent the insect’s escape, and the
exhausted prey slide down the slippery throat and fall into the liquid in the
pitcher, where they are either digested by enzymes secreted by glands in the
pitcher or eaten by the animals living in the pitcher, their remains being
excreted into the liquid.
CLETHRACEAE
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Genera/species
2/99 Distribution E and SE U.S.A., Mexico, Caribbean,
America Central, tropical South America, Madeira, E Asia to Korean Peninsula
and Japan, Taiwan and Hainan in China, SE Asia, Malesia, New Guinea. Habit
bisexual (rarely functionally gynodioecious), evergreen or deciduous trees or
shrubs.
SYSTEMATICS
both genera occur in South America.
1. Clethra L. Trees and
shrubs with entire to serrate leaves. 86 spp., most diverse in the tropical
humid montane habitats, reaching their upper altitudinal limit at about 3,800 m
in the Andes; two sects:
§ sect. Cuellaria ‣ 62
spp. in two subsections:
§ subsect. Cuellaria
‣ 61 spp., Central and South America (22 in
continent), only two spp. in Brazil, C. scabra
Pers in C & S South America, and C. uleana
Sleumer, endemic to mountains in S region.
§ subsect. Pseudocuellaria
‣ a single
sp., C.
arborea Aiton, from Madeira.
§ sect. Clethra
‣ 24 spp., 22 in China (inc. Taiwan), Korean
Peninsula, Japan, SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea, and two in
North America.
2. Purdiaea
Planch. Small trees or shrubs with sessile entire
leaves. 13 spp., 11 endemic to Cuba, P. belizensis (A.C. Sm. &
Standl.) J.L. Thomas in America Central, and P. nutans Planch. from
Venezuela to Peru.
CYRILLACEAE
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Genera/species
2/11 Distribution coastal plains in SE U.S.A., Caribbean,
America Central, N South America. Habit bisexual,
evergreen or deciduous shrubs or small trees.
SYSTEMATIC the
family comprises two genera, with Cliftonia
monophylla (Lam.)
Britton ex Sarg. endemic to SE U.S.A. a outsider; Cyrillaceae is placed in the
Ericales as sister to Ericaceae, and also closely related to Clatraceae. The
Cyrillaceae have similarities with Ericaceae and Clethraceae. It differs from
them by hidehiseent fruit, number of carpels and locules (3 in Clethra L.), presence of
nectariferous dise and few ovules (numerous in Clethra).
1. Cyrilla L. Small
shrub to canopy tree, sometimes with woody rhizomes. 10 spp., 9 restricted of Caribbean
(almost all endemic to Cuba), and C. racemiflora L., from SE U.S.A.,
Greater Antilles, Mexico (only known in Mexico from one small isolated
population in Oaxaca), Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panamá, E Colombia to
Suriname, and N Brazil in Amazonas and Roraima states (very common in Mount
Aracá
in Brazil, and along N Rio Negro, Nhamunda and Trombetas rivers); the species
also grows to be a large tree in the cloud forest of Puerto Rico but it is
always a much smaller plant in savanna habitats of Central and South America
and the U.S.A.
J. L.
Thomas (1960) acknowledges that C.
racemiflora is polymorphic and should be recognized as a single
variable species, on the basis of local variation in leaf and inflorescence
size. Yesilyurt (2009) pointed out that during studies of the flora of the
Guianas that specimens showed considerable amount of variation in size and
shape and even texture in all the features of the leaves, flowers and fruits.
ERICACEAE
§ MYCOHETEROTROPHICS
(Arachnitis – TRIURIDACEAE – BURMANNIACEAE
– ORCHIDACEAE – Voyria - Voyriella - Monotropa)
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Genera/species 121/4,100
Distribution cosmopolitan, although few species in tropical lowland
regions, with their largest diversity in Himalaya to SW China, New Guinea,
South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Habit usually bisexual (rarely
monoecious or dioecious), usually evergreen (sometimes deciduous) shrubs or
suffrutices (rarely trees, lianas or perennial herbs). Some genera consist of
achlorophyllous and mycotrophic plants. Numerous species are xerophytic. Some
species are helophytes. A starchy lignotuber is present especially in many
species in mediterranean climates. They are herbs, terrestrial,
epiphytic ep·i·phyte
n.
A plant, such as a tropical orchid or a staghorn fern, that grows on another
plant upon which it depends for mechanical support but not for nutrients. Also
called aerophyte, air plant. (erect or pendent), or,
rarely, saxicolous shrubs and subshrubs 1-2 m tall, lianas, cushion plants (in Dracophylum,
Disterigma empetrifolium and Rhododendron saxifragoides),
prostrate pros·trate
tr.v. pros·trat·ed, pros·trat·ing, pros·trates
1. To put or throw flat with the face down, as in submission or
adoration: mat-forming chamaephytes, and trees to 20 m tall. The herbs
are either achlorophyllous and mycotrophic or green and autotrophic autotrophic /au·to·tro·phic/ (aw?to-tro´fik)
self-nourishing; able to build organic constituents from carbon dioxide and
inorganic salts. .
DIVERSITY
NUMBER c. 220 spp. occur in North America in 40 genera; 44 (40 endemic)
in Caribbean in 9 genera; 60 in Mexico and America Central in 20 genera; 66 (64
endemic at, Gaultheria setulosa shared with Guiana Shield and ropical Andes, another reaching into Paraguay and
Uruguay) in Brazilian highlands in 3 genera; 10 (all endemic at) in temperate
Andes in 2 genera; 71 in Guiana Shield in 18
genera; and 586 (519-522 endemic at) in tropical Andes in 30 genera;
46 genera
and about 800 species of Ericaceae native to the Neotropics; in South America
highly centered in northern Andes, with most species in Colombia and Ecuador,
where approximately 50% (ca. 398 out of ca. 800) of the species occur; 32
genera and 752 spp. are Neotropical endemic.
ENVIRONMENT,
HABITAT, AND HABIT Overall, Ericaceae are the sixth
largest epiphytic family of vascular plants in Neotropics, following the
Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Araceae, Piperaceae, and Gesneriaceae. At least 30
genera and c. 340 species of neotropical Ericaceae, equaling about 65% of the
genera and 45% of the sp., occur as epiphytes (and this is probably a low
estimate); in the Neotropics Ericaceae grows continuously throughout the year
in na seasonal habitats, producing flushes of intensely red-pigmented new
leaves; this make the family is very easy to spot in the field; the great
majority of the sp. have flowers with fused petals.
It should be
noted that, with only two known exceptions, Gaultheria erecta Vent. (the
Costa Rican populations only) and occasional individuals of Lyonia octandra (Sw.)
Griseb. (a Jamaican endemic), all superior-ovaried genera of neotropical
Ericaceae are terrestrial.
In the
Neotropics the vertical relief often spans 0-5,000 m, giving rise to a mosaic
of habitats and ecological niches. In these areas Ericaceae have evolved
different life-forms and may occupy many different habitats. They are herbs,
terrestrial, epiphytic (erect or pendent), or, rarely, saxicolous shrubs and
subshrubs 1-2 m tall, lianas, cushion plants, prostrate mat-forming
chamaephytes, and trees to 20 m tall; the herbs are either achlorophyllous and
mycotrophic or green and autotrophic. They can also be quite plastic.
A few
species are found as epiphytes in mangrove swamps; only two neotropical
species, Cavendishia laurifolia and Comarostaphylis polifolia,
have been recorded from limestone habitats; in the E Venezuela, Notopora
schomburgkii Hook.f. and Vaccinium puberulum Klotzsch are typical
elements in the sandy savanna shrublands; Gaultheria
myrsinoides Kunth forms carpets or creeping
mats over many hectares in the mountains of Mexico and Guatemala, as well as in
the superparamo at Nevado del Cocuy, Colombia.
In montane
regions of the Neotropics, several weedy species of Ericaceae are frequently
found as pioneers following volcanic activity or recent landslides or as part
of the edge community around mature forests. People probably have also had
great influence on the distribution of these species by creating disturbed
areas, especially along the forest edge and steep slopes of clearings after
periods of logging or road building. A particularly weedy species in the
high-elevation paramo, Gaultheria myrsinoides,
is resistant to trampling by cattle and is a successional species
in heavily grazed areas. This species invades paramo in places where the
vegetation is low and open, and it persists after the vegetation recovers. Fire
does not affect it directly, but actually helps spread it indirectly because it
opens the vegetation (Pels & Verweij, 1992). All Ericaceae, even
rhizomatous species, have a tap root initially that may develop to a depth of
2-3 m, as well as a shallow root system that spreads diffusely just below the
soil surface, where there is usually abundant moisture. A few species are
rhizomatous and/or mat forming. Numerous species develop bark-covered
lignotubers and/ or burls that can vary in size from several centimeters to
more than 1 meter in diameter.
BIOGEOGRAPHICAL
Floristic assemblages at the generic and specific levels further
characterize each of the five neotropical biogeographical regions. For example,
the Guiana Shield, by three endemic genera Ledothamnus (7), Mycerinus
(3), and Notopora (5), as well as by Vaccinium puberulum,
Vaccinium euryanthum A. C. Sm., and Thibaudia nutans Klotzsch; and
the SE Brazilian, by the genera Agarista (24 endemic) and Gaylussacia
(36 endemic).
The five
biogeographical regions, however, are structurally, vegetatively, and
floristically more complex than the generalizations mentioned above imply. Each
region itself may be divided into several smaller, more local floristic units
of high ericad speciation, which in many cases coincide with the finer
structural features as proposed by Simpson (1975) and modified by Berry (1985).
Although these smaller floristic units are not as obvious as the larger
biogeographical regions, they are nevertheless definable by their own clusters
of genera and/or species.
The
following six units are examples.
1.
A southern Mesoamerican unit: Costa Rica to Panamá, consisting of
low-elevation, continental divide, premontane cloud forests. It is
characterized by four endemic genera, Anthopteropsis (1), Didonica (4),
Lateropora (3), and Utleya (1), as well as Cavendishia series
Lactiviscidae (9). Few taxa span the Middle American land bridge that
arose during the Pliocene, and 49% of the species (ca. 57 of 116) are endemic.
2.
A northern Andean unit: the three cordilleras of Colombia, the northwestern and
eastern slopes of Ecuador, and the northeastern slopes of Peru, consisting of
wet, mid- to highelevation (1,000-2,999 m) montane cloud forests. It is
characterized by the genera Cavendishia, Ceratostema, Macleania, Orthaea,
Psammisia, Sphyrospermum, Themistoclesia, and Thibaudia, each with
20 or more species.
3.
A high Andean paramo unit: between (3,000-) 3,500-4,500 m. It is characterized
by the genera Plutarchia (9 endemic to Colombia) and Gaultheria (16,
essentially endemic to paramo), and Vaccinium floribundum, Gaultheria
myrsinoides and Disterigma
empetrifolium Kunth.
4.
A south-central Ecuador-north-central Peruvian unit: coincident with the
Amotape-Huancabamba Zone, consisting of a more seasonal scrub forest. It is
characterized by Gaultheria reticulata Kunth, G. tomentosa Kunth,
G. lanigera Hook.f. var. lanigera, and several closely related
species of Oreanthes and Ceratostema.
5.
A south-central Peru-northern Bolivian unit: high-elevation cloud forests. It
is characterized by the following endemic genera: Demosthenesia (9), Siphonandra
(2-3), Pellegrinnia (4), Rusbya (1), and Polyclita (1).
6.
A ‘Choco’ unit: Pacific coastal South America from extreme SE Panamá through
Colombia to north-central Ecuador, and consisting of low-elevation (mostly
below 1,000 m) rain or cloud forest. It is characterized by Anthopterus
wardii Ball, Macleania smithiana Luteyn, 16 species of Cavendishia,
and 10 species of Psammisia. This unit was first noted by Smith
(1946) and subsequently promoted as a distinct phytogeographical province by
Gentry (1982a).
WIDELY
DISTRIBUTED TAXA IN NEOTROPICAL VACCINIEAE Most species
of neotropical Vaccinieae are narrow endemic, growing in specific habitats or
altitudinal belts; the narrowly endemic species are generally distinctive, seem
to be more specialized, and have narrower morphological variation than do more
widely distributed species. Many are found only in a single mountain range, and
a few are endemic to single peaks. But in addition to numerous narrow endemic,
each large genus of Vaccinieae also has one or two widely distributed species,
e.g., Cavendishia bracteata, Macleania rupestris, Psammisia guianensis,
Satyria panurensis (Benth. ex Meisn.) Hook. f. ex Nied., Sphyrospermum
cordifolium Benth., Thibaudia floribunda, and Vaccinium
floribundum.
The
following Ericaceae were also collected at Mount Aracá,
all collected in Brazil in 1993: Bejaria sprucei Meissner, Cavendishia
callista Donn.-Sm., Satyria panurensis (Benth.) Bentham &
Hooker, Sphyrospermum cordifolium, Thibaudia formosa (Yd.)
Hoerold, Thibaudia nutans Klotzsch. ex Mansfeld and Vaccinium
puberulum Klotzsch. ex Meissner var. puberulum.
SYSTEMATICS eight
subfamilies, Enkianthoideae (1/17, Japan, S China, N Burma,
Indochina), Arbutoideae (3–5/c 85, temperate regions on the Northern
Hemisphere southwards to mountains in America Central), Cassiopoideae
(1/12, arctic-alpine regions on the Northern Hemisphere, Himalayas), Harrimanelloideae
(1/2, arctic-alpine regions in N Europe to N Ural, Japan, the Kurile Islands,
Kamchatka, Alaska, arctic Canada to Quebec and NE U.S.A.) do not occur in South
America.
1. SUBFAMILY
MONOTROPOIDEAE (14/55–60)
‣ tribes Pyroleae (4/c. 42,
temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere to mountains on Taiwan (China) and
northern Sumatra) and Pterosporeae (2/2, S Canada, W and NE U.S.A.,
N Mexico) does not occur in South America; among Monotropeae, outsiders
are Allotropa (1; W U.S.A.), Cheilotheca (3; Assam
to W Malesia), Hemitomes (1; W U.S.A.), Monotropastrum (2; E
Asia, Sumatra), Monotropsis (1; SE U.S.A.), Pityopus
(1; W U.S.A.), Pleuricospora (1; SW Canada, W U.S.A.).
1. Monotropa
L. Mycoheterotrophic herbs associated at Quercus
sp. 4 spp., two Holartic up to America Central, one in SE U.S.A., and M.
coccinea Zucc. from Mexico to NW Colombia, in native Quercus forest
and introduced pine plantations in the W Cordillera.
2. SUBFAMILY
ERICOIDEAE (18/c 1.770) ‣ 5
tribes, Rodoeae (1/850) and Ericeae (3/860, Europe, Africa) not
in South America.
2.1 ERICOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE PHYLLODOCEAE (7/42)
‣ outsiders Elliottia (4; Alaska,
Canada, U.S.A.), Kalmia (10; Canada, U.S.A., Cuba, arctic-alpine regions
on the Northern Hemisphere), Epigaea (3; Türkiye,
Caucasus; Japan; U.S.A.), Rhodothamnus (2; Alps,
Türkiye), Kalmiopsis (1; Oregon), Phyllodoce (7; cold-temperate
and arctic-alpine regions on the Northern Hemisphere).
2.
Bejaria L. Shrubs to trees, corolla tubular. 15 spp., U.S.A. and
Cuba one endemic each, and 13 in N South America from Colombia to Bolivia up
Guyana, B. aestuans Mutis ex L. up to Mexico, also northernmost point of Brazil (5, all in
Roraima state, one reaching into Amazonas state, none endemic).
2.2 ERICOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE EMPETREAE (3/6)
‣ outsiders Ceratiola (1; SE
U.S.A.) and Corema (2; Portugal, W Spain, the Azores, E
Canada, NE U.S.A.).
3.
Empetrum L. Prostrate shrubs. 4 spp., three in northern temperate,
and one, E. rubrum Vahl ex Willd., in extreme S South America, Faklands Is. and Tristan
de Cunha.
2.3 ERICOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE BRYANTHEAE (2/8)
‣ outsider is Bryanthus (1; Kamchatka,
Japan). The discovery of the clade composed of Bryanthus and Ledothamnus
also reveals an interesting biogeographic disjunction within the subfamily
Ericoideae. Bryanthus is found only in Japan and Kamchatka,
whereas Ledothamnus is associated with tepuis on the Guyana-Venezuala
border and adjacent Brazil. To the extent that we have phylogenetic resolution
in the Ericaceae, this disjunction is so far unique in the family, and
especially in the subfamily Ericoideae; most intercontinental disjunctions here
appear to be Asian-North American. A NE Asian- South American disjunction has
been reported in the family Lardizabalaceae.
4. Ledothamnus
Meisn. Terrestrial ericoid shrubs and subshrubs of small stature, of open
savannas and rocky mountains tepuis in Venezuela. 7 spp., six species are each
restricted to one or a few tepuis, endemic to the Guiana Shield of
Venezuela, and L. guyanensis Meisn reaches up to N Brazil, with one collection in Roraima state at 1,000 – 2,800 m elevation
range.
3. SUBFAMILY
VACCINIOIDEAE (c 50/1,300–1,400) ‣ five
tribes, Andromedeae (2/3, Northern Hemisphere) and Oxydendreae
(1/1, North America) do not occurs in South America. 659 spp. in South America.
3.1 VACCINIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE VACCINIEAE (33/1220-1250) ‣ outsiders
are only eight, Didonica (4; Costa Rica, Panamá), Symphysia (15;
America Central, Caribbean), Gonocalyx (9; America
Central) and Anthopteropsis (1; central Panamá) in America
Central and Caribbean; Agapetes (109; tropical Asia from India to
New Guinea), Dimorphanthera (75–80; Malesia, with their highest
diversity on New Guinea), Paphia (c 20; E New Guinea, E
Queensland, New Caledonia, Fiji) in Paleotropics, and Oxycoccus (4;
temperate and arctic-alpine regions on the Northern Hemisphere) in Northern
Hemisphere. 34 genera, 25 in South America (only two of then also outside
Neotropics, Vaccinium and Gaylussacia, the unique mainly
terrestrial genera in tribe), with 480 spp. in this region.
Only seven genera in Brazil, the bulk of spp. are Gaylussacia. The six
remaining genera has only 16 spp. of northern Amazon rainforest,
few collected.
5. Anthopterus
Hook. Shrubs or small trees, rarely epiphytes. 12 spp. from Costa
Rica to NE Peru, 11 in South America, mainly in Ecuador (4 endemic) and
Colombia (2 endemic).
6. Cavendishia Lindley.
Epiphytic (obligate or facultative, up to only a few centimeters to several
meters long) or terrestrial shrubs, wiry, or scadent subshrubs, erect shrubs,
and small trees to 7 meters tall. 114 spp., Mexico to Bolivia, E to the
Guianas, Guiana Shield, NW Brazil (2, none endemic, from
Amazonas state): 43 in America Central/Mexico, 83 in South America, 48 endemic
to Colombia.
7. Ceratostema
Juss. Terrestrial or epiphytic, raraly scadent shrubs. 35 spp., 34
from S Colombia to N Peru (30 endemic to E Ecuador, 3 endemic to Peru), and C.
glandulifera Maguire, Steyerm. & Luteyn endemic to Guyana.
8. Demosthenesia
A.C.Sm. Usually epiphytic shrubs, lignotubers frequent. 12 spp. C
Peru (8 endemic) to N Bolivia (2 endemic), D. buxifolia (Gardner &
Fielding) A.C.Sm. up to N Brazil.
9. Diogenesia Sleumer.
Usually epiphityc shrubs; branches slender, often pendent, rarely climbing. 14
spp., from W Venezuela to N Bolivia.
10. Disterigma
(Klotzsch) Nied. Terrestrail or epiphytic shrubs, rarely cushions. 40
spp., highly centered in Ecuador and Colombia, reaching up to Guatemala
in northern, Bolivia in south, and W Guyana in east (35 in South America); D. humboldtii (Klotzsch) Nied. occur in Mount
Neblina in Amazonas state, N Brazil.
D. empetrifolium (Kunth) Drude, a
terrestrial, normally erect, somewhat wiry small shrub in subpáramo, may become
a stoloniferous subshrub in paramo areas, a cushion plant in highly exposed
paramo, or a tiny subshrub in the rocky crevices of superpairamo. This genus was officially collected in Brazil in 2015, through a
project called ‘Montanhas da Amazônia’, on Mount Caburai, Mount Aracá, and
Mount Neblina, in the Brazilian portion of the Guiana Shield.
11. Gaylussacia Kunth. Shrubs or subshrubs, estrictely terrestrial. 58 spp. in three
section:
§ sect. Decamerium ‣ 6 spp. all in U.S.A., one reaching to Canada.
§ sect. Gaylussacia ‣ 51 spp. in North America (3) and in
South America (48): G. buxifolia Kunth in Colombia and Venezuela, G.
cardenasii A.C. Sm. in Bolivia and
Argentina, G. loxensis Sleumer and G. peruviana Sleumer in Ecuador and Peru, G.
brasiliensis (Spreng.) Meisn. from Brazil
to Paraguay, and remaining 43 endemic to Brazil, highly centered in mountains of
Espinhaço Range and montane forests of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo, one
reported in Pará state; all of these species are
important ecologically as a food source for wildlife and a componente of
forests, shrub-lands, and bogs.
§ sect. Vitis-idaea ‣ only G. brachycera (Michx.) A. Gray from E U.S.A., possibly a Vaccinium species.
12. Gonocalyx
Planch. & Linden. Small epiphytic, rarely terrestrial shrubs.
11 spp., 4 spp. in the Antilles, 6 in Costa Rica & Panamá, and G.
pulcher Planch. & Linden endemic to N Colombia.
13. Macleania
W. J. Hook. Epiphytic or terrestrial shrubs. 34 spp., from S
Mexico to Peru and Bolivia (32 in South America), high diverse in W Ecuador (13
endemic).
14. Mycerinus
A.C.Sm. Terrestrial or epiphytic shrubs. Three spp., endemic to
the Guiana Shield of Venezuela, 1,300-2,700 m.
15. Notopora
Hook.f. Terrestrial shrubs. 5 spp. endemic to the Guiana Shield of Venezuela, adjacent Guyana, with N.
schomburgkii Hook. f. in Mount Caburai in N Roraima state, Brazil, at
400-2,500 m alt.
16. Oreanthes
Benth. Terrestrial or epiphytic shrubs. 7 spp., 6 are
endemic to Ecuador and there are only two collections from O. buxifolius
Benth. in N Peru.
17. Orthaea
Klotzsch. Epiphytic shrubs. 37 spp. in Mexico to Bolivia (34 in
South America), Guyana (5) and Trinidad.
18. Pellegrinia
Sleumer. Usually epiphytic. 4 spp. from Colombia to Peru.
19. Periclesia
A.C.Sm. Only one sp., P. flexuosa A.C.Sm., endemic to
Ecuador.
20. Plutarchia
A.C.Sm. Terrestrial shrubs; inflorescence
a fascicle. 12 spp. from Colombia to N Ecuador.
21. Polyclita
A.C.Sm. Terrestrial or epiphytic shrubs. Only one sp., P.
turbinata (Kuntze) A.C. Sm., endemic to Bolivia.
22. Psammisia
Klotzsch. Epiphytic or terrestrail shrubs, sometimes
lianescent, flowers with the greatest diversity of corolla shapes and colors of
any other genus of neotropical Vaccinieae (e.g., tubular, obconic, urceolate,
turbinate and depressed, hemispheric; yellow, magenta, vermilion, dark wine,
red, white, green; unicolor, multicolor). 63 spp. from Costa Rica to
Bolivia, E to French Guiana, Trinidad (60 in South America). Three
spp. in Brazil (Roraima, Amazonas and Pará state, none endemic).
23. Rusbya
Britton. Epiphytic shrubs, flower solitary. Only one sp., R.
taxifolia Britton, from N Bolivia.
24. Satyria
Klotzsch. Epiphytic or terrestrial shrubs. 25 spp. from
S Mexico to N Bolivia, Guianas, NW Brazil. 23 occurs in South America, two in
Brazil: S.
cerander (Dunal)
A. C. Sin., the only neotropical species of
Ericaceae that may be considered Amazonian; species of rare occurrence,
found in the lowlands of French Guiana and adjacent Brazil in Amapá state; and S.
panurensis (Benth. ex Meisn.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Nied., with a
distinctive arcuate or C-shaped distribution around the Amazon rainforest, growing in
white-sand savannas in the northern parts (in Brazil
in Roraima and Amazonas states) and continue along the western part at the
Andes/Amazonia rainforest ecotone,
also disjunct along the Caribbean lowland slopes of western Panamá to southern
Mexico; it’s only epiphytic Ericaceae in Brazil.
25. Semiramisia
Klotzsch. Terrestrail or epiphytic shrubs. 4
spp., Venezuela (one endemic), Colombia (two endemic), and one from Colombia to
Peru.
26. Siphonandra
Klotzsch. Terrestrial or epiphytic. 5 spp. from Central
Peru to N Bolivia.
27. Sphyrospermum Poepp. &
Endl. Epiphytic or terrestrial shrubs with pendent branches. 22 spp., S Mexico
to N Bolivia, Guianas, Haiti and Trinidad, 21 in South America, only S.
buxifolium Poepp. & Endl. in Brazil (Roraima and Amazonas state), non
endemic.
28. Themistoclesia
Klotzsch. Often epiphytic shrubs. 35 spp. from
Costa Rica to N Bolivia and Venezuela, 32 in South America.
29. Thibaudia
Ruiz & Pav. Epiphytic or terrestrial shrubs. 73
spp., one in Costa Rica and 72 in N South America, three up to N Brazil
(Amazonas and Roraima states), none endemic.
30. Vaccinium L. Shrubs, rarely trees, lianas, or with woody rhizomes, strictely terrestrial. 473 spp., worldwide, except Australia, 93 in
New World, Caribbean, Mexico to Argentina, east to Guyana, Guiana Shield, NW
Brazil (3, V. puberulum Klotzsch ex Meisn. and V. chimantense
Maguire, Steyerm. & Luteyn in Roraima and Amazonas, also in Venezuela and
Guianas, and the very narrow endemic V. pipolyi Luteyn, endemic
to Mount Aracá (a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book).
27 in South America.
V.
floribundum Kunth seems to be the most used native
species, especially in Ecuador and Colombia, where the fruits are made into
jams, drinks, and occasionally pies; it is very abundant throughout the Andes
and could probably be developed by cultivation into a more valuable fruit crop;
the wood of various neotropical Ericaceae is used locally for firewood or
charcoal; fruits from a form of V. puberulum caused a considerable
lowering of blood pressure, followed by nausea and vomiting in a number of
botanists in Venezuela - symptoms similar to some of those reported for
temperate-region species of Rhododendron and Kalmia and
presumably caused by the toxic compound andromedotoxin. However, laboratory
analyses were unable to confirm the presence of andromedotoxin in the
Venezuelan collection.
3.2 VACCINIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE LYOINEAE
(4/77) ‣ outsiders
Craibiodendron (5; S China, SE Asia), Lyonia (c
35; E and SE Asia, E U.S.A., Mexico, Caribbean) and Pieris (7; Himalayas
to E Asia and E Siberia, SE U.S.A., Cuba).
31. Agarista D.Don. Shrubs. 33 spp., two from Africa, Madagascar, Raunion and
Mascarenes, A. populifolia (Lam.) Judd in U.S.A. in Florida and South
Carolina, three from Mexico to Honduras, and remaining 27 in South America: 5
scattered from Venezuela to Argentina, 19 endemic to Brazil, A. duckei
(Huber) Judd in northern Amazon rainforest up to Pará
state, and two from Brazil to Uruguay.
3.3 VACCINIOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE GAULTHERIEAE (4/150) ‣ outsiders Chamaedaphne (1;
temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere), Eubotrys (2; U.S.A.), Leucothoe
(5; Himalayas, Japan, North America).
32. Gaultheria Kalm ex L. Shrubs,
sometimes decumbent. 290 spp., Circum-Pacific in Northern & Southern
Hemispheres/Mexico-Argentina, east to Brazil. 69 in New World, 55 in South
America, 11 in Brazil, 8 endemic. G. myrsinoides Kunth by Middleton is
frequently mentioned as having intoxicating properties or to be poisonous,
although this is not well documented. G. erecta Vent. occur from Mexico
to Brazil, and is a large shrub or small tree.
4. SUBFAMILY
STYPHELIOIDEAE (superior ovaries, c
35/510-525) ‣ 7 tribes, with outsiders only in Australia,
Tasmania (24 endemic), New Caledonia and New Guinea except Leptecophylla up
to the Hawaii, Leucopogon and Trochocarpa up to Malesia
region.
33. Lebetanthus Endl. Scrambling shrubs, corolla suburceolate.
Only one sp., L. myrsinites (Lam.) Dusén, from Patagonia and Terra do
Fogo.
50. ICACINALES
A SINGLE
FAMILY, PRESENT IN SOUTH AMERICA.
ICACINACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024, EXCEPT OLD WORLD OUTSIDERS.
Genera/spp.
24/160 Distribution Madagascar, W and S India, Sri Lanka, SE Asia, S
China, Japan, islands of the W Pacific, Malesia, New Guinea, Melanesia, N
Queensland, America Central, Caribbean, tropical South America. Habit usually
bisexual, evergreen trees, shrubs or lianas with non-axillary branch tendrils.
Use
timber, medicinal plants (seed oil from Sarcostigma), starch sources
(tubers of Casimirella). In America only one sp. are
economically important: Casimirella
ampla (Miers) R.A. Howard produces
a tuber weighing 5-20 kilos, rich in starch that is edible after washing
out the bitter-tasting compounds.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders all exclusive from Old World except Mappia (12, China to SE Asia, S Mexico to Panama and Caribbean).
1. Casimirella
Hassl. 7 spp., C. ampla
(Miers) R.A. Howard very widespread,
and remaining all national endemic: Brazil (3), Colombia (1), Bolivia (1) and
Paraguay (1).
2. Leretia
Vell. Vine to scandent shrub. Only one sp., L. cordata Vell., in Costa
Rica to Brazil (disjunct
among this country, Amazon rainforest and Atlantic Forests)
and Bolivia.
3. Pleurisanthes
Baill. Woody vines to climbing shrubs, stems slightly
quadrangulate. 7 spp. in rainforests, two from Guianas to N Brazil, two endemic
to N & NE Brazil, one only in Venezuela, and two widely in northern South
America, both in Brazil.
51. METTENIUSALES
A SINGLE
FAMILY, PRESENT IN SOUTH AMERICA.
METTENIUSACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
Genera/species
10/59 Distribution pantropical Habit bisexual, evergreen trees. Most
New World genera are widely distributed in the region, but Oecopetalum is confined to S
Mexico and America Central, and Ottoschultzia
to S Mexico, Mesoamerica and Caribbean region. Use Metteniusa
edulis H. Karst. has fruits which are reportedly edible. Poraqueiba
sericea Tul. has a fleshy fruit rich in oil that is eaten fresh,
also seeds that can provide flour. The fruit is widely traded throughout
the Amazon rainforest.
Vegetatively
not easily distinguished from many tropical families with simple, alternate
exstipulate leaves (e.g. some Euphorbiaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Metteniusaceae,
and Olacaceae).
SYSTEMATIC three
subfamilies, all in South America.
1.
SUBFAMILY PLATEOIDEAE (2/14) ‣ outsider Platea (8, Indochina, Malesia to New
Guinea).
1. Calatola
Standl. Six spp., 3 from Mexico to America Central (3),
one in Ecuador, C. costaricensis Standl. from Mexico to Brazil,
and C. microcarpa A.H. Gentry ex R. Duno & Janovec in Peru
and Brazil. Brazilian species occur nationally only in Acre state.
2.
SUBFAMILY APODYTOIDEAE (3/22) ‣ outsiders Apodytes (8, tropical and subtropical
Africa, Madagascar, southern India, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Indochina, Malesia to
New Guinea, Queensland, New Caledonia) and Rhaphiostylis (12,
tropical W Africa).
2. Dendrobangia Rusby. Trees
or shrubs; conspicuous peltate scales with fringed margins cover stems, leaves,
inflorescences and external parts of the flowers; dries black. Two spp., D.
boliviana Rusby from
Costa Rica to Bolivia and SE Brazil (disjunct among this country, Amazon
rainforest and Atlantic Forests), and D. multinervia Ducke from
Ecuador, Colombia to Peru and NW Brazil.
3.
SUBFAMILY METTENIUSOIDEAE (5/23) ‣ outsiders Oecopetalum (3, Mexico to Costa Rica), Ottoschulzia (4,
Mexico, Guatemala, Caribbean), and Pittosporopsis (1; SE Asia).
3. Emmotum
Desv. 13 spp. in Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Peru,
Brazil (9, 3 endemic), and Bolivia, mainly the Venezuelan and the Amazon
rainforest. Brazilian outsiders includes only species
from Venezuela to Guyana.
E. nitens (Benthan) Miers grows in savannas of C Brazil (cerrado)
across the Brazilian Shield, extending from Brazil into Bolivia and reaching
the Amazonian rainforest in the north; E. harleyi R. Duno is only known from the Diamantina Range including the
Serra do Tombador in Bahia, Brazil; it grows mainly in rocky grasslands (campos
rupestres) over white crystalline sand rock, between 800 and 1200(–1450) m
and, more rarely, on gallery forests at 500 m; E. affine Miers is endemic to Paraba to Bahia Atlantic Forest in Brazil
coast.
4. Metteniusa
Karsten. Trees,
canopy, with alternate leaves and axillary, cymose inflorescences; the flowers
are bisexual, fragrant, with five imbricate sepals; five massive, valvate
petals basally fused to form a corolla tube up to 2 cm long. 7 spp., 4 endemic
to Colombia, one in Colombia and Venezuela, M. edulis H.
Karst. disjunct in Ecuador and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, also
Venezuela, and M. tessmanniana (Sleumer)
Sleumer from Costa Rica to Peru.
5. Poraqueiba
Aubl. Trees. Three spp., from Panamá to Ecuador, east up to Guyana and N
Brazil (all species, none endemic).
52. ONCOTHECALES
TROCHODENDRALES DOES NOT OCCUR IN SOUTH
AMERICA, AND IS COMPOSED OF A SINGLE FAMILLY, ONCOTHECACEAE
(1/2), BY POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
53. GARRYALES
GARRYALES DOES NOT OCCUR IN SOUTH AMERICA, AND
IS COMPOSED OF TWO FAMILIES: EUCOMMIACEAE (1/1) AND GARRYACEAE (2/27), BY POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
54. BORAGINALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: CODONACEAE (1/2) AND WELLSTEDIACEAE (1/6), AS IN POWO IN JUNE 19, 2024.
BORAGINACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
FAMILIES AS APW, CIRCUSCRIPTION AS ANGIOS BERGIANSKA, GENERIC DATA AS IN POWO ON
JUNE 19, 2024
Genera/spp. 81/1,545-1,665
Distribution temperate (especially warm-temperate) regions on the
Northern Hemisphere, fewer species in subtropical areas, on tropical mountains
and in the New Guinean Alps, Australia and New Zealand. Habit usually
perennial or annual herbs (sometimes shrubs, rarely trees). Use ornamental
plants, dyeing substances (Alkanna, Buglossoides etc.), honey
flowers (Phacelia etc.), timber (especially Cordioideae), fruits,
vegetables (Borago), forage plants (Symphytum), medicinal plants.
13 genera of Boraginaceae s.s. occur in New World but absent in
South America, in Omphalodeae (Mimophytum), Asperugineae (Mertensia),
Rochelieae (Eritrichium) and Cynoglosseae (10), all in
Cynoglossoidea.
SYSTEMATIC three
subfamilies, all in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
ECHIOCHILOIDEAE (3/25-30) ▸sister of
all remaining Boraginoideae; outsiders Echiochilon (14; NW and E
Africa to Arabian Peninsula and NE India), Ogastemma (1; Canary
Islands, North Africa, Arabian Peninsula).
1. Antiphytum DC.
ex. Meisn. 17 spp., 12 in Mexico, two of then up to
North America, and 5 in South America, three in S Brazil and Uruguay both, and
one endemic in each country.
2. SUBFAMILY
BORAGINOIDEAE (81/1.545–1.665) ▸two
tribes, both in South America.
2.1 BORAGINOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE BORAGINEAE (13/c. 140)
‣ subtribe Boragineae (11/c.
140, Europe, Mediterranean, temperate Asia, northern and southern Africa) do
not occur in South America; among Moritzinea, all genera and species occur in
South America.
2. Moritzia DC.
ex Meisn. Three spp., one
from Costa Rica to Peru and Venezuela, and two remaining endemic
to S Brazil.
3. Thaumatocaryon Baill.
Two spp., both to S Brazil and Argentina, one reaching
into Paraguay.
2.2 BORAGINOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE LITHOSPERMEAE (21/c. 460)
‣ outsiders
all in Europa, Cape, Africa, E Mediterranean, SW Asia, Türkiye to Himalayas and
China, Thailand and Japan.
4. Lithospermum L.
84 spp., temperate regions of both hemispheres, 72 in New World (all in a
restricted monophyletic clade), with their highest diversity in North America
and Mexico; 11 spp. in South America, L. mediale I.M. Johnst. from America
Central, Colombia and Venezuela, and remaining 10 from Ecuador, Peru and
Bolivia, highly centered in Amotape-Huancabamba region.
3. SUBFAMILY
CYNOGLOSSOIDEAE (81/1,545–1,665)
‣ Lasiocaryeae (3/6,
northern India, Central Asia, Himalayas, W China), Asperugeae (4/c.
50, temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere south to Afghanistan and
Mexico, with their highest diversity in North America), Trichodesmeae (2/45,
tropical and subtropical regions in the Old World, E Himalayas),
Craniospermeae (1/5, temperate Central and E Asia) do not occur in
South America. Outsiders in New World, in these groups: Mertensia (52,
northern Hemisphere, 41 in New World, from Arctic to C Mexico).
3.1 CYNOGLOSSOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE OMPHALODEAE (4/40) - outsiders Omphalodes (11,
Europe, temperate Asia), Mimophytum (11, Texas to Mexico), Myosotidium (1; Chatham
Islands), Iberodes (5; SW Europe, NW Africa).
5. Selkirkia Hemsl.
Herbs to subshrubs, perennial erects, or also ascending
or decumbent stoloniferous herbs or shrubs; leaves simple, alternate along
stem; flowers in ebracteate (rarely few frondose bracts at base) thyrsoids,
these sometimes congested and appearing paniculate. 4
spp., S. trianae (Wedd.) Holstein & Weigend from C Colombia
to Ecuador; S. berteroi (Colla) Hemsl. from Robinson Crusoe
Island on Juan Fernandez Islands, and two endemic to continental Chile.
3.2 CYNOGLOSSOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE ROCHELIEAE (8/c. 180) ‣ outsiders Eritrichium (78,
temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere, 10 in New World, the unique
outsider from New World), Rochelia (c 15; Europe, temperate Asia), Pseudoheterocaryum (4; the
Caucasus to Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia), Lepechiniella
(4; NE Africa, SW Asia) and Rochelieae s.s. (2/2, the
Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Central Asia).
6. Hackelia Vaey
ex Beal. Herbs perennial, rarely biennial, basal leaves
sessile, cauline leaves peciolate; inflorescences cinccini bracteates. 54 spp.,
temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere, 41 in New World, 29 from
Canada/U.S.A., three from U.S.A. to Mexico, 5 endemic to Mexico, H. mexicana
(Schltdl. & Cham.) I.M.Johnst from Mexico to Peru and Venezuala, H.
revoluta (Ruiz & Pav.) I.M.Johnst from Colombia to NW Argentina, and
two endemic to Peru.
7. Lappula
Moench. 80 spp., Eurasia, Africa, North America, and Australia, three
in New World, two from North America and L. occidentalis (S.Watson)
Greene from subarctic America to N Mexico, and from S Chile to Argentina.
3.3 CYNOGLOSSOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE MYOSOTIDEAE (4/150-170) ‣ outsiders Trigonotis (c
60; E Europe and Central Asia to New Guinea), Brachybotrys (1; Manchuria,
Siberia, Korean Peninsula), Decalepidanthus (7–9; Iran and
Pakistan to Himalayas).
8. Myosotis L.
156 spp., temperate regions on both hemispheres,
tropical mountains, 6 in New World: two from Canada and U.S.A., two holartic, M.
antarctica Hook.f. from New Zealand, Campbell I. and S Chile, and M.
albiflora Banks & Sol. ex Hook.f. from S Chile to S Argentina.
3.4 CYNOGLOSSOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE CYNOGLOSSEAE (18/c. 480) ‣ tribes Bothriosperminae (3/9, tropical to NE
Asia), Microula clade (1/30-35, Pakistan, NW India, Himalayas, Tibet, W
China) and Cynoglossinae (3/c. 170, temperate (especially
warm-temperate) regions on the Northern Hemisphere, fewer species in
subtropical areas, on tropical mountains and in the New Guinean Alps, Australia
and New Zealand) do not occur in South America. Amsinckiinae, is the
unique tribe in South America.
Outsiders in New World
are Adelinia (1, W Canada to W U.S.A.), Andersonglossum
(1, E Canada to U.S.A.) and Oncaglossum (1, Mexico), these
Cynoglossinae, and Amphibologyne (1, Mexico), Amsinckiopsis (1, W
U.S.A.), Dasynotus (1, NW U.S.A.), Harpagonella
(2, SW U.S.A. to NW Mexico, Guadalupe), Eremocarya (2, W & SC U.S.A.
to NW Mexico), Oreocarya (64, W & C Canada to N Mexico) and Simpsonanthus
(1, SW U.S.A. to Mexico), these Amsinckiinae.
9. Amsinckia Lehm.
Herbs annual, erect, inflorescences cymose, often
ebracteate, corolla tubular, cylindrical. 13 spp., 10 from Canada to Mexico, one
from Ecuador to Chile and Argentina, one endemic to Ecuador, and A.
tessellata A.Gray disjunct in W & SC U.S.A. to NW Mexico, and from C
Chile to W Argentina.
10. Cryptantha
G. Don. Strigose to hispid, annual,
biennial, or perennial herbs, with simple to highly branched, generally
ascending to erect stems and simple, basal to cauline, generally linear,
lanceolate, or oblanceolate leaves; inflorescences cinccini, single or double,
lax or compact, bracts absent; corollas are almost universally white (yellow in
a few species) and are rotate to salverform, with five, often yellow fornices
(invaginated, folded regions) surrounding the corolla throat; flowers
chasmogamous or cleistogamous. 111 spp., approximately 60 from Alaska to S
Mexico, and from the Pacific coast and east to Texas. 51 spp. in South America:
C. albida (Kunth) I.M. Johnst. disjunct North America/Argentina,
and 50 reaminig endemic to continent, frm Peru to Chile and Argentina.
11. Greeneocharis
Gürke
& Harms. Two spp. in North America, G. circumscissa (Hook. &
Arn.) Rydb. also in W Argentina.
12. Johnstonella
Brand. 18 spp., 14 exclsuively from North
America, J. albida (Kunth) M.E.Mabry & M.G.Simpson disjunct in
Arizona to Texas, Mexico, NW Argentina, and three exclusives from W Peru, Chile
and Argentina.
13. Nesocaryum
I.M.Johnst. Only one sp., N. stylosum (Phil.) I.M.Johnst.,
endemic to Desventurados Is. in Chile.
14. Pectocarya
A. DC. Small herbs, annual, thin; flowers
sessile or subsessile; flowers white, short tubular. 13 spp., 7 exclusive from
North America, 5 from Ecuador to Chile and Argentina, and P. linearis
(Ruiz & Pav.) DC. disjunct from California to NW Mexico, and Ecuador to
Chile and Argentina.
15. Plagiobothrys
Fisch. & C. A. Mey. Small herbs,
annual or perennial; inflorescence cymose; corolla tubular or hypocrateriform,
white. 63 spp., Kamchatka to NW & Central Mexico, Australia, Colombia to
Argentina, 60 in New World, 20 in South America.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE
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Genera/spp. 12/258
Distribuição New World Habit usually herbs (rarely shrubs).
SYSTEMATIC outsiders Draperia (1, California), Ellisia (1, SC
Canada to N & E U.S.A), Emmenanthe (2, SW U.S.A.), Eriodictyon
(9, W U.S.A. to NW Mexico), Eucrypta (2, SW & SC U.S.A. to NW
Mexico), Hesperochiron (2, W Canada to W U.S.A.), Hydrophyllum
(10, Canada to U.S.A.), Nemophila (13, W Canada to W & S U.S.A. and
NW Mexico), Pholistoma (3, SW U.S.A. to N Mexico), Romanzoffia
(5, Aleutian Is. to W U.S.A.) and Tricardia (1, SW U.S.A.).
1. Phacelia Juss.
Erect to decumbent, herbaceous, caulescent, branching,
usually pubescent and often glandular annuals or perennials from taproots or
creeping rootstocks; flowers few to numerous in usually helicoid, long
pedunculate to sessile; corolla blue, purple, pale lilac or white; narrowly to
widely campanulate; capsule ovoid, loculicidally dehiscent. 209 perennial and
annual species, North America (93 spp. in California) and 9 in temperate South
America, highly centered in Chile and Argentina, P. pinnatifida Griseb.
ex. Wedd. and P. nana Wedd. up to Peru, Bolivia, P. artemisioides
Griseb. up to Uruguay and S Brazil, and P. secunda J.F. Gmel. disjunct Mexico,
Peru, Bolivia, Cono Sur.
NAMACEAE
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Genera/spp. 4/71
Distribuição southern U.S.A., Mexico, America Central, West Indies,
South America, Hawaii. Habit usually shrubs (rarely herbs).
SYSTEMATIC outsiders
Eriodictyon (9, SW U.S.A., NW Mexico) and Turricula (1, NW
Mexico).
1. Nama
L. 53 spp. from Canada to America Central
and Caribbean, one sp. in Hawaii, three in South
America, all disjuct: N. dichotoma
(Ruiz & Pav.) Choisy in North
America, Mexico, America Central, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Cono
Sur; N. jamaicensis L. in
North America, Mexico, America Central, Caribbean, Bolivia, Cono
Sur; and N. undulata Kunth in
North America, Mexico, Cono Sur.
2. Wigandia Kunth.
Large, erect, suffruticose to arborescent perennials, variously pubescent and
glandular throughout; flowers few to many, in terminal cymes or panicles;
corolla greenish-white, yellow or lavender, open-campanulate, often partially
pubescent, equal to or usually exceeding the calyx; capsule ovate-oblong,
pubescent, dehiscing loculicidally or septicidally, and containing more than
200 minute, reticulate-rugose, brown seeds. 6 spp., two restricted to
Caribbean, W. urens (Ruiz & Pav.) Kunth from Mexico to
Venezuela, disjunct in Andean Peru; three restricteds of Andes in Ecuador and
Peru.
HELIOTROPIACEAE
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Genera/spp. 5/516
Distribuição tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate regions on both
hemispheres Habit trees, shrubs, lianas or herbs.
SYSTEMATIC all
genera in South America.
1.
Euploca Nutt. Herbs or subshrubs and
have usually dry fruits. 168 spp., U.S.A. to South America, Africa, Turkyie up
to Malesia, Oceania. 73 spp. in New World, 37 in South America, 18 in Brazil, 7 endemic.
2.
Heliotropium L. (inc. Tournefortia)
Annual herbs (some very small, ephemeral, in dry habitats) to small shrubs,
some with rhizomes and underground stolons; scorpioid inflorescence;
inflorescences without bracts, exclusively scorpioideous, anthers free, two
nutlets, straight embryo and kranz anatomy is absent. 322 spp., cosmopolitan,
mainly Turanian region and South America; 148 spp. in New World, 105 in South
America, only 14 in Brazil, one endemic.
§
CLADE 1 ‣ sects Hypsogenia and Plagiomeris (both Tournefortia
clade) are endemic to the Puna region and to Mediterranean Andes (high Andean
zones of central Chile and Argentina) and adjacent Patagonia; all remaining
sections occur in Brazil; sections Heliotrophytum and Coeloma are
distributed on the eastern side of the Andes and the latter extends into
Mesoamerica; sections Platygyne, Schobera and Tiaridium
are widely distributed in South America and range into Mesoamerica and the
Caribbean; they rarely occur in the Andes, but are present on both Andean
flanks; today, they are usually found in human-disturbed areas and are
sometimes considered weeds, and their present distribution patterns may thus be
of limited phytogeographical relevance; Tiaridium is the only section of
Heliotropium that occurs in the Amazonian rainforest, while the rest are
restricted to arid, semiarid or even saline environments of the tropics and
subtropics. Tournefortia s.s. is widely distributed in the Neotropics
(ca. 100–120) from S U.S.A. to S Peru and N Argentina, but is
also in the Indo-Pacific Region and E Africa with 12 spp.; it occurs on both
sides of the Andes, including the Amazonian rainforest, as well as in the
Andean region itself; it is also frequent in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean, but
is absent from temperate regions and very rare in dry environments.
§
CLADE 2: sect. Heliothamnus ‣ centered of
diversity in the central and northern Andes, with a single species extending
into America Central
§
CLADE 3: sect. Cochranea ‣ endemic to
the Peruvian and Atacama Deserts and is the only group in Heliotropium
distributed only on the western flank of the Andes.
3. Ixorhea
Fenzl. Shrubs 1-2.5 m tall, very branched at base; leaves
alternate, flowers pedicelate, scent, in terminal panicles; corolla hypocrateriform,
lilac to pinkish, inside yellow. Only one sp., I.
tschudiana Fenzl, N Argentina in Tucuman and Salta provinces.
4. Myriopus
Small. Shrubs or passive climbers and have 4-lobed fleshy fruits. 25 spp., two
widely in Neotropics inc. Caribeean, 7 exclusives from Caribbean, and 16 only
in mainland Neotropics. 17 spp. in South America, 15 in Brazil, 7 endemic.
EHRETIACEAE
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§ PARASITIC (Prosopanche –
... – SANTALALES - Lennoa – OROBANCHACEAE
- Cuscuta)
Genera/spp. 10/188 Distribuição
tropical and subtropical Africa, Madagascar, southern Asia to New Guinea,
Australia, the Solomon Islands, southern U.S.A., Mexico, America Central, the
West Indies, South America. Habit usually trees or shrubs (rarely herbs;
Lennoa and Pholisma achlorophyllous root holoparasites on other
Ehretiaceae).
SYSTEMATIC outsiders
Halgania (16, Australia) and Pholisma (3, SW U.S.A., Mexico).
1. Bourreria P.
Browne. Trees or shrubs; bark smooth or slightly
striate when young, light to dark gray or brown, longitudinally fissured;
flowers actinomorphic, bisexual, corolla sympetalous, mostly white,
predominantly membranaceous, rotate to funnelshaped, dehiscence imbricate. 52
spp., 20 in E Africa from Ethiopia to Mozambique and Madagascar, and 32 in New
World, centered in the Caribbean and America Central but also occurs in NW
Mexico, Florida, and N South America (5), all in Colombia and Venezuela, with B.
costaricensis (Standl.) A.H. Gentry reaches to Ecuador, also in Caribbean.
2. Ehretia P.
Browne. Shrubs, leaves alternate, sessile,
cuneiform; flowers terminal, corolla white. 66 spp.,
pantropical, 5 in New World: E. anacua (Terán & Berland.)
I.M.Johnst. from S Texas to Mexico, E. cortesia Gottschling from dry
desert tracks and on saline marshy ground from W & C Argentina, E.
crebrifolia Miers disjunct in Brazil and Africa, E. latifolia
Loisel. from Mexico to Panama, and E. tinifolia L. from Mexico to America
Central and Caribbean.
3. Keraunea Cheek
& Sim.-Bianch. Scandent shrub or liana, with terete, fistular axes; woody
stems 4–5 mm in diameter, with bark brownish white; leaves alternate, simple,
exstipulate; inflorescence terminal on short leafy spur shoots, corymbose, 7–8
mm, long, 3–5-flowered, with indumentum as petiole; corolla ca 3.6 mm long;
tube ca 0.5 mm long (unusually short in the family). 5 spp. from Atlantic
Forest of E Brazil, in Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro
states.
4. Lennoa Lex.
Annual, succulent holorhizoparasites; stems
subterranean or nearly so, white, aging brown, 3- to 15- (-30) cm long, and
0.25-2 cm in diameter; leaves reduced to scales; inflorescence dense, cymose
thyrsoid, variously branched, circular to elongate; flowers 8-merous; corolla
2.5- to 9.5-mm long, lavender to bluish-purple, rarely pink, usually with a
yellow band in the throat. Only one sp., L. madreporoides
Lex., from Mexico to Nicaragua, Colombia (Magdalena) and Venezuela (Falcon),
from sea level to about 2,200 m elev., in a variety of habitats.
5. Lepidocordia Ducke.
Two spp., L. williamsii (I.M. Johnst.) J.S. Mill. in of Mexico to
Nicaragua, and L. punctata Ducke in Amazon rainforest of
Venezuela, Guyana and N Brazil in Pará and Roraima states.
6. Rochefortia Sw.
11 spp., 10 froom Caribbean and R. spinosa
(Jacq.) Urb. From Mexico up to NW Colombia, Peru and Venezuela.
7. Rotula Lour.
Two spp., R. aquatica Lour. from E Brazil, W tropical Africa, tropical
and subtropical Asia, and R. pohlii (Kuhlm.) E.F.Guim. & Mautone,
endemic to N Brazil.
8. Tiquilia Pers.
28 spp., arid regions in America, 16 spp. in South America from Ecuador and
Galapagos to Andean Bolivia, T. nuttallii (Hook.) A.T. Richardson up
to Argentina and T. paronychioides (Phil.) A.T. Richardson up to
Bolivia.
CORDIACEAE
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Genera/spp. 4/372 Distribuição tropical and subtropical
regions on both hemispheres, with their highest diversity in the West Indies
and South America. Habit trees, shrubs or lianas (Coldenia
herbaceous).
SYSTEMATIC
outsiders
Coldenia (1, Old World tropics), Hoplestigma (2, Cameroon,
Gabon).
1. Cordia L.
Usually erect shrubs, sometimes
trees up o 40 m tall; bark often fibrous. 228 spp., tropical and subtropical
regions on both hemispheres, 57 spp. in Old World (55 in Myxa s.s., and
2 in Sebestena s.s.) and 163 in New World, mainly South America (108); 59
spp. in Brazil, 28 endemic; two spp. are rare in Brazil: C. decipiens
I.M.Johnst. from Amazonas state and C. andrade-limae from Paraíba state
(not recognized at VPA), by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
5 spp. from tropical America (inc. Brazil) are myrmecophites.
2. Varronia P.
Browne. Herbs, shrubs, subshrubs, trees, often
with xylopodium. 141 spp.,
New World, 74 in South America, 40 spp. in Brazil, 23 endemic.
55. GENTIANALES
ALL
FAMILIES IN SOUTH AMERICA.
RUBIACEAE
§ REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON
JANUARY 21, 2025 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/species 611/11,470–11,550
Distribution cosmopolitan except polar areas, with their highest
diversity in tropical and subtropical regions. Habit usually
bisexual (rarely monoecious, polygamomonoecious or dioecious), evergreen or
deciduous trees, shrubs, lianas or suffrutices, or perennial, biennial or
annual herbs. Hydnophytum, Myrmecodia, Myrmeconauclea, Myrmephytum,
etc. are epiphytic or (Myrmeconauclea) rheophytic myrmecophytes (ant
plants), in the hollow swollen stems and branches – hypocotylar bases – of
which ant colonies live. Young stems and branches often quadrangular in
cross-section.
HABITATS predominantly
pantropical, and with a small portion of spp. of extra-tropical distribution.
Almost one half of the spp. (and about one third of the genera) occur in the
Neotropics. In South America, they are adapted to virtually every habitat: from
páramo to arid and desertic environments. Rubiaceae are especially
diverse in the Amazon Basin, Andean cloud forests, savannas of C Brazil (cerrado),
dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga), Atlantic sandy coastal
shrublands (restingas), and the Atlantic forests of Brazil. The two main
centers of endemism in the Neotropics are the Guiana Shield and the Greater
Antilles.
HABIT The
Rubiaceae is well represented at all layers of tropical vegetation, with all
kinds of habits, as herbs, shrubs, lianas, and from small trees to tall canopy
trees, and all dimensions; Rubiaceae ranges from 5 cm tall (Spermacoce)
to 55 m tall (Chimarrhis); most spp. of Hillia Jacq., Cosmibuena
Ruiz & Pav., and several spp. of Notopleura (Benth. & Hook. f.)
Bremek. and Psychotria L. are epiphytic shrubs adapted to live in the
forest canopy; Limnosipanea Hook. f. is a short-seasonal, semi-aquatic
herb endemic to seasonally inundated habitats of central Brazil and the
Venezuelan llanos; Many members of the Spermacoceae are herbs and
subshrubs frequently found in disturbed habitats (e.g., cow pastures and forest
edges); Weedy genera such as Galium L., Spermacoce G.Mey., Diodia
L., Richardia L. and Mitracarpus Zucc. have distribution
sometimes worldwide.
CURIOSITIES leaf
blades undivided (exceptionally deeply lobed in Genipa infundibuliformis
Zappi & Semir and several spp. of Pentagonia Benth.); corollas
gamopetalous (except for Dialypetalanthus Kuhlm., with distinct petals);
stamens commonly as many as corolla lobes (except for Dialypetalanthus,
with two rows of 15–25 stamens); a few other
genera of Rubiaceae present calycophylls (common in Ixoroideae, only in Kerianthera
in Cinchonoideae and Oreopolus in Rubioideae); zygomorphic flowers in Coutarea,
Hillia, Palicourea, Henriquezieae and Posoqueriae.
USES the
most economically valuable genus is Coffea (Coffee), which is the worlds
most heavily traded commodity after oil. spp., of cultivated Coffea L.
commonly escape into forests near farms in Brazil. Cinchona oficinalis
L. (known as quina) is cultivated for quinine have been introduced in many
tropical countries; Genipa americana L., known as genipapo in Brazil, is
cultivated throughout South America for edible fruits and dye; Psychotria
ipecacuanha (ipecacuanha, an expectorant); Uncaria gambier (gambier,
an important tannin source); Uncaria spp. (medicines); Calycophyllum
spp. (lemonwood, a timber). The family also contains some of the most beautiful
tropical ornamentals (Ixora, Gardenia, Mussaenda, Portlandia,
Serissa). Rubiaceae also provide local indigenous populations with
remedies against malaria and other diseases, body paints, edible fruits and
construction wood.
Two genera
are particularly odd morphologically: Dialypetalanthus: chemistry; cork
cortical, phloem stratified; K free, C free, opposite K, both in two decussate
pairs; A (8-)16-17(-25), not epipetalous, basally connate, anthers basifixed,
dehiscing by pores, bracteoles apparently ad/abaxial. Oil glands are described as
being pervasive; Theligonum: iridoids and raphide sacs +; plant
monoecious, anemophilous; staminate flowers: paired, opposite, not subtended by
leaves; P tubular, ridged, splitting into 2-5 segments; A 2-30, development
variable; pollen 4-8-zonoporate; carpellate flowers: G 1-locular by
suppression, with 1 campylotropous ovule; testa single-layered, walls thin;
endosperm with starch, embryo curved. Vegetatively Theligonum is a good match
with Rubioideae, where it is included by B. Bremer. The differences between it
and other Rubiaceae are those that might be expected of a wind-pollinated
plant, i.e., monoecy, reduced and modified perianth, many stamens, and only a
single-seeded fruit.
SYSTEMATIC five
lineages, Luculieae (1/5, Himalayas, Yunnan, Burma, S China, N Thailand, N Indochina),
Coptosapelteae (2/c 56, India to central China, SE Asia, West
Malesia to Philippines, with their highest diversity on Borneo) and Acranthereae (1/42,
China to Malaysia) are unassigned into a subfamily, and does not occur in South
America. 68 tribes placed in two subfamilies and 9
alliances, plus 5 tribes within subfamilies but outsider a alliance.
UNPLACED
RUBIACEAE - outsiders all Old World except Berghesia (1, Mexico), Eizia
(1, SE Mexico to Guatemala), Nodocarpaea (1, Cuba), Placocarpa (1,
Mexico), Stylosiphonia (1, SE Mexico) and Tortuella (1, Île
Tortue near Hispaniola).
1. Aphanocarpus Steyerm.
Only one sp., A. steyermarkii (Standl.) Steyerm., endemic
sandstone table mountains and adjacent highs of Bolivar state
in Venezuela, 1,000-2,500 m elevation range.
2. Coryphothamnus Steyerm.
Only one sp., C. auyantepuiensis (Steyerm.) Steyerm., endemic to
Auyan-tepui in Venezuela, at 1,700-2,300 m elevation range.
3. Didymochlamys Hook.f.
Herbs, epiphytic or terrestrial. Two spp. from Nicaragua to Guyana and Ecuador,
both in South America.
4. Duidania Standl.
Only one sp., D. montana Standl., endemic to
the sandstone mountains of Duida, Huachamacari, and Marahuaca
of Guyana and Venezuela, 1,200-2,600 m elevation range.
5. Flexanthera Rusby.
Only one sp., F. subcordata Rusby, endemic to Colombia.
6. Pagameopsis Steyerm.
Two spp., endemic various tepuis of the Venezuelan Guiana and
adjacent northern Brazil in Amazonas
state (only P. maguirei Steyerm.), 1,100 to 2,500 m elevation range.
7. Pseudohamelia Wernham.
One sp., P. hirsuta Wernham, endemic to Colombia.
8. Riqueuria Ruiz &
Pav. One sp., endemic to Peru.
1. SUBFAMILY
DIALYPETALANTHOIDEAE (c 113/1,500–1,530) ▸ 38 tribes, being 34 in alliances
plus 4 unplaced tribes.
CHIOCOCCEAE ALLIANCE - 11
tirbes, only Hymenodictyeae (2/25, Madagascar, tropical regions in the
Old World to Sulawesi) is absent in South America.
1.1 TRIBE
CINCHONEAE (9/110–120) - all genera in
South America.
9. Ciliosemina Antonelli.
Two spp., Venezuela, Colombia (one endemic), Ecuador, Peru, Brazil (1, none
endemic).
10. Cinchona L.
Shrubs or small trees, bark exfoliating. 24 spp., forested mountains fro
Venezuela to central Bolivia, one up to Costa Rica, 8 endemic to Peru.
11. Cinchonopsis L.Andersson.
Trees in forests. Only one sp., C. amazonica (Standl.) L. Andersson,
restricted from Amazonia rainforest in Brazil, Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia and
Peru.
12. Joosia H.Karst.
Shrubs and small trees lineolate tertiary leaf venation, its well-developed
interpetiolar stipules that are quickly deciduous, its cymose inflorescences,
its salverform 4- or 5-lobed corollas, fragrante, white or pink, and its
slender, cylindrical, septicidal capsules containing numerous flattened seeds.
18 spp. from Venezuela to northern Bolivia, one up to Panamá.
13. Ladenbergia Klotzsch.
Trees medium sized to tall, bark exfoliating, Cinchona-like. 37 spp.,
Costa Rica to Guyana, Bolivia and N Brazil (8, 4 endemic). 33 in South America.
14. Maguireocharis Steyerm.
Only one sp., M. neblinae Steyerm., endemic to
the Guiana Shield of S. Venezuela (Mount Neblina) to Brazil (Serra
Pirapucu, Amazonas state), 1,300 – 1,400 m elevation range.
15. Pimentelia Wedd.
Only one sp. from Colombia to Bolivia.
16. Remijia DC.
Shrubs to medium sized trees. 43 spp. from over tropical South America, 24 in
Brazil (13 endemic). R. glomerata Huber and R. physophora Benth.
ex K.Schum. from N Brazil and Venezuela, are myrmecophites.
17. Stilpnophyllum Hook.f.
Shrubs or small trees. 4 spp., Colombia to Peru.
1.2 TRIBE ISERTIEAE (2/15)
- both genera in South America.
18. Isertia
Schreb. Shrubs or small trees. 15 spp. from Guatemala to South
America (14) and Caribbean, 10 in Brazil (two endemic).
19. Kerianthera
J.H.Kirkbr. Trees, leaves often 1m longer; large,
terminal inflorescences with some calyx-lobes transformed into calycophylls,
multi-locellate anthers and fruit with numerous winged seeds. Two
spp., K. preclara
J. H. Kirkb only found in a small area north of Manaus, Amazonas state, and K.
longiflora Zappi & C. T. Oliveira, from
the Atlantic Forest of states of Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais.
A few other
genera of Rubiaceae present calycophylls, such as Pogonopus, Capirona,
some species of Simira and Warszewiczia. Amongst them, due to its
long corollas, Kerianthera is more likely to be confused with Pogonopus,
however the multi-locellate anthers are observed only in Kerianthera and
Isertia in the neotropics and in a few other African species.
1.3 TRIBE
RONDELETIEAE (13/c 210) –
outsiders Acrosynanthus (7, Cuba and Jamaica), Acunaeanthus
(1, Cuba), Blepharidium (1, Mexico to Honduras), Donnellyanthus
(1, Mexico to Nicaragua), Habroneuron (1, SW Mexico), Jamaicanthus
(1, Jamaica), Mazaea (2, Cuba), Phyllomelia (1, Cuba), Roigella
(1, Cuba), Rovaeanthus (2, Mexico to Nicaragua), Stevensia (11,
Hispaniola), Suberanthus (7, Cuba and Hispaniola) and ainus (1,
Hispaniola).
20.
Acrobotrys K.Schum. & K.Krause.
Shrubs to small trees. Only one sp., A. discolor K. Schum. & K.
Krause, endemic to Cauca region in Colombia, about 1,000 m elevation range.
21.
Holstianthus Steyerm. Only one sp., H.
barbigularis Steyerm., endemic to the
Guiana Shield of Venezuela, 1,200-1,400 m
elevation range.
22. Rondeletia L.
Shrubs or small trees. 154 spp., S. Mexico to Peru, Caribbean (136, all
restricteds) to NW South America (14, Venezuela to Peru).
23. Standleya
Brade. Small herbs. 5 spp., endemic to Espírito Santo
and Rio de Janeiro states in E Brazil.
1.4
TRIBE NAUCLEEAE (17/180–200) - outsiders
all in Old World.
24. Cephalanthus
L. 5 spp., two from India to China, two from Canada to Guatemala, Cuba, and C.
glabratus (Spreng.) K. Schum.
in S Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul to Ro Grande do Sul and São Paulo states), E
Paraguay, Uruguay & NE Argentina.
25. Uncaria
Schreb.
Woody lianes or sometimes forming scrambling bushes or thickets; young stems ±
quadrangular; flowering branches bearing strongly curved hooked spines; leaves paired,
petiolate, elliptic, apex acuminate; inflorescences globose, solitary, axillary
or terminal; flowers not fused, pedicellate; fruits fusiform, dry, dehiscent; seeds
small. 38 spp., mainly Asia and Australia, two in New
World, from Belize to Paraguay, up to French Guiana and Caribbean, both
in South America and in Brazil.
1.5 TRIBE CHIONEAE
(2/3) - outsider Colleteria (2, Cuba and Puerto
Rico).
26. Chione
DC. Shrubs or medium sized trees. Only one sp., C. venosa (Sw.)
Urb., Mexico to Peru, Caribbean, and in Acre state in western
Amazonian Brazil.
1.6
TRIBE HILLIEAE (3/29) - outsider Balmea (1, Mexico
to El Salvador).
27. Cosmibuena Ruiz
& Pav. Shrubs or small trees, epiphytic or terrestrial. 4 spp., SE. Mexico
to Venezuela, Bolivia and Brazil (1, no endemic). Two sp. in South America.
28. Hillia Jacq.
Scandent or shrubs hemiepiphytic or epiphytic, glabrous, fleshy. 25 spp.,
Mexico to Bolivia, up to French Guiana, Caribbean, 17 in South America, 4 in
Brazil (one endemic).
1.7 TRIBE
HAMELIEAE (11/175–180) - outsiders Cosmocalyx (1, Mexico to
Guatemala), Omiltemia (3, SW Mexico), Pinarophyllon (2, SE Mexico
to Guatemala), Plocaniophyllon (1, Chiapas to Nicaragua), Pseudomiltemia
(2, S Mexico) and Syringantha (1, NE Mexico).
29. Deppea Schltdl.
& Cham. 39 spp., 38 from Mexico to Panama, and D. blumenaviensis (K.Schum.) Lorence,
restricted from S Brazil to NE Argentina.
30. Hamelia Jacq.
Shrubs or small trees. 16 spp., over Neotropics, of Florida and Mexico to
Paraguay, French Guiana, Caribbean. 7 spp. in South America, two in Brazil (none
endemic).
31. Hoffmannia Sw.
Tiny herbs to herbaceous shrubs, Fuchsia-like; opposite or verticillate
leaves, deciduous stipules that are interpetiolar or very shortly fused around
the stem, axillary cymose inflorescences of varied form, 4-merous homostylous
flowers, rather small corollas with the lobes imbricate in bud, generally
2-locular ovaries, and small fleshy baccate fruits containing numerous angled
seeds. 114 spp., Mexico to to Argentina, up to Venezuela, Caribbean, 42 in
South America, only 3 in Brazil (H. duckei Standl. endemic). H.
vesciculifera Standl., from Panama and Colombia, is a myrmecophite.
32. Patima Aubl.
Low shrubs, mainly unbranched, both myrmecophites.
Two spp., P. guianensis Aubl. endemic to W
Guyana, and P. minor C.M. Taylor
from French Guiana to Guyana and Pará state in N Brazil.
1.8
CHIOCOCCEAE (28/190–195)
- outsiders in Old World, and those in New World: Catesbaea (18, Florida
Keys to Caribbean), Ceratopyxis (1, Cuba), Coutaportla (5, Mexico
to Honduras), Cubanola (2, Cuba and Hispaniola), Eosanthe (1, E Cuba),
Isidorea (17, Cuba and Hispaniola), Nernstia (1, NE Mexico), Osa
(1, Costa Rica and Panama), Phialanthus (22, Florida to Caribbean), Portlandia
(6, Jamaica), Ramonadoxa (1, Cuba), Schmidtottia (17, E Cuba), Scolosanthus
(28, Caribbean), Shaferocharis (3, Cuba), Siemensia (1, W Cuba),
Solenandra (22, Mexico and Panama, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica to Lesser
Antilles) and Thogsennia (1, Cuba to Hispaniola).
33. Adolphoduckea
Paudyal & Delprete. Tree, 7–30 m tall, to 1 m dbh. Only one sp., A. maynense
(Poepp.) Paudyal & Delprete, in Ecuador to Bolivia and Brazil,
only in Acre state and possibly Amazonas.
34. Chiococca P.Browne.
Scandent lianas or shrubs, fruits often aplaned. 22 spp., North to South
America (8), 3 in Brazil, one endemic in Fernando de Noronha island.
35. Coutarea Aubl.
Shrubs or small trees. 4 spp., Brazil and Colombia one endemic each, C. alba
Griseb. from Venezuela to Bolivia, and C. hexandra (Jacq.) K. Schum.
widely in Mexico, America Central, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay.
36. Coutareopsis
Paudyal & Delprete. Shrubs 1.5–5.0 m tall; branches laterally
compressed or terete, puberulent to glabrous, with lateral short shoots. Three
spp., from Ecuador and Peru.
37. Erithalis P.Browne.
Shrubs or small trees. Nine spp., Florida, Mexico to Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana,
Caribbean, centered in Antilles, two in South America.
38. Exostema (Pers.)
Rich. ex Humb. & Bonpl. Shrubs or small to tal trees. 11
spp., 10 in S Florida, Mexico to America Central and Caribbean (one up to
Colombia), and one endemic to Peru.
39. Motleyothamnus
Paudyal & Delprete. Shrubs or small trees, 1–6(–10) m tall.
Only one sp., M. corymbosus (Ruiz & Pav.) Paudyal & Delprete,
known from open places and shrublands of the Andes in Peru, at 1000–2800 m
elevation, on slopes along streams in both moist and dry areas.
40. Salzmannia DC.
Shrubs or treelets; branches tetragonal to terete, glabrous, with copious
resinous exudates. 4 spp., one in higher elevation on the costal
cordillera of Venezuela, and three growing in the coastal dunes and restinga
and forested vegetation of NE Brazil.
1.9 TRIBE STRUMPFIEAE
(1/1) - a single genus.
41. Strumpfia Jacq.
Only one sp., S. maritima Jacq., in Florida, Mexico, Caribbean, America
Central and N Venezuela.
1.10 TRIBE
GUETTARDEAE (c 20/680–685) - outsiders all in Old
World except Ottoschmidtia (1, Cuba and Hispaniola) and Rogiera
(14, Mexico to Panama).
42. Arachnothryx Planch.
Shrubs or small trees. 104 spp., Mexico to Peru and Trinidad, Venezuela, 23
spp. in South America.
43. Chomelia Jacq.
Shrubs or small trees, often spiny. 75 spp. in over Neotropics from Mexico to
Argentina and Caribbean, 62 in South America, 37 in Brazil (27 endemic, one of
them, from São Paulo state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book).
44. Gonzalagunia Ruiz
& Pav. Herbs, shrubs or small trees. 37 spp., Mexico to trop. America, 27
in South America, 4 in Brazil (none endemic).
45. Guettarda L.
Shrubs or small trees, often spiny. 144 spp., pantropical,
130 of then in tropical America, 40 in South America, 25 in Brazil (12 endemic,
two of them, both from Bahia state, are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
46. Machaonia.
Bonpl. Shrubs or small trees. 32 spp.,
Mexico to South America (7), only two in Brazil, none endemic.
47. Malanea Aubl.
Lianas, shrubs or trees. 40 spp. from South America (three up to America
Central in Belize) except one restricted to Caribbean, 16 in Brazil (8 endemic).
48. Neoblakea Standl.
Two spp., Ecuador and Venezuela one endemic each.
49. Pittoniotis Griseb.
Medium sized to tall trees. Three spp. fom S Mexico to Venezuela and Ecuador,
two in South America.
50. Stenostomum C.F.Gaertn.
Resinous young growth, leaves with the tertiary veins either not visible or
arranged in generally regular rectangular areoles, axillary inflorescences,
perfect flowers, 4- to 5-lobed calyx limbs, slender tubular to salverform
corollas with the four to five lobes imbricate in bud. 48 spp., S. Mexico to
trop. America, 3 in South America, only S. acreanum (K. Krause) Achille
& Delprete in Brazil (northern region, no endemic).
51. Tournefortiopsis
Rusby.
13 spp., SE Mexico to Venezuela to Peru, 12 in South America.
DIALYPETALANTHEAE
ALLIANCE - 4 subtribes, all in South America.
1.11 TRIBE HENRIQUEZIEAE (3/22) -
all genera in South America.
52. Gleasonia Standl.
5 spp. from Guiana
Shield of Brazil, one up to Venezuela, another up to southern
Amazon rainforest of Brazil. G. uaupensis Ducke, endemic to Brazil, is a
myrmecophite.
53. Henriquezia Spruce
ex Benth. Shrubs or small trees. Three spp., endemic
to the Guiana Shield, one in Guyana and two widely in Colombia, Venezuela and Amazonas
state in N Brazil (both, none endemic), 50 – 300 m elevation
range.
54. Platycarpum Humb.
& Bonpl. Shrubs to large trees, mainly covered by goldish hairs. 14 spp., endemic
to the Guiana Shield of Colombia to Guyana and N Brazil,
except by one disjunct from the Venezuelan Guiana to Amazon Peru, a single
endemic to Peru, and two in W and C Amazonian Brazil. 5 spp. in Brazil (3 endemic,
one of them, from Acre state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
1.12 TRIBE POSOQUERIEAE (5/c 42/26)
- all genera in South America.
55. Molopanthera
Turcz. Large tree (5 – (10) - 30). Only one sp., M. paniculata Turcz.,
restricted to Atlantic Forest of Bahia to Rio de Janeiro states in E Brazil.
56. Posoqueria Aubl.
Shrubs or small trees. 22 spp., confined to America Central and South America (16),
one up to S Mexico, 8 in Brazil (six endemic, one of them, from Bahia state, is
a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
1.13 TRIBE
SIPANEEAE (10/c. 43)
- outsider Steyermarkia (1, Chiapas in Mexico to Guatemala).
57. Chalepophyllum Hook.f.
Subshrubs
to shrubs; distal internodes, base of peti-oles and base of peduncles often covered
by a resinous exudate produced by stipular colleters. Only one sp., C. guianense Hook. f., endemic
to the Guiana Shield of SE Venezuelan and adjacent Guyana
and Mount Caburai, northern Roraima state, Brazil, 300-1,430 m
elevation range.
58. Dendrosipanea Ducke.
Shrubs
or treelets. Stipules free or basally adnate to petioles, deltoid, acuminate or
bifid, with basal 2/3 cov-ered by dense colleters intermixed with hairs inside;
leaves opposite, subsessile to short-petiolate. Three
spp., endemic to the Guiana Shield of Colombia
(1), Venezuela (2) and Amazonas state in N Brazil (2, none endemic), 30-110 m
elevation range.
59. Limnosipanea Hook.f.
Herbs,
terrestrial, semi-aquatic (amphibious) or aquatic (in L. spruceana); erect,
prostrate or decumbent; ephemeral to short-lived (2–4 months life span) when terrestrial
or semi-aquatic, or perennial when grow-ing in permanently submersed areas.
Three spp., Panama to Venezuela and Brazil (all, none endemic), reported also
Suriname to Bolivia.
60. Maguireothamnus Steyerm.
Shrubs.
Two spp. from Guiana Shield of Guyana,
Venezuela (both, one endemic) and Brazil (one sp., Mount Roraima and Serra do Sol
in Roraima state), 1,300-2,600 m elevation range.
61. Neblinathamnus Steyerm.
Shrubs. Two spp. restricteds for Neblina Massif, both in Venezuela, N.
brasiliensis Steyerm. up to Brazilian side, 1,300-1,900 m elevation range.
62. Neobertiera Wernham.
Perennial
herbs, subshrubs or shrubs. 5 spp., all from Guiana
Shield, 100-300 m elevation range, two only in Guyana, two only in
French Guiana, and N. montedouradensis Delprete endemic to dense forests
of Amapá and Pará states, N Brazil.
63. Pteridocalyx Wernham.
Shrub 1–2 m tall, with a central, thin stem, sparsely branched towards the top;
young branches reddish, older stems and branches pale gray, with calycophylls.
Only one sp., P. appunii Wernham, endemic Upper Potaro River Basin in
Guyana.
64. Sipanea Aubl.
Herbs, erect, trailing, prostrate or decumbent, often rooting at basal nodes, sometimes
mat-forming, rarely floating on water in inundated areas (S. biflora), or
sub-shrubs (stems woody at base), erect or decumbent. 19 spp. from South
America, two up to Nicaragua and Trinidad, mainly in Venezuela (10), Guyana
(9), Suriname (9), Brazil (10, 3 endemic) and French Guiana (6).
65. Sipaneopsis Steyerm.
Subshrubs or shrubs, rarely herbs, erect, ascending or rarely decumbent. 8
spp., endemic to the Guiana Shield of Colombia (2),
Venezuela (6, 4 endemic), and Brazil (3, two endemic), 50-800 m elevation
range.
1.14 TRIBE DIALYPETALANTHEAE (31/355–360)
- outsiders all in Old World except Hintonia
(4, Mexico to Costa Rica), Picardaea
(1, Cuba and Hispaniola) and Pinckneya
(1, SE U.S.A.).
66. Alseis Schott.
Trees or shrubs with triangular to deltoid interpetiolar stipules, apical,
spiciform or racemose inflorescence, protogynous flowers with a
cylindricaltubular perianth, clavate, septicidal, many-seeded capsules. 19
spp., S Mexico to Bolivia, Brazil (9, six endemic), east to French Guiana. 16
spp. in South America.
67. Bathysa C.Presl.
Shrubs or small trees, often with calycophylls.
14 spp. from N South America up to S Brazil (7, 5 endemic, one of them, from
Rio de Janeiro state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book).
68. Bothriospora Hook.f.
Trees. Only one sp., B. corymbosa (Benth.) Hook. f., from Guyana to Peru
and N Brazil.
69. Calycophyllum DC.
Medium to tall trees up to 30 m tall (tallest neotropical Rubiaceae), emergent
in canopy forests, bark exfoliating, often with calycophylls.
11 spp. from South America (one up to Mexico and Caribbean), east to Guyana, 7
spp. in Brazil, two endemic.
70. Capirona Spruce.
Tall trees, often emergent in canopy forest, bark exfoliating, often with calycophylls.
Only one sp., C. decorticans Spruce, French Guiana to Bolivia and N
Brazil.
71. Chimarrhis Jacq.
Small to tall trees, with buttresses, very hard wood, often with calycophylls.
15 spp., Nicaragua to Peru, east to French Guiana and Caribbean, 10 in South
America, 7 in Brazil, two endemic.
72. Condaminea DC.
Shrubs or small trees. Three spp. from Venezuela to Bolivia, one up to Costa Rica, and C.
corymbosa (Ruiz & Pav.) DC. up to Brazil.
73. Dialypetalanthus Kuhlm.
Trees, flowers white, with two rows of stamens. Only one sp., D. fuscescens Kuhlm.,
from N Bolivia, W Amazon Brazil and E Peru.
Dialypetalanthus brooken the
'normality' of flowers in this family: this genus has distinct petals (unlike all others Rubiaceae), and many time more stamens - 15 to
25 - that corolla lobes.
74. Dioicodendron Steyerm.
Shrubs or small trees, many branched. Only one sp., D. dioicum (K.Schum.
& K.Krause) Steyerm., from Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia.
75. Dolichodelphys K.Schum.
& K.Krause, Verh. Shrubs or small trees, many branched. Only one sp., D.
chlorocrater K. Schum. & Krause, Venezuela to Peru.
76. Elaeagia Wedd.
Large shrubs to large trees, mainly resinous. 23 spp., Mexico to Bolivia, 18 in
South America up N Brazil (only E. maguirei Standl., also in Venezuela
and Guianas), east to Suriname and Caribbean.
77. Ferdinandusa Pohl.
Shrubs to tall trees. 23 spp. from South America (one up to Nicaragua), 19 in
Brazil, 7 endemic.
78. Hippotis Ruiz
& Pav. Shrubs or small trees. 18 spp. from South America (two up to America
Central up to Nicaragua), from Venezuela to Peru.
79. Holtonia Standl.
Only one sp., H. microcarpa (Ruiz & Pav.) C.M.Taylor, from Costa
Rica to Venezuela to Peru.
80. Lintersemina
H. Mendoza-Cifuentes & A. Celis & M.A. González. Treelet,
leaves opposite; inflorescences axillary, subterminal, corymbose cymes,
pedunculate, many-flowered; flowers hermaphroditic, 5- or 6-merous,
actinomorphic. Only one sp., L. chucuriensis H. Mendoza-Cifuentes, A.
Celis & M.A. González, endemic to Magdalena Medio Region of Colombia,
growing in tropical rainforest.
81. Macbrideina Standl.
Small to médium sized trees. Only one sp., M. peruviana Standl., from
Amazon in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.
82. Macrocnemum P.Browne.
Shrubs to tall trees. 8 spp., six from Colombia to Bolivia, M. roseum (Ruiz &
Pav.) Wedd. up to Acre state in N Brazil and Costa Rica, and one endemic to
Jamaica.
83. Parachimarrhis Ducke.
Medium to tal trees, with buttresses, bark exfoliating; inflorescence terminal
corymbose Only one sp., P. breviloba Ducke, from Amazonian Colombia,
Peru and N Brazil.
84. Pentagonia Benth.
Shrubs or small trees, often very tal trees. 43 spp., Guatemala to Peru, 33 in
South America, Amazonian Brazil (4, none endemic), a half in Colombia. Impressive for its large leaves, Pentagonia stands out for being the genus of the only species of Rubiaceae with normal, mature leaves
pinnately lobed to deeply pinnatifid; in the New World, occasional individuals of some species of Simira
Aubl. may have pinnatifid leaves and a few species of Cruckshanksia Hook. & Arn. have leaves deeply and digitately 2 or 3
lobed.
85. Pogonopus Klotzsch.
Shrubs or small trees, often with calycophylls.
Three spp., Mexico to Bolivia along Colombia to S Brazil (1, no endemic).
86. Rustia Klotzsch.
Shrubs or small trees. 19 spp., 14 from Guatemala to Peru, Venezuela and N
Brazil (only one), and 4 remaining disjunct in S Brazil. 16 spp. in South
America.
87. Schizocalyx Wedd.
Trees and shrubs, often with calycophylls;
flowers bisexual, homostylous, protandrous, sessile to pedicellate, fragrant;
corolla campanulate to funnelform or tubular, pale green, white, pink, or white
flushed with purple. 12 spp., one in Costa Rica and Panama, 10 in tropical
Andes, and S. cuspidatus (A. St.-Hil.) Kainul. & B. Bremer endemic
to SE Brazil, found in wet to moist forests from low to middle elevations.
88. Simira Aubl.
Shrubs to large trees, often with calycophylls,
easily recognized in the forest due to the characteristic red color that the
wood acquires immediately after cutting. 41 spp., Mexico to Argentina east to
French Guiana, Brazil (19, 13 endemic, 3 of these, from Rio de Janeiro and
Espírito Santo states, are rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book), 38 spp. in South America.
89. Sommera Schltdl.
Shrubs or small trees 11 spp., Mexico to Panama, three up to South America in Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru and N Brazil (only S. sabiceoides K. Schum., non endemic).
90. Tammsia H.Karst
Only one sp., T. anomala (H. Karst.) H. Karst., from Venezuela to Colombia
and Peru.
91. Warszewiczia Klotzsch.
Shrubs to trees, often with calycophylls.
Seven spp. from South America (two up to Mexico and Caribbean), 4 in Brazil,
one endemic.
92. Wittmackanthus Kuntze.
Shrubs to trees up to 35 m tall, often with calycophylls.
Only one sp., W. stanleyanus (Schomb.) Kuntze, Panama to Peru, E to
Guyana.
MUSSAENDEAE
ALLIANCE - two subtribes, Mussaendeae
(6/225–235,tropical regions in the Old World (absent from Australia and
eastwards) ansent in New World.
1.15 TRIBE SABICEEAE (4/c. 140)
- outsiders all in Old World.
93. Sabicea Aubl. Lianes,
straggling shrubs or sometimes scarcely woody climbers, usually hairy; leaves opposite,
petiolate; flowers sometimes showing limited heterostyly, small or
medium-sized, paniculate or capitate axillary inflorescences, or in a few cases
plant cauliflorous. 159 spp., in Africa,
Madagascar, Sri Lanka, and Mexico to South America. 49 in New World, 45 in
South America, 18 in Brazil, 5 endemic.
VANGUERIEAE ALLIANCE
- 8 tribes, Crossopterygeae (1/1, tropical and S Africa), Aleisanthieae
(3/10, West Malesia), Greeneeae (2/10, SE Asia,
West Malesia), Glionnetieae (1/1, Seychelles), Scyphiphoreae
(1/1, Mangrove shrub, coastal areas in SE Asia, West Malesia, tropical
Australia and New Caledonia), Trailliaedoxeae (1/1, SW China), Vanguerieae
(24/650-680, Tropical regions in the Old World to tropical Australia, Melanesia
and Polynesia), only Ixoreae in New World.
1.16
TRIBE IXOREAE (1/c. 550) -
a single genus.
94. Ixora
L.
Shrubs or small trees; flowers bisexual, usually fragrant, 4(5)-merous, few to
many; fruit a drupe, usually red, spherical or 2-lobed, slightly fleshy or
coriaceous, containing 1 or 2, 1-seeded, thin-walled pyrenes; calyx limb
persistent; seeds frequently undeveloped, rusty brown in colour. 556
spp., pantropical, with most of them in tropical Asia and islands of the
southern Pacific, ca. 37-40 spp. in continental Africa, ca. 35 spp. in
Madagascar, and 62 in New World, from Belize to Argentina (a single endemic to
Mexico), east to French Guiana, Caribbean, 61 in South America, 43 in Brazil (25
endemic, three of them, from Rio de Janeiro and Bahia states, are a rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
THE ‘COFFEA
ALLIANCE’ - nine
subtribes: Alberteae (3/?, South Africa and Madagascar), Coffeeae
(11/305-310, Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene Islands, Andaman Islands,
tropical Asia), Octotropideae (27/c. 110, tropical Africa, Madagascar,
Mascarene Islands, Seychelles, India, Sri Lanka, SE Asia, Malesia, with their
highest diversity in tropical Africa and Madagascar), Pavetteae (c 17/c 640,
tropical regions in the Old World), Sherbournieae (4/c. 65, tropical and
subtropical Africa) absent in South America
1.17
TRIBE AUGUSTEAE (2/c
85) - outsider Wendlandia (81, NE Africa, Iraq to
Malesia, tropical Australia).
95. Augusta Pohl.
4 spp. in two subgenera:
§ subg.
Augusta ▸ only one sp., A. longifolia
(Spreng.) Rehder, endemic to Brazil, with two varieties: var. longifolia,
occurring in the torrents and small rivers of the savannas of
C Brazil (cerrado), and var. parviflora (Pohl)
Delprete, occurring in the torrents and small rivers of the Atlantic Forest in
the state of Rio de Janeiro.
§ subg.
Lindenia ▸ three spp., A. rivalis
(Benth.) J.H. Kirkbr. from Mexico to Colombia, A. austrocaledonica
(Brongn.) J.H. Kirkbr. from New Caledonia and A. vitiensis
(Seem.) J.H. Kirkbr., endemic to Fiji.
1.18
TRIBE BERTIEREAE (1/c. 55) - a single genus.
96. Bertiera Aubl. Small trees
or shrubs, rarely lianas; leaves shortly petiolate; petioles normally
channelled above; flowers moderate in size or small, borne in terminal, spicate
thyrsoid panicles, scorpioid cymes or spherical compact heads; fruit indehiscent,
ovoid or globose, often coriaceous, sometimes
bluish; seeds many, red-brown to black, angular, rugulose or granulose. 57
spp., 49 from Africa, Madagascar and Mascarene Islands, and 8 in New World (7
in South America) from Mexico to SE Brazil (3, none endemic).
1.19 TRIBE
GARDENIEAE (c 54/580–605) - outsiders all in Old World except Casasia
(10, Florida to Caribbean).
97. Genipa
L. Medium to large tress, fruit sweet fleshy. Three spp., G. americana
L., in over trop. America (edible fruits), G. infundibuliformis Zappi
& Semir endemic to SE Brazil, in three localities, one in coast São Paulo
state, and two, distant, in forests Minas Gerais state, and G. spruceana
Steyerm. in over northern South America.
98. Randia L.
Shrubs to small trees, often lianas, 1–3 spiny, corolla mainly white. 114 spp.,
Florida, Texas, Mexico to Argentina, east to French Guiana and Caribbean, in
that inhabit evergreen and deciduous forest from sea level up to 3,300 m. 39
spp. in South America, 14 in Brazil (3 endemic).
99. Rosenbergiodendron
Fagerl. Shrubs or small trees, large with nocturnal flowers up to 20 cm long. 4
spp. in Jamaica, Panama, Trinidad and French Guiana to Bolivia, Brazil (two, none
endemic) and Paraguay.
100.
Sphinctanthus Benth. Shrubs or small
trees; hermaphroditic flowers, cream-white, white, yellow, yellowish orange to
bright orange corollas, corolla tube with a ring of hairs at the middle or near
the base inside and corolla lobes contorted to the left. 8 spp., restricted of
South America up to SE Brazil (6, 3 endemic); S. fluviidulcis
Delprete & C. H. Perss is known by only two individual plants.
101. Stenosepala C.H.Perss.
Shrubs or small trees, dioecious. One sp., S. hirsuta C.H. Perss., from
Panama to W Colombia.
102. Tocoyena Aubl.
Shrubs or small trees. 20 spp., Honduras to Paraguay, east to French Guiana and
Cuba. 19 spp. in South America, 15 in Brazil (7 endemic).
1.20 TRIBE
CORDIEREAE (13/c 135) - outsider Glossostipula (3, S Mexico to
Honduras).
103. Agouticarpa
C.H. Perss. Dioecious shrubs, treelets or trees; inflorescences terminal,
heterogeneous, sessile or pedunculate, male inflorescences 3–16-flowered,
thyrse-like or a 3-flowered dichasium, female inflorescences usually 1 to
3-flowered dichasium; corollas usually salverform, rarely infundibuliform; fruits
globose or rarely somewhat vertically compressed, many-seeded. 7 spp. from northern
South America (two up to America Central), centered in Ecuador (6), two in
Brazil, none endemic.
104. Alibertia A.Rich. ex
DC. Shrubs or small trees, terminal inflorescence, corolla
hypocrateriform, with or cream. 15 spp., Mexico to Paraguay and
Argentina, east to French Guiana, Caribbean, 12 in South America, 9 in Brazil
(none endemic).
105. Amaioua
Aubl. Shrubs or small trees. 11 spp., Mexico to Bolivia, east to
French Guiana and Caribbean, 10 spp. in South America, 7 in Brazil (4 endemic).
106. Botryarrhaena
Ducke. Shrubs or small tress. Two spp., Venezuela (one endemic) to Peru and N
Brazil (only B. pendula Ducke), mainly centered in savanas of Colombia
and Venezuela.
107. Cordiera
A.Rich. ex DC. 25 spp., from South America (three up to America Central), 21 in
Brazil (10 endemic).
108. Duroia L.f.
Shrubs or small trees, dioecious. 37 spp., one in Costa Rica and remaining in
South America, inc. Atlantic Forest of Brazil (23, 5 endemic). Three spp. from
northern South America, are myrmecophites.
109. Kutchubaea Fisch.
ex DC. Trees medium sized to tall, often emergent in canopy forest, resinous in
young branches. 13 spp., forests of N South America, 7 in Brazil, two endemic.
110. Melanopsidium
Colla. Dioecious shrubs 1.5-5 m tall; bark thin, reddish brown; leaves opposite,
petiolate; inflorescences terminal and solitary; both pistillate and staminate
inflorescences corymbose, many-flowered; corolla short-campanulate,
5-6(-7)-lobed, 5-8 x 3-4.5 mm, cream-white; tube campanulate. Only one sp., M.
nigrum Colla, of Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas) from
Bahia (Ilheus) to Rio de Janeiro states.
111. Riodocea Delprete.
Dioecious trees; bark exfoliating in small, papery, longitudinal strips;
inflorescences terminal; corolla campanulate, 13-15-merous
(highest merosity in the Rubiaceae),
12-15-lobed, greenish yellow. Only one sp., R. pulcherrima Delprete,
has been found naturally occurring only in riverine forest of the southern
portion of the Rio Doce Valley, in Bahia and Espírito Santo states.
112. Stachyarrhena Hook.f.
Shrubs or small trees, dioecious. 10 spp., one in Panama and 9 in South
America, up to Atlantic Forest of Brazil (7 in Brazil, 3 endemic).
TRIBES
UNASSIGNED TO ALLIANCES - 4
tribes are unasignated to alliances: Airospermeae (2/7, Malesia to New
Guinea, Fiji), Steenisieae (1/5, Borneo, Natuna Islands) and Jackieae
(1/1, Malay Peninsula, Borneo) does not occur in South America.
1.21
TRIBE RETINIPHYLLEAE (1/23) - a single genus.
113. Retiniphyllum
Bonpl. Shrubs or small trees. 21 spp. from Guiana
Shield of Suriname to Colombia and Brazil, except by several species in
eastern Brazil and S Amazon Brazil, and two extends to E Andes of Peru, mainly
in Brazil (16, 5 endemic), mostly in white-sand areas of the Amazon Basin.
2. SUBFAMILY
RUBIOIDEAE (193/8.270–8.460) ▸ 30
tribes, being 29 in alliances plus 1 unplaced tribe.
UROPHYLLEAE
ALLIANCE - 5 tribes, Colletoecemateae (1/2, Central Africa) and Ophiorrhizeae
(6/350–355, tropical Asia to Melanesia), Seychelleae (1/1, Seychelles)
and Temnopterygeae () does not occur in South America.
2.1 TRIBE
UROPHYLLEAE (c
14?/190–250) - outsiders all in Old World.
114. Amphidasya Standl.
Herbs, shrurbs or shrubs, often scandent or subscandent. 13 spp., Nicaragua to
Peru and Venezuela (12 in South America),
A. neblinae Steyerm. in Brazil, occurring in
Mount Neblina in Amazonas state.
115. Raritebe Wernham.
Shrubs or small trees. Only one sp., P. palicoureoides Wernham, from
Nicaragua to N Peru.
PERAMEAE
ALLIANCE – two tribes, both
in South America.
2.2 TRIBE
LASIANTHEAE (c 4/c 210)
- outsiders all in Old World.
116. Lasianthus Jack. Shrubs or
rarely small trees, rarely foetid, glabrous to hairy or strigose; leaves opposite;
flowers sometimes heterostylous, mostly small, in sessile axillary fascicles or
glomerules or less often in pedunculate, simple or branched inflorescences; fruits
succulent, very often blue but sometimes pink, purple, white or black; seeds narrowly
oblong, curved, with membranous testa and fleshy albumen.
291 spp. occurring in the Old World, and three spp. in the
Neotropics, two in Caribbean and L. panamensis (Dwyer) Robbr. in Costa
Rica, Panama and NW Colombia.
117. Ronabea Aubl.
Three spp., R. emetica (L.f.) A.
Rich. from Nicaragua to western Ecuador and N Brazil, R. isanae
(J.H. Kirkbr.) C.M. Taylor endemic to Amazonian NW Brazil, and R. latifolia
Aubl. from Belize to Ecuador, Guianas to NE Brazil.
2.3 TRIBE
PERAMEAE (1/12) - a single genus.
118. Perama Aubl.
Herbs (sometimes very small, 10 cm) or erect or prostrate, small or showy, in
dense populations very divergent of Rubiaceous pattern. 14 spp. from tropical
South America except Argentina, centered in savannas of Guyana and Brazilian Shield
(11, 7 endemic), P. hirsuta Aubl. up to Trinidad & Tobago.
THE SPERMACOCEAE ALLIANCE
- 3 tribes, Aitchisonieae (1/1, Iran to Pakistan), Argostemmateae (3/c
220, tropical regions in the Old World), Cyanoneuroneae (1/5, Malesia
region), Danaideae (3/c 60, tropical Africa and Madagascar), Dunnieae (3/7
or 10, N India, S China, Borneo, Sulawesi), Foonchewieae (1/1, China), Knoxieae (15/c
130, W and S tropical Africa and Madagascar, Socotra, Knoxia also
in tropical Asia), Putorieae (1/c 35, Canary Islands,
Mediterranean, SW Asia to NW India) and Theligoneae (1/4,
Macaronesia, Mediterranean, SW China (inc. Taiwan), Japan) are absent in New
World, and 4 presents.
2.4 TRIBE
SPERMACOCEAE (69/1.380–1.410) - outsiders all
in Old World except Bouvardia (57, SW U.S.A. to Panama), Carterella
(1, Baja California in NW Mexico), Crusea (15, SW U.S.A. to
Panama), Houstonia (24, S Canada, U.S.A., Mexico), Lucya
(1, Caribbean), Martensianthus (5, Mexico), Mexotis (4, Mexico
to Guatemala), Micrasepalum (2, Cuba and Hispaniola), Rachicallis
(1, Mexico and Caribbean), Stenaria (7, U.S.A. to Mexico and
Bahamas), Stenotis (7, Arizona to NW Mexico) and Tessiera (2,
Mexico).
119. Anthospermopsis
(K.Schum.) J.H.Kirkbr. Small shrub. Only one spp., A.
catechosperma (K.Schum.) J.H.Kirkbr., a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book, endemic
to Brazil, in Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas) between Salvador and
Camaçari, Bahia state.
120. Arcytophyllum Willd.
Prostrate or erect herbs, often shrubs, many branched. 18 spp. from SC. U.S.A.
to Bolivia and Venezuela, 15 in South America.
121. Carajasia R.M. Salas,
E.L. Cabral & Dessein. Herbs 2–10 cm tall, perennial,
with main branches erect; stem tetragonal, glabrous, papillate on angles,
wine-colored; flowering branches with two axillary flowers on each node; each
flower subtended by 2 foliaceous bracts; bracteoles inconspicuous; flowers
sessile, homostylous; hypanthium obovoid, pubescent; dry fruit obovoid. Only
one sp., C. cangae R.M. Salas, E.L. Cabral & Dessein, known only of
Canaã dos Carajás municipality, state of Pará, Brazil; they inhabit
rocky-ferriginous grasslands (cangas) only on the top of the Carajás
mountain range.
122. Denscantia E.L.Cabral
& Bacigalupo. Scandent habit, the tubular stipule sheath,
thyrsi or pleiothyrsi inflorescences, isostylous flowers, pollen grains with
multiple endoaperture, and complanate seeds. 5 spp., D. calcicola R. M.
Salas & E. L. Cabral in seasonally dry region inside the dry seasonal
scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga) biome of Bahia state Brazil, and 4
remaining Atlantic Forest biome of Brazil, in areas of Atlantic sandy coastal
shrublands (restingas), three endemic to Bahia state and two of them
rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
123. Diacrodon Sprague.
Only one sp., D. compressus Sprague, endemic to NE Brazil.
124. Diadorimia J.A.M.Carmo,
Florentín & R.M.Salas (off Psyllocarpus).
Subshrubs, cespitose habit arising from a well-developed, woody subterranean
system, triangular stipules with margins bearing four small lobes,
heterostylous flowers subtended by a pair of hyaline bracteoles. Only one sp., D.
densifolia (Zappi & Calió) J.A.M.Carmo,
Florentín & R.M.Salas, endemic to Cipó Highs in Minas Gerais state, SE Brazil.
125. Diodia L.
Annual or perennial herbs to small shrubs, erect or scandent, woody at base,
may branched. 18 spp., 3 in tropical Africa and 15 in C
& E U.S.A. to South America (9), six in Brazil (two endemic with one, from
Tocantins state, as a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book).
126. Edrastima
Raf. Annual herbs. 5 spp., 4 from Africa to tropical Asia, and E. uniflora
(L.) Raf., disjunct in C & E U.S.A., Caribbean, SE Brazil to NE Argentina
and Paraguay.
127. Emmeorhiza Pohl
ex Endl. Herbs to tiny subshrubs, erect or scandent. Only one sp., E. umbellata
(Spreng.) K. Schuman Trinidad to Paraguay, Guianas and Brazil, disturbed
areas, forests, riversides, shrublands at 0–2,500 m elevation range.
128. Ernodea Sw.
8 spp., Florida to Caribbean (highly centered in Bahamas), with E.
littoralis Sw. up SE. Mexico and NW Colombia, in coastal
areas in sand dunes, near mangrove communities, limestone, disturbed open
areas, or pinelands.
129. Etericius Desv.
ex Ham. Only one sp., E. parasiticus Desv., endemic to Guyana.
130. Galianthe Griseb.
Herbs, sometimes with xylopodium,
mainly in open places. 53 spp. from Peru to S Brazil (38, 19 endemic, 7 of
them, from several states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book), Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, six
up to northern South America and America Central.
131. Hexasepalum Bartl.
ex DC. Subshrubs or shrubs, perennial, rarely annual herbs or somewhat fleshy
plants; stems cylindrical or quadrangular, erect or decumbent, sometimes
creeping and irregularly branched forming dense mats; leaves linear, ovate,
elliptic, rarely slightly succulent. 15 spp., one in W Africa and 14 in New
World, 10 in South America, 9 in Brazil (4 endemic).
132. Januaria
R.M.Salas & Nuñez Florentin. Herbs. Only one sp., J.
lombardii R.M.Salas & Nuñez Florentin endemic to Minas Gerais state,
Brazil.
133. Leptoscela
Hook.f. Herb, about 30 cm. Only one sp., L. ruellioides (Willd. ex Roem.
&
Schult.) J.H. Kirkbr. & Delprete, widely distributed in NE
Brazil from 50 – 1,000 m of altitude range.
134. Manettia Mutis
ex L. Herbs with tiny stems. 125 spp. from Mexico to Uruguay, Brazil, Guianas,
Caribbean. 113 spp. in South America, 32 in Brazil (26 endemic, 3 of these, all
from Rio de Janeiro state, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book).
135. Merumea Steyerm.
Two spp. endemic to Cerro Sipapo of the Venezuelan Guiana
and the Merume Mountains of Guyana, 1,100 - 1,600 m elevation
range.
136. Mitracarpus Zucc. Erect or
prostrate annual or perennial herbs with 4-angled stems; flowers not
heterostylous or only slightly so, in dense, spherical, sessile, terminal or
axillary heads; fruit a thin circumscissile capsule; seeds oblong or globose,
endosperm fleshy. 67 spp. from Mexico to Uruguay, Caribbean, 37
in South America, highly centered in highlands of Brazil (34, 24 endemic, one
of them, from Minas Gerais state, is a rare plant
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
137. Oldenlandia L.
Perennial or annual herbs, erect or decumbent. 161 spp., cosmopolitan, 19 in
New World, 4 in South America, four in Brazil, one endemic.
138. Oldenlandiopsis Terrell & W.H.Lewis. Only one sp., O. callitrichoides
(Griseb.) Terrell & W.H.Lewis, S Mexico to Panama,
Caribbean, disjunct in NW Argentina.
139. Paganuccia R.M.Salas.
Herbs to subshrubs, stems quadrangular, with flowers in globbose
inflorescences. Only one sp., P. icatuensis R.M.Salas, known only so
far from two collections from the continental dunes in the São Francisco River
basin, Bahia, NE Brazil.
140. Planaltina R.M.Salas & E.L.Cabral. Suffrutices with erect
stems; leaves opposite, quadrangular stems; inflorescences glomerule, terminal
or axillary; flowers sessile or pedicellate; corolla infundibuliforme, white;
capsules indehiscent. 4 spp. in savannas of C Brazil (cerrado)
at Distrito Federal, Goiás (all species) and Minas Gerais state in center
Brazil (800 – 1,200 m elevation range).
141. Richardia
L. Annual or more commonly perennial herbs from fibrous roots or typically from
a long, sparingly branched taproot, occasionally with adventitious roots from
those nodes touching the soil; stems terete, decumbent and often forming small,
matted cushions, or sprawling to infrequently erect; inflorescence a
pedunculate, terminal capitulum. 17 spp. in two sections:
§ sect.
Richardia ▸ 4 spp., R. lomensis
(Krause) Standley endemic to SW Peru, two widely distributed in South America
except for the Amazon Basin, and one occurring from the S U.S.A. and Cuba to NW
South America.
§ sect.
Asterophyton ▸ 13 spp., seven
native to South America primarily from Peruvian Andes and central Bolivia (2
endemic) to SE Brazil (5 of then) and Uruguay, and six endemic to North America
with one species from Mexico to Louisiana and 3 in Cuba. R. schumannii
Lewis & Oliver is endemic to the grasslands of south-eastern Brazil. R. pedicellata
(K. Schumm) O. Ktze. is endemic to the shrub savannas and dry grasslands of SE
Brazil and southern Paraguay at elevations up to 1,000 m.
142. Schwendenera
K.Schum. Only one sp., S. tetrapyxis K. Schum., disjunct from Pará and
São Paulo states in Brazil.
143. Spermacoce L.
Annual or perennial herbs, up to low shrubs, erect or
prostrate, stems quadrangular. 290 spp., pantropical, 144 in New World, 112 in
South America, including Chile, 78 spp. in Brazil, 40 endemic, 12 of them, in
several states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book.
144. Staelia Cham.
& Schltdl. Herbs from dense small cushion to free stemmed plants, sometimes
bonsai-like. 19 spp. from Bolivia, Brazil (16, 12 endemic, one of them, from
Tocantins state, is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book) to N Argentina, Paraguay and
Uruguay.
145. Tapanhuacanga Vell.
ex Vand. Herbs, sometimes ericoids. 11 spp. widely distributed in
Brazil, in two disjunct areas: savannas in central highlands of Brazil (Distrito
Federal, Goiás and Minas Gerais) and white‐sands
vegetation in Amazon valley; four spp., in four diferent states, are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
146. Tobagoa Urb.
Herbs prostrate or erects, foetid. Two spp., from Panama, Colombia, N Venezuela
and Tobago.
2.5 TRIBE
ANTHOSPERMEAE (10/210–215)
- outsiders all in Old World.
147. Coprosma J.R.Forst.
& G.Forst. 109 spp., mainly Malesia to Pacific, and two from Juan Fernández
islands, Chile.
148. Leptostigma Arn.
Prostrate to scandent herbs, stoloniferous, stems tiny-fleshy. Seven spp., one
in New Zealand, two in Australia, and 4 in W South America, from Colombia to
Chile and Argentina, mainly in paramos.
149. Nertera
Banks ex Sol. Small herbs, prostrate or
decumbent, stoloniferous with tiny flexible stems. 11 spp. from tropical
America (only N. granadensis (Mutis ex L.f.) Druce, which
occur in Madagascar, Asia to Pacific, Caribbean, Mexico to Chile and Venezuela
and in subantarctic islands), Madagascar and from Japan to Australia.
2.6 TRIBE
PAEDERIEAE (6/130–135) - outsiders
all in Old World.
150. Paederia L.
33 spp., with 18 in Asia, 13 in E Africa and Madagascar, and two
in tropical America:, P.
ciliata (Bartl. ex DC.) Standl. (SW Mexico),
and P. brasiliensis
(Hook. f.) Puff, found in Brazil (Mato Grosso, Tocantins and Ceará states), Peru,
Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay.
2.7 TRIBE
RUBIEAE (4/c 700) - outsiders Didymaea (5,
Mexico to Panama), Kelloggia (2, 1 in S China and Bhutan, 1
in SW U.S.A. to NW Mexico) and Rubia (88, Macaronesia,
Mediterranean, Africa, temperate Asia).
151. Galium L.
Prostrate to erect herbs, glabrous or pubescent, monoecious, dioecious, often
polygamomonoecious, tiny stems. 645 spp., cosmopolitan, 167 in New World, 74
in South America, 26 in Brazil (11 endemic), centered in Santa Catarina state.
THE ‘PSYCHOTRIEAE ALLIANCE’
- nine tribes, Craterispermeae (1/16, tropical Africa, Madagascar,
Seychelles), Mitchelleae (2/14, China, S Korea, Japan; North
America), Prismatomerideae (4/26, Sri Lanka, Assam, SE Asia,
Hainan, West Malesia) and Schizocoleeae (1/2, tropical Africa) does not
occur in South America. One outsider in this clades occur in New World: Mitchella
(2, 1 in E China to temperate Asia, 1 in E Canada to Guatemala)
2.8 TRIBE
SCHRADEREAE (3/c 60)
- outsiders all in Old World.
152. Schradera Vahl.
Scandent above canopy trees, rarely epiphytics, tree in a single South American
species; adventive roots in juvenile individuous, stems terete in adult
members. 58 spp., 16 in peninsular Thailand to New Guinea, and 42 in New World,
36 in South America, 4 in Brazil (two endemic).
2.9 TRIBE
GAERTNEREAE (2/c 85)
- outsider Gaertnera (89, tropical regions in the Old World).
153. Pagamea Aubl.
Shrubs or small trees, often ‘woody’ herbs. 26 spp. in over tropical South
America, centered in Amazonia, 15 in Brazil (7 endemic), most
of them occurring in white-sand areas.
2.10 TRIBE
MORINDEAE (c 6/c 170)
- outsiders all in Old World.
154. Appunia Hook.f.
Lianas, shrubs or small trees. 13 spp., S Mexico to Bolivia, Brazil (5, two endemic),
Guianas. 12 spp. in South America.
155. Morinda L.
Lianas, shrubs or small trees. 39 spp. pantropical, nine in New World, Florida,
Mexico to Ecuador and Venezuela, six in South America.
2.11 TRIBE PALICOUREEAE (9/1,000-2,000) - outsiders
all in Old World.
156. Carapichea Aubl.
24 spp. from South America, two of them up to Nicaragua, 17 in Brazil (5 endemic). C.
ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. Andersson is the famous
Brazilian ipecacuanha, a medicinal plant widely distributed in Brazil, Colombia
and America Central, but increasingly rare due to excessive exploitation.
157. Coccochondra Rauschert.
4 spp., endemic to Serrania Maigualida, Serrania del Peru, Cerro Yutajé in S Venezuela,
at 2,000 m elevation range.
158. Ditrichanthus
Borhidi. Only one sp., D. seemannii (Standl.) Borhidi,
E.Martínez & Ramos, SE Nicaragua to Ecuador.
159. Eumachia C.Wright.
86 spp., pantropical, 27 from Mexico to Paraguay, Guianas and Caribbean, 16 in
Brazil (3 endemic). 22 spp. occur in South America.
160. Geophila D.Don. Perennial
forest floor herbs, mostly with slender creeping stems rooting at nodes; leaves
opposite, with mostly long petioles; flowers bisexual, sometimes heterostylous,
mostly in terminal umbels or sometimes solitary. 28 spp., pantropical1,
11 in New World, 8 in South America, all in Brazil (one endemic).
161. Notopleura (Hook.f.)
Bremek. Herbs terrestrial (mainly unbranched) or epiphytic, subshrubs, shrubs
or small trees, often scandent, fleshy to succulents. 103 spp., Mexico to
Brazil (5, N. bahiensis C.M. Taylor endemic), 85 in South America, also
in Bolivia, Guianas and Caribbean.
162. Palicourea Aubl.
Shrubs or medium sized trees, sometimes basal
burls, inflorescence terminal, pseudopaniculate; several
species has blue fruits. 695 spp. from over Neotropics,
except Chile and Uruguay, centered in Colombia. 592 spp. in South America, 177
in Brazil, 54 endemic. P. corymbifera (Müll.Arg.) Standl. from northern
South America is a myrmecophite.
163. Rudgea Salisb.
Shrubs or small trees; inflorescence terminal, often axillar, erect or
pendulous, paniculate, corymbose, capitate or cymose; corolla hypocrateriform,
white. 165 spp. from Mexico to Argentina, 148 in South America, 80 in Brazil (51
endemic), Guianas and Caribbean.
Only R. quisquiliae Bruniera &
Torres-Leite and R. axilliflora Bruniera & Torres-Leite from Espírito Santo state in SE Brazil has axillary inflorescences within this genus; besides the size of the
leaf-blades, R. quisquiliae and R. macrophylla also share shortly
petiolate leaves (petioles up to 10–12 mm long), obovate to elliptic blades,
cordate at base, and 13–18 pairs of secondary veins, seem to be adapted to capture organic material falling from the
forest canopy possibly as a nutritional resource, as seen in forest plants with
similar habit, such as Agrostistachys borneensis Beccari in the
Euphorbiaceae.
164. Tromlyca
Borhidi. Only one sp., T. locellata
(C.M.Taylor) Borhidi, endemic to Andes from Colombia.
2.12 TRIBE
PSYCHOTRIEAE (1/?) - a single genus. Former Anthorrhiza,
Hydnophytum, Myrmecodia, Myrmephytum and Squamellaria are
myrmecophilous with ant colonies living in the hollow stems.
165. Psychotria L.
Shrubs, trees small to medium sized, often epiphytic, sometimes with bluish
fruits. 1,643 spp., pantropical, 432 in New World (absent only by Chile
and Canada), 286 in South America, 151 in Brazil (122 endemic).
TRIBE
UNCLASSIFIED TO ALLIANCE
2.13 TRIBE
COUSSAREAE (8/410–420) - all genera in South America.
166. Bradea
Standl. Herbs, shrubs or subshrubs up to 2 m tall. Six spp., of rocky outcrops
in Atlantic forest understory in Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Espírito
Santo states.
167. Coccocypselum P.Browne.
Prostrate, erect or scandent herbs, flowers in cephalia; many spp. have blue
fruits and pinkish flowers. 22 spp. from Mexico to
Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil (17, 7 endemic) and Guianas. 20 species occur in
South America.
168. Coussarea Aubl.
Shrubs or small trees. 122 spp., S. Mexico to Argentina, Brazil (59, 35 endemic, 5 of
these, 4 in Rio de Janeiro and one in Bahia state, are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), Guianas,
Caribbean. 111 spp. occur in South America.
169. Cruckshanksia Hook.
& Arn. Herbs often with calycophylls.
7 spp. from Argentina and Chile.
170. Declieuxia Kunth.
Herbs or suffrutex plants up to 1 m tall, sometimes
with xylopodium. 29 spp., all restricted of
Brazil, except two up to Bolivia, one to Venezuela and Guyana and D.
fruticosa (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Kuntze widely distributed
neotropics.
171. Faramea Aubl.
Shrubs or small trees; inflorescence terminal, rarely axillar. 190 spp., from
Mexico to Uruguay, east to French Guiana and Caribbean. 170 spp. in South
America, 93 in Brazil (58 endemic).
172. Hindsia
Benth. ex Lindl. 11 spp. of shrubs and subshrubs from Atlantic
Forests and Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas) from states in
SE Brazil, three of them, from Rio de Janeiro and Bahia states, are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
173. Heterophyllaea Hook.f.
Two spp. from Peru to N. Argentina, absent in Chile.
174. Oreopolus Schltdl.
Herbs, dense cushions. Only one sp., O. glacialis
(Poepp.) Ricardi, in open mountain sites in Argentina and Chile.
GENTIANACEAE
§ MYCOHETEROTROPHICS
(Arachnitis – TRIURIDACEAE – BURMANNIACEAE
– ORCHIDACEAE – Voyria -
Voyriella -
Monotropa)
§ REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON
NOVEMBER 08, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp. 103/1,650-1,700
Distribution cosmopolitan except polar and arid areas, with their
largest diversity in temperate and subtropical regions and on tropical
mountains; Voyria: tropical America, tropical West Africa. Habit usually
bisexual (rarely polygamomonoecious), perennial, biennial or annual herbs
(sometimes shrubs, rarely lianas or trees). Some genera are partially
mycoheterotrophic. A few clades (Cotylanthera, Leiphaimos, Voyria,
and Voyriella) consisting of achlorophyllous holoparasitic mycotrophs.
Other genera are cultivated for ornamental purposes (e.g. Eustoma, Exacum).
Several spp. occurring in the Neotropics are narrow endemic.
SYSTEMATIC
six tribes, Exaceae (8/c 150, tropical regions in the Old World, S
Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, with their highest diversity in Madagascar)
only in Old World, mainly Madagascar; 553 spp. in South America, 7/10 are only Gentianella,
Halenia, Symbolanthus or Macrocarpaea.
1.1 TRIBE
SACCIFOLIEAE (5/16–20) ▸ all
genera occur in South America.
1. Curtia
Cham. & Schldtl. Erect annual herbs, usually not very conspicuous;
inflorescence a lax cyme; flowers 5-merous; corolla white, yellow, pale lilac,
pink, or purplish, sometimes hairy on the inside, funnel- to salver-shaped;
corolla tubes about as long as corolla lobes. 10 spp., 9 in Brazil (one endemic
to Guyana), six endemic, only C. tenella (Mart.) Cham. outside South
America (curiously disjunct Brazil, Mexico and America Central).
2. Hockinia
Gardner. Herb, annual; inflorescence with solitary flowers or as cymose
monochasia; flowers 5-merous; corollas pale lilac, funnel shaped; corolla tube
is longer than corolla lobes. Only one sp., H. montana Gardner, in Serra
dos Orgãos and adjacent mountains in Rio de Janeiro state in SE Brazil.
3. Saccifolium
Maguire and Pires. Shrub up to 60 cm tall, branches with lots of
corky bark; leaves tightly arranged, opposite or possibly alternate,
sac-shaped, partly translucent, and with glands on the lower surface, not
found in any other plant; flowers 5-merous, solitary, in
the axils of leaves; corollas tubular, widened in the middle; fruits never
collected as mature. Only one sp., S. bandeirae Maguire &
Pires, endemic to Pantepui Life Zone, known from the single mountain of Mount
Neblina in Venezuela and Amazonas state in northern Brazil, 2,700 – 2,800 m
elevation range.
4. Tapeinostemon
Benth. Perennial herbs, upright and sometimes slightly woody at the base of the
plant; flowers 5-merous, in lax cymes or heads; corolla white, yellow, or
orange, salver- to funnelshaped or tubular, with relatively short lobes. 8
spp. in N South America, two in Brazil, none endemic.
5. Voyriella
Miq. Saprophytic herbs, 2-10 cm high, completely white; leaves 3-4 mm long; inflorescence
a dense, globose, bracteate, mostly many flowered, terminal or axillary cyme;
corolla white, campanulate, 5-6 mm long (hardly exceeding the calyx), lobes
ovate-triangular, 1-1.5 mm long, apex acute, recurved. Only one sp., V.
parviflora (Miq.) Miq., lowlands of
N South America and adjacent Panamá, mainly in Guianas, over Colombia, valleys
of Negro and Madeira rivers in Brazil, Guianas, Pará and Amapá coasts, border
Pará and Maranhão states in Brazil, and one collection in Mato Grosso state in
Brazil.
1.2 TRIBE
VOYRIEAE (1/19) ▸ a
single genus.
6. Voyria Aubl. Saprophytic herbs; stems mostly simple, terete; leaves
small and scale-like; inflorescence a terminal few-flowered, bifurcate cyme, or
the plant having a solitary flower only; flowers variously coloured,
(4-)5-merous; calyx tubular to campanulate, small; corolla salverform to
funnelform, far exceeding the calyx. 21 spp., one in W tropical Africa and
remaining 20 in tropical and subtropical America, 16 in South America, 13 in
Brazil (V. obconica Progel from Atlantic Forest is endemic). V.
parasitica (Schltdl. & Cham.) Ruyters & Maas from U.S.A. to
Honduras and Caribbean, and three endemic of Panamá and Costa Rica do not occur
in South America; lowland rain forest, creek forest, swamp forest, montane rain
forest, hammock forest and Amazonian dry forest. V. bicolor H.Maas
& O.Lachenaud (French Guiana), V. rosea Aubl. (Venezuela to French
Guiana) and V. truncata (Standl.) Standl. & Steyerm. (Mexico
(Chiapas) to Peru) from South America does not occur in Brazil.
They grow in decaying leaf mold, on brown to black clayey to loamy
soils. A few species, like V. aphylla (Jacq.) Pers., prefer much
drier vegetation types like white sand savannas and savanna forests. V.
parasitica, the species with the northernmost distribution, is often
reported as growing on limestone substrate; all species are terrestrial,
although it sometimes happens that plants grow on dead, decaying logs. Voyriella
and Voyria are confined to elevations from sea level to 1,000 m; for a
few species, e.g., V. aphylla, higher
elevations (up to 1,800 m), are recorded.
Simultaneouly, V. spruceana Benth. and V. aphylla have
been found growing as epiphytes up to 30 m
high in trees in Colombia.
Voyria has two well
distinct subgenera: subg. Voyria (only V. caerulea Aubl. in
Brazil) and subg. Leiphaimos (all remaining species in country).
1.3 TRIBE
CHIRONIEAE (27/c 165) ▸ outsiders
Bisgoeppertia (3; Caribbean), Blackstonia (4; Europe,
Mediterranean), Chironia (c 30; tropical and S Africa, Madagascar), Schenkia
(5; Australia, Tasmania, islands in W Pacific; Hawaii; Europe, Mediterranean,
North Africa), Exaculum (1; Europe), Geniostemon (5; Mexico), Ixanthus
(1; Canary Islands), Orphium (1; W Cape), Gyrandra (5; Mexico, America
Central), Sabatia (21; E and C North America, Mexico, America Central,
the Caribbean), Canscora (9–10; tropical regions in the Old World to
tropical Australia), Cracosna (3; SE Asia), Duplipetala (2;
Thailand, the Malay Peninsula), Hoppea (2; India, Sri Lanka, Burma), Microrphium
(1; Thailand, the Malay Peninsula, Palawan), Phyllocyclus (5; Burma, S
China, Thailand), Schinziella (1; tropical Africa); Xestaea (1;
Panamá).
7. Centaurium
Hill. 24 spp., cosmopolitan, three spp. in New World: Mexico and
Argentina one endemic each, and one from Chile to Peru – this is a important
medicinal herb, frequent from the Pacific litoral to the Andean pre-Cordillera
and from the Atacama.
8. Cicendia
Adans. Small, annual, filiform habit; rosette leaves are dioecious
and the lanceolate cauline leaves are very small; single 4-merous flowers or
scarselly cymes, corolla yellow. Two spp., C. filiformis (L.)
Delarbre from Mediterranean and W Europe, and C. quadrangularis (Dombey
ex Lam.) Griseb. disjunct in SW & W North America and South America
from Ecuador to Argentina, also in Uruguay.
9. Coutoubea
Aubl. Annual, rarely short-lived perennial, sometimes suffrutescent herbs;
rosette leaves are absent and the cauline leaves are lanceolate; flowers
4-merous, white, corolla salver-shaped, are born in dense spikes. 5 spp. widely
distributed in N South America, one of then up to America Central and Mexico. 4
spp. in Brazil, none endemic; savannas and weedy, open places.
10. Deianira
Cham. & Schltdl. 7 spp., all in Brazil, 4 endemic and three up to E Bolivia.
D. damazioi E.F.Guim. from Minas Gerais is rare plant in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
11. Eustoma
Salisb. Only one sp., E. exaltatum
(L.) Salisb. ex G. Don from, North America, Mexico, America Central, Caribbean,
Trinidad & Tobago and Venezuela.
12. Schultesia
Mart. 16 spp. from New World, from Mexico to Brazil and Caribbean, all in South
America and in Brazil (10 endemic, five from Bahia and one in Piauí state are
rares by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), mainly in savannas.
13. Symphyllophyton
Gilg. 7 spp. endemic to Maranhão, Piauí, Bahia, Tocantins
and Goiás states in N & C Brazil.
14. Xestaea Griseb. Only
one sp., X. lisianthoides Griseb., from S Mexico to Colombia and
Venezuela.
15. Zeltnera
Mansion. Herbs, annuals, biennials or short-lived perennial, stems
single or several from the base, branched along the main stem (sparingly to
profusely); flowers witish or pinkish. 26 spp., highly centered in North
America and Mexico, two up to America Central, and Z. quitensis (Kunth)
G. Mans. in Mexico, America Central, Caribbean, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador,
Peru.
16. Zygostigma
Griseb. Perennial herbs, thiny, erect; leaves oppsoite, sessile; inflorescences
cymose or solitary; corolla hipocrateriform. Only one sp.,
Z. australe (Cham. & Schltdl.) Griseb., Bolivia, Paraguay, S Brazil,
NE Argentina and Uruguay.
1.4 TRIBE
POTALIEAE (13/c 155) ▸ outsiders
Congolanthus (1; tropical Africa), Djaloniella (1; Guinea), Faroa
(c 20; tropical Africa), Karina (1; Congo), Oreonesion (1;
Gabon), Pycnosphaera (1; tropical Africa), Urogentias (1;
Tanzania); Anthocleista (c 50; tropical Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene
Islands), Fagraea (60–70; S India, Sri Lanka to China, SE Asia, Malesia
and islands in W Pacific, with their highest diversity on Borneo).
17. Enicostema
Blume. Three spp., two in Madagascar, tropical Africa and Asia,
and E. verticillatum (L.) Engl. ex Gilg from America
Central, Caribbean, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela and Guyana.
18. Lisianthius
P. Browne. 33 spp., almost totally confined to Mexico, America
Central and the Greater Antilles (all eight Jamaica spp. are endemic), one of
then, L. seemannii (Gnseh.)0. Kuntze, ranges into NW Colombia, plus two
endemic in Colombia and Venezuela.
19. Neurotheca
Salisb. ex Benth. & Hook.f. Three spp. in tropical Africa and western
Madagascar, N. loeselioides (Spruce ex Progel) Baill. also in from N
South America.
20. Potalia
Aubl. 9 spp., one in Costa Rica, and remaining from Colombia to Bolivia and
Brazil (5, none endemic; mainly Amazon rainforests).
1.5 TRIBE
HELIEAE (19–22/c 185) ▸ outsider
Zonanthus (1; Cuba).
21. Adenolisianthus
Gilg. Shrubs or subshrubs, leaves crowded towards branch apices;
inflorescences terminal, many-flowered, with long-stalked, monochasial branches
(flowers one by one on one side of the branch); flowers 5-merous, horizontal or
nodding; corolla broadly funnelshaped, greenish-yellow. Only one sp., A.
arboreus (Spruce ex Progel) Gilg., in a small area in the river basins of
Rio Negro and Rio Vaupes of Amazonas state in NW Brazil, S Venezuela and S
Colombia in South America, in lowland, white-sand savanna.
22. Aripuana
Struwe, Maas & V.A. Albert. Shrubs or small tree; leaves inflorescences
terminal, many-flowered, with dichasial cymes; flowers 5-merous, erect; corolla
narrowly salver-shaped, up to 7 cm long, thin, white, with spreading lobes.
Only one, A. cullmaniorum Struwe, Maas & V.A. Albert, rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, known only from a small area along
the river Aripuanan River in in the southeastern part of Amazonas state,
Brazil.
23. Calolisianthus
Gilg. (exc. Chelonanthus p.p.)
Unbranched, perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base; inflorescences
terminal, usually few-flowered, with short, monochasial branches, with
scale-like bracts; flowers 5-merous, horizontal or nodding, slightly
zygomorphic; corolla showy, large, salvershaped to funnelshaped, blue, purple,
or red, with rounded or acute lobes. 4 spp. endemic to SE Brazil, from
mountains of the Brazilian Highlands (Pará to Paraná), in savannas, forests,
and grasslands, especially rochy grassslands.
24. Celiantha Maguire.
Herbs, sometimes slightly woody; leaves lanceolate to ovate, often leathery;
inflorescences terminal, few- or many-flowered, with dichasial cymes or
panicles, with scale-like bracts; flowers 4 or 5-merous; corolla narrowly
funnel-shaped, thin, purple, magenta, yellow, lilac, to pink. Three spp.,
endemic to Pantepui Life Zone in Auyan, Aracamuni, Ilu, Kukenan, Chimantá (one
endemic), Roraima, Pirapucu, Mount Neblina (one endemic), all in Venezuela,
Amazonas state in N Brazil (only C. bella Maguire & Steyerm.) and
Guyana (only C. imthurniana (Oliv.) Maguire), 1,500 – 2,800 m elevation
range, in grasslands and open, rocky areas on tepui summits.
25. Chelonanthus
Gilg. (Annual or perennial herbs (up to 3.5 m tall), sometimes woody at the
base; inflorescences terminal, many-flowered; flowers 5-merous, often
horizontal or nodding, actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic; corolla
campanulate to funnelshaped, blue, purple, green, yellowish, or white. 5 spp.
from South America, one up to Costa Rica, in forests, roadsides, savannas, and
grasslands. 4 in Brazil, none endemic.
26. Chorisepalum
Gleason and Wodehouse. Shrubs or small trees; inflorescences
terminal, few-flowered, cymose, with leaf-like bracts; flowers erect,
actinomorphic; corolla 6-merous, salver- to funnel-shaped, thin, green, with
spreading lobes. 5 spp., endemic to the Guiana Shield of Venezuela to Suriname,
at 800 – 2,400 m elevation range, in grasslands and open, rocky areas on tepui
summits (high-altitude).
27. Helia
Mart. Herbs, not branched; inflorescence terminal, cymose, long-stalked;
flowers 5-merous, actinomorphic; corolla salvershaped, white to yellow, tube
narrow, lobes rounded, persistent in fruit. 8 spp., Mexico to Paraguay and
Brazil, all in South America, in wet grasslands, meadows, and savanas. 7 spp.
in Brazil, one endemic.
28. Irlbachia Mart.
Annual herbs with leaves on the stems or in a basal rosette; flowers arranged
in terminal cymes with long unbranched branches; flowers 5-merous,
actinomorphic with zygomorphic stamens and style; corollas salvershaped,
campanulate, or narrowly funnelshaped, often with a short corolla tube, and
white, pink, lavender, blue, or purple. 6 spp., Colombia to French Guiana and
N Brazil (3, none endemic), primarily in savannas, grasslands,
open areas, often on white-sand.
29. Lagenanthus
Gilg. Shrub, branched; flowers solitary or few, terminal, hanging;
corollas long-tubular, slightly inflated, base yellow, middle with broad
scarlet-red and orange bands; stamens inserted close to base of corolla tube;
filaments long; fruits capsules, thick-walled. Only one
sp., L. princeps (Lindl.) Gilg, restricted of high elevation areas in
mountains along the Colombian-Venezuelan frontier in South America; Lindley
(1849) though this was ‘one of the noblest plants in
existence’.
30. Lehmanniella
Gilg. Herbaceous or slightly woody plants, with scandent branches;
inflorescence terminal umbels, few-flowered; flowers 5-merous; calyx
campanulate; lobes elliptic, rounded at apex; corolla narrow, red, tubular,
inflated; lobes short and rounded. Two spp., Peru and Colombia one endemic
each, in cloud forests in high elevation areas in mountains.
31. Macrocarpaea (Griseb.)
Gilg. Branched shrubs (rarely epiphytic) or small trees up to 10 m
(rarely perennial herbs); inflorescences terminal, composed of few- or
many-flowered dichasia or cymes; flowers 5-merous, large(2.0-7.5 cm
long), slightly zygomorphic; calyces campanulate, fused at the base,
thick; corollas yellow, white, to greenish, funnelshaped, thick and
fleshy. 119 spp., all except M. macrophylla (Kunth) Gilg (Panamá to
Colombia) exclusiverly a single bioregion: America Central (4), Caribbean (3)
and South America (111); c. 100 in Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia, six in
Guiana Shield, and 10 spp. in Brazil: M. piresii
Maguire from Amazonas state and adjacent Venezuela, and 8 from Atlantic Forest
from Bahia to Santa Catarina states, two reaching to rocky grasslands, beloging
the endemic section Tabacifoliae.
32. Neblinantha
Maguire. Semi-woody herbs or shrubs; flowers solitary, sometimes appearing
axillary, but are terminal, 4–5-merous, actinomorphic; corolla deep pink to
coral-colored, salvershaped or narrowly funnelshaped, thin; lobes circular or
triangular. Two spp., both endemic to Pantepui Life Zone, in Mount
Neblina, Amazonas state in N Brazil (both, none endemic) and Venezuela, at 2,200
– 2,600 m elevation range.
33. Prepusa
Mart. Herbs, shrubs, or small trees; leaves basal rosette in the herbs, or
crowded at the branch apices in the trees or shrubs; flower 6-merous showy with
large, inflated, campanulate and thin-walled calyx, often with wings;
corolla nearly hidden inside calyx, white or yellow, salver- to funnelshaped. 6 spp., all
restricted to the rochy grasslands and high altitud grasslands (campos de
altitude) in Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and adjacent Minas
Gerais, four of then are rares by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
34. Purdieanthus
Gilg. Straggling vines, branches narrow branches; leaves shortly
petiolated, elliptic; inflorescence terminal, cymose; calyx small with
short, oblong lobes; corolla long, tubular. Only one sp., P. pulcher
(Hook.) Gilg, of high elevations on the Colombian and SE Venezuelan, in cloud
forests and paramos, at 2,500-4,000 m altitude.
35. Rogersonanthus
Maguire & B.M.Boom. Shrubs to trees; inflorescence small,
terminal cyme, 1–12-flowered; flowers 5-merous; calyx campanulate, fused at
base, corollas green to yellow, thick, and leathery; stamens inserted in lower
half of corolla tube; anthers lanceolate, recurved after anthesis. Two spp., in
Guiana Shield in N South America, including the tepui mountains of Guyana and
Venezuela, plus the island of Trinidad, in cloud forests, mountain meadows,
bogs, and grasslands at high elevation.
36. Roraimaea
Struwe, S.Nilsson & V.A. Albert. Suffrutescent short-lived perennial herbs up
to 1 m, glabrous, woody at base; stem and branches herbaceous, with four, very
narrow wings; inflorescence terminal and diffuse, cymose, 1–18-flowered; flowers
5-merous, erect to horizontal; corolla tubular or salver-shaped, orange to red,
deciduous in fruit. Two spp., R. aurantica Struwe, S. Nilsson,
& V.Albert in white-sand area from the S part of the state of Roraima and
Amazonas states in N Brazil, and R. coccinea (Steyermark ex L.
Struwe, S. Nilsson, & V. A. Albert) Struwe, S. Nilsson, & V. A. Albert,
in wet savannas in Mount Neblina from Brazil and Venezuela up to 1,900 m alt.
37. Senaea
Taub. Shrubs; branches erect, round or square; inflorescences with leaf-like
bracts, flowres in terminal or axillary cymes; flowers 6-merous; calyx
campanulate; corolla blue, funnel- to bellshaped. Two spp. in Minas Gerais and
Rio de Janeiro states, one of then rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
38. Sipapoantha Maguire
& B.M. Boom. Annual herb; inflorescence terminal, cymose, 1–3 branches,
1–7-flowered; flowers 5-merous, slightly zygomorphic; corolla showy and large,
funnelform, dark blue to purple, thin, deciduous in fruit, lobes elliptic to
circular, obtuse, corolla bud apex rounded. Two spp., S.
ostrina Maguire & B.M. Boom in Cerro Sipapo, in Amazonas State,
Venezuela (1,200 – 2,200 m elevation range), and S.
obtusisepala Lepis, Maas & Struwe endemic to SE Roraima state,
Brazil, both in mountain summits.
39. Symbolanthus G.Donwith.
Shrubs, rarely small trees or herbs; flowers over (5-)8-15 cm long;
trumpet-shaped corollas with long corolla tube, white, green, yellow, pink, or
red, often with white stripes in corolla mouth. 31 spp., Caribbean and America
Central one restricted each, and 29 remaining in mountain areas of Colombia,
Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela, Bolivia, Brazil (two, Amazonas and Roraima
states, none endemic), in rainforests, cloud forests, paramo, and montane
shrubby and grassy areas.
40. Tachia
Aubl. Small trees or shrubs, often with hollow and yellow branches; flower in
leaf axils, without bracts, solitary, slightly zygomorphic; calyx fused at
base, sometimes more, yellow, tubular, sometimes keeled; corollas tubular to
salvershaped, with long corolla tube, yellow, cream, orange, or
greenish. 13 spp., one in a America Central, another from Costa Rica to
Brazil and Bolivia; all others are exclusively from Amazon rainforest. 7 in
Brazil, 4 endemic.
All of then have a very peculiar feature only visible when dried:
the specimens become glued to the newspapers in which they were dried, by the
secretion of a sticky substance probably fromthe axils of the leaves; the way
this secretion is formed and its functon is still completely unknown, and needs
further investigation. T. guianensis Aubl. from Guianas is a myrmecophite.
41. Tetrapollinia
Maguire & B.M.Boom. Single-stemmed annual, sometimes very small and
inconspicuous; inflorescence a terminal cyme with monochasial branches, with
1–20 flowers; flowers 5-merous; corolla funnelshaped, varying from white, blue,
pink to purple. Only one sp., T. caerulescens (Aubl.) Maguire & B.M.
Boom, from savannas of tropical South America, in Bolivia, Brazil, French
Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela.
42. Yanomamua
J.R.Grant, Maas & Struwe. Herb to 1 m, glabrous throughout; stems
quadrangular, 3–4 mm in diam; inflorescence composed of solitary flowers
oppositely paired in the axils of the upper three leaf pairs; corolla, stamens,
and pistil unknown. Only one sp., Y. araca E. Dean, Maas & Struwe,
known only open summit of Mount Aracá of N Amazonas state in N Brazil; unique
in the Gentianaceae as an herb with sessile subcordate pandurate
(fiddle-shaped) leaves.
1.6 TRIBE
GENTIANEAE (17/940–970) ▸ outsiders
Kuepferia (12; N India, Sikkim, S and E Tibet, NW Yunnan, SW Sichuan,
Nepal, Bhutan, N Burma), Crawfurdia (16; the Himalayas to N Burma and
China), Metagentiana (14; China, N Burma, N Thailand), Sinogentiana
(2; China), Tripterospermum (30–35; E Asia); Bartonia (3; E North
America), Comastoma (c 25; temperate and arctic-alpine regions on the
Northern Hemisphere, the Himalayas), Frasera (15; North America), Gentianopsis
(c 20; temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere), Jaeschkea (3; the
Himalayas), Latouchea (1; E China), Lomatogonium (21; temperate
and arctic-alpine regions in Europe and Asia), Megacodon (1; Himalayas),
Obolaria (1; SE Canada, E U.S.A.), Pterygocalyx (1; E Asia), Lomatogoniopsis
(3; China), Swertia (135–150; Europe, temperate Asia, Madagascar,
mountain regions in Africa and Malesia), Veratrilla (2; E Himalayas, W
China).
43. Gentiana
L. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, very
rarely whorled; flowers 5-merous (rarely 4- to 8-merous), in simple
dichasia, terminal clusters, axillary whorls, or solitary; calyx fused about
halfway up, sometimes split to the base on one side, often with
intracalycine membrane; corolla tubular, funnelshaped, campanulate,
urnshaped, or rarely rotate. 342 spp., most of the species occur in temperate
areas in Asia, Europe, North America, only four in Southern Hemisphere, all in
sect. Chondrophyllae and South American: G. gayi Griseb. from
Chile to W & C Argentina, Falkland Is., G. sedifolia Kunth from
Mexico (Chiapas), Costa Rica to NW. Venezuela and Bolivia, G. sirensis
J.S.Pringle endemic to Sira Mountains, Peru, and G. woodii J.S.Pringle,
endemic to Bolivia. 46 spp. in New World.
44. Gentianella
Moench. Annual to perennial herbs and range from 3–100 cm in
height, sometimes cushions; flowers 0.5–5 cm long, have entire petal margins,
and one or two naked nectaries per petal lobe on the upper petal surface. 306
spp., in alpine or arctic habitats in Eurasia (63), Australia and New Zealand
(32), NW Africa (1), North America (16) and South America (195), 3/4 confined
to center Andes (50 in Bolivia (33 endemic), 28 in Ecuador (21 endemic), 104 in
Peru (95 endemic)), 7 in Colombia (one endemic), 29 in Argentina (18 endemic).
45. Halenia
Borkh. Herbs to shrubs, sometimes cushions.
67 spp., 5 in Asia and remaining 62 most are high-elevation plants
of Central and South America (46), one up to Argentina;
unique genus within Gentianaceae with nectary spurs; recent
studies indicate that this genus has only 39 spp. in Asia (2), North America
(1), America Central (15) and South America (21), centered in Colombia.
GELSEMIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 23, 2024
Genera/spp. 3/14
Distribution SE U.S.A., E Mexico, NE South America, tropical Africa,
Madagascar, S China, SE Asia, West Malesia. Habit bisexual, evergreen
tree (Pteleocarpa), shrubs or lianas (Gelsemium, Mostuea).
A small family composes of trees or shrubs, many rare in
Neotropics.
SYSTEMATIC
outsiders Gelsemium (3, 1 in India, N Burma, N
China, SE Asia, West Malesia, 2 in SE U.S.A. to Honduras), Pteleocarpa
(1, Thailand to West Malesia).
1.
Mostuea Didrichsen.
10 spp., eight in Africa and two in South America: M. surinamensis
Benth. occurs only center Suriname and Trombetas valley in Pará state in
Brazil; and M. muricata Sobral
& L.C. Rossi, a undershrub to shrub
0.5 – 1.5m tall, with white flowers, collected in one
municipality of NE Mato Grosso state and in four municipalities of São Paulo
state in Brazil, in shady and sandy sites in the interior of mesophyllous
forests, where is eventually occur in great densities in the understory.
LOGANIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 23, 2024
Genera/spp. 16/395–400
Distribution tropical and subtropical regions in the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres: eastern U.S.A. to Uruguay, Africa south of the Sahara,
Madagascar, Mascarene Islands, from India and Sri Lanka to Korean Peninsula and
Japan, SE Asia, Malesia, New Guinea, Melanesia, Micronesia, Australia,
Tasmania, Lord Howe Island, New Zealand, Hawaii and other Polynesian islands. Habit
usually bisexual (rarely monoecious, gynomonoecious, dioecious, or
gynodioecious), evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs or lianas (with branch
tendrils), perennial or annual herbs, not very extensive in dryland vegetation.
A basal
group in relation to Rubiaceae, Apocynaceae and Gentianaceae, it is not an easy
family to characterize and has been divided into several different families
over the years.
Key
differences from similar families
Superior
ovary sets it apart from Rubiaceae and Campanulaceae.
Corolla
valvate to imbricate (rather than contorted) separates it from Gentianaceae.
Lack of
latex separates it from Apocynaceae.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders Usteria
(1; tropical W and C Africa), Gardneria (5; India to C Japan and SE
Asia, Java), Neuburgia (10–12; Philippines and Sulawesi to New Guinea,
tropical Australia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu and Fiji), Adelphacme (1; W
Australia), Mitrasacme (c 45; tropical Asia, China, Australia, New
Caledonia), Phyllangium (5; Australia, Tasmania), Schizacme (5;
Australia, New Zealand), Logania (c 22; Australia, New Caledonia, New
Zealand, with their highest diversity in W Australia, South Australia and New
South Wales), Geniostoma (c 40; Mascarene Islands, Malesia to S Japan,
and Taiwan in China, Queensland, Vanuatu, Fiji, New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga,
Tahiti, Hawaii), Orianthera (13; Australia); Norrisia (2; SE
Asia, West Malesia).
1. Antonia Pohl.
Large shrub or small tree, with many series of bracts
subtending each flower, resembling Asteraceae. Only one sp., A.
ovata Pohl., from Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Guianas and over
Brazil.
2. Bonyunia M.R.Schomb.
10 spp. from tepuis of the Guiana region and outliers
in lowland region of the Amazon River matersehed of Brazil (5, one endemic),
Guyana, Venezuela and Colombia, and lowlands regions of Amazon rainforest
facing Andes in Peru and Bolivia, throughout on white sands.
3. Mitreola Boehm.
Herbs, annual or perennial, erect to creeping, branched
or not; branches terete to 4-angled; leaves opposite, sessile or petiolate;
inflorescences terminal and/or axillary, usually long pedunculate, 2 or 3 or
more branched, branches scorpioid; flowers sessile or shortly pedicellate,
5-merous; corolla urceolate to campanulate. 20 spp., Madagasar, SE Asia, and two
in New World, M. petiolata (J.F.Gmel.)
Torr. & A.Gray, from U.S.A. to Bolivia and Brazil, and M.
sessilifolia (J.F.Gmel.) G.Don from U.S.A. to Bahamas.
4. Spigelia L.
(inc. Liesneria) Herbs to shrubs, opposite or
whorled leaves, one-sided cymose inflorescences, often brightly colored
pentamerous flowers with usually funnelform or tubular corollas, articulated
styles, and strongly bilobed capsules with persistent style and fruit bases. 98
spp., neotropical, from temperate South America northward into the tropics of
South America, to America Central, Mexico and the Caribbean, and into the
warm-temperate southern U.S.A., inhabiting mid-elevation to lowland areas, with
at least 70 species found in South America. 57 spp. are distributed in Brazil
(44 endemic), most species are geographically restricted, several are widely
distributed from North to South America, S. anthelmia L.
also naturalized in Africa and Malaysia, and cultivated as a medicinal plant.
S. genuflexa Popovkin
& Struwe is a species described in 2011; it is unusual
in that the stems bend down after flowering to deposit the seeds in the soil
(geocarpy, the unique known case of amphigeocarpy in the Loganiaceae);
it grows in residual stands of Atlantic forest in northern coast of Bahia state,
at an altitude of 150 metres, flowering during the rainy season, and almost
disappears during the dry season, able to self-pollinate, with anthesis lasting
less than a day.
5. Strychnos
L. Trees, shrubs, creeping armed or unarmed lianas, and have opposite leaves,
with three to five veins starting at the same point of the leaf, inflorescences
in panicles or corymbs, flowers with salverform or rotate corollas, and fruits
are berries or globose capsules, with few or many seeds. 204 spp., pantropical,
but very extensive in the Amazon rainforest, inc. SE
Brazil and Argentina. 83 spp. in New World, 79 in South America, 67 in Brazil,
23 endemic; six Brazilian species of Strychnos from Amazonas (4), Minas
Gerais (1) and Goiás (1) states are rares by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book; three
sections based mainly on differences in corolla shape and size:
§ sect.
Longiflorae ▸ salverform
corollas.
§ sect.
Intermediae ▸ corolla
tubes smaller and narrower than those of section Longiflorae.
§ sect.
Breviflorae ▸ short,
rotate corollas.
APOCYNACEAE
§ REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON
JANUARY 21, 2025 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp. 376/c.
4,600 Distribution cosmopolitan except polar areas and cold-temperate
regions. Habit usually bisexual (rarely functionally dioecious),
evergreen trees, shrubs or lianas (sometimes perennial or annual herbs).
Numerous spp. are xerophytic and many are stem succulents. Some spp. (e.g. Dischidia
major (Vahl) Merr. (= D. rafflesiana)) are myrmecotrophic
with ant symbiosis (ant colonies present in leaves).
With about
5,000 spp., it is one of the ten largest families of angiosperms, and also one
of the most popular, due to the traditional widely distributed use of some of
its spp. as ornamental plants (Allamanda cathartica L., Catharanthus
roseus (L.) G. Don, Nerium oleander L., Plumeria rubra L., Thevetia
peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.). Several spp. are rich in chemical compounds (Rauvolfia),
others provide hardwood (e.g., Aspidosperma), and only a few are
fruit spp. (Couma rigida Müll. Arg., known as mucugê, and Hancornia
speciosa Gomes, known as mangaba). They show variable habit, from magna
trees to vines or small herbs, including some succulent ones (Stapeliinae).
Yet, they can be easily recognized by the presence of latex.
Subfamily
Asclepiadoideae can be characterised by the presence of a gynostegium in which
the expanded stylar head is fused to the androecium by cell fusion, and where
the narrow gap between the sclerified wings of adjacent anthers form five
grooves. The form of the pollinarium is also diagnostic for the subfamily, and
indeed tribes within it can be determined by close observation of pollinarium
structure. Pollen of one anther locule is aggregated into a pollinium encased
by a waxy wall. This pollen mass is linked to another in an adjacent anther by
a pair of translator arms and a single corpusculum. So two pollinia linked by
translator arms to a single corpusculum form a pollinarium that can be
extracted from the flower as a single unit. The corpusculum is usually black or
dark brown, and sits at the top of the groove between adjacent anthers.
The family
belongs to the Gentianales and can be easily recognized by the presence of
latex and a style-head derived from the fusion of two carpels at the apex of
the styles.
SYSTEMATIC subfamilies
Periplocoideae (37/166–167, tropical, subtropical and arid temperate
regions of the Old World to northern Australia) and Secamonoideae
(8/200–206, tropical and subtropical regions in the Old World to northern
Australia and islands in the Pacific), and tribes Alstonieae
(2/47, tropical Africa, Madagascar, S China, tropical Asia, Melanesia, islands
in the W Pacific, one species, A. longifolia, in America Central), Hunterieae (4/21,
tropical and S Africa, Madagascar), Amsonieae (1/c 20, Helas, Türkiye,
China, Korean Peninsula, Japan, the U.S.A., Mexico), Carisseae (2/15,
tropical regions in the Old World to New Caledonia), Melodinae
(5/29, tropical and S Africa, Madagascar, tropical Asia, islands in the
Pacific), Wrightieae (2/35, tropical and subtropical regions in the
Old World), Nerieae (6/74, Mediterranean, tropical and S Africa,
Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula, Socotra, SW and tropical Asia), Apocyneae
(24/125, Russia to East and tropical Asia, Vanuatu, North America)
and Baisseeae (4/29, tropical and S Africa, Madagascar) do not occur in
South America.
Among tribes listed above, three genera occur in South America: Alstonia (44, 43 from Africa to
Australia and one from Mexico to Panama), Amsonia (17, 2 in Balkan to
Asia, 15 in U.S.A. to Mexico) and Apocynum L. (4, 2 in SE & E Europe
to W China, 2 in North America).
1. TRIBE
ASPIDOSPERMATEAE (6/81) ▸ outisders Strempeliopsis (2,
Jamaica, Cuba) and Haplophyton (2, S U.S.A.
to Guatemala).
1. Aspidosperma Mart.
& Zucc. Shrubs and trees up to 45 m tall. 80 spp. from South America, eight
up to America Central and Caribbean, 65 in Brazil, 30 endemic, two of then are
rares by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
2. Geissospermum Allemão.
5 spp. from N South America, from Venenzuela to French Guiana and N Brazil (all
spp., none endemic), Bolivia and Peru.
3. Microplumeria Baill.
Only one sp., M. anomala (Müll.Arg.) Markgr., in
Amazon rainforest from N Brazil, S Venezuela and SE
Colombia.
4. Vallesia Ruiz
& Pav. 10 spp. from America Central, Caribbean and
U.S.A., three up to W South America, V. glabra (Cav.) Link up to N
Brazil.
2. TRIBE
VINCEAE (8/c. 160) ▸ subtribes Kopsiinae
(1/22, SE Asia, West Malesia, the Caroline Islands), Ochrosiinae
(1/40–43, Mascarene Islands, Seychelles, SE Asia, Malesia to tropical
Australia, islands in W Pacific to Hawaii), Vincinae (1/6, Europe,
Mediterranean, North Africa to Central Asia) and Catharanthinae (3/17,
8; Cameroon, Madagascar, the Comoros, Sri Lanka, India) do not occur in South
America.
■ SUBTRIBE
TONDUZIINAE (2/4) ▸ none outsider.
5. Laxoplumeria Markgr.
Trees or shrubs with white latex; leaves alternate or whorled; flowers small;
calycine colleters absent; corolla salverform; fruit a pair of long, slender
follicles; seeds numerous, compressed, elliptic, covered with long hairs or
with clumps of shorter hairs marginally. 5 spp. from N South America, one up to
Panama, four in Brazil, two endemic.
■ SUBTRIBE
RAUVOLFIINAE (1/76) ▸ a single
genus.
6. Rauvolfia L.
Shrubs or trees with whorled leaves and branches, hypocrateriform flowers, and
generally small, drupaceous, variously syncarpous or apocarpous fruits with two
pyrenes. 76 spp., tropical regions on both hemispheres, 38 spp. in New World, 32
in South America, 19 in Brazil, 9 endemic; R. blanchetii A.DC. from
Bahia state is rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
3. TRIBE
WILLUGBEIEAE (18/157) ▸ subtribes
Leuconotidinae (3/8, C Africa, SE Asia) and Willughbeiinae (1/17, India
and Sri Lanka to Borneo and Sulawesi) do not occur in
South America.
■ SUBTRIBE LACMELLEINAE ▸ all genera in South America.
7. Couma Aubl.
5 spp., slightly centered in N South America, C. macrocarpa Barb. Rodr.
up to Belize to Bolivia and Brazil (all species), none is a national endemic.
8.
Hancornia Gomes. Only one sp. H. speciosa Gomes,
from Brazil to Paraguay, Peru and Bolivia.
9. Lacmellea H.Karst.
24 spp., highly centered in northern South America (22), three up to America
Central, two only America Central. 10 spp. in Brazil, three endemic.
10. Parahancornia Ducke.
7 spp. from Amazon rainforest from
Venezuela to Bolivia, six in N Brazil, two endemic.
■ SUBTRIBE LANDOLPHIINAE (10/95)
▸ outsiders Ancylobotrys (7; tropical and S Africa,
Madagascar), Chamaeclitandra (1; tropical Africa), Clitandra (1;
tropical Africa), Cylindropsis (1; tropical W and C Africa), Dictyophleba
(6; tropical Africa), Orthopichonia (6; tropical W and C Africa), Saba
(3; tropical Africa, Madagascar), Vahadenia (2; tropical W and C
Africa).
11. Pacouria Aubl.
Three spp. from northern South America, all in Brazil, P. paraensis
(Huber) Pichon endemic.
4. TRIBE
TABERNAEMONTANEAE (15/c. 154) ▸
two subtribes, both in South America.
■ SUBTRIBE
AMBELANIINAE ▸ all genera in South America.
12. Ambelania Aubl.
Three spp. from N. South America (Peru, Colombia, Guianas) to N & NE Brazil
(all species, none endemic), mainly Amazon rainforest.
13. Macoubea Aubl.
Three spp., one restricted America Central and two in N South America, both in
Brazil, none endemic.
14. Molongum Pichon.
Three spp. from SE Colombia, S Venezuela and in NW Amazonas state in N Brazil
(all species, M. zschokkeiforme (Markgr.) Pichon endemic).
15. Mucoa Zarucchi.
Two spp., M. duckei (Markgr.) Zarucchi from Peru, Colombia and in
Amazonas state in N Brazil, and M. pantchenkoana (Markgr.) Zarucchi in Venezuela and N Brazil.
16. Neocouma Pierre.
Two spp. from Venezuela, Colombia and N Brazil (both species, none endemnics).
17. Rhigospira Miers.
Only one sp., R. quadrangularis (Müll.Arg.) Miers from Venezuela to NE
Peru and N Brazil.
18. Spongiosperma Zarucchi.
6 spp. from S Venezuela, Colombia (2) and N Brazil (3, two endemic) up to
Maranhão state.
■ SUBTRIBE
TABERNAEMONTANIINAE (8/c. 134) ▸ outsiders Callichilia
(6; tropical Africa), Calocrater (1; tropical W and C Africa), Carvalhoa
(1; E and SE Africa), Crioceras (1; Gabon to Angola), Schizozygia
(1; tropical E Africa, the Comoros), Tabernanthe (2; C Africa), Voacanga
(12; tropical and subtropical regions in the Old World).
19. Tabernaemontana Plum.
126 spp., tropical regions on both hemispheres, 66 spp.
in New World, 43 in South America, 29 in Brazil, 8 endemic. T. brasiliensis
Leeuwenb. (syn. Stemmadenia brasiliensis Leeuwenb.) from Pará state is
rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
5. TRIBE
ALYXIEAE (7/147-152) ▸ two
subtribes, Alyxieae (4/113–118, Madagascar, tropical Asia to
Solomon Islands, Micronesia and Polynesia) does not occur in South America;
among subtribe Condylocarpinae, outsiders
are Chilocarpus (14; S India and Nicobar Islands to New Guinea) and Plectaneia
(3; Madagascar).
20. Condylocarpon Desf.
7 spp., Nicaragua to South America (all, slightly centered in N continent), SW
to Brazil (all, one endemic, from Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo states,
rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), and Cono
Sur.
6. TRIBE
PLUMERIEAE (10/80) ▸ three tribes, all in South
America.
■ SUBTRIBE
ALLAMANDIINAE ▸ a single genus.
21. Allamanda L.
Shrubs to small trees, leaves verticillate, subverticillate, opposite or
subopposite, infundibuliform corolla (often slightly zygomorphic) usually
yellow (rose in A. blanchetii A. DC.), with a corona of hairs within the
tube and above the anthers, dehiscent capsular fruits, winged seeds. 16 spp.
from Honduras to Argentina, Brazil (13, 9 endemic, sometimes very narrow endemic
to dry limestone outcrops), few in Colombia and Venezuela, some in French
Guiana, Suriname and Peru, and A. cathartica L. widely
distributed up to Mexico.
Many spp. ornamental worldwide, probably one of the most
horticulturally popular genera in Apocynaceae.
■ SUBTRIBE
PLUMERIINAE (3/39) ▸ outsider Mortoniella (1, Belize to
Nicaragua).
22. Himatanthus Willd.
ex Schult. Nine spp. from South America, one up to Panamá, all in Brazil, none
endemic.
23. Plumeria Tourn.
ex L. 18 spp. exclusives of Caribbean except four up to Florida, Mexico, America
Central and N South America (3), in Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas.
■ SUBTRIBE
THEVETIINAE (7/29) ▸ outsiders Cameraria (7, Caribbean
and Mexico to Guatemala), Cerbera (6; coasts of the Indian and W
Pacific Oceans), Cerberiopsis (3; New Caledonia).
24. Anechites Griseb.
Only one sp., A. nerium (Aubl.) Urb., from
Caribbean and America Central to Venezuela and Peru.
25. Cascabela
Raf. Six spp., N Mexico to NE Argentina and SE Brazil, only C.
thevetioides (Kunth) Lippold in South America.
26. Skytanthus Meyen.
Three spp., S. acutus Meyen endemic of Chile from Antofagasta to
Coquimbo and S Peru, S. hancorniifolius (A. DC.) Miers and S.
martianus (Müll. Arg.) Miers restricted of E Brazil.
27. Thevetia L. Three
spp., one from Mexico to Cono Sur and Cuba, and two remaining restricted of
Brazil and adjacent Bolivia and Argentina.
7. TRIBE
RHABDENIEAE (1/6) ▸
a single genus.
28. Rhabdadenia Müll.
Arg. Three spp. from tropical South America, one up to
Mexico, all n Brazil, none endemic.
8. TRIBE
ODONTATENIEAE (7/41) ▸
outsiders Cycladenia (SW U.S.A.),
Pinochia (4, Mexico to Panamá and Caribbean),
Thyrsanthella (C
& E U.S.A.) and subtribe Pentaloninae
(1/2, Florida to Nicaragua and Caribbean).
29. Elytropus Müll.Arg.
Only one sp. E. chilensis (A.DC.) Müll.Arg., from C and S
Chile and Rio Negro in Argentina.
30. Odontadenia Benth.
21 spp., from Mexico to Brazil (17, two endemic) and Caribbean, 20 in South
America.
31. Secondatia A.DC.
5 spp., S. densiflora A. DC. over South America
and remaining more restricteds in Jamaica (1) and Brazil (3, two also in
Colombia and S. floribunda A. DC. endemic).
32. Stipecoma Müll.Arg.
Vines, flowers pink. One sp., S. peltigera
(Stadelm.) Mull.Arg., from C Brazil to E Bolivia.
9. TRIBE
MALOUETINAE (9/c. 105) ▸
three subtribes, Pachypodiinae (2/32-33, Cuba, the Bahamas, S and SE
Africa, Madagascar) does not occur in South America.
SUBTRIBE
GALACTOPHORINAE ▸ a
single genus.
33. Galactophora Woodson.
6 spp. endemic to the Guiana Shield from N South
America, including Amazon rainforest of Brazil,
except by some expecis which extends to S lowland Peru, Bolivia and Guyana. 4
spp. in Brazil, none endemic.
SUBTRIBE
MALOUETIINAE (8/66) ▸ outsiders Neobracea (8, Bahamas, Cuba), Allowoodsonia
(1; Solomon Islands), Carruthersia (4; Philippines to Solomon Islands,
Fiji to Tonga), Eucorymbia (1; Borneo), Funtumia (2; tropical
Africa), Holarrhena (5; tropical Africa, tropical Asia), Kibatalia
(c 15; SE Asia, Malesia to Philippines), Mascarenhasia (8; Madagascar, E
and S Africa), Spirolobium (1; Thailand, Indochina, the Malay
Peninsula).
34. Malouetia A.DC.
Shrubs up to tall trees (25 m), with domatia in the axils where the secondary
veins meet the midvein, the almost sessile, umbel-like fasciculate
inflorescences, and the absence of a distinct tuft of hairs (coma) at the end
of each seed. 32 spp., three in W & WC tropical Africa and 28 spp. over
tropical South America, two up to America Central, 16 in Brazil (7 endemic, one
of then rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, in Roraima
state), mainly along the black-water rivers of northwestern Amazon rainforest,
especially the tributaries of the Orinoco and Casiquiare river systems.
10. TRIBE
ECHITEAE (16/c. 270) ▸ four
subtribes, Parsoniinae (5/c. 140, E Asia to China, tropical Asia to
northern Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Fiji, S Mexico, America Central)
do not occur in South America.
INCERTAE
SEDIS
35. Bahiella J.F.Morales.
Lianas, with old stems woody with latex; young stems terete;
leaves opposite, peciolate; inflorescence cymose, axillary, paniculate, many
flowered. Two spp. very narrow endemic to coastal forests of Bahia state,
Brazil.
SUBTRIBE
PELTASTINAE (4/25) ▸ a unknown
genus by SDb.
36. Macropharynx Rusby.
14 spp., scatterd in South America (over genus) over from Costa Rica to N
Brazil (3, one endemic) and Guianas.
37. Rhodocalyx Miers.
Two spp. from Peru to Argentina and Paraguay, both
Brazil, none endemic.
38. Temnadenia Miers.
Three spp., one in Colombia and two endemic to
Brazil.
SUBTRIBE
ECHITINAE (4/?) ▸ outsider Asketanthera
(4, Caribbean), Thenardia (3, Mexico to Honduras) and Thoreauea (3, Mexico).
39. Echites P.Browne.
10 spp., all Caribbean, Mexico, America Central and Florida, with E.
umbellatus Jacq. occurring in Colombian Caribbean Is.
SUBTRIBE
LAUBERTIINAE (2/5) ▸ both genera
in South America.
40. Hylaea J.F.Morales.
Two spp., H. arborescens (Monach.)
J.F.Morales from S. Venezuela, and H. leptoloba (Monach.)
J.F.Morales endemic to N Brazil (Amazonas state).
41. Laubertia A.DC.
4 spp., two from Mexico to Belize and Guatemala, L.
boissieri A. DC. from Venezuela to Bolivia, and L. brasiliensis
J.F. Morales, endemic to Brazil to the states of Pará and Amazonas, growing in
river margins and igarapó forest, from 100 to 200 m elevation range.
SUBTRIBE
PRESTONIINAE (1/63) ▸ a single
genus.
42. Prestonia R.Br.
Lianas with eglandular leaves, sometimes
with taproot tubers or xylopodium;
axillary or terminal cymose inflorescences, sepals with a single
colleter, flowers usually with an annular corona around the mouth and/or free
corona lobes, follicular fruits, and truncate seeds that are comose at
themicropylar end. 63 spp. from Mexico to Uruguay and Lesser Antilles, 57 in
South America, 21 in Brazil, 7 endemic.
11. TRIBE
MESECHITEAE (6/236) ▸
outisders
Angadenia (2, S Florida to Caribbean) and Titinnabularia
(3, Mexico to Honduras).
43. Allomarkgrafia Woodson.
10 spp., Nicaragua to Peru, 7 in South America, A.
plumeriiflora Woodson from Costa Rica to Colombia and 6 only from S
Colombia, N Ecuador and Peru.
44. Forsteronia G.Mey.
45 spp., from Mexico to Uruguay and Caribbean, 43 in
South America, 28 in Brazil, 11 endemic.
45. Mandevilla Lindl.
Mostly woody to fragile vines, but erect shrubs are
also common, while unbranched subshrubs and epiphytes occur less frequently, sometimes
with xylopodium; flower in racemose inflorescense,
ranging from inconspicuous white, tubular flowers less than 1 cm long to
brightly colored, showy infundibuliform flowers up to 9 cm long. 182 spp., S
U.S.A, Mexico to Argentina, largest Neotropical genus in Apocynaceae, highly
complex in deserts, savannas, tepuis, open grasslands, and forests, 161 in
South America, 80 in Brazil, 50 endemic. Three spp., all from Minas Gerais, are
rares by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
M. longiflora (Desf.) Pichon. from
Bolivia, Argentina, S Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay has the longest corolla tubes in Apocynaceae, reaching up to 17 cm in and are only fully open at dusk, when
they produce a distinctive scent, suggesting pollination by hawkmoths; their
flowers are showy and variously colored and, in most cases, have an
infundibuliform corolla.
46. Mesechites Müll.Arg.
8 spp., most single restricteds in Caribbean (4), Peru
(1), Colombia (1) except M. trifidus
(Jacq.) Müll. Arg. from Mexico to Brazil and Cono Sur and M.
mansoanus (A. DC.) Woodson in Brazil and Paraguay.
12.
SUBFAMILY ASCLEPIADOIDEAE (181/2.420–2.430) -
five tribes; Fockeeae (2/9, tropical and S Africa, Oman),
Eustegieae (2/6, SE Africa) e Ceropegieae (11/798, 90%
in Ceropegia) do not occur in South America.
12.1 ASCLEPIADOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE MARSDENIEAE (27/c 380) - outsiders
are all in Africa and Madagascar (4), India, S China and Himalayas to tropical
Australia and islands in W Pacific (15) except Gongronema (15; tropical
regions in the Old World), Hoya (200; tropical Asia, tropical and E
Australia, islands in the Pacific to Polynesia), Marsdenia (c. 100;
northern to S Africa, Madagascar, tropical and subtropical Asia to Malesia,
Australia, Melanesia, one species, M. erecta, in eastern Mediterranean),
Telosma (10; tropical N S Africa, Madagascar, tropical Asia eastwards to
the Malay Peninsula),
47. Ruehssia
H.Karst. Lianas, suffrutescent twiners, herbaceous
twiners or shrubs, sometimes with very odd leaves, often succulents
(3, Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela one endemic each); latex white,
yellow, brown or colorless; corolla usually with well-developed tubular portion
enclosing the gynostegium. 145 spp. in the New World, 71 in South America, 46
in Brazil (36 endemic). Some species associated with inselbergs, limestone
outcrops in E Brazil, Minas Gerais, Bahia and Goiás states; 11 spp., in several
states from Brazil, are rares by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book. Brazilian
succulent member is R. megalantha (Goyder & Morillo) F.Esp.Santo
& Rapini from NE region, unique Brazilian succulent in
Apocynaceae.
12.2 ASCLEPIADOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE ASCLEPIADEAE (74/1.630–1.680) - 12 subtribes worldwide, Astephaniane (3/14, S
Africa) and Tylophirinae (4/c. 120, tropical and subtropical regions of
the Old World) do not occur in South America. Outsiders
unplaced at tribes in New World: Pattalias (2, SE. U.S.A. to N Mexico, SE Mexico to
Belize, N Caribbean) and Pherotrichis (4, Mexico to Guatemala).
This tribe
has the 4ª largest group of succulent species worldwide,
c. 1,150 spp., mainly in Old World.
SUBTRIBE
ASCLEPIADINAE ▸ outsiders list unvailable.
48. Asclepias
L. Erect herbs or shrubs, perennial or
annual (rarely), to 100 cm high, sparsely branched or richly branched, latex
white, sometimes with xylopodium;
one succulents sp. occur in Mexico; flowers
5-merous, generally brightly coloured, red, yellow or white. 208 spp., 79 in
Africa, mainly in South Africa, 129 in New World, 9 in South America. South
American species are strongly supported as monophyletic and derived from North
American ancestors, all restricteds of Bolivia to Argentina and S Brazil (5, A.
bracteolata E. Fourn. endemic) except the widely distributed A.
curassavica L. and A. woodsoniana Standl. & Steyerm. from Mexico
to Colombia, the former in Brazil.
SUBTRIBE CYNANCHINEAE
▸ outsiders list unvailable.
49. Cynanchum L.
Suffrutescent twiners, erect herbs, stem succulent
twiners or erect stem succulents, 30–400 cm high, unbranched or sparsely
branched or richly branched; latex white, ivory or yellow; subterranean organs
constituting a woody rootstock, tap roots, fibrous roots, or root tubers. 260
spp., of Africa, America, Asia, Australia, Europe; very variable, often
slightly disturbed habitats. 53 spp. in New World, 43 in South America (highly
centered between Venezuela and Peru), 8 in Brazil, 3 endemic.
SUBTRIBE
PENTACYPHINAE ▸ a single genus.
50. Pentacyphus Schltr.
Weakly twining subshrubs with white latex;
inflorescences sciadioidal; flowers nodding; corolla campanulate; pollinia
medifixed or (sub-)basally inserted on corpusculum. Three spp. from Venezuela
to Bolivia. Mountain rain forest, 1,800–4,100 m.
SUBTRIBE
DIPLOLEPINAE ▸ a single genus.
51. Diplolepis R.Br.
Suffrutescent twiners 3–4 m high or shrublets 30–100 cm high. 14 spp.,
Argentina and Chile.
SUBTRIBE
ORTHOSIINAE ▸ all genera occur in South America.
52. Jobinia
E. Fourn. Suffrutescent twiners; shoots glabrous;
leaves petiolate. 25 spp., one from Mexico to Honduras and 24 only in South
America, 8 in S & SE Brazil (5 endemic, one of then rare plant in Brazil,
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book); almost a half of Andes in Ecuador to
Bolivia, and remaining occur in lowlands.
53. Monsanima Liede-Schumann.
Slender twining habit, extra-axillary inflorescences shorter than leaves,
corona with fluted lobes, almost entirely connate, free only at the apex, where
they arch over the gynostegium, and pollinaria with short, flattened, broader
than long, hyaline caudicles. Two spp., M. tinguaensis R.Santos
& Fontella is known only from the type specimen, in Serra do Mar in Rio de
Janeiro state, and M. morrenioides (Goyder) Liede & Meve,
which is known only from Pico das Almas in Diamantina Range, Bahia State, and
rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
54. Orthosia
Decne. Suffrutescent or herbaceous twiners, 0.5–8 m
high, with distinct long and short shoots, orthotropous or plagiotropous (often
when young). 41 spp. of Caribbean, U.S.A. (Florida); Belize, Costa Rica, El
Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panamá, Venezuela, Argentina,
Bolivia, Brazil (16, 8 endemic, two of them rares by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s
book), Paraguay, Peru; forests, mainly in clearings, thickets, roadsides, to 2,000
m. 29 in South America.
55. Scyphostelma
Baillon. 39 spp. in Andes from Colombia to
Bolivia, one up to Costa Rica and Panamá.
SUBTRIBE
METASTELMATINAE ▸ all genera in South America.
56. Barjonia
Decne. Subshrubs to erect herbs, sparsely branched; leaves opposite or
decussate, (sub-)sessile; inflorescences thyrsoid to pleiothyrsoid, corolla
(sub-)campanulate, or rotate; lobes ovate, ovate-triangular or lanceolate,
erect, sometimes curved at the apex. 7 spp. of Brazil (three endemic, mainly
Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, São Paulo, one is rare plant
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), four into Bolivia and Suriname,
in open fields, savannas of C Brazil (cerrado), as well as in rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres), mainly in central Brazil, including Serra
da Canastra and the Espinhaço Range.
57. Blepharodon
Decne., Herbaceous or suffrutescent twiners, rarely shrubs or herbs, to 10 m
high, sometimes with xylopodium, latex
white. 24 spp. of over South America, one up to Mexico, in forest margins,
roadsides; dry sandy or rocky savannas, mainly Brazil (13, 5 endemic, one of
them rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
58. Ditassa
R. Br. Herbaceous or suffrutescent twiners, rarely (sub-)shrubs, orthotropous,
mostly with small flowers; corolla lobes mostly not obviously pubescent, corona
of five 'double' lobes - each lobe has a ligule on the inner face. 113 spp. of
South America in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (65, 54 endemic, 12 of them rares
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, mainly from Minas Gerais, but some also in
Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, Tocantins and Bahia), Colombia, Ecuador,
Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela, in forest margins,
thickets, some in ferriculous sites, 100–3,000 m.
59. Hemipogon
Decne. Erect herbs, subshrubs, herbaceous or suffrutescent twiners, sometimes
with xylopodium, 30-50 cm high, latex white,
subterranean organs constituting a woody rootstock or taproots. 9 spp., one
from mountains of Bolivia and Peru, remaining in Brazil (5 endemic, two rare
plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, both in Minas Gerais state)
and similar habiatats in neighbroung Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, one also in
Ecuador; H. sprucei E. Fourn. has a strikingly disjunct
distribution, occurring in Brazil and also in dry Andean valleys of Peru and
Bolivia
60. Hypolobus
E.Fourn. Suffrutescent twiners, wiht shoots sparsely hirsute to tomentose over
the whole surface; calyx longer than corolla tube, basally fused, abaxially
with trichomes. Only one sp., H. infractus E. Fourn, in Brazil (Bahia),
possibly extinct, rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book,
known only the type collection but without type-locality.
61. Metastelma
R. Br. Herbaceous or suffrutescent twiners, to 4 m
high, latex white to ivory, subterranean organs constituting a woody rootstock;
small flowers; corolla lobes generally pubescent above, corona of 5 staminal
lobes. 96 spp., North America, Caribbean, America Central, South America (29),
in forest margins, disturbed areas, riverine vegetation, to 3,000 m. 9 spp. in
Brazil (7 endemic, one rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book,
in Bahia state, exception the widely distributed M. parviflorum (Sw.) R.
Br. ex Schult.).
62. Minaria T.U.P.Konno
& Rapini. Shrubs or subshrubs, rarely
herb-like; branches erect, rarely prostate or twining to the apex; latex white;
leaves decussate, coriaceous, rarely membranaceous; inflorescences cymose,
subaxillary or axillary, occasionally single-flowered; corolla white, cream or
yellow, rarely pinkish, campanulate to urceolate, usually less than 5 mm long. 22
spp., one only in Bolivia, two from Brazil to Bolivia and Argentina, and 19 endemic
to Brazil (14, including one ex-Barjonia, another ex-Hemipogon,
all in Minas Gerais state, are rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book), most of then are confined to small areas of
rocky grasslands in the Espinhaço Range, mainly in its Minas Gerais portion.
63. Morilloa
Fontella, Goes & S.A.Cáceres. Hemipogon-like.
4 spp. endemic to E Brazil, occurring in rocky grasslands (campos
rupestres), savannas of C Brazil (cerrado)
and in forest borders in the States of Goiás, Bahia, Minas Gerais and São
Paulo, two of them are rares by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
64. Nautonia
Decne., Prostrate herbs, many small. Only one sp., N. nummularia Decne
from Argentina, S Brazil, Paraguay, in sandy areas.
65. Nephradenia
Decne., Erect herbs, 30-50 cm high; shoots glabrous or
almost so. 5 spp. from Brazil (with one rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras
do Brasil’s book, in Mato Grosso state), two up to Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia
and Guianas.
66. Peplonia
Decne. Twining
vines, glabrous or almost so; leaves usually elliptic, oblong, ovate or
lanceolate (narrowly ovate), often subcoriaceous and discolorous.
Inflorescences axillary, usually opposite, often with a short, bifurcate
peduncle. Flowers white, greenish or yellowish; corolla urceolate to rotate,
abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulent, lobes usually barbate to barbellate
in the basal half. 9 spp. from Brazil (Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul, two of them
rares by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), P. adnata (E. Fourn.) U. C. S. Silva & Rapini up
to Peru and Bolivia; seaside scrub, Atlantic sandy coastal
shrublands (restingas), roadsides, thickets, riverine vegetation.
67. Petalostelma E.Fourn.
Suffrutescent twiners, to ca. 1 m high. 12 spp., Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil
(8, 5 endemic, mainly in Chaco region), Paraguay, in dry vegetations.
68. Vailia Rusby.
Suffrutescent twiners, to ca. 1 m high. Two spp., V. salicina (Decne.)
Morillo in over N South America (inc. Brazil and Ecuador), and V. anomala
(Brandeg.)
W. D. Stevens from Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela.
SUBTRIBE
TESSADIINAE ▸ a single genus.
69. Tassadia
Decne. Suffrutescent twiners with distinct long and
short shoots, latex white. 31 spp. from Central and northern South America (30),
one up to Mexico; in mountain forests, disturbed places, river shores, flood
plains, to 1,900 m; Brazil has 19 spp., 5 endemic, including two rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, in Mato Grosso and Tocantins.
SUBTRIBE
OXYPETALINAE ▸ all genera in South America.
70. Araujia
Brot. Suffrutescent twiners, 5–6 m high, latex white. 13
spp. from Argentina (6), Bolivia, Brazil (8, one endemic), Paraguay, Uruguay, A.
sericifera Brot. up to S Peru; mainly subtropical Chaco, dry to
moist forest, often in disturbed situations.
71. Funastrum
E. Fourn. Herbaceous or suffrutescent twiners, latex white, with a garlic
scent, rhizomes frequently present; often with their feet in seasonally flooded
pools; stems semisucculent and photosynthetic (leaves often drop off); umbels
of white or cream flowers, corona mosly with a tubular outer ring, and 5 fleshy
lobes on the back of the anthers. 22 spp., from S U.S.A. to Paraguay and
Caribbean, 9 in South America, three in Brazil, one endemic; rheophytes, arid
and semi-arid areas, plains, pampa, stony slopes, to 1,500 m.
72. Kerbera
E.Fourn. Only one sp., K. eichleri E.Fourn., endemic to SE
Brazil in Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states.
73. Oxypetalum
R. Br. Suffrutescent twiners or erect herbs, sometimes
with xylopodium, shoots glabrous, densely hirsute,
hispid, pilose, pubescent or villous; flowers moderate in size; mostly with
conspicuous stylar head appendages (divided into 2 or more lobes); corona lobes
arising from the corolla tube not on the back of the anthers. 139 spp. from
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (99, 55 endemic, 13 rares by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book), Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, only two north of Ecuador, up
to Mexico and Caribbean; forest, on forest and pasture margins, and in open,
often slightly disturbed areas, from humid to rather dry landscapes.
74. Philibertia
Kunth. Suffrutescent twiners, prostrate or erect herbs, 150-500 cm
or 20-40 cm high, latex white with a garlic scent, or, rarely, colorless;
corona on back of stamens not on the corolla, or absent; stylar head appendages
variable or absent. 45 spp. restricted from Peru to Chile and Argentina,
centered in the dry east-Andean valleys of Bolivia and northern Argentina in
the southern Yungas, except for one up to Ecuador; open forests, forest
margins, grasslands, rocky slopes, quebradas, 1,000–5,000 m or Paramo, 3,000–4,500
m.
75. Schistonema
Schltr. Only one sp., S. weberbaueri Schltr., endemic to
Peru.
76. Tweedia Hook.
& Arn. Erect herbs or suffrutescent twiners, to 1 m high, orthotropous,
sometimes vines; subterranean organs constituting a woody rootstock. Six spp.
from Chile and Argentina, T. brunonis Hook. & Arn. up to Bolivia and
Uruguay, in open bushland with creosote bushes and cacti, in semiarid areas on
both sides of the Andes, mostly in the Monte from southern Bolivia to C
Argentina, in the central Andes of western Argentina, and in the Desert and
Matorral of central Chile.
SUBTRIBE
TOPEINAE ▸ a single genus.
77. Topea
H. A. Keller. Twining plants with leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate; basis
deeply cordate to auriculate; inflorescences sciadioidal (umbelliform),
pendulous, present all the year; corolla lobes with vibratile trichomes on the
adaxial side. Two spp., T. aenigma
(H. A. Keller) H. A. Keller endemic a small private area in Missiones,
Argentina, and T. patens (H. A. Keller) H. A. Keller in Amambay
Departamentn in E Paraguay, NE Argentina and Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil.
SUBTRIBE
GONOLOBIINAE ▸ outsiders Anemotrochus (3, Caribbean), Bruceholstia (1,
Mexico to Panama), Chthamalia (21, C & S U.S.A. to Mexico), Dictyanthus
(18, Mexico to Nicaragua), Meveampelos (2, Cuba), Microstelma (1,
Mexico), Odontostephana (7, C & E U.S.A.), Polystemma
(12, Mexico to Costa Rica), Rotundanthus (1, Mexico to Costa Rica), Stelmagonum
(1, SW Mexico), Suberogerens (1, Mexico), Talayotea
(2, Mexico), Tylodontia (4, Cuba) and Vulcanoa (1, SE Mexico to Guatemala).
78. Acomosperma
K.Schum.
ex Ule. Only one sp., A. rivularis K.Schum. ex Ule, endemic to Peru.
79. Atrostemma
Morillo. Twining shrubs; branches shortly
pubescent; leaves 6–18 cm long, both surfaces sparsely puberulous;
inflorescences 3–7-flowered; corolla rotate, yellowish green and
dark-reticulate. 10 spp., Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Venezuela,
Colombia, Peru, A. riparium (Morillo) Morillo in Guyana and E Brazil, 7 in
South America, forests and thickets; 100–1,700 m.
80. Austrochthamalia
Morillo & Fontella.
Three spp., Argentina and Bolivia one each, and A.
purpurea (Decne.) Morillo & Fontella in Bolivia and C Brazil.
81. Brargentina
Morillo. Only one sp., B. bornmuelleri (Schltr. ex Malme)
Morillo & H.A. Keller, from S Brazil and N Argentina.
82. Caa
H. A. Keller & Liede. Climbing
plants with a thin base, not suberified; young branches with mixed pu-bescence,
consisting of multiseptate acicular trichomes and capitate glandular
tri-chomes, adult branches puberulous. Only one sp., C. balansae
(Fontella & Morillo) H. A. Keller & Liede, with only three known
occurrence locations, two in Argentina and one in Caaguazú, Paraguay.
83. Chloropetalum
Morillo. 4 spp., two endemic from Brazil and two over widely from Honduras to
Paraguay, up French Guiana and N Brazil (both).
84. Cristobalia Morillo, S.A.Cáceres & H.A.Keller. Woody shrubby vines; stems 1-5 m long, prostrate or
vining, flexuous, terete, not corky at the base, branches densely pubescent
throughout. 4
spp. from Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul state in
S Brazil (only C. australis (Malme) H.A.Keller & Liede).
85. Fischeria DC.
Suffrutescent twiners, 3-20 m high, latex white. 14
spp. from SE Mexico to NW Argentina and Caribbean, 11 in South America, 3 in
Brazil (none endemic); forest margins, disturbed moist montane slopes, damp
thickets, secondary growth, often near streams, roadsides; 0–1,000 m, sometimes
up to 1,700 m.
86. Gonolobus
Michx. Suffrutescent twiners or, rarely, prostrate
herbs, latex white; flowers rotate with exposed discoid head to gynostegium and
laterally disposed pollinia, anthers with dorsal appendages; flowers commonly
green; follicles with longitudinal wings. 134 spp., widely distributed in New
World, 51 in South America, 17 in Colombia, 12 in Brazil (10 endemic), G.
dorothyanus Fontella & E.A. Schwarz endemic to Rio de Janeiro state and
rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
87. Graciemoriana
Morillo. Twining vine, ca. 10 m long; leaves petiolate; blades
18–26 cm long; inflorescences pedunculate, 3–4-flowered; corolla ca. 18 mm
diam., rotate-campanulate, green. One sp., G. graciae (Morillo) Morillo,
French Guiana, non-flooded moist forest, 200–400 m.
88. Gyrostelma E.Fourn.
Subshrubs, orthotropous or plagiotropous. Only one sp., G. oxypetaloides E.
Fourn, C Brazil.
89. Ibatia
Decne. Suffrutescent to herbaceous twiners or erect
herbs; unflorescences extra-axillary, solitary, shorter than adjacent leaves,
few- to many-flowered, simple, bostrychoid; corolla rotate to campanulate, white,
yellowish-green or purple, uniformly colored or with reddish veins. 35 spp.
from Honduras to NW Argentina and Caribbean, 33 in South America, 12 in Brazil
(10 endemic, 2 of them from Bahia state are rares by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s
book).
90. Lachnostoma
Kunth. 16 spp., coastal Venezuela to Peru.
91. Macroscepis Kunth.
Suffrutescent twiners, 6-12 m high. 21 spp., America
Central, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and over South America (15). 8 spp. in Brazil, 5
endemic.
92. Manothrix Miers.
Two spp., endemic to mountainous forests of center Rio de Janeiro state, SE
Brazil, collected only in 1827.
93. Matelea
Aubl. Suffrutescent twiners (in the tropics), prostrate
or erect herbs (in temperate zones) or, rarely, shrubs or caudiciforms, latex
white, some succulents in Mexico
and America Central. 201 spp. of North America, America Central (centered in S
Mexico/Guatemala), South America (103), 26 in Brazil (22 endemic); rain and
cloud forest margins, thickets, disturbed habitats, to 2,500 m. Six species
from Bahia, Santa Catarina nd São Paulo states are rares by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
94. Orinoquia
Morillo Twining subshrub; inflorescences very long-pedunculate,
3–5-flowered; corolla 50–55 mm diam., rotate. Only one sp., O. yanomamica
(Morillo) Morillo, endemic to Venezuela, rain forest, headwaters of the Orinoco
river, 150–400 m.
95. Peruviasclepias
Morillo. Erect, prostrate or short twining herb or subshrub,
0.4–1.5 m long; leaves 2–4.5 cm long; inflorescences 6–12(–24)- flowered;
corolla 6–7 mm diam., yellowish green, salverform or short-campanulate;
pollinia subhorizontal to erect, oblongoid-pyriform; follicles fusiform,
muricate. Only one sp., P. aliciae (Morillo) Morillo, NW Peru, deserts,
100–500 m.
96. Phaeostemma
E. Fourn. Twining vines; flowers large and broadly
campanulate (corolla 23–37 mm in diameter), corollas green to greenish-yellow,
gynostegium stipitate, anthers subtriangular almost horizontal. 9 spp.,
Venezuela and Suriname one endemic each, and remaining seven from N Argentina
to SE Brazil (6, 4 endemic).
97. Pruskortizia Morillo.
Woody shrubby vines, with white latex; stems thick (4-10 mm), flexuous, mixed
of brown or yellowish-brown long eglandular (1–8 mm long) and short glandular
trichomes (0.1–0.25 mm long); similar pubescence on leaves and inflorescence. Two spp.,
from W. South America to N Brazil (only P.
macrocarpa (Poepp.) Morillo, no endemic).
98. Pseudolachnostoma
Morillo. Suffrutex twinners, densely pubescent with yellow trcihomes, white
latex,
short reflexed calyx lobes, corolla short openly campanulate, and then
reflexed, the lobes much longer than the tube, narrowly ovate to oblong. 12
spp., one in America Central, and remaining restricted of South America up to N
Brazil (one, Amazonas state, no endemic).
99. Ptycanthera
Decne.
19 spp., C Mexico to Costa Rica and Caribbean, one also in Venezuela.
100. Rhytidostemma
Morillo. Suffrutescent twiners, shoots
slender, 2–4 mm diam., densely hispid or pubescent over the whole surface with
erect or retrorse, long and flexuous trichomes, yellow. Two spp. from northern
South America, one up to Panamá, both in Brazil, one endemic.
101. Riparoampelos
Morillo. Suffrutescent twiner; stems shortly pubescente; leaves 8–13 cm long,
lanceolate to obovate-elliptic; inflorescences subsessile, 2–3-flowered;
corolla 20–24 mm diam., rotate(–campanulate); lobes dark purplish, spreading,
apically with long, flat and white trichomes; pollinia horizontal,
asymmetrically pear-shaped; follicles narrowly ovoid or fusiform, muricate,
with irregular blunt-tipped projections. Only one sp., R. amazonica
(Morillo) Morillo, Amazon rainforest and Guianas,
wet or rain forests, mainly in riparian vegetation, 100–300 m.
102. Rojasia Malme. Only
one sp., R. gracilis (Morong) Malme, N Argentina, Paraguay and SE
Bolivia.
103. Tressensia
H.A. Keller.
Herbaceous twiner; inflorescences long-pedunculate, 3–6-flowered; flowers
long-pedicellate; corolla ca. 3 cm diam., shallowly campanulate,
green-reticulate; follicles obclavate, 5-winged; seeds verrucose, with dentate
wing. One sp., T. viridis H.A. Keller & S.A. Cáceres, endemic to
Argentina, riverine forest fragments.
56. LAMIALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: BYBLIDACEAE (1/8), CARLEMANNIACEAE (2/5), MAZACEAE
(4/44), PAULOWNIACEAE (2/8), PEDALIACEAE (11/78), PLOCOSPERMATACEAE
(1/1), STILBACEAE (12/40), THOMANDERSIACEAE (1/6), WHIGHTIACEAE
(1/2), AS POWO IN JUNE 23, 2024.
LINEAGE
1 of 8: OLEOIDS
OLEACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 24, 2024
Genera/spp. 29/545–590
Distribution cosmopolitan except polar areas, with their largest
diversity in SE Asia and Australia. Habit usually bisexual (rarely
polygamomonoecious or dioecious), evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs or
lianas (rarely suffrutices).
The Guinness Book of World Records lists the South African black ironwood
(Olea laurifolia Lam.) as the heaviest wood
with a specific gravity of 1.49; this is rather doubtful since the
specific gravity of pure cell wall material is 1.5 (i.e. without any cellular
structure).
SYSTEMATIC five
tribes, four absent in South America: Forsythieae (2/10,
Balkan Peninsula, E Asia), Fontanesieae (1/2, Sicily, Türkiye,
Syria, Lebanon, EC China), Myxopyreae (3/7, tropical Asia) and Jasmineae (1/202,
warm-temperate to tropical regions in the Old World). Among Oleeae,
outsiders in New World are Cartrema (4, 1 in Thailand to Sumatera, and 3
from E USA to Honduras), Fraxinus (58, temperate Eurasia to C & S
Malesia, 23 in N & America Central to Cuba), Haenianthus (3,
Caribbean) and Hesperelaea (1, Guadalupe Island off Baja California,
probably extinct).
1. Chionanthus
L. Trees or shrubs, evergreen or deciduous; leaves
opposite, simple, entire or dentate; inflorescence axillary or terminal,
cymose, paniculate or fasciculate; flowers regular, bisexual, rarely unisexual,
usually white or yellow, rarely pink, often fragrant; fruit a drupe, 1- or
2-seeded, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp bony or crustaceous, with or without
endosperm, bluish or purplish when ripe. 141 spp., C
& E USA to southern America, Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Japan to Pacific. 41
spp. in New World, mainly in Caribbean and E Brazil (12, 10 endemics, 3 of
them, from Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states, are rare plants in Brazil,
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), 22 in South America.
C. megistocarpus Fern.Alonso & Cogollo (Oleaceae, Colombia) has largest fruits for this genus in
the Neotropics (4.5–5 cm long).
2. Forestiera
Poir. 22 spp., 21 from USA to America
Central (mainly USA/Mexico zone) and Caribbean, and F. ecuadoriensis Cornejo
& Bonifaz restricted in Guayas province in W Ecuador.
3. Menodora
Bonpl. Herbs to shrubs, sometimes with xylopodium.
26 spp., two in southern Africa, 17 in North America from Colorado to Mexico, M.
intricata Brandegee disjunct in Mexico and Argentina, and six spp.
restricted of Bolivia and Cono Sur except for M. integrifolia (Cham.
& Schltdl.) Steud., from Bolivia to Uruguay, Rio Grande do Sul state in S
Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay.
4. Priogymnanthus
Green. Trees, deciduous or semi-deciduous; leaves opposite, simple, entire;
inflorescence a racemoid reduced dichasium, up to 11-flowered, shortly
pedicellate, flowers and subtending bracts in opposite pairs, the rachis
terminated by three flowers, calyx absent, corolla 4-lobed, lobes thin,
slender, very early caduceus; fruit a drupe, ellipsoid or more or less
spherical. 4 spp., Colombia, Ecuador and Brazil one endemic each, and P.
hasslerianus (Chodat) P. S. Green, from hillside in C Brazil (Tocantins to
Mato Grosso states), Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay.
5. Schrebera
Roxb. 16 spp., highly disjunct, 15 native from tropical Africa,
Madagascar, SE Asia, and S. americana (Zahlbr.) Gilg endemic to Peru.
LINEAGE
2 of 8: TETRACHONDRACEAE
TETRACHONDRACEAE
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IN POWO ON JUNE 24, 2024
Genera/spp.
2/3 Distribution North America to northern South America, Patagonia and
New Zealand. Habit herbs.
SYSTEMATIC all
genera in South America.
1. Polypremum
L. Only one sp., P. procumbens L., from SE
USA, Mexico, Caribbean, America Central, northern South America in Colombia, Venezuela
and Suriname, and a single disjunct population is reported from
Paraguay, but it is not known whether it is the result of human introduction.
2. Tetrachondra
Petrie. Aquatic or semiaquatic herbs. Two spp.,
the succulent T. hamiltonii
Petrie ex Oliv. from southern New Zealand, and T.
patagonica Skottsb. from southern Patagonia and Tierra
del Fuego.
LINEAGE
3 of 8: GESNERIOIDES
CALCEOLARIACEAE
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Genera/spp.
2/274 Distribution Mexico, America Central, western South America
(especially the Andes and westerly temperate regions), the Falkland Islands,
one reaching into SE Brazil; Jovellana also in New Zealand. Habit
bisexual, perennial or annual herbs, suffrutices or shrubs.
SYSTEMATIC both genera occur in South America.
1. Calceolaria
L. Annual or perennial herbs and shrubs up
to 4m, usually yellow bilabiate flowers, sometimes cushions; stems escending to erect,
rounded, corolla labiate with down petal sacciform, and two stamens. 269 spp.
from Mexico to Terra do Fogo (268 in South America, C. irazuensis Donn.
Sm. absent), the widely distributed C. tripartita Ruiz & Pavon.
reaching into S Brazil, mainly at high altitudes along the Andes but reaches
sea level on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Patagonia, mainly in Peru
(128, 89 endemic), Cono Sur (85, 66 restricteds) and Colombia (21).
Calceolaria is
among the largest oil-producing genera - nonvolatile,
a very unusual floral reward that attracts particular solitary oil-collecting
bees; with high diversity in Chile and Ecuador/Peru
border; Calceolaria has been subdivided into three subgenera with
24 sections.
SUBG. CALCEOLARIA ‣ 20
sections; shrubs, subshrubs, and herbs that have stamens with filaments shorter
than anthers, mainly distributed in tropical regions.
SUBG. CHEILONCOS ‣ two
sections, Micranthera and Rugosae; also includes herbs and
subshrubs, but their stamens have filaments that are several times longer than
their anthers; temperate South America.
SUBG. ROSULA ‣ three
sections, Bellidifoliae, Corymbosae and Kremastocheilos; rosulate
or subrosulate herbs that have stamen filaments about as long as the anthers;
temperate South America.
2. Jovellana
Ruiz & Pav. Herbs and shrubs, perennial, stems prostrate or
ascending to erect, rounded. 4 spp., Chile and New Zealand two endemic each.
PELTANTHERACEAE
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Genera/spp. 1/1
Distribution Guatemala to Bolivia.Habit bisexual
evergreen small tree or shrub.
1. Peltanthera
Benth. Small trees, glabrous or with branched hairs, with
abundant, aromatic, 5-merous, actinomorphic flowers in cymes; bracts
squamiform, often obsolete; calyx equal, short, and with free sepals; corolla
hypocrateriform, with valvate petals; anthers confluent, peltate; gynoecium
with two locules, filiform style, and capitate stigma; leaves opposite,
elliptic, wide, membranaceous, penninerved, slightly serrulate. Only one sp., P.
floribunda Bent., from Costa Rica to Bolivia.
GESNERIACEAE
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IN POWO ON JULY 08, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp. 151/3,260–3,280
Distribution tropical and subtropical regions in the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres, some species in temperate regions. Habit usually
bisexual (rarely monoecious), usually perennial herbs (sometimes lianas, rarely
trees, shrubs or annual herbs). Many specie are epiphytic. Stem and leaves
often more or less succulent. Root fibrous. Use some genera
are cultivated as ornamentals (mostly indoor plants), and among the most
popular are Achimenes, Codonanthe, Columnea, Gloxinia,
Episcia, Kohleria, Nematanthus, Sinningia, Seemannia;
plants are easy to propagate by cuttings or by seeds; they also hybridize
easily within related groups and many cultivars are available.
About 1,200
spp. and ca. 60 genera in rain forest on mountain slopes in
New World with main diversity center between Colombia and Peru (over 400) and
secondary centers in America Central (ca. 250), E Brazil (over 200), Guiana
shield (ca. 100) and tropical Mexico (ca. 100). Brazil has 207 spp. and 24
genera, all are Gesnerieae. The flower of Nematanthus
has petals fused into a pouch-like shape, with a small opening; the fancied
resemblance of the flower to a goldfish gives the plant its common name,
‘goldfish plant.’ Compared to other regions that are especially rich in species
of Gesneriaceae - such as Colombia (400), the Guiana Shield, combined with a
narrow part of northern Brazil, has a surprisingly large number of endemic
genera.
All New
World genera has inflorescence formed by an indeterminate thyrse
with axillary pair-flowered cymes. New World
genera absent in in South America are Bellonia (2, E Cuba, Hispaniola), Eucodonia
(2, S Mexico), Gesneria (62, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamacia, Puerto Rico,
Lesser Antilles), Moussonia (24, Mexico to Panama), Niphaea (3,
Mexico to Guatemala), Pheidonocarpa (1, Cuba and Jamaica), Rufodorsia
(5, Nicaragua and Panama), Smithiantha (6, Mexico) and Solenophora
(17, Mexico to Panama).
Key
differences from similar families
Stipules
never present, leaves never compound (vs. Bignoniaceae with compoubd
leaves).
Latex never
present (vs. Campanulaceae which usually has white latex).
SYSTEMATICS three
subfamilies, all in South America (one endemic).
1. SUBFAMILY
SANAGOIDEA (1/1)
A single
genus.
1. Sanango Bunting
& Duke. Small tree, c. 15 m tall, with very hard wood; inflorescence a
terminal, bracteose thyrse; corolla tubular, tube curved and slightly gibbous
in the lower part, limb subregular, lobes rounded, with cochlear aestivation in
bud; fruit a capsule, depressed at the apex, style (for a long time)
persisting, dehiscence at first septicidal, then loculicidal. Only one sp., S.
racemosum (Ruiz & Pav.) Barringer, in forests at 300-750 m altitude,
Peru (W central Amazonas and C Junin) and Ecuador.
2. SUBFAMILY
DIDYMOCARPOIDEA (62/1,760–1,980)
Two tribes, Trichosporeae
(55/1,680–1,900,
Old World) absent in South America. Among South American tribe Epithemateae,
outsiders
are all in Old World.
2. Rhynchoglossum
Blume. Herbs, perennial or annual,
monocarpic, the very strongly asymmetrical leaves; stems terete,
fleshy-succulent; inflorescences terminal on main and side branches, unilateral
racemes with two rows of flowers, subtending bracts small, linear; corolla
strongly zygomorphic; tube cylindrical, white; fruit a globose or ovoid
capsule. 14 spp., 13 from India and S China to New Guinea, and
R. azureum (Schltdl.) B.L. Burtt from Mexico to Honduras, Costa Rica to
Peru, and, on wet and shady (preferably limestone) rocks, in forest or open,
shady places; usually in the lowlands.
3. SUBFAMILY
GESNERIOIDEAE (1/23)
Five tribes,
four in South America, Titanotricheae (1/1, SE China, S Japan in Ryukyu Islands)
does not occur in South America.
3.1 TRIBE
NAPEANTHEAE (1/23) - a single genus.
3. Napeanthus
Gardner. Terrestrial, perennial herbs with rhizomes; stem short, low forest
herb, growing in shady, damp places and on mossy rocks decumbent, rooting at
the nodes, or ± absent; axillary cymes 1- to many-flowered,
pedunculate, subumbellate to racemose-paniculate; flowers actinomorphic to
zygomorphic; corolla white to blue, pink or lilac; fruit a capsule. 17 spp., 16
in South America (three up to America Central and Mexico), 4 in Brazil, N.
jelskii Fritsch and N. macrostoma Leeuwenb. up to Guianas, remaining
two endemic.
3.2 TRIBE
BESLERIEAE (9/c. 275) – two subtribes, both in South America.
SUBTRIBE
BESLERIEAE ‣ all genera in South America.
4. Besleria
L. Perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees (to 5 m),
with fibrous roots; stem terete or quadrangular; inflorescences axillary,
ebracteate, fasciculate or subumbellate cymes, rarely flowers solitary; corolla
yellow, orange, red, or white; tube usually cylindric, sometimes spurred or
gibbous at base; limb (sub)regular or bilabiate; fruit a fleshy, globose berry;
white, red or orange. 176 spp. from throughout the neotropics, with centres of
diversity in the Andes of Colombia and Ecuador, 150 in South America, 28 in
Brazil (16 endemic, B. meridionalis
C.V.Morton from Minas Gerais state is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras
do Brasil’s book); terrestrial plants growing in lowland and montane forests,
often along streams, on river-banks, on wet rocks. The adnate inflorescences at
leaf limbe in some species from America Central is a false
epiphylly. B. formicaria Nowicke, from Costa Rica to Colombia is a myrmecophite.
5. Cremosperma
Benth. Small terrestrial or epiphytic
perennial herbs; stems soft woody, short, erect, ascending or repent;
inflorescences few, emerging from the upper leaf axils, umbellate or capitate
cymes, usually longer than the leaves; ebracteate; flowers small; corolla small
(2 cm or less), yellow, white or reddish, occasionally spotted; fruit a
capsule, dehiscing irregularly. 26 spp., from the Andes of Venezuela to Peru,
two up to Panama (24 in South America), growing in wet humus or moss on slopes,
rocks, or the moss cover of trees, usually at higher elevations.
6. Gasteranthus
Benth. Terrestrial herbs or low subshrubs, with fibrous roots;
stem succulent or woody, erect, terete; inflorescences axillary, ebracteate,
one to many-flowered cymes, peduncles usually elongate; corolla ranging from
funnelform with a wide limb over broad tubular to hypocyrtoid; colour whitish,
pale to bright yellow, orange to red, often spotted; fruit a 2- or 4-valved
capsule. 39 spp., from Guatemala and nearby Mexico (1), Costa Rica and Panama
through western South America (35) south to Bolivia, with a centre of diversity
in western Ecuador (20 endemic), as terrestrial herbs of forests (including
cloud forests), growing in shaded and humid places, in ravines or near
waterfalls, from the lowlands to montane forests to 1,800 m.
7. Reldia
Wiehler. Terrestrial herbs with creeping rhizomes; stem terete;
inflorescences axillary, often several in a leaf axil, epedunculate (?),
ebracteate; corolla small, funnel-shaped, usually white, often yellow in the
throat; tube dorsally spurred; limb unequal; fruit a dry, bivalved capsule,
surrounded by the persistent calyx. 7 spp., from Panama to N Peru, growing in
montane (more rarely lowland) rainforests, in humid, shaded ravines along
streams or close to waterfalls.
SUBTRIBE
ANETHANTINAE ‣ all genera in South America.
8. Anetanthus
Hiern ex Benth. Terrestrial or saxicolous herbs; stem
decumbent or pendent, slender; axillary cymes several-flowered, pedunculate;
corolla white, bluish, violet or red, tube subcylindrical, limb with orbicular,
slightly spreading lobes; fruit an elongate ovoid capsule, 2-valved, dehiscence
septicidal (plus short loculicidal slits); seeds suborbicular, flattened,
narrowly winged. Three spp., two from Colombia to Bolivia (A. gracilis
Hiern up to Brazil) and one in Guyana.
9. Cremospermopsis
L. E. Skog. & L. V. Kvist. Perennial herbs to
subshrubs, stem usually erect; cymes axillary, pedunculate, usually congested
to umbel-like aggregates, mostly with 4 lanceolate to ovate bracteoles; corolla
small, white or yellow, funnelform to tubular; fruit a dry capsule. Three spp.,
endemic to Colombian departments of Antioquia and adjacent Bolivar, in humid
(probably low elevation cloud) forests, in shady places and often close to
streams, from (0-)500-900(-1,550)m.
10. Resia
H.E.Moore. Terrestrial perennial herbs or subshrubs, with erect
stem (eventually becoming pendent), unbranched stem roots fibrous; cymes
axillary, long-pedunculate, flowers in a dense head; corolla white, orange or
yellow, infundibuliform; fruit an ovoid or subglobose, laterally compressed dry
capsule. 4 spp., Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador, growing on moist shaded rocks
in mountains, alt. 1,000-1,350 m.
11. Shuaria D.A.Neill
& J.L.Clark. Small tree, 3–5(-8) m tall, frequently with multiple trunks
arising from the tree base; inflorescences axillary, emerging from the upper
leaves, pair-flowered dichasial cymes, ebracteolate; corolla white, tubular,
gibbous at the base and shallowly pouched on ventral side; fruit a bivalved dry
capsule. Only one sp., S. ecuadorica D.A.Neill &
J.L.Clark., from Cordillera del Cóndor and Amazonian regions of SE Ecuador,
growing in lowland rain forest and lower montane cloud forest, with an
elevation range 420-1,600 m.
12. Tylopsacas
Leeuwenb. Terrestrial herbs; stem ± absent; cymes unilateral (cincinni), with
numerous flower pairs; corolla white, tube slightly inflated in the middle,
limb slightly bilabiate, with elliptic, rounded lobes; stamens 4, didynamous,
included; filaments inserted near corolla base; anthers reniform, coherent in
pairs. Only one sp., T. cuneata (Gleason) Leeuwenb, endemic
to the Guiana Shield, growing in montane forests (100-1,700
m elevation range) of Venezuela, Guyana and N Brazil.
3.3 TRIBE
CORONANTHEREAE (9/23) - three
subtribes, Coronantherinae (2/13–20, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, E
Queensland, North Island in New Zealand), and Negriinae (2/3, New
Caledonia, NE Queensland, Lord Howe) do not occur in South America;
among Mitrariinae, the unique greoup in New World in South America,
outsider is Fieldia (1, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria).
13. Asteranthera
Hanst. Epiphytic or terrestrial, creeping-climbing shrubs; stem
and branches thin, woody, rooting at the basal nodes; flowers axillary,
solitary, erect; bracteoles small, lanceolate, inserted below the calyx;
corolla red, with whitish lines on tube, lobes mottled,
infundibuliform-galeate; fruit a fleshy berry. Only one sp., A. ovata Hanst.,
from southern Chile and adjacent Argentina, growing as an epiphyte or
terrestrially in cool rain forests.
14. Mitraria
Cav. Straggling or epiphytic subshrub; stem and branches softly
woody, obscurely tetragonous; flowers axillary, solitary, pendulous; bracts
large, ovate, connate or one side, embracing the calyx on one side; corolla
bright scarlet; tube curved; fruit a fleshy berry. Only one sp., M. coccinea
Cav., from Chile and adjacent Argentina, occurring in cool temperate rain
forest.
15. Sarmienta
Ruiz & Pav. Suffrutescent creeper or climber, usually
epiphytic; stems slender, flexuous, sparingly branched, rooting at the basal
nodes; flowers axillary, solitary, pendulous; corolla scarlet; tube elongate, 2
stamens lang up outside corolla; fruit a fleshy berry. Only one sp., S.
scandens (J.D. Brandis ex Molina) Pers., from southern Chile
and Chiloe Island, occurring in cool rain forest, growing on damp or mossy
rocks and tree trunks.
3.4 TRIBE
GESNERIEAE (53/1,500) - five subtribes, all in South America.
SUBTRIBE
GESNERIINAE ‣ outsiders
Bellonia (2, E Cuba, Hispaniola), Gesneria (62, Cuba, Hispaniola,
Jamacia, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles) and Pheidonocarpa (1, Cuba and
Jamaica). Gesneria revised shown a only Caribbean
range; their two South American species is placed now in Rhytidophyllum.
16. Rhytidophyllum Mart.
Shrubs to trees, usually single-stemmed; axillary cymes
long-pedunculate, of several to many flowers in a double cincinnus or compound
dichasium; flowers rather short-tubed, obliquely campanulate, with wide mouth,
limb spreading, greenish, brownish, with darker dots; fruit a dry, bivalved
capsule. 23 spp., 21 spp. restricted of Caribbean region and two in Colombia
and Venezuela, R. cumanense (Hanstein) L. Skog and R. onacaense
(Rusby) L. Skog.
SUBTRIBE
GLOXININAE ‣ outsiders
Eucodonia (2, S Mexico), Moussonia (24, Mexico to Panama), Niphaea
(3, Mexico to Guatemala), Smithiantha (6, Mexico) and Solenophora
(17, Mexico to Panama).
17. Achimenes
Pers. Terrestrial herbs with scaly
rhizomes; stems erect or decumbent, unbranched; inflorescences axillary, of
single flowers or two to three in a cyme; corolla usually showy, erect or
oblique in the calyx, either tubular with a flat spreading limb, or obliquely
funnelform, with a basal sac or spur on the upper side. 24 spp., from Mexico
and America Central, A. erecta (Lam.) H.P. Fuchs and A. longiflora
DC. extending to Colombia, and A. pedunculata Benth. up to Venezuela, usually
found in wet areas in forests, on shaded banks near streams or on damp rock
outcrops.
18. Amalophyllon
Brandegee. Terrestrial or saxicolous,
subacaulescent to caulescent herbs with scaly rhizomes; stem erect or
decumbent, usually unbranched; inflorescences axillary, with (1–)4 flowers
congested in the axil; corolla 5-lobed, erect in the calyx, rotate to subrotate
with a very short tube, white or rarely tinged pink. 13 spp., S Mexico to Panama
and South America (8, Venezuela to Peru).
19. Chautemsia Chautems.
Perennial herbs with scaly rhizomes; stems erect, unbranched, usually
comprising only 3–4 nodes; flowers solitary in leaf axils; corolla
infundibuliform-cylindrical, tube white to white-yellowish; throat not
constricted, yellow; lobes white; capsule ellipsoid, apex erect, fleshy. Only
one sp., C. calcicola A.O. Araujo & V.C. Souza, only found in the
localities Arcos, Pains and Iguatama in the region of Formiga, in the western
part of Minas Gerais, in deciduous forest remnants on limestone outcrops at
600-800 m.
20. Diastema
Benth. Slender, terrestrial, perennial herbs with scaly
rhizomes; stem short, unbranched, hirsute or villous; inflorescence usually a
terminal, bracteose raceme; corolla white, sometimes with purple markings on
the lobes, tubular or funnelform, only slightly broader toward the limb,
neither spurred nor ventricose; fruit an obovoid, membraneous, 2-valved
capsule, with apex convex. 20 spp., 19 in South America (southern into
Bolivia), 4 up to Mexico and America Central, centre of diversity in Andean
Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, D. racemiferum Benth. up to Brazil, in
Rondonia, possibly in Acre state, as terrestrial herbs growing on damp rocks
near streams, in wet forests at low elevations.
21. Gloxinella
Roalson & Boggan. Terrestrial, rather weak-stemmed perennial
herbs with scaly rhizomes; stem erect, indumentum villous, without uncinate
hairs; flowers axillary solitary, epedicellate and ebrbracteolate, showy;
corolla alvender, campanulate, limb of subequal lobes; fruit an ovoid to
elliptic fleshy capsule. Only one sp., G. lindeniana (Regel)
Roalson & Boggan, known only from cultivated material of unknown origin,
but in 1990’s it has been re-discovered in Peru (Cajamarca).
22. Gloxinia
L'Her. Terrestrial perennial herbs with scaly rhizomes
(absent in G. xanthophylla); stem erect; leaves opposite, ±
isophyllous, rarely ternate, with 5-9(-12) pairs of veins; stem and leaves
almost glabrous or pilose; flowers solitary, forming together a terminal,
indeterminate raceme; corolla broadly tubular to campanulate, white, pink,
purple or brownish. 5 spp., G. alterniflora A.O.Araujo &
Chautems (Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil), G. major (Fritsch)
C.A.Zanotti & Lizarazu (Bolivia), G. xanthophylla (Poepp.)
Roalson & Boggan (Peru and Ecuador), G. erinoides (DC.)
Roalson & Boggan and G. perennis (L.) Fritsch widely
distributed tropical America, growing in small or large colonies on rocks, on
riverbanks, or in shaded damp places in forest; the plants are dormant during
winter, reduced to the underground rhizomes.
23. Gloxiniopsis
Roalson & Boggan. Terrestrial perennial herbs with scaly
rhizomes; stem erect; flowers solitary, emerging from the axils of opposite or
alternate bracts, forming together a terminal, indeterminate raceme; pedicels
ebracteolate; corolla white, campanulate; fruit a subglobose fleshy capsule;
seeds numerous, minute, rhombic to ellipsoid. Only one sp., G. racemosa (Benth.)
Roalson & Boggan, endemic to Andes of Colombia.
24. Goyazia
Taub. Small, perennial, saxicolous herbs with scaly rhizomes; stem thin, stiff,
wiry; flowers axillary, solitary, with short pedicel; corolla with straight,
subcampanulate tube, slightly widening towards the throat, limb oblique, with
subequal lobes; fruit a dry, bivalved capsule. Two spp. from Pará to Minas
Gerais and from Mato Grosso do Sul to Maranhão states in Brazil, growing on
damp and mossy rocks.
25. Heppiella
Regel. Epipetric or (less commonly) epiphytic, perennial,
rhizomatous, ± suffruticose herbs. Axillary cymes with or without
peduncle, sometimes composing a terminal, corymboid thyrse, or reduced to
single flowers; corolla red; tubular, straight, limb with small (sub)equal
lobes; fruit a dry, bivalved capsule with loculicidal dehiscence. 4 spp., Peru
to W Venezuela, usually growing on damp, mossy rocks, rarely epiphytic at the
base of trees.
26. Kohleria
Regel. Terrestrial, perennial herbs or
subshrubs with scaly rhizomes; stem usually erect, sometimes decumbent, terete;
inflorescences from leaf or bract axils, in few-flowered, fasciculate to
umbellate cymes, or flowers solitary; corolla somewhat zygomorphic, red or
greenish; fruit a dry capsule, dehiscing into 2 valves, apex conical or
rostrate. 24 spp., W Cordillera from Mexico to Peru, Venezuela, Trinidad, K.
hirsuta (Kunth) Regel up to Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana, 21 n South
America, centered in Colombia, growing in sun-exposed margins or glens of rain
forest, also in secondary habitats.
27. Mandirola
Decne. Terrestrial perennial herbs with scaly rhizomes; stem erect; leaves
opposite or ternate, petiolate, lamina with 5-6 pairs of veins; flowers in
axillary, bracteolate pair-flowered cymes, often with a short peduncle, or
solitary, showy; corolla pink, lavender or purple, hypocrateriform, with an
oblique limb, usually distinctly toothed or fimbriate; fruit
a dry rostrate capsule. Three spp.,
endemic to savannas from C Brazil.
28. Monopyle
Moritz ex Benth. Terrestrial, perennial herbs, with
scaly rhizomes; stem erect or decumbent, terete, slender, usually branched;
flowers in a terminal thyrse or raceme, emerging from small bracts; corolla
somewhat zygomorphic; tube open-campanulate; limb 5-lobed, flaring, white or
white with blue, sometimes yellow in the throat. 25 spp., along the W
Cordillera from Guatemala to Bolivia, 18 in South America, only M. reflexa
(Rusby) Roalson & Boggan reaching into Brazil, in Acre state.
29. Nomopyle Roalson
& Boggan. Terrestrial perennial herbs with scaly
rhizomes; stems weak, erect or decumbent, glabrescent; flowers axillary,
solitary, ebracteolate; corolla campanulate to almost rotate, white to
lavender, lobes subequal, entire. Two spp., one from Colombia to Ecuador, and one
in Peru.
30. Pearcea
Regel. Terrestrial, perennial herbs,
usually with conspicuous indumentum, occasionally with stolons, rarely with
scaly rhizomes; cymes congested, pedunculate (rarely without peduncle),
emerging from the axils of frondose leaves; corolla bent downward at base, rarely
bilabiate, usually villous or pilose outside; red, often basally and ventrally
yellow, rarely entirely yellow. 19 spp., in E Andean slopes and adjacent
lowlands from northern Colombia through Ecuador and Peru to NW Bolivia, P.
sprucei (Britton ex Rusby) L.P. Kvist & L.E. Skog occurring
nearly in the total range of the genus, and all other spp. are much more local,
occurring in lowland rainforest (below 700 m) to cloud forest above 2,500 m,
particularly rich in species and individuals are the lower montane forests.
31. Phinaea
Benth. Terrestrial, perennial herbs with scaly
rhizomes; stem short, erect; axillary cymes 1- to many-flowered, congested;
calyx campanulate, with spreading equal or subequal lobes; corolla subrotate or
cup-shaped, tube short, limb of spreading or erect, broad, subequal lobes;
fruit a somewhat fleshy or dry 2-valved capsule, opening loculicidally. Three
spp., one from Mexico, one in Cuba, and P. albolineata (Hook.) Benth. ex
Hemsl. in Colombia and Pará state in N Brazil.
32. Seemannia
Regel. Terrestrial perennial herbs with scaly rhizomes,
often produced at the tips of long stringy rhizomes; stem erect or decumbet;
flowers axillary, usually solitary (except S. sylvatica), showy;
corolla tubular or inflated, often constricted at the mouth, red, orange,
purple, rarely yellow; with barrel-shaped multicellular trichomes at the tube
entrance; fruit a dry rostrate capsule. 4 spp., from Ecuador to Argentina,
mainly in the Andes, S. purpurascens
Rusby and S. sylvatica (Kunth) Hanst. up to Brazil, the former also in
Guianas; terrestrial herbs, growing on earth banks or rocks in forest;
seasonally dormant.
SUBTRIBE
COLUMNEINAE ‣ outsider
Rufodorsia (5, Nicaragua and Panama). Second
largest group of epiphytes in eudicots (after Ericaceae);
only three genera outside this tribe in Gesneriaceae has epiphytic species (Sinningia
in New World and two paleotropical genera).
33. Alloplectus
Mart. Epiphytic subshrubs with fibrous
roots; stems terete or quadrangular, usually scandent, prolifically branched;
flowers densely crowded or solitary, non-resupinate, corolla oblique to
horizontal in the calyx, tubular and usually ampliate, yellow or red. 7 spp., one
in Mexico and America Central, and six from Venezuela to Bolivia, obligately
epiphytic, growing in moist and wet forests, usually occurring at higher
elevations (500-)2,000-3,500 m.
34. Alsobia
Hanst. Stoloniferous epiphytic herbs; stem creeping or pendent, with one
stolon per node in the axils of alternating leaves, the subsequent stolons
giving the appearance of a single pendent stem with numerous plantlets in a
series; leaves with a several-layered hypodermis on the adaxial side. 6
spp. from Mexico and America Central, A. dianthiflora (H.E. Moore &
R.G. Wilson) Wiehler up to Colombia.
35. Centrosolenia
Benth. Herbs, terrestrial or saxicolous; stems elongate, decumbent, rooting and
branching at the nodes; inflorescences axillary, 2–8-flowered; corolla oblique
in calyx, narrowly tubular, gibbous basally on upper surface with slight
ovate-oblong spur, white, violet, or deep red, corolla lobes orbicular. 13
spp., endemic to the Guiana Shield, mainly Venezuela (8 exclusively), also
Guyana and Brazil (pnly C. hirsuta Benth., no endemic), most are found
growing on shady banks of rivers and streams, in crevices or on wet mossy
rocks, or in the understory of the rainforests; in the Guiana region, they
predominantly inhabit the slopes of the high tepuis, the summit areas of low
elevation tepuis, or the understory of the forested high plains at 300-1,500 m.
36. Christopheria
J. F. Smith & J. L. Clark. Terrestrial
stoloniferous herb with two stolons per node; inflorescences axillary,
pedunculate, flowers few to many in cymes; corolla posture oblique relative to
calyx, yellow with 4–5 red spots ventrally in throat; fruit a bivalved capsule.
Only one sp., C. xantha (Leeuwenb.) J. F. Smith & J. L. Clark, known
from forests in French Guiana and Venezuela at 50-500 m.
37. Chrysothemis
Decne. Terrestrial or epiphytic perennial herbs with
tubers; stems succulent, erect or rarely decumbent, subquadrangular; cymes
axillary, corolla tube cylindric; fruit a fleshy, bivalved capsule, globose to
ovoid, included in the persistent calyx. 9 spp., Caribbean, Mexico (Chiapas),
Guatemala to Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana and
Brazil (3, C. kuhlmannii Hoehne endemic), growing in shaded areas along
roads and streams of wet forests. 7 in South America, with C. pulchella
(Donn ex Sims) Decne. Growing in over range of genus.
38. Codonanthe
(Mart.) Hanst. Epiphytic shrubs, lianas or herbs, usually growing in ants'
nests; stems pendent, repent, or erect, to 2 m tall, becoming woody, branches
few; nodes producing sometimes adventitious roots; cymes axillary, 1- to
few-flowered; corolla white, pink, lilac, yellow, or deep purplish, often with
reddish lines or spots. 9 spp. from S & E Brazil, all endemic of Atlantic
Forest; usually growing as epiphytes in ants' nests, in lowland and montane
forests; some species form a constituent element of the flora of ant's nests;
the plants are associated with the ants in various ways; they often have extrafloral
nectaries on the leaf undersides, between the calyx lobes, or at the nodes; the
colored seeds exhibit a gelatinous surface or the funicles may play a role in
ant dispersal.
39. Codonanthopsis
Mansf. Epiphytic lignescent herbs or subshrubs; stem terete, thickish; cymes
few-flowered, shortly fasciculate; flowers small; corolla white with purple, or
lilac, tube cylindrical, with a dorsal spur at the base, limb with short lobes.
13 spp. (10 in South America), along the river systems of the Amazon region
from Peru to Brazil (5, none endemic), and in America Central and Caribbean,
growing epiphytically in lowland and montane forests, sometimes associated with
ants.
40. Columnea
L. Epiphytic herbs or shrubs (less commonly epipetric
or terrestrial), shoots often conspicuously dorsiventral; cymes axillary, 1- to
10-flowered; corolla often red, less commonly yellow, cream or greenish, tube
frequently ventricose, basally often dorsally gibbous, usually glandular hairy
in throat, limb with subequal lobes to strongly bilabiate, lobes 5 or 4,
usually rounded. 216 spp., from Mexico south to Ecuador and Bolivia to Brazil (7,
two endemic, C. ulei Mansf., from Ceará state, a rare plant in Brazil,
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), 143 in South America. 98 spp. in Colombia,
38 in Costa Rica.
41. Corytoplectus
Oerst. Terrestrial herbs; stem suffrutescent or fleshy; leaves opposite, ±
isophyllous; axillary cymes erect, several- to many-flowered, umbel-like or
congested; corolla erect in the calyx, tubular with some ventral inflation,
constricted in the throat; limb narrow, with short, (sub)equal lobes. Fruit a
globose, shiny black or translucent berry with black seeds. 12 spp., one in
Mexico, remaining 11 in South America, from Guianas to Bolivia, mainly growing
in cloud forests at higher elevations of the Western Cordillera and Guiana
Shield. Only C. congestus (Linden ex Hanst.) Wiehler in Brazil, in
Amazonas state, no endemic.
42. Crantzia
Scop. Epiphytic or terrestrial subshrubs or coarse herbs with
fibrous roots; stems terete or quadrangular, richly branched; cymes axillary,
few-flowered, bracteolate; flowers resupinate (except C. tigrina);
corolla oblique to horizontal in the calyx, tubular, yellow or red, not puched,
limb of usually 5 small lobes; fruit a fleshy bivalved capsule surrounded by
the persistent calyx. Two spp., C. cristata (L.) Scop. in the Caribbean
and C. epirotes (Leeuwenb.) J.L. Clark on E Venezuela and W Guyana, as
epiphytic climbers, or terrestrials; growing in moist and wet forests.
43. Cremersia
Feuillet & L. E. Skog. Terrestrial, caulescent herbs; leaves
opposite; cymes axillary, pedunculate, bracteolate, flowers pedicellate;
corolla salverform, bilabiate, 5-lobed; fruit a dry, bivalved capsule,
dehiscing loculicidally, opening to 180°, seeds with short, thick funicles.
Only one sp., C. platula C.Feuillet & L.E.Skog, known only from
central French Guiana; the collections were made in a mid-elevation primary
rainforest where the plants were growing on a talus of granitic boulders or a
cliff.
44. Drymonia
Mart. Terrestrial or epiphytic (sub)shrubs or lianas;
stems quadrangular or terete, in climbers up to 5 m long, branched or not,
often with spreading adventitious roots along the internodes; axillary cymes 1-
to several-flowered, flowers clustered; flowers often showy and brightly
coloured; corolla usually funnelform and broader toward the mouth, spurred or
saccate at the base, throat broad; fruit a fleshy capsule with brightly orange-
or purple-coloured reflexed valves, displaying a cone-shape mass of seeds and pulpy
funicles. 82 spp., throughout the neotropics, with centre of distribution in
Colombia and Ecuador, 56 in South America, terrestrial or epiphytic shrubs and
subshrubs, growing in lowland and montane forests. 10 spp. in Brazil, none endemic.
45. Episcia
Mart. Stoloniferous, terrestrial or saxicolous herbs;
stem creeping, rooting at nodes, dichasially branched by the regular production
of stolons; cymes of 1-6 axillary flowers, peduncles slender; corolla white,
yellow, blue, purple or red, inserted horizontally in the calyx, zygomorphic
salverform to campanulate, fruit an ovoid bivalved fleshy capsule. 9 spp. from
tropical South America, some up to Mexico and the Guianas, in tropical forests,
in damp places, slopes, banks or rocks, usually at low elevations, partly
forming large colonies. 5 spp. in Brazil, one endemic.
46. Glossoloma Hanst.
Terrestrial (rarely epiphytic) subshrubs or coarse herbs with fibrous roots;
flowers densely crowded or solitary, resupinate; corolla oblique to horizontal
in the calyx, tubular and usually ampliate, yellow or red, constricted at the
throat, often ventricose below the mouth, limb of usually 5 small lobes; fruit
a fleshy bivalved capsule surrounded by the persistent calyx. 30 spp., from S Mexico
to NW South America (28), south to Bolivia, also Venezuela, terrestrial (rarely
epiphytic); growing in moist and wet forests, mostly at higher elevations.
47. Lampadaria Feuiilet
& L. E. Skog. Terrestrial, caulescent herbs, with short
internodes; leaves opposite; cymes axillary, long-pedunculate, bracteolate,
flowers short-pedicellate; corolla campanulate, slightly bilabiate; fruit a
somewhat fleshy capsule, bivalved, dehiscing loculicidally. Only one sp., L.
rupestris Feuillet & L.E.Skog., known only from the north of the
Potaro-Siparuni Region in Guyana. One collection was made about 10 km north of
Mt. Wokomung at 650 m near a stream; the type collection about 5 km SE of Mt.
Ebini, 275 - 350 m in wet rainforest where the plants were growing on rocks.
48. Lembocarpus
Leeuwenb. Terrestrial, perennial herb with a small, annual, hairy
subterranean tuber, from which (per season) a single leaf emerges;
inflorescence separate, cymosely branched or reduced to a single flower;
corolla broadly tubular to campanulate; pale blue or white with lilac or purple
limb. Only one sp., L. amoenus Leeuwenb., endemic to
the Guiana Shield in Surinam and French Guiana, occurring in montane
rain forests (300-400 m elevation range), growing on granitic outcrops.
49. Lesia
J. L. Clark & J. F. Smith. Epiphytic or terrestrial subshrub; stems erect,
usually branched, to 4 m tall; inflorescences axillary, flowers 1–2 in reduced
cymes; corolla posture oblique relative to calyx, yellow. Two spp., L.
savannarum (C. V. Morton) J. L. Clark & J. F. Smith, known from E
Colombia to E Peru, Amazonas state in Brazil, Guyana, and Surinam, from 270 –
1570 m; and L. tepuiensis G.E. Ferreira & Chautems, known only Mount
Aracá in Amazonas state, Brazil.
50. Nautilocalyx
Linden ex Hanst. Terrestrial perennial herbs; stem erect, ascending or
decumbent, ± succulent; inflorescences axillary, fascicled cymes, or flowers
solitary; corolla white to yellow, usually with purple spots or lines, tube
laterally broadened, with a short basal sac or spur, limb with nearly equal
lobes, entire, their margins toothed or fimbriate; fruit a capsule. 41 spp., 38
in South America, throughout tropical America except SE Brazil (12 in country, 3
endemic) — terrestrial herb, growing in shady, wet places and rocks in forests;
the white or yellow episcioid corolla suggests pollination by euglossine bees
(gynandro-euglossophily).
51. Nematanthus
Schrad. Epiphytic or saxicolous subshrubs or herbs; stem ascendent, climbing,
creeping or pendent, lignescent or woody at base, with fibrous roots from the
nodes; axillary cymes 1- to 8-flowered; corolla yellow, orange, white. red,
rose to dark purple, often resupinate; tube cylindrical or gradually widening,
sometimes sharply bent at base, usually strongly ventricose, and making an
angle of 20-90° with the pedicel, limb with short spreading or reflexed lobes,
mouth constricted, orbicular or pentagonal; fruit a fleshy, white or variously
coloured capsule. 32 spp., endemic to montane forests of S & SE Brazil (;
three species from São Paulo and Espírito Santo states are rare plants in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), mainly in Atlantic Forest, less
commonly on rocks — a morphologically diverse genus that includes four types of
flowers: hypocyrtoid-non-resupinate, hypocyrtoid-resupinate,
pendent-resupinate; large campanulate white corollas; pollination apparently by
hummingbirds or Euglossine bees.
52. Neomortonia
Wiehler. Epiphytic or saxiculous herbs;
stems pendent, repent, or scrambling, to 1 m long, slender, 1-2 mm in diam.;
flowers solitary in the leaf axils, showy, oblique in the calyx; corolla white,
eventually reddish on upper side, tube spurred at base, funnel-shaped, limb
with spreading, fringed lobes; or red, strongly pouched, mouth constricted;
fruit a berry, orange. Only one sp., N. rosea Wiehler, from Costa Rica
to Ecuador, growing on damp, shady rocks or epiphytically on trees in lowland
or montane forests.
53. Pachycaulos
J. L. Clark & J. F. Smith. Pendent epiphytic herb; stems
creeping to decumbent, terete; leaves opposite, subequal; inflorescences
axillary, of a single flower; corolla bright red with a yellow limb, fruit a
berry, subglobose, laterally compressed. Two spp., P. nummularium
(Hanst.) J. L. Clark & J. F. Smith, known from Mexico to northern Peru (uknown
in Colombia, however) and one endemic to Peru, from 630-2,700 m.
54. Pagothyra
(Leeuwenb.) J. F. Smith & J. L. Clark. Climbing vine up to 1
m, adhering to host via numerous adventitious roots along stem; stems attached
to host or pendent, terete; inflorescences axillary, racemose, bracteate, of
three to many flowers; corolla posture oblique relative to calyx, yellow
(white), marked with bright red, brown, or purple-brown spots; fruit a capsule.
Only one sp., P. maculata (Hook. f.) J. F. Smith & J. L. Clark,
known from forests of French Guiana, Guyana and Venezuela, from near sea level
to 500 m; it probably occurs in Surinam, but is not known from there.
55. Paradrymonia
Hanst. Epiphytes, facultative; stems subwoody, elongate, creeping or ascending
with many adventitious roots; leaves usually clustered on a short stem; leaves
of isophyllous species rather short–petiolate; inflorescences axillary, reduced
pair-flowered cyme and appearing in fascicles; corolla tubular with a broad
limb, base with well-developed spur, corolla lobes subequal, margins range from
entire to crenate, or with fimbriations (on ventral lobe); fruit a semi-fleshy,
bivalved, dehiscent capsule. 11 spp., P. ciliosa (Mart.) Wiehler from America
Central to Guianas, N Brazil and Bolivia, eight only from Guianas to Ecuador,
one endemic to Peru, and P. buchtienii (Mansf.) Wiehler endemic to
Bolivia, distributed in the understory of rainforests, moist rocks or logs in
primary and secondary rainforests.
56. Rhoogeton
Leeuwenb. Terrestrial stemless plants with
a small tuber, tuber with fibrous roots; cymes long pedunculate,
several-flowered, condensed; corolla tubular to trumpet-shaped, oblique in the
calyx, tube with a dorsal sac or blunt spur at the base, limb with spreading lobes;
fruit a bivalved capsule, loculicidally dehiscent, valves opening to 180º.
Two spp., endemic to the Guiana Shield of Guyana
and Venezuela (1,000-1,100 m elevation range), R. viviparus Leeuwenb. up
to N Brazil in Amapa state.
57. Trichodrymonia
Oerst. Epiphytes, facultative; stems subwoody, usually reduced to
basal rosette, with numerous adventitious roots; leaves opposite, larger leaf
of anisophyllous plants semierect and extending beyond the shoot apex;
inflorescences many-flowered; corolla infundibuliform, trumpet-shaped or
salverform, rarely hypocyrtoid; fruit a semi-fleshy capsule, rarely a berry. 29
spp., from S Mexico to America Central, 20 in South America mainly in Colombia
and Venezuela, two up to Peru and Ecuador, the Andes and the Amazon rainforest;
predominantly in the understory of rainforests, on wet slopes, stream banks, or
on moist rocks or logs.
SUBTRIBE
SPHAERORRHIZINAE ‣ a single
genus endemic to Brazil.
58. Sphaeorrhiza
Roalson & Boggan. Terrestrial perennial rhizomatous herbs; rhizomes with
tuber-like swellings, often breaking apart into propagules; stem erect or
decumbent; leaves lamina with 3-7 pairs of veins; flowers axillary, solitary,
showy; corolla white, lavender or purple, broadly tubular; fruit a dry rostrate
capsule. 4 spp., endemic to savannas of C Brazil (cerrado) in Pará and
Mato Grosso to Minas Gerais and Piauí, mainly on center states, seasonally
dormant, surviving and propagating by the unique type of rhizome.
The most distinctive feature is that the plants produce ‘lumpy
rhizomes’ unlike the scaly rhizomes of most members of Gloxinieae; the rhizomes
have tuber-like swellings that easily break apart, with each piece capable of
producing a new plant; another characteristic feature are the valvate calyx
lobes sealed in bud.
SUBTRIBE
LIGERIINAE ‣ a single genus.
59. Sinningia
Nees. (inc. Paliavana, Vanhouttea)
Terrestrial, often saxicolous, rarely epiphytic
perennial herbs or subshrubs, suffrutesent, usually with hard-fleshy tubers (to
1m in diam.), rarely stoloniferous, often rupiculous or with xylopodium;
stems erect, less frequently decumbent, mostly unbranched, arising from the
tuber, rarely stemless, rosulate, and unifoliate; leaves opposite, or in
whorls, or congested on top of stem; inflorescences axillary, cymes, racemes or
spikes; corolla red, orange, white, greenish-yellowish, blue or purple, tube
broadly tubular, cylindrical or obliquely campanulate. 97 spp., from America Central
to northern Argentina, highly centered in E & S Brazil (95, 83 endemic, six
up to Cono Sur) — only S.
tubiflora
(Hook.) Fritsch (Argentina and Uruguay) and S. sulcata
(Rusby) Wiehler (highly rare, Bolivia) are absent in Brazil. 17 spp. in Bahia,
Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo and Paraná states are
rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book
Few species have a more
continental distribution:; S. schomburgkiana (Kunth & Bouché)
Chautems in known only Amazonas, Roraima and Guyana; S. sceptrum (Mart.)
Wiehler is highly disjuntc of mountains of SE Brazil and Andes of Ecuador and
Peru; S. incarnata (Aubl.)
D.L. Denham is the only species occurring naturally north of Panama, extending
into Mexico.
S. nordestina Chautems, Baracho & J.A.Siqueira is possibly only the unique
true annual Gesneriaceae of New World.
S. tuberosa (Mart.) H. E. Moore and Lembocarpus amoena (Suriname,
French Guiana, N Brazil) belongs to the morphologically most remakarble spp. of Neotropical Gesneriaceae; both spp. possess a storage orgen in the form of a tuber and
produce usually only one leaf per reason; S. tuberosa is endemic to
Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states in SE Brazil; has a perennial tuber and
produces one (rarely two or more) tiny vegetative shoot(s) at its top. This
shoot produces first a few pairs if tiny cataphylls and then a strongly
anisophyllous leaf pair, only one of which develops into a large foliar leaf;
the flowers are produced on separate short shoots.
S. minima A.O. Araujo & Chautems endemic to SE Pará state, is the smallest Gesneriaceae worldwide, growing to a maximum size of 2.5 cm across,
with correspondingly small flowers.
Two epiphytes, S. cooperi
(Paxton) Wiehler and S. douglasii (Lindl.) Chautems, makes Sinningia the only genus with
epiphytic spp. of Gesneriaceae outside Episceae
in New World.
LINEAGE
4 of 8: PLANTAGINACEAE
PLANTAGINACEAE
§ CARNIVOROUS
(Brocchnia - Catopsis -
Paepalanthus - Drosera - Heliamphora - Philcoxia -
Genlisea - Utricularia - Pinguincula)
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JULY 08, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp. 107/1,750–1,780
Distribution cosmopolitan except polar areas (mainly temperate regions).
Habit usually bisexual (rarely monoecious, gynomonoecious, dioecious, or
gynodioecious), usually perennial, biennial or annual herbs (rarely shrubs or
suffrutices). Some genera are aquatic or semi-aquatic. Numerous representatives
are xerophytes. Philcoxia has carnivorous subterranean leaves.
In our
circumscription, the family Plantaginaceae is highly heterogeneous, which is
understandable considering the diverse evolutionary trends occurring in the
family. It includes highly specialized aquatic plants (Hippuris, Callitriche),
small anual spp., tall shrubs (Hebe, Aragoa), rainforest herbs (Tetranema),
weeds (e.g., Plantago, Veronica, Cymbalaria), and alpine
chasmophytic spp. (Penstemon, Veronica, Erinus, Ourisia).
Plantaginaceae has a cosmopolitan distribution and include about 100 genera and
2,000 spp. Of these, 45 genera and 370-400 spp. are native in the Neotropics.
Nearly half of the genera occurring in the Neotropics are endemic.
Plantaginaceae
are very difficult to distinguish from Scrophulariaceae, Gesneriaceae,
Stilbaceae, etc., all having largish, monosymmetric flowers. However, two
features common in the family, the frequent absence of regular vertical
partitions in the heads of the glandular hairs and septicidal capsule
dehiscence, are not that common in Lamiales. Many genera of the Plantaginaceae
are used as ornamental worldwide, including coral-plant (Russelia), beardtongue (Penstemon), hebe (Hebe) and snapdragon (Antirrhinum).Some spp. of
Plantaginaceae have a pantropical distribution, including some weeds, such as Scoparia dulcis L. and Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.
Many spp. native to the northern Hemisphere are weeds in the Neotropics. These
include spp. of Linaria,
Plantago and Veronica.
SYSTEMATICS tribe
Chelonoideae (9/295–320, Borneo, North America, Mexico, America Central)
and Globularioideae (3/52, Europe, Macaronesia, Mediterranean
to Pakistan, N and NE Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Socotra) do
not occur in South America. 27 outsider genera in New
World.
Encopella (1, Cuba)
is a outsiders unplaced at subfamily in Plantaginaceae. Chelonioidea
has 8 outsiders in New World: Chelone (4, SE Canada to NC & E. USA),
Chionophila (2, WC USA), Collinsia (21, Alaska to Mexico), Keckiella
(7, SW USA to NW Mexico), Nothochelone (1, W Canada to W USA), Penstemon
(281, Arctic to Honduras), Tonella (2, W Canada to W USA) and Uroskinnera
(4, Mexico to El Salvador).
1. SUBFAMILY
GRATIOLOIDEA (32/365)
Two tribes,
both in South America.
TRIBE
ANGELONIEAE (6/c 75) - all genera occur in South America.
1. Angelonia
Bonpl. Herbs or subshrubs, rarely shrubs. 29 spp., from
Mexico to Argentina and Caribbean, 26 in South America, mainly in NE Brazil (23,
19 endemic, two of then in Minas Gerais and Goiás states are rare plants in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), with endemic also in Paraguay,
Cuba, Bolivia, Argentina and Mexico.
2. Basistemon
Turcz. Shrubs to small trees. 8 spp., widely in
tropical South America, 4 in Brazil, one endemic.
3. Ildefonsea
Gardner. Herb with lilac flower. Only one sp., I. bibracteata Gardner, a
rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, known only from
remnant forests in the Rio de Janeiro municipality, SE Brazil.
4. Melosperma Benth.
Only one sp., M. andicola Benth., from W
Argentina to C Chile.
5. Monttea Gay.
Three spp., Chile and W Argentina.
6. Ourisia
Comm. ex Juss. Herbs with zygomorphic to
subrotate, pentamerous flowers with four didynamous stamens, loculicidal
capsules, and numerous small, reticulate, angled seeds. 32 spp., 5 from
Venezuela to Bolivia, two of then up to Argentina, 10 in extra-tropical Andes
from Argentina and Chile, 16 in New Zealand and one in Tasmania.
TRIBE
GRATIOLEAE (27/c 315) - 9 clades.
CLADE 1 ‣
two genera, both in South America.
7. Darcya
B.L.Turner & C.P.Cowan. 4 spp., all
national endemic, in Costa Rica (1), Panamá (1), Colombia (1) and D.
vandellioides (Benth.) Scatigna in Brazil, in open and wet, often disturbed
areas of the Atlantic Forest from Bahia to Santa Catarina states.
8. Mecardonia
Ruiz & Pav. Herbs glabrous to pubescent. 10 spp.,
all in the Neotropics, USA to Argentina, 7 in South America, 4 in Brazil (M.
pubescens Rossow endemic, a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book. known only in Vacaria municipality in Rio Grande do Sul state).
CLADE 2 ‣ two
genera, both in South America.
9. Bacopa Aubl. (inc. Benjaminia)
Annual or perennial herbs, stems prostrate to ascending or erect, some spp. are
submerged aquatic herbs. 61 spp., pantropical, 53 in New World, widely
distributed, 41 in South America, 33 in Brazil, 7 endemic.
10. Chodaphyton
Minod. Herbs. Only one sp., C. ericifolium (K.Schum.) Minod,
native from C Brazil to C Argentina and Paraguay.
CLADE 3 ‣ three
genera, all endemic to Brazil.
11. Lapaea
Scatigna & V.C.Souza. Subshrubs or rarely herbs, terrestrial to rupicolous,
per-ennial, up to 1 m high, with variable indument on vege-tative parts,
usually aromatic. 5 spp. from rocky grasslands (campos rupestres), at
elevations 900-2,000 m, growing on edges of relatively humid and shaded
fractures of quartzite out-crops, regionally called lapas, in Minas
Gerais and Bahia states, Brazil. Three spp. are rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
12. Philcoxia
P. Taylor & V.C. Souza. Annual or perennial herbs, glandular-pubescent;
stems erect, rounded; subterranean stems and peltate
leaves with circinate ptyxis, under or on the soil surface. 8 spp., restricted
to sandy habitats of the savannas of C Brazil (cerrado)
and
dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga) biomes, including
areas of rocky grasslands (campos rupestres) within the
boundaries of the Espinhaço Range and highs in Goiás, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Maranhão
and Pará states. P. bahiensis V.C.
Souza & Harley, P. goiasensis P.
Taylor and P. minensis V.C.
Souza & Giul. are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
The adaxial
side of their leaves are provided with stalked capitate glands; protease
activity and presence of phosphatases as well as digestion of nematodes and
nutrient uptake have been detected; the rare case of circinate leaves in these
carnivorous plants are remarkable, since the narrow leaves in both Byblis
in Byblidaceae and Drosophyllum in Drosophyllaceae have circinate
vernation.
Philcoxia
is the most recent carnivorous plant genus to have been discovered. In basic
strategy, it is a sticky-leaved plant. On the other hand, it has a little trick
up its sleeve.If you were lucky enough to encounter this plant in Brazil (and
very few people have!), you would no doubt only notice the short (up to about
25 cm tall), branching inflorescences. The small pink flowers are bilaterally
symmetric, lack spurs, and have 5 lobes. The plant's leaves are entirely
underground--just barely hidden under the sandy soil crust. The leaves emerge
from the underground stem, and are placed at the end of long, filamentary
petioles. Each leaf is round, to slightly elongated, and covered (on the upper
surface) with short-stalked glands; in Philcoxia bahiensis not only are
the glands found on parts of the lower leaf surface, but also sessile glands
are seen; laboratory and greenhouse work convincingly demonstrates that these
leaves attract and kill nematodes. Furthermore, the leaves digest the nematodes
and absorb the nutrients. This is--so far--the only carnivorous plant that
seems to specialize in nematodes--although nematodes have been observed being
killed and eaten by other carnivorous plants. Also, it has been noted that this
is the only sticky-leaved carnivorous plant that hunts under the sand.
13. Tetraulacium
Turcz. Annual herbs, densely pilose; stems prostrate, quadrangular; bluish or
purplish flowers. Only one sp., T. veronicaeforme Turcz., NE Brazil,
with one collection in Rio de Janeiro another in Mato Grosso do Sul states.
CLADE 4 ‣ outsider
Leucospora (1, SE Canada to Central & E USA).
14. Geochorda
Cham. & Schltdl. Herbs. Only one sp., G. glechomoides (Spreng.)
Kuntze, native from S Brazil to NE Argentina and Uruguay.
CLADE 5 ‣
two genera.
15. Schistophragma
Benth. ex Endl. Annual herbs, glabrous. 4 spp. from Mexico, one up
to North America and S. mexicanum Benth. ex D. Dietr. up to NW Colombia.
16. Scoparia
L. Herbs to subshrubs, mainly glabrous. 11 spp.,
tropical America, 10 in South America, including one a pantropical weed. 9 spp.
in Brazil, two endemic, S. elliptica Cham. a rare plant in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, from Paraná
and Santa Catarina states.
CLADE 6 ‣ outsiders
Dopatrium (14, tropical and S Africa, tropical Asia to New Guinea, tropical
Australia), Hydrotriche (3, Madagascar) and Limnophila (37,
tropical and subtropical regions in the Old World).
17. Fonkia
Phil. Only one sp., F. uliginosa
Phil., SW Argentina to Chile.
18. Gratiola
L. Herbs, with axillary flowers. 29 spp., two in
Eurasia, 15 in North America and Oceania, G. oresbia B.L. Rob. in America
Central, G. bogotensis Cortés in Venezuela to Ecuador, G. peruviana
L. in Brazil, Bolivia and Cono Sur, and G. uliginosa Phil.
endemic to Argentina.
CLADE 7 ‣ possible
outsider Adenosma (27, China, tropical Asia, N Australia).
19. Dizygostemon
(Benth.) Radlk. ex Wettst. Annual herbs, densely
pilose; stems erect, quadrangular; lilac flowers. Three spp., Maranhão, Piauí,
Bahia and Pernambuco states in NE Brazil.
20. Matourea
Aubl. 9 spp., one endemic to Colombia, three in N
Brazil, Venezuela and Guianas (dubious records in America Central), and
remaining 5 endemic in E Brazil, two of then are rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
CLADE 8 ‣ only
one genus.
21. Stemodia
L.
Annual, glandular-pubescent, much-branched, often
aromatic herbs, or subshrubs; leaves opposite or verticillate, occasionally
alternate below, simple, subentire to variously toothed; flowers irregular, in
lax terminal racemes or solitary-axillary, pedicellate; calyx 5-lobed; lobes
narrow, equal or subequal; corolla tubular; tube cylindric; capsule globose,
ovoid, sometimes acuminate; seeds many, small, striate.
31 spp., all from New World, 19 in South America, mainly in open areas in wet
places; pantropical. 11 spp. in Brazil, 3 endemic.
CLADE 9 ‣ only
one genus.
22. Umbraria
Scatigna & V.C.Souza. Herbs terrestrial to rupicolous, perennial, indument
on vegetative parts composed of short, capitate trichomes, interspersed with
non-glandular trichomes, sometimes glandular-punctate. Two spp. endemic to
Brazil, one in rocky grasslands from Minas Gerais, another occurs in the
Atlantic Forest from Rio de Janeiro to Bahia states, around 400 m a.s.l.
UNPLACED
CLADE ‣ outsiders Cheilophyllum (8,
Caribbean), Deinostema (2, E Asia) and Trapella (1, temperate
to tropical regions in E Asia).
23. Anamaria
V.C. Souza. Herbs, aquatic, highly dimorphic reproductive (erect) and
vegetative (with floating leaves) branches. Only one sp., A. heterophylla (Giul. &
V.C. Souza) V.C. Souza, endemic from the seasonally marshes and lagoons in dry seasonal
scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga).
24. Boelckea
Rossow. Annual herb, pubescent; stems erect, weakly quadrangular.
Only one sp., B. beckii Rossow, endemic to Bolivia.
2. UNNAMED
SUBFAMILY (2/58)
A single
tribe.
TRIBE
RUSSELIEAE (2/58) ‣ outsider Tetranema (6, Mexico to Costa Rica).
25. Russelia
Jacq. 48 spp., almost entirely confined to Northem and America
Central, 46 in Mexico, 36 endemic; only R. sarmentosa Jacq.
reaches South America where it is known from a single collection in Colombia
and higly dubious records in French Guiana.
3. SUBFAMILY
ANTHIRHINOIDEAE (26/290–300)
Outsiders
all from Old World except 13 in New World: Epixiphium (1, S USA to NE
Mexico), Gambelia (4, California to NW Mexico), Holmgrenanthe (1,
California), Howelliella (1, California), Lophospermum (7, Mexico
to Guatemala), Mabrya (6, Arizona to Mexico), Maurandya (2,
Mexico to Honduras), Maurandella (1, California to Texas and Mexico), Mohavea
(2, SW USA to NW Mexico), Neogaerrhinum (2, SW USA to NW Mexico), Pseudorontium
(1, SW USA to N Mexico), Rhodochiton (3, S Mexico to Guatemala) and Sairocarpus
(10, W USA to NW Mexico).
26. Galvezia
Dombey ex Juss. 5 spp. in Ecuador and Peru, mainly near the coast,
two endemic to the Galapagos Islands.
27. Nuttallanthus
D.A. Sutton. Herbs, flowers with nectar
spurs. Three spp., two only in North America and N. canadensis
(L.) D.A. Sutton from Canada to Mexico, Guadalupe, Dominican Republic, W & S South
America and Uruguay to Venezuela.
4. SUBFAMILY
DIGITALIOIDEA (16/650–665)
Five tribes,
three in South America, Digitalideae (3/c 28, Europe,
Macaronesia, Mediterranean to Central Asia, Morocco) and Hemiphragmateae (1/1, Himalayas
in northern India, Nepal, Sikkim, Assam and Bhutan to China (inc. Taiwan),
Philippines, Sulawesi) absent in South America.
TRIBE
PLANTAGINEAE (3/c 275) - all three genera in South America.
28. Aragoa
Kunth. Shrubby habit, xeromorphic leaves, and actinomorphic flower
with four corolla lobes and four stamens. 19 spp., Colombia (17) and Venezuela
(4), endemic to the paramos.
29. Littorela
P.J. Bergius. Aquatic herbs, unisexual monoecious flowers, the
fruits containing a single anatropous ovule, and by the plants being capable of
reproducing vegetatively by means of stolons. Three spp., L. uniflora
(L.) Asch. in Europe, including Iceland and the Azores, and it grows along the
margins and in shallow water (down to circa 4m below water-line) of freshwater
lagoons, lakes and ponds, and also temporarily inundated depressions; L.
americana Fernald in E Canada and the NE USA, and grows in muddy, sandy or
gravelly shorelines of lakes, ponds and slow-moving rivers; and L. australis
Griseb. ex Benth. & Hook. f., distributed in S Chile, s Argentina and the
Falkland Islands, where it grows on the margins of freshwater lagoons.
30. Plantago
L. Herbs or rarely subshrubs, sometimes cushions, perennial or annual,
anemophilous. 244 spp., cosmopolitan, 89 in New World, 66 in South America, 19
in Brazil (12 endemic, including P. trinitatis Rahn,
the only shrubs species of this genus in Brazil, found
on Trinidade island, 1,500 km east of Rio de Janeiro in the Atlantic Ocean);
although some species have wide distributions, and are sometimes ruderal
plants, many others have restricted distributions and occur in more specialized
environments, such as those endemic to small oceanic islands. Four subgenera.
SUBG. BOUGUIERA ‣ only
one sp., P. nubicola (Decne) Rahn., restricted from mountains from Peru
to Argentina and Bolivia.
SUBG. CORONOPUS ‣ 11
spp., mainly in Mediterranean region, P. maritima L. also found
in other parts of Europe, central Asia, North America and southern South
America.
SUBG. PLANTAGO ‣ c.
131 spp., all continents and found on many oceanic islands, often in mesic
or moist habitats.
SUBG. PSYLLIUM ‣ 67
spp., Asia, Europe, Africa, North and South America (they are absent
from New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand).
TRIBE
VERONICEAE (7/445–455) - outsiders Kashmiria (1, Himalayas), Lagotis
(30, E Europe to temperate Asia, 1 in Subarctic America), Veronicastrum
(19, 18 in Asia, 1 in E Canada to C & E USA), Picrorhiza (3,
Himalayas), Scrofella (1, NW China), Wulfenia (4, SE Europe, Türkiye)
and Wulfeniopsis (1, Himalayas in E Afghanistan, Pakistan, northern
India and Nepal).
31. Veronica
L. Herbs. 464 spp., temperate and
alpine regions on both hemispheres, tropical African mountains, New Zealand and
surrounding islands, Tierra del Fuego, W Patagonia south latitude, the Falkland
Islands. 33 in New World, 4 in South America, V. elliptica
G. Forst. and V. salicifolia G. Forst. in New Zealand extending to
Argentina and Chile, V. peregrina L. from Alaska
and Yukon to Chile, Argentina and S Brazil, and V. serpyllifolia L. from
North America to northern Andes.
TRIBE
SIBTHORPIEAE (2/6) ‣ outsider Ellisiophyllum (1, India,
SE and E Asia to Japan and E to Philippines, Taiwan and New Guinea).
32. Sibthorpia
L.
Perennial, small, creeping herbs; stems rooting at nodes; leaves alternate,
petiolate, suborbicular-reniform, crenate to incised; flowers axillary, 4- to
8-merous, solitary or fasciculate, pedicellate; pedicels ebracteate; capsule somewhatcompressed,
loculicidal; seeds few, oblong-ovoid, reticulate or smooth. 5 spp., three in Old World and two in New World, S.
conspicua Diels from Bolivia and Argentina and S. repens (L.) Kuntze
from Mexico to Argentina and Venezuela.
5. SUBFAMILY
CALLITYRICHOIDEA (2/79)
Both genera
in South America.
33. Callitriche
L. Terrestrial or aquatic, mainly rosettes. Callitriche is
the only genus of angiosperms in which both aerial pollination and
hypohydrophily have been documented. 75 spp., cosmopolitan, 32 in New World, 21
native in over tropical and temperate South America scattered across a wide
range of habitats, 3 in Brazil, none endemic.
34. Hippuris
L. 4 spp., three in North America up to Eurasia, and H.
vulgaris L. in North America, Argentina, Chile and Australia.
LINEAGE
5 of 8: SCROPHULARIACEAE
SCROPHULARIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
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Genera/spp.
58/c 1,560 Distribution mainly subtropical and warm-temperate regions on
the northern and southern Hemispheres, with their largest diversity in South
Africa and Australia; some representatives in tropical America, tropical E
Africa, Madagascar, tropical Asia, New Guinea, and tropical Australia.Habit
usually bisexual (rarely functionally dioecious), perennial or annual herbs,
evergreen or deciduous shrubs (sometimes suffrutices or biennial herbs, rarely
trees or lianas). Many spp. are xerophytes.
SYSTEMATICS in
the past it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 sp., but
its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular
phylogenies have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly
polyphyletic. Many genera have recently been transferred to other families
within the Lamiales, notably Plantaginaceae and Orobanchaceae but also several
new families.
8 clades. Colpias
(1/1, Northern Cape), Teedieae (6/18–19, tropical and
southern Africa, Madagascar), Camptoloma (1/3, Gran Canaria,
Somalia, southern Yemen, Socotra, Kuria Muria Islands, W deserts in Angola,
northern Namibia), Phygelius (1/2, southern Africa) are
clades which do not occur in South America.
1.
UNNAMED SUBFAMILY (5/160)
A single
tribe.
TRIBE
HEMIMERIDEAE (5/c 160) ‣ outsiders Diascia (63,
southern Africa), Diclis (10, tropical and southern Africa,
Madagascar), Hemimeris (7, N, W and E Cape), Nemesia (69,
tropical and southern Africa, especially W Cape).
1. Alonsoa Ruiz
& Pavon. Perennial herbs, glabrous except for
glandular pubescent inflorescence. 11 spp., two from W and E Cape and 9 in
South America from Venezuela to Bolivia (centered in Andes of Peru), one up to Chile,
another into America Central and Mexico.
2. SUBFAMILY
MYOPOROIDEA (11/300)
Three
tribes, Aptosimeae (3/41, Africa, Arabian Peninsula to
Malesia) and Myoporeae (4/c 240, Mauritius, E and SE
Asia, E Malesia to New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand to the Hawaii, Caribbean)
are absent in South America. Among Leucophylleae, outsiders
are Eremogeton (1, S Mexico and Guatemala) and Leucophyllum (17,
SW USA and Mexico).
2.
Bontia L. Only one sp., B.
daphnoides L., from Florida, Caribbean,
Colombia to Guiana and N Brazil.
3. Capraria L.
Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs; stems erect, much
branched, terete. 7 spp., C. biflora L. widely from Mexico to Brazil and
Paraguay, also Caribbean, 4 from Mexico to America Central, C. integerrima
Miq. in French Guiana and C. peruviana Benth. from Panama to Peru.
3. UNNAMED
SUBFAMILY (1/111)
A single
tribe.
TRIBE
BUDDLEJEAE (1/111) ‣ a sinlge
genus.
4. Buddleja
L. Shrubs or small trees; interpetiolar
stipule-like lobes (rarely foliaceous) sometimes present at base; tetramerous
flowers arranged in axillary cymes, with sessile and epipetalous stamens, often
actinomorphic; corolla sometimes quadrilobate; stamens sometimes four; fruit
sometimes a drupe. 111 spp., in seven sections, 5 only
Africa and adjacent Arabia (joined 10), sect. Alternifoliae from Asia
(25), and the sect. Buddleja restricted of New World, with 69 spp., 49
in South America, 16 in Brazil, 9 endemic (2 from SE Brazil states are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
4.
SUBFAMILY SCROPHULARIOIDEAE (31/c. 1,220)
A single
tribe and two subtribes, Scrophularieae (6/c
570, Europe, Africa, Macaronesia, Mediterranean, temperate Asia, Himalayas and
Tibet, North and tropical America) outside South America. Among Limoselleae,
outsiders are 22 genera confined to tropical and southern Africa, Barthlottia
(1, Madagascar), Manulea (74, southern Africa, India, with their
highest diversity in W Cape) and Scrophularia (291, Eurasia,
Macaronesia, N & NE Africa, 18 in North America up to Mexico and Caribbean).
5. Limosella
L. Small, aquatic to semi-aquatic herbs. 16
spp., subcosmopolitan, 3 in the New World, L. acaulis Sessé & Moc.
from Mexico to NW Venezuela and Argentina, L. aquatica L. widely in
subarctic & temperate Northern Hemisphere to Mexico, Ecuador to Peru, and L.
australis R.Br., Great Britain (Wales), Bioko, tropical Africa to W
Australasia, Canada to USA, Colombia Falklands and S Brazil, and Subantarctic island.
LINEAGE
6 of 8: LINDERNIACEAE
LINDERNIACEAE
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Genera/spp.
20/252 Distribution tropical to warm-temperate regions in the northern
and southern Hemispheres, with their largest diversity in tropical Africa and
SE Asia. Habit bisexual, annual or perennial herbs (sometimes lignified
at base, rarely shrubs). Lindernia intrepida (Dinter ex Heil) Oberm. (= Chamaegigas
intrepidus Dinter) from Namibia is poikilohydric aquatic resurrection plant.
Cosmopolitan, with three genera in Neotropics, from N Mexico to
Chile, Argentina, and Paraguay.
SYSTEMATIC only one outsider genus in New World, Vandellia
(52, 51 in Old World and one sp. in St. Vincent, Caribbean).
1. Ameroglossum
Eb. Fisch., S. Vogel & A.V. Lopes. (inc. Catimbaua,
Isabelcristinia) Perennial shrub up to 2m tall or
saxicolous small shrub, stems erect or pendent, occasionally prostrate,
quadrangular, woody at base, densely pubescent; inflorescence thyrsic,
terminal, frondose, lax, with axillary cymes, bracteoles 1.5-2 x 0.8 mm;
flowers pedicellate, pedicel up to 5 mm long, bicarinate above; corolla scarlet
except the yellow lower lip, cylindric, up to 41 mm long. 11 spp., all
very narrow endemic to dry rockys from Rio Grande do Norte to Alagoas state, NE
Brazil, in stands mixed with other arbustive species.
Ameroglossum shares with Russelia,
Hemichaena and Eremogeton several characters such as the thyrsic
inflorescence and the shrubby habit; it differs, however, in the long
staminode, which is minute or absent in Russelia or completely absent in
the other genera mentioned; a very characteristic autapomorphy of Ameroglossum
is the lower lip of corolla, which looks undivided and tongue-like, but
really is minutely 3-lobed at apex; in Russelia, Hemichaena and Eremogeton,
the lower lip is conspicuously 3-lobed. The flowers of Russelia also
differ by their much less pronounced zygomorphy, and those of Eremogeton by
four stamens.
2. Cubitanthus Barringer.
Perennial herb, with indumentum of long multicellular hairs; stem decumbent,
4-winged, with adventitious roots at the nodes; roots fibrous; leaves opposite;
petiole slightly winged; flowers solitary in leaf axils; sepals free,
lanceolate-acute; corolla cylindrical, limb bilabiate, upper lip subentire, not
reflexed, lower lip 3-lobed, densely villous at base; capsule septicidal. Only
one sp., C. alatus (Cham & Schltdl) Barringer, very narrow
endemic, found as a weed in cacao plantations, but is known only from the
municipalities of Ilheus and Itajuipe in southern Bahia state, Brazil.
3. Lindernia
All. Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs of dwaft shrubs,
glabrous to pubescent. 67 spp., 57 only Old World, L. rotundifolia (L.)
Alston in H.Trimen in both New and Old World, and nine only in New World,
widely from Canada to Chile. 4 spp. in South America, two widely in tropical
South America, L. dubia (L.) Pennell widely in New World, and L.
rotundifolia (L.) Alston pantropical.
4. Micranthemum Michx.
Herbs (sometimes fewer 5 cm), glabrous; axillary flowers. 13 spp.
from New World, 12 restricteds in USA (2), Caribbean (8, mainly in Cuba),
Mexico (1) and Guatemala (1), and M. umbrosum (Walter ex
J.F.Gmel.) S.F.Blake from S USA to SE Brazil and C
Argentina, mainly in wet places.
5. Torenia L.
69 spp. from tropics of Old World, with T. crustacea (L.) Cham. &
Schltdl. also in New World, from Mexico to Bolivia and C Brazil.
LINEAGE
7 of 8: LAMIOIDS
LAMIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
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IN POWO ON JULY 13, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp. 232/6,900-7,200
Distribution cosmopolitan except polar areas. Habit usually
bisexual (sometimes gynomonoecious or gynodioecious, rarely polygamomonoecious
or dioecious), usually perennial, biennial or annual herbs (sometimes evergreen
trees or shrubs, rarely lianas). Many spp. are xerophytic. Young stems and
branches usually quadrangular in cross-section. Usually aromatic.
The South
American Labiate flora, which contains two very large genera, Salvia and Hyptis,
but rather few genera in total, falls naturally into three regions: A. Andean;
B. Guianan and Brazilian Shields; C Temperate South America.
ANDEAN
LABIATAE are primarily
derived from north temperate genera, and the various groups have many links to America
Central, including Mexico. The
largest group is Salvia subg. Calosphace with its Andean centre of diversity
linked to a much larger one in Mexico. Scutellaria, Stachys
and Clinopodium also appear to have been
derived from a southern migration from America Central, but have radiated to
produce endemic groups, in some cases associated with adaptations to
humming-bird pollination; other Andean Nepetoid genera include the monotypic Obtegomeria from
Colombia, related to Clinopodium, Minthostachys,
which appears most closely related to the Macaronesian Bystropogon,
and Lepechinia, which extends to Mexico with one in
Hawaii; the small Neotropical genus Catoferia (Nepetoideae, Ocimeae) also links
Central and southern America, but its closest relatives would seem to be
eastern Asiatic members of the Old World subtribe Ociminae, perhaps the genus Orthosiphon Benth. & M.Ashby. The only other
member of the subtribe native to the Americas is Ocimum,
which extends from Mexico to South America. One sp. extends into lowland areas
of the Andes.
GUIANAN AND
BRAZILIAN SHIELDS this region, including Amazonian
and eastern South America, mostly overlying much older geological formations,
has a very different flora, dominated by the Nepetoid Ocimeae, subtribe
Hyptidinae; this is composed of the large genus Hyptis and a number of smaller endemic,
satellite genera, such as Rhaphiodon, Hypenia, Hyptidendron
and Eriope. Brazil is the centre of diversity of 21
genera, several endemic and others centered in Brazil with few outliers outside
Brazilian borders; the primarily Old World genus Ocimum (Nepetoideae) is represented by
several spp. endemic to the area. It seems probable that Ocimum originally had an Old World tropical
origin, perhaps reaching the New World via W Africa in the early Tertiary. A
few spp. of Salvia (Mentheae) reach the mountains of E
Brazil and extend south into temperate southern America. Other endemic genera
to be found in this region include Cornutia (Viticoideae), Amasonia
and Monochilus (Ajugoideae), and more widely
distributed genera such as Vitex, Volkameria
(Viticoideae) and Aegiphila (Ajugoideae); the latter, with over 100
spp., extends throughout tropical America.
TEMPERATE
SOUTH AMERICA a number of
endemic genera occur in this region, belonging to Nepetoideae, tribe Mentheae: Kurzamra,
Rhabdocaulon, Glechon and Hoehnea, while Cunila and
Hesperozygis are trans-equatorial, being also represented in Mexico,
although this needs confirmation from molecular studies.
Key differences from similar
families Separate from Verbenaceae because of
cymose inflorescence, usually lipped (rather than
salverform) corolla, stamens well-exserted.
Differs from Rubiaceae as
fused interpetiolar stipules absent,
usually zygomorphic flowers, superior (rather than
inferior) ovary.
Differs
from Solanaceae as usually opposite leaves, fruits with 4 nutlets or
1-5 pyrenes (not copious seed).
Separated from Apocynaceae by
absence of white sap, petals not twisted in bud, no colleters
on petiole base and adjoining stem, seed usually
without tuft of hairs; androecium and gynoecium never
fused.
Separated
from Boraginaceae as flowers not regular, cymes usually not
scorpioid, often not hispid.
Separate
from Rutaceae (compound leaves Vitex can be
confused with Rutaceae) as flowers not
regular corolla and calyx lobes fused (not free),
leaves usually opposite (not alternate).
Use
Ornamental plants, spices, perfumes (Lavandula, Marrubium,
Mentha, Pogostemon, Rosmarinus, Salvia), medicinal
plants, honey (Phacelia etc.), timber (Viticoideae, Ajugoideae,
Tectona grandis, etc.), seed-oils (Perilla etc.).
SYSTEMATIC Verbenaceae is
now restricted to subfamily Verbenoideae of traditional classifications which
has an indeterminate racemose inflorescence and a
salverform corolla with stamens included; whereas in the Lamiaceae
the inflorescence is cymose with determinate, usually opposite cymes
and the corollas are tubular and usually bilabiate with the stamens
usually exserted from the tube, but can be held within the lobes and
rarely within the tube.
The cymes in
Lamiaceae are arranged usually in opposite pairs along an
indeterminate axis, forming a thyrse. In some Lamiaceae the cymes are
reduced to single flowers though bracteoles are often present below
the flower in these cases, indicating the cymose, rather than
racemose, nature of the inflorescence. These gross morphological
differences are supported by anatomical and pollen characters:
the Verbenaceae have their ovules attached marginally on the carpel margin,
and have thickened pollen exine near the apertures; the Lamiaceae
have the ovules attached submarginally and have an unthickened exine.
A probable
topology is (Li & al. 2016) [[Callicarpa + Prostantheroideae]
+ [[Symphorematoideae+Viticoideae] + Nepetoideae + [Tectona
+ [Premnoideae + Ajugoideae + [Peronematoideae + [Scutellarioideae
+ [Cymarioideae + Lamioideae]]]]]]]].
12 lineages,
being 7 in South America and 5, Prostantheroideae (14/310–320,
Australia), Symphorematoideae (3/c 30, India to W Malesia), Tectona
clade (1/3, tropical Asia to southern China and Philippines), Peronematoideae
(4/17, S Burma and Thailand, the Malay Peninsula, Malesia to New Guinea,
Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands and NE Queensland) and Cymarioideae
(2/3, SE Asia), do not occur in South America.
1.
CALLICARPA CLADE (1/162)
A single
genus.
1. Callicarpa L. Small trees or shrubs, rarely lianas. 162 spp., temperate
and tropical Asia and America (Canada to Venezuela to Bolivia), Indian Ocean to
W Pacific, 29 in New World, only C. acuminata Kunth in South
America, up to Venezuela and Bolivia.
2.
VITICOIDEAE CLADE (4/175)
Outsiders Petitia (2, Caribbean), Pseudocarpidium (9,
Caribbean, with their largest diversity on Cuba) and Teijsmanniodendron
(23, SE Asia, Nicobar Islands, Malesia to New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago and
Solomon Islands).
2. Vitex L. Trees or shrubs, leaves usually digitately compound with
3-8 leaflets; fruit a drupe, likened to an egg in egg-cup.
209 spp. in Old and New World (57, over countries, except Canada and Chile),
few in temperate regions, 43 in South America, 32 in Brazil, 21 endemic (5 in
Amazonas, Para, Maranhão and Bahia states are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book).
3.
SUBFAMILY NEPETOIDEAE (105/3.540–3.840)
Three
tribes, Elsholtzieae (6/c. 70, Caucasus, E India and Himalayas
to Burma, China, Korean Peninsula Japan, the Ryukyu Islands, the Kuril Islands
and Russian Far East, SE Asia, Malesia to Philippines) absent in New World.
TRIBE
MENTHEAE (56/1,940–2,440) - outsiders all only Old World or
North America to Mexico except Lycopus (19, Europe, NW Asia,
temperate North America, L. australis in SE South Australia to SE
Queensland, Tasmania), Mentha (25, nearly cosmopolitan except
South America), Piloblephis (1, Georgia, Florida, the Bahamas)
and Satureja (45, nearly cosmopolitan, with their highest diversity
in temperate regions in the Old World).
3. Clinopodium L. Herb and shrubs, perennial, rarely annual, aromatics. 189
spp. worldwide, 74 in the New World, and temperate Eurasia, but a few in
Africa, tropical Asia and Indomalesia. 43 spp. in South America, highly
centered in Ecuador/Peru (a half of continent restricted of this zone), almost
over countries, only the widely distributed C. brownei (Sw.)
Kuntze reaches into S Brazil.
C. giliesii (Benth.) Kuntze, endemic to Meditteranean places of
Chile, is the one from
two desiccation tolerant species dicots in New World,
joined Blossfeldia Werdermann from Cactaceae.
4. Cumiria
Colla. Small tree or shrub, aromatic. Only one sp., C.
eriantha Benth, in lower montane forest, Massatierra Island, Juan Fernandes
Archipelago, Chile.
5. Cunila Royen ex L. Shrubs, subshrubs, and rhizomatous perennial herbs,
strongly aromatic, with simple hairs. 20 spp., 9 in C & E USA to Panama,
and 11 in South America from Brazil (10, 6 endemic) and adjacent Argentina,
Uruguay and Paraguay.
6. Eriopidion
Harley Hooker. Eriope-like, diifering with its herbaceous habit, in
lacking a stylopodium and a calyx with hygroscopic lobes and triquetrous
nutlets. Only one sp., E. strictum (Benth.) Harley a rare
plant of dry, sandy areas within the dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga),
reappearing in semi-arid vegetation by the Lower Orinoco River, in Venezuela.
7. Eriothymus
(Benth.) Rchb., Handb. Shrubs. Only one sp., E. rubiaceus (Benth.)
J.A.Schmidt, known only the type collection in a mounatins area of Minas Gerais
state, Brazil, and possibly extinct.
8. Glechon
Spreng. Small shrubs or subshrubs, sometimes with xylopodium.
Six spp., all from Brazil, 3 endemic and 3 reaching to Argentina, Paraguay and
Uruguay, open, damp areas.
9. Hedeoma
Pers. Herbs, sometimes cushions,
strongly aromatic. 44 spp., disjunct distribution: 38 in Canada and S USA to
Guatemala, and six spp. from Peru to S Brazil (3, two endemic).
10. Hesperozygis Epling.
Shrubs or subshrubs, with simple or rarely branched hairs. 7 spp., endemic to
SE & S Brazil.
11. Hoehnea Epling.
Perennial herbs, flowers deep pink to lilac or white. 4 spp. all from Brazil, two
reaching to Argentina and Paraguay, marshy ground.
12. Kurzamra
Kuntze. Mat-forming perennial herb, dwaf, aromatic. Only one sp., K. pulchella
(Clos) Kuntze, Argentina and Chile (Atacama and Coquimbo).
13. Lepechinia
Willd. Herbs and shrubs, perennial. 47 spp., mainly
montane, Andes from Argentina and Chile northwards to Mexico and California,
including Venezuela (32 in South America), with outlying spp. in Brazil (3, L.
annae (Taub. ex Schwacke) Bradea from Mantiqueira Range, L. anomala
Epling. In southern region, and L. speciosa (A. St.-Hil. ex Benth.)
Epling from Caparao Range, all endemic).
14. Minthostachys (Benth.)
Spach. Weak-stemmed, often semi-scadent shrubs aromatic, leaves shallowly
toothed to subentire. 17 spp., montane Andes from Venezuela to Argentina
(absent in Chile).
15. Obtegomeria Doroszenko
& P.D.Cantino. Ericoid low shrubs with simple hairs. Only one sp., O.
caerulescens (Benth.) Doroszenko & P.D. Cantino, endemic to Sierra
Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia.
16. Rhabdocaulon
(Benth.) Epling. Shrubs and perennial herbs, stems erects or
virgate. 8 spp., primarily Brazil (6 endemic), R. stenodontum (Briq.)
Epling reaching to Paraguay, and R. strictum (Benth.) Epling up to
Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay; savannnas and open areas.
17. Salvia L.
Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, often aromatic, recognizable
by its unusual stamen structure. 1,022 spp., Old World and the Americas, with three distinct
regions of diversity: 640 in New World (237 in South America); Central Asia and
Mediterranean (250); and Eastern Asia (90). Mexico has 333 spp. in this genus,
and it’s the largest in country, and the country with the largest diversity in
this genus. 62 spp. in Brazil, 48 endemic.
TRIBE
OCIMEAE (44/1,400-1,600) - outsiders in New World includes only Asterohyptis (3, Mexico
to Costa Rica).
18. Cantinoa
Harley & J.F.B.Pastore. 26 spp., Florida and Mexico to Argentina and Uruguay, and
Caribbean, 25 in South America, 24 in Brazil, 4 up to neighbouring countries
(Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay), and 18 endemic. Two spp. have been introduced into
the Palaeotropics: C. americana (syn. Hyptis spicigera Lam.) and C.
mutabilis (syn. H. mutabilis (Rich.) Briq.).
19. Catoferia (Benth.)
Benth. in G.Bentham & J.D.Hooker. Shrubs or herbs, woody at base or
sometimes geoxylic. 4 spp., three from Mexico to Panama, and C. spicata
(Benth.) Benth. from Colombia and Peru.
20. Condea
Adans. Shrub, subshrub or herbs with an often spiciform
thyrse of pedunculate or sessile cymes in which the intercalary cyme-axes are
contracted; the flowers are usually small and the gynoecium without a
stylopodium. 29 spp., ranging from W USA and America Central to the Caribbean
and South America (9, except Chile and Guianas). 6 spp. in Brazil, two endemic.
21.
Cyanocephalus (Pohl ex Benth.) Harley & J.F.B.Pastore. Hyptis-like, but with globose (even when immature), pedunculate capitula with
narrowly linear involucrate bracteoles, inconspicuous at anthesis, tube of
fruiting calyx usually strongly curved with oblique mouth. 27 spp., 22 exclusive
from savannas of C Brazil (cerrado), four extending to
Paraguay and Bolivia, and C.
pedalipes (Griseb.) Harley &
J.F.B. Pastore endemic to Cuba.
8 spp. from several states are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
22. Eplingiella Harley & J.F.B.Pastore. Shrubby habit withsmall
xeromorphic leaves, the flowers in 15−18-fld cymes, forming pedunculate,
spherical clusters of very shortly pedicellate flowers, with narrowly linear
bracteoles, not forming an involucres. Three spp. from sandy areas, in upland
areas of NE Brazil extending at
dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga) and
tabuleiros and in the Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas), in
the states of Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Sergipe and
Bahia (E. cuniloides (Epling) Harley &
J.F.B. Pastore endemic to Bahia is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book).
23. Eriope
Humb. & Bonpl. ex Benth. Trees, shrubs, subshrubs or herbs, sometimes with xylopodium.
32 spp., all in Brazil, 30 endemic, E. macrostachya
Mart. ex Benth. and E. crassipes Benth. extending into Colombia,
Venezuela, French Guiana, and Paraguay, mostly in savannas and mountains. 9
spp. of several states are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s
book.
24. Gymneia
(Benth.) Harley & J.F.B.Pastore. Herbs; inflorescences forming elongate
congested or interrupted spikes, composed of globose verticillasters in the
axils of reduced bracts; fruiting calyx with tube strongly curved and with
oblique mouth. 7 spp., all in Brazil (4 endemic), occurring in the savannas of
C Brazil (cerrado), three extending to E Bolivia and one also in
Paraguay, with one species typical of waste places in dry seasonal scrubland of
NE Brazil (caatinga).
25. Hypenia (Mart. ex
Benth.) Harley. Shrubs or subshrubs, often aromatic. 26 spp., H. violacea
Mart. Gord. & S. Valencia endemic to Mexico, and 25 in Brazil, 21 endemic
(six of these, mainly in Goiás state, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book), H. salzmannii (Benth.) Harley, a
somewhat weedy spp. of NE Brazil in upland dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil
(caatinga) and coastal sands, often behaves as an annual, in drier
areas, extending rarely into the foothills of some of the tepuis of the Eastern
Guiana Shield; and three reaching from Brazil to Bolivia and Paraguay: H.
glauca (A. St.-Hil. ex Benth.) Harley, H. macrosiphon (Briq.) Harley
and H. reticulata (Mart. ex Benth.) Harley.
26. Hyptidendron
Harley. Trees, shrubs or subshrubs, often aromatic. 22 spp., from E Brazil to
Mato Grosso and Rondônia (three from center states are rare plants in Brazil,
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), three extending into E Bolivia, and H. arboreum
(Benth.) Harley, of forest margins, has a disjunct distribution in the Guiana Shield,
in Colombia and on the Peru/Bolivia border.
27. Hyptis
Jacq. Herbs to shrubs or small trees, very rarely
lianoids, some members (in center Brazil) are Cupressus-like, sometimes
with xylopodium. 170 spp., almost entirely New
World, from USA to Caribbean and southern to Argentina and Peru. 155 spp. in
South America, 130 in Brazil, 92 endemic, 22 are rare plants in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
28. Leptohyptis
Harley & J.F.B.Pastore. Herbs; flowers arranged in few-flowered compact
cymes in the axils of inconspicuous bracts, forming a very slender ±
interrupted spike, the flowers with an actinomorphic calyx with subulate lobes,
bearing a scarious, deltate flange in each sinus between them, the corolla
tubular. 5 spp., restricted to the mountains of NE Brazil, in Bahia and
Pernambuco. L. pinheiroi (Harley) Harley & J.F.B.Pastore from Bahia
state is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
29. Marsypianthes
Mart. ex Benth. Shrubs or perennial herbs. 7 spp., 5 in
savannas and coastal dunes of C Brazil (cerrado), M. hassleri
Briq. up to Paraguay and Argentina, and M. chamaedrys (Vahl) Kuntze from
Mexico southwards and widely distributed in the Neotropics.
30. Martianthus
Harley & J.F.B.Pastore. Cyanocephalus-like, but with flowers in
compact pedunculate, spherical capitula with an involucre of linear, membranous
bracteoles, the calyx tube is often curved downwards in fruit and the gynoecium
without a stylopodium. 4 spp., three restricted to dry seasonal scrubland of NE
Brazil (caatinga), in dry montane; and M. elongatus (Benth.)
Harley & J.F.B.Pastore, in similar semi-arid conditions in Huarochiri,
coastal Peru. M. sancti-gabrielii (Harley) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore
ex Benth. from Bahia state is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
31. Medusantha
Harley & J.F.B.Pastore. Shrubs, sometimes with xylopodium.
8 spp., 7 endemic to E Brazil and M. eriophylla
(Pohl ex Benth.) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore up to E Bolivia. M.
carvalhoi (Harley) Harley & J.F.B.Pastore from Bahia state is a rare
plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
32. Mesosphaerum
P. Browne Civ. Herbs to shrubs, inflorescence with
several to many flowers in lax or more congested cincinnate cymes, with
bracteoles not forming an involucre, the flowers with a calyx often with white
trichomes at the throat, and the gynoecium with stylopodium absent. 24 spp.,
with a primarily Andean distribution (13) especially in Ecuador and Colombia.
19 spp. in South America, 5 in Brazil, three very wider and two endemic (M.
irwinii (Harley) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore from Bahia state is a rare
plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
33. Ocimum
L. Shrubs or herbs, sometimes with xylopodium,
usually aromatic. 65 spp. worldwide, 5 in New World, O. campechianum
Mill. from Florida and Mexico to Uruguay and Caribbean, O. carnosum
(Spreng.) Link & Otto ex Benth. in Mexico, N Venezuela, S Bolivia to
Brazil and N Argentina, two from Brazil to Argentina,
Paraguay and Uruguay, and O. transamazonicum E. Pereira endemic to
Brazil.
34. Oocephalus
(Benth.) Harley & J.F.B.Pastore. Herbs to shrubs,
inflorescence of congested pedunculate or sessile cymes, not forming a globose
or semi-globose capitulum but near ovoid in form, surrounded by an involucre of
often broad, ovate or lanceolate bracteoles; corollas with an elongate tube. 22
spp. from Brazil, typically in rocky grasslands (campos rupestres) of
the Espinhaço Range of Minas Gerais and Bahia and in similar habitats in Goiás,
O. oppositiflorus (Schrank) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore is spreading
into disturbed habitats in E Bolivia. Six spp. are rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
35. Orthosiphon
Benth. Shrubs or herbs, often geoxylic. 44
spp., highly disjunct, 43 in Africa, Madagascar and tropical or subtropical
Asia, and O. americanus Harley & A.J.Paton in New World,
endemic to Colombia.
36. Physominthe
Harley & J.F.B.Pastore. Shrubs or subshrubs, often aromatic; stems virgate,
erect; leaves lobed, sometimes weakly so; inflorescence thyrsoid, lax, formed
of pedunculate, subumbellate cymes (with intercalary axes reduced), 3- to
6-flowered, flowers shortly pedicellate from the axils of minute, subulate
bracts. Two spp., P. vitifolium (Pohl ex Benth.) Harley &
J.F.B.Pastore, restricted to usually montane savannas of C Brazil (cerrado),
in areas of Bahia, Minas Gerais, Goiás and São Paulo states, and P.
longicaulis Harley endemic to Bahia.
37. Rhaphiodon
Schauer. Herb, perennial strongly aromatic; stems prostrate from central
tap-root, rooting at nodes; inflorescence a solitary spherical capitulum,
many-flowered, axillary; flowers sessile; corolla strongly 2-lipped,
5-lobed (2/3), deep purple; nutlets large, usually 1-2 developing per
flower, slightly flattened, glossy, mucilage absent. Only one sp., R.
echinus (Nees & Mart.) Schauer, in dry sandy places subject to
seasonal flooding, NE Brazil, especially along roadsides; only
genus endemic to Brazil composed of only weed species.
4.
SUBFAMILY PRTEMNOIDEAE (3/170-180)
Outsiders Gmelina
(32, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, southern China, SE Asia, Malesia to New
Guinea, tropical Australia, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Fiji) and Premna (129,
tropical Africa, Madagascar, Indian Ocean islands, tropical Asia to tropical
Australia and islands in the Pacific).
38. Cornutia Plum. ex L. Trees or shrubs, leaves usually aromatic. 8 spp. from
New World, Mexico to Peru, east to French Guiana, Brazil and Caribbean, 4 in
South America, C. pubescens Gaertn. only in French Guiana, C.
australis Moldenke endemic to Minas Gerais state in SE Brazil (unique in
Brazil), one only from Venezuela to Peru, and C. pyramidata L. from
Mexico to Bolivia and Guianas.
5.
SUBFAMILY AJUGOIDEA (23/740–770)
Outsiders in
New World includes Ovieda (1, Hispaniola), Tetraclea (1, Arizona, Texas, N
Mexico) and Trichostema (26, southern Canada, USA, Mexico).
39. Aegiphila Jacq. Trees,
shrubs or woody vines, frequently dioecious. 139 spp., Florida, Mexico to
Argentina, east up to French Guiana, 119 in South America, 50 in Brazil, 23 endemic,
4 of then in Amazonas, Pará and São Paulo states are rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
40. Amasonia
L.f. Shrubs, subshrubs and perennial herbs, sometimes
with taproot tubers. 7 spp. from French Guiana to
Peru, Brazil (all species, one endemic), Bolivia and Paraguay.
41. Clerodendrum
L. Herbs to trees. 245 spp. worldwide, 8 in New World, 4
in South America, scattered, two in Brazil, C. ekmanii Moldenke up to
Argentina, and C. rusbyi Moldenke endemic.
42. Monochilus
Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Perennial herbs or shrubs with racemose inflorescences.
Two spp., both endemic to Brazil, M. obovatus C. P. Cantino in savannas
of Goiás state (cerrado),
and M. gloxiniifolius Fischer & C. A. Mayer in Atlantic Forest of
Rio de Janeiro and south Espírito Santo states.
43. Teucrium L Shrubs, subshrubs or perennial herbs (rarely annual or
biennial), often aromatic;. 295 spp., subosmopolitan but mostly extra-tropical,
centred in Mediterranean. 11 from southern USA to Chile, east to French Guiana
and Brazil — 4 in South America, two widely distributed, T. cubense
Jacq. and T. vesicarium Mill., both in Brazil, and two endemic to
Chile.
44. Volkameria
L. Shrubs, sometimes subherbaceous, lianes, rarely small
trees; branches ± tetragonal; leaves never spiny; inflorescences axillary to
supra-axillary cymes; flowers usually fragrant; calyx campanulate, sometimes
pink or purple, lobes unequal; fruits generally globose to obovoid. 11
spp., pantropical, 4 in New World, V. aculeata L. from Mexico to Brazil
and Caribbean, up to Guianas, V. ligustrina Jacq. from Mexico and America
Central, and two from America Central to W South America.
6.
SUBFAMILY SCUTELLARIOIDEA (5/380)
Outsiders Holmskioldia (3,
Himalayas), Renschia (1, northern Somalia), Tinnea (20,
tropical and southern Africa) and Wenchengia (1,
Hainan).
45. Scutellaria
L. Perennial herbs, shrubs and subshrubs, usually
non-aromatic. 476 spp., cosmopolitan, poorly represented in tropical lowlands,
possibly absent in southern Africa, 147 in New World, over countries, 34 spp.
in South America, 8 in Brazil (one endemic).
7.
SUBFAMILY LAMIOIDEA (50/1.295–1.470)
Only one
genus occurs in Neotropics southwards Mexico. A group strongly centered in
the Old World, with few representatives in the New World, in only two tribes: Synandreae (5/19,
southern and SW Canada, USA, Mexico) and Stachydeae (outsider Melittis-1,
from Europe to Türkiye), these in South America.
46. Stachys L. Perennial or annual herbs, or rarely small subshrubs,
often stroghly aromatic. 372 spp., cosmopolitan, absent in Australia and New
Zealand. 102 in New World, 32 in South America, centered in NW region, only S. gilliesii Benth.
reaching up to Brazil (also from Colombia to Chile and Uruguay).
PHRYMACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 24, 2024
Genera/species
15/207. Distribution Americas, Asia, Africa, and Australasia. Habit
annual or perennial herbs, secondarily woody; iridoids absent, possibly
sometimes present. Use ornamental plants.
SYSTEMATICS
outsiders in New World includes Diplacus (49, USA to
Mexico), Hemichaena (5, Mexico and America Central), Mimetanthe
(1, W USA to NW Mexico), Mimulus (7, North America, Asia to Africa, and
Australasia) and Phryma (1, E North America and SE Asia).
1. Erythranthe
Spach. Annual (fibrous-rooted or
taprooted) or perennial (rhizomatous), terrestrial or semi-aquatic;
stems herbaceous, prostrate to decumbent or erect, terete or 4-angled; flowers
apparently solitary or axillary in bracteate, corymboid or racemose groupings.
111 spp., mainly in North America. 12 sections,
8 only in North America/Mexico (29), two from Asia/North America (with 18 spp.
in North America and 10 in Asia), and three also in South America (7 spp.).
SECTION SINOPITHECA ‣ 4
spp. in Asia and E. bridgesii (Benth.)
G.L. Nesom in Argentina and Chile.
SECTION MIMULOSMA ‣ 18
spp., E. stolonifera (Novopokr.) G.L. Nesom from Russia, and 17 spp.
from USA and Mexico.
SECTION SIMIOLA ‣ 38 spp. restricted from North America and Mexico, 5 in Chile (3 of
then reaching into Argentina, 1 into Bolivia) and adjacent southern coast of
Peru, and one, E. glabrata (Kunth) G.L.
Nesom, from Mexico to Nicaragua, NW Venezuela to Argentina and Chile.
2. Leucocarpus
D. Don. Shrubs or suffrutescent perennial herbs, erect, up to 2.5
m tal, large and thickened-succulent leaves; flowers in axillary,
pedunculate cymes, on short, bracteate pedicels. Corollas yellow or
white with a yellow throat, deciduous, limbs bilabiate; fruit a berry. Only one
sp., L. perfoliatus (Kunth) Benth. ranging from center Mexico and
America Central (Panama, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala) southward to South
America (Venezuela to Bolivia), at elevations of 450-3,100 m.
OROBANCHACEAE
§ PARASITIC (Prosopanche –
Cassytha - ... - Mitrastemon – APODANTHACEAE – SANTALALES - Lennoa
– OROBANCHACEAE - Cuscuta)
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JULY 13, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp. 99/2,000
Distribution cosmopolitan. Habit bisexual, usually perennial,
biennial or annual herbs (sometimes climbers (Velloziella), rarely
shrubs or suffrutices (Brandisia, Cyclocheilon, Asepalum).
Nearly all spp. are either root hemiparasites having green assimilating leaves,
or more or less succulent achlorophyllous root holoparasites with scale-like
leaves. Often blackening when dry. Roots in Asepalum and Cyclocheilon
at least usually red. Lindenbergia comprises autotrophic,
photosynthesizing plants. This family include some damaging
weeds such as the witchweeds (Striga
and allies).
21/300-330
spp. are native in the Neotropics and one (Parentucellia)
is naturalised, throughout the Neotropics, especially the Andes
and the highlands of Brazil. Rehmania clade is divergetnt of the
remaining Orobanchaceae (2/9, Rehmannia:
China, Korean Peninsula, Japan; Triaenophora: China). Lindebergieae
subfamily absent in South America.
This family
include some damaging weeds such as the witchweeds (Striga
asiatica (L.) Kuntze, S. hermonthica (Delile) Benth.
and allies) and they present in the agriculture in many countries,
particularly in Africa and Asia, affecting very poor areas. The
parasitic habit, plus the quick life cycle, and extraordinary capacity for
propagation (thousands of small seeds carried by wind can be produced by a
single plant), makes the species of Striga some of the
worst weeds in the world.
There is no
record of Striga infestation in the Neotropics, but some areas
in USA have been infected for decades, with little perspective of eradication.
Considering that many places where Striga species occur in
Asia and Africa have a climate similar to the Neotropics and also a similarity
in crops cultivated, it is realistic to be concerned about these species. Buchnera,
which is morphologically similar to Striga and its sister
group, has many native Neotropical species, but there is no record of Buchnera species
behaving as weeds; many genera have big and attractive flowers, with ornamental
potential. These include Esterhazya, Escobedia, Agalinis
and Physocalyx, but cultivation are difficult since they are parasites.
Key
differences from similar families
Orobanchaceae
could be differentiated from Scrophulariaceae by number of locules in the ovary
(1 in Orobanchaceae, 2 in Scrophulariaceae). In the current circunscription,
the main difference between the two families is the parasitic habit, not always
obvious, since some Orobanchaceae, such as Esterhazya, Agalinis
and Physocalyx can be robust shrubs, apparently independent of other
plants; from Verbenaceae, Acanthaceae and Lamiaceae, which Orobanchaceae is
sometimes confused, Orobanchaceae can be differentiated by the number of ovules
(many in these three families and 1 in Orobanchaceae) in addition to the
parasitic habit.
SYSTEMATIC three
high clades, Rehmannieae (2/7, China,
Korea and Japan) and Lindenbergieae (1/12, NE Africa, tropical Asia to
Philippines, with their highest diversity in India) does not
occur in South America. Among parasitic subfamily Orobanchoideae
(97/1,820–2,100), tribe Cymbarieae (6/24,
E USA, E Mediterranean, SW Asia, Ukraine and S Russia to Central and E Asia)
does not occur in South America.
Key to
genera of South American Orobanchaceae
The
morphological distintion between some genera of Euphrasinae is unclear and the
key, in this sense, is provisional, waiting for a comprehensive phylogenetic
and morphological work concerning to this group.
1. Plants
holoparasitic, without chlorophyll; ovary unilocular ------------ Aphyllon
1. Plants
hemiparasitic (mostly not evidently so), with chlorophyll; ovary bilocular - 2
2. Calyx
strongly zygomorphic, sometimes spathe -like - 3
3. Climbers
or scandent plants; corolla with the upper lip not domed ------------ Velloziella
3. Erect
plants; corolla generally with the upper lip domed - 4
4. Leaves
alternate; bracts showy (more than flowers) ------------ Castilleja
4. Leaves
generally opposite or verticillate; bracts not showy - 5
5. Calyx
spathe -like ------------ Nothochilus
5. Calyx
campanulate, not spathe -like - 6
6. Corolla
ventricous (inflated) ------------ Lamourouxia
6. Corolla
not ventricous - 7
7. Corolla
with upper lip laterally compressed and entire or bilobed ------------ Pedicularis
7. Corolla
with upper lip not laterally compressed and always entire ------------ Neobartsia
2. Calyx
actinomorphic or almost so - 8
8. Corolla
salver-shaped - 9
9. Anthers
1-thecate; corolla up to 3 cm long; generally pink, purple or violet ------------ Buchnera
9. Anthers
2-thecate; corolla more than 3 cm long; white or cream ------------ Escobedia
8. Corola
mostly campanulate or bilabiate, not salver-shaped - 10
10. Corolla
evidently 2-lipped - 11
11. Corolla
with upper lip laterally compressed ------------ Pedicularis
11. Corolla
with upper lip not laterally compressed - 12
12. Corolla
inflated, red or pink and over 2.5 cm long ------------ Lamourouxia
12. Corolla
not inflated, yellow, white, pink, generally under 2.5 cm long - 13
13. Corolla
yellow - 14
14. Calyx
with multipartite lobes ------------ Agalinis
14. Calyx
not with multipartite lobes ------------ Melasma
13. Corolla
red, pink or orange - 15
15. Leaves
with serrate margins ------------ Magdalenaea
15. Leaves
with entire margins - 16
16. Stamens
exsert, anthers villous ------------ Esterhazya
16. Stamens
included; anthers glabrous or almost so - 17
17. Corolla
rose to pink; calyx not inflated, green or purple ------------ Agalinis
17. Corolla
orange; calyx inflated, also orange ------------ Physocalyx
10. Corolla
tubular, campanulate, subrotaceous or subglobose, not 2-lipped - 18
18. Corolla
with upper lip entire; capsule ovoid to subglobose ------------ Neobartsia
18. Corolla
with upper lip generally bilobed; capsule oblong to lanceolate, flattened ------------ Euphrasia
UNPLACED
GENERA - nine outsider genera from Africa, six from USA/Mexico (some endemic
to a own single country), Seymeriopsis from Cuba, 4 from
Madagascar, six from NE, E, SE Asia, Leptorhabdos (1, Caucasus,
Iran to Central Asia and Himalayas) and Micrargeria (3, tropical
Africa, India) are unplaced in tribes.
1. Magdalenaea Brade.
Perennial shrubs, glabrous; stems erect, leaves cauline. Only one sp., M.
limae Brade, a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book,
endemic to the Pedra Dubois, Santa Maria Madalena in eastern Brazil; many
recent expedictions were made ir order to find this spp. in field with no
results; it is possible to be extincted.
2. Nothochilus Radlk.
Perennial suffrutescent herbs or dwarf shrubs, pubescent; stems erect, terete,
rarely with secondary branches; inflorescences raceme, with green bracts,
orange flowers. Only one sp., N. coccineus Radlk., ornamental,
a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, endemic in rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres) to the Serra do Caparaó, between Minas
Gerais and Espírito Santo states in Eastern Brazil, possibly parasiting only Chusquea
bamboos, in a small area of less 5 km2, highly endangered.
3. Physocalyx Pohl.
Perennial suffrutescent shrubs, pubescent; stems erect, terete. 3 spp., endemic
to the Espinhaço Range in Bahia (P. scaberrimus Philcox, a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book) and Minas Gerais (2), E Brazil.
4. Velloziella
Baill. Herbs to shrubs, mainly scadent, unique
climbings among Orobanchaceae, perenial; stems erect, flexuose,
terete. Three spp., two in southern & SE Brazil, and V.
spathacea (Oliv.) Melch. restricted in Guiana Shield, from Roraima and
adjacent areas of Venezuela and Guyana.
OROBANCHEAE
(12/c. 180) - outsiders in New Wortld includes Boschniakia (1, temperate
Asia to Japan, NW North America), Conopholis (3, SE USA,
Mexico to Panama), Epifagus (1, North America), Kopsiopsis (2,
W North America), and Orobanche (c 100; temperate and subtropical
regions of both hemispheres).
5. Aphyllon
Mitch. (off Orobanche)
Herb, annual or rarely perennial, achlorophyllous, holoparasitic; stems fleshy;
leaves reduced to scale-like bracts; inflorescences terminal racemes, spikes,
corymbs, or panicles; calyx 5-toothed; corolla sympetalous, bilabiate to
regular, tubular and often curved; fruit loculicidal capsules. 20 spp., 16 in
North America, and 4 in South America: A. chilense (Phil.) A.C. Schneid. (Chile
and Argentina, parasiting almost exclusively Grindelia chiloensis), A.
tacnaense (Mattf.) A.C. Schneid. (S
Peru, and probably Cuzco, parasiting mainly Franseria and Artemisia,
both Asteraceae), A. tarapacanum (Phil.)
A.C. Schneid. (N Chile, uncollected from 1891 to 1972) and A.
weberbaueri (Mattf.) A.C. Schneid. (S
Peru, and known from the type collection).
RHINANTHEAE
(15/340-510) - outsiders in New Wortld includes Bartsia (1,
cold-temperate and alpine regions in Europe and North America), Melampyrum (37,
temperate regions on the northern Hemisphere) and Rhinanthus (35, temperate
regions on the northern Hemisphere).
6. Euphrasia
L. 215 spp. northern hemisphere (14 in
North America from Arctic to Montana and Michigan) up to New Guinea, nearly
absent in Africa and USA, Oceania, and South America (8), from Bolivia, Chile
and Argentina, in two sections, both endemic: Paradoxae (monotypic, Juan
Fernandes) and Trifida (7, mainly Chile, 5 in Argentina, E.
antarctica Benth. up to Bolivia).
7. Neobartsia
L. Annual or perennial hemiparasitic herbs
or subshrubs, usually pubescent and often glandular; stems prostrate, scandent,
or erect, branched mainly in the proximal parts; corolla pubescent, yellow,
red, purple, or lavender with the lobes equal to unequal. 47 spp., Andean South
America from Colombia to Argentina, two disjuncts in Mexico and Guatemala, up 2,800m
elevation range.
BUCHNEREAE
(20/c. 390) - outsiders all are confined in Old World.
8. Buchnera
L. Herbs to subshrubs, sometimes
with xylopodium. 140 spp., Africa to Australia and
southern USA to Argentina, 23 in New Wortld, 20 in South America, 11 in Brazil,
5 endemic.
9. Melasma P.J.
Bergius. Perennial suffutescent herbs, sometimes
shrubs; stems erect, terete. 7 spp., 3 in Africa and 4 in New World, M. physaloides
(D. Don) Melch. from America Central and Mexico, M. rhinanthoides
(Cham.) Benth. in Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, M. melampyroides
(Rich.) Pennell from Mexico to tropical South America, and M. strictum
(Benth.) Hassl. from Colombia to Argentina.
10. Escobedia
Ruiz & Pav. Perennial herbs to subshrubs, glabrous
or pubescent, roots yellow. 7 spp., 5 from Mexico to America Central, one
endemic to Colombia, and the widely distributed E. grandiflora (L. f.)
Kuntze from Mexico to S Brazil and Argentina.
PEDICULARIDEAE
(11/870-970) - oustiders in New World includes Aureolaria (8,
USA, Mexico), Cordylanthus (19, North America), Orthocarpus
(8, Canada, W USA, NW Mexico), Seymeria (25, USA, Mexico) and Triphysaria (6,
British Columbia to California).
11. Agalinis
Raf. (inc. Anisantherina). Annual
or perennial herbs, glabrous or scabrid; corolla mainly pink tons. 66 spp.,
from the coastal plain of Nova Scotia in Canada, to the puna communities above
3,000 m in the Andes of South America (28). 14 spp. in Brazil, 10 endemic, 4 of
then, all in Minas Gerais state, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
Agalinis from North
America are herbaceous while shrubs and mainly subshrubs are common in South
America; most Brazilian species occur in the SE and S, mainly in rocky grasslands (campos rupestres) of Minas Gerais state,
generally restricted to certain mountain ridges or groups of ridges; one from
the species, A. hispidula (Martius) D
'Arcy, has a much broader distribution, ranging from the Antilles region to
about 20° southern latitude.
12. Castilleja
Mutis ex L.f. Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous or
pubescent; stems erect; bracts more attractive than flowers.
216 spp., 207 in New World, being 3 in E North America, 5 in Eurasia, 30 in America
Central and South America (21), and the rest in W North America, only the
widely distributed C. arvensis Schltdl. & Cham. in Brazil.
13. Esterhazya
J.C.Mikan. Perennial shrubs, stems erect; leaves
cauline, opposite, flowers pink to red. Six spp., Brazil (all species, 5 endemic,
three are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, narrow endemic
in highlands of E Brazil in Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states), Paraguay
and Bolivia (only E. splendida J.C. Mikan).
14. Lamourouxia
Kunth. Perennial suffutescent herbs. 30 spp., N Mexico to Andean
Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, with L. virgata
Kunth in Colombia to Peru and L. sylvatica Kunth in
southern Ecuador and Peru.
15. Pedicularis
L. Annual, biennial or perennial, half rosulate or rosulate herbs,
glabrous to densely villose. 677 spp., 43 in New World, 42 in North America to
Panama, and P. incurva Benth. in Andes of Colombia
and Ecuador.
LINEAGE
8 of 8: BIGNO/VERBENO/ACANTHOIDS
SCHELEGELIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
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IN POWO ON JUNE 24, 2024
Genera/spp.
4/38 Distribution S Mexico, America Central, NW South America, Cuba (Synapsis).
Habit bisexual, evergreen trees or shrubs (sometimes twining, often
epiphytic). Bark often whitish.
SYSTEMATICS outsider
Synapsis (1, E Cuba).
1. Exarata
A. H. Gentry. Large canopy trees, branchlets terete; flowers
distinctly pedicellate. Only one sp., E. ilicifolia Griseb., forests of
Choco, in Ecuador and Colombia.
2. Gibsoniothamnus
L.O. William. Small epiphytic or rarely terrestrial shrubs; stems
erect, rounded. 12 spp., restricted of America Central (six spp. endemic to
Panama), except G. alatus A.H. Gentry up to Colombia and G. cornutus
(Donn. Sm.) A.H. Gentry up to Mexico.
3.
Schlegelia Miq.
Small epiphytic or rarely terrestrial shrubs, trees or
vines; stems erect, rounded. 24 spp., 15 spp. from Guatemala to Peru and
Venezuela to French Guiana (one of them also in Caribbean), two only Caribbean,
14 in South America, S. roseiflora Ducke disjunct in French Guiana and
Peru, and six in Brazil, one endemic. S. dressleri A.H. Gentry
from Bajo Calima region, Choco, W Colombia, has the largest leaf among Schlegeliaceae.
MARTYNIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
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IN POWO ON JUNE 24, 2024
Genera/spp.
5/14 Distribution warm and arid or semiarid regions from the southern
USA southwards to Argentina. Habit bisexual, usually annual (rarely
perennial) herbs (rarely shrubs, in Holoregmia with fleshy young stems).
Craniolaria annua L. has a large root tuber. With densely spaced
glandular hairs and evil-smelling. Mycorrhiza probably absent.
Some spp. (Proboscidea,
Ibicella) are possibly carnivorous; the glands are similar to those in Byblis
and Lentibulariaceae, although this may be a precursor to insect-trapping. Fragnment
of old Pedaliaceae.
SYSTEMATIC outsider
is Martynia (2, Mexico, America Central, the Greater Antilles).
1.
Craniolaria L. Annual herbs with xylopodium;
corolla white to yellowish. Two spp., C. annua L.
in Colombia to Guyana, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Porto Rico, and C. integrifolia
Cham. from Bolivia to Uruguay and S Brazil.
2. Holoregmia Ness.
Shrub, robust much-branched woody to small tree, up to 3m tall, younger stems
fleshy; corolla pale ochraceous yellow; viscid leaves, large, lobed. Only one
sp., H.
viscida Ness., SE Bahia state in NE Brazil, with very restricted
distribution in Diamantina Range, in Rio das Contas valley, sometimes in
disturbed habitats; most primitive genera in this family.
3. Ibicella
(Stapf) Van Eselt. Annual herbs; corolla pale to deep yellow; fruit with two
long horns. Two spp., both in Argentina and Paraguay, one up to S Brazil,
another up to Bolivia.
4. Proboscidea
Schmidel. Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes with a thickened
primarly root. 7 spp. from southern USA to Mexico, P.
altheifolia (Benth.) Decne. disjunct in Peru.
BIGNONIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
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IN POWO ON JULY 08, 2024
Genera/spp. 79/827
Distribution mainly tropical regions, with their largest diversity in
South America, some spp. in subtropical and warm-temperate Asia. Habit bisexual,
usually evergreen (rarely deciduous) trees, shrubs or lianas (Argylia and
Incarvillea are perennial herbs, Tourrettia consists of twining
perennial herbs). Often with leaf-tendrils. Lenticels often frequent on stems
and branches.
Some spp. of
Tabebuia and Catalpa are used for timber. Jacaranda, Tabebuia
and Crescentia provide ornamentals widely cultivated in subtropical and
tropical regions. Several spp. have been reported to contain active compounds
against major diseases such as cancer (bark of Tabebuia), malaria,
hepatitis, leishmaniases, diabetes, etc; the onion and garlic-smelling spp. (Mansoa)
and clove-smelling spp. (Tynanthus) are used as condiments throughouts
the Neotropics. B. nocturna (Barb. Rodr.) L.G. Lohmann is used in
love portion and hallucinogenous. Fridericia chica (Humb. & Bonpl.) L.G.Lohmann.
produces a red dye which is used to dye basket fibres and for Body paints by
native peoples in Amazon; fruits of Crescentia are used for maracas
instruments.
SYSTEMATICS nine
clades, eight as tribes, Catalpeae (2/9,
Catalpa-8 in China, C & E USA and Caribbean, Chilopsis-1, SW
& SC U.S.A. to N Mexico), Oroxyleae (4/6–8, tropical Asia)
and Coleeae (18/140–145, tropical Africa, Madagascar, Indian Ocean
islands, NW and W India, SE Asia, Malesia and eastwards to northern Queensland
and SW Pacific Islands) do not occur in New World.
UNPLACED
GENERA – only two, both in South America.
1. Paratecoma
Kuhlm. Large trees up to 65 m tall, the tallest of all Lamiales
in Brazil, stems glabrous, corolla white, salver-former tubular,
inflorescence in axillary fascicles. Only one sp., P. peroba (Record)
Kuhlman, in Rio Doce valley, in Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro
states in SE Brazil.
2. Romeroa
Dugand. Small to medium-sized trees, corolla yellow. Only one sp.,
R. verticillata Dugand, endemic to Magdalena Valley in from Colombia.
TRIBE JACARANDEAE
(2/50) ‣ a single genus.
3. Jacaranda
Juss. Trees or shrubs up to 40 m tall, sometimes xylopodium
subshrubs (centered in
savannas of center Brazil), stems glabrous pubescents, corolla blue or purple
blue to magenta. 49 spp., from Guatemala to South America (43), 37 in Brazil,
24 endemic, in 4 sections.
SECTION COPAIA ‣ monothecal
anthers and cupular calyces. A single species, J. copaia (Aubl.) D. Don,
from America Central to Bolivia, Brazil and Guianas.
SECTION DILOBOS ‣ dithecal
anthers and cupular calyces, and including more than half of the species of the
genus, all restricted to Brazil. 7 spp. in several states are
rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
SECTION JACARANDA ‣ monothecal
anthers and campanulate calyces; 11 spp. from South America, J. caucana
Pittier up to America Central, and six restricted for Caribbean. A specimen
of J. decurrens Cham. (Bignoniaceae) — an endangered species from
savannas of C Brazil and adjacent Paraguay (cerrado) — in Ouro Grosso
range, Itutinga municipality, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, with a crown diameter
of 22m; the mean age calculated for the individual was 3,801 years, making
it one of the oldest known living Neotropical plants; this
species is an obligate geophyte with small seasonal aerial branches growing
from woody underground systems.
SECTION NEMATOPOGON ‣ species
previously included in Digomphia and united by divided staminode apices
and spathaceous calyces. 3 spp., two only in Guiana Shield
of Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil, Colombia, at 100-2,500 m elevation range, another
disjunct in this area and Andes (Guyana to Bolivia and Peru).
TRIBE TOURRETIEAE
(2/4) ‣ two genera, both in South America.
4. Eccremocarpus
Ruiz & Pavon. Wiry vine with
multifoliate, usually tripinnatisect tendrillate leaves. Three spp. from Andes
of Colombia to Argentina and Chile.
5. Tourretia
Foug. Annual herbs (unique at family in New World
plus Argylia), with vine with tendrillate leaves. Only one
sp., T. lappacea (L'Hér.) Willd, from Mexico to Bolivia, east up to
Venezuela, and Argentina.
TRIBE TECOMEAE
(11/72) ‣ outsiders all Old World except Astianthus (1,
Mexico to Nicaragua) and Campsis (2, 1 in E. China to Japan, 1 in C
& E USA).
6. Argylia
D. Don. Perennial chamaephytic subshrubs to herbs (unique
at family in New World plus Tourretia), stems
sometimes terminating in spine. 13 spp. from Argentina to Chile, A. radiata
(L.) D. Don up to S Peru.
7. Campsidium
Seem. Liana, stem glabrous, except for a few, minute lepidote
scale, composed leaves, pink flowers. Only one sp., C. valdivianum
(Phil.) W. Bull, in the Valdivian rainforest of SW Argentina to S Chile.
8. Tecoma
Juss. Shrub or small trees, rarely subscandent. 7 spp., six from
Ecuador to Argentina and Chile, and T. stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth in all
(sub-)tropical New World from Arizona and Florida in USA up to Argentina,
widespread and common around the Caribbean, occurring in most of the West
Indies and thence along the mountain chains from Mexico south to northern Argentina;
in South America rarely far from the Andes and apparently absent as a native
plant from Brazil. It is widely cultivated in Bolivia and throughout the
tropics.
TRIBE DELOSTOMEAE
(1/4) ‣ a single genus.
9. Delostoma
D. Don Tree or shrubs, stems glabrous to pubescent; corolla red or
magenta. 4 spp., Andes from Venezuela to Peru.
TRIBE BIGNONIEAE
(20/415–420)
‣ all genera occur in South America.
10. Adenocalymma
Mart ex Meisn. Lianas, stems with four
phloem arms in cross section; corolla yellow, tubular t campanulate. 93 spp.
from tropical America, 91 in South America (three also in America Central to
Mexico), with endemic in Colombia (3), French Guiana (2) and Brazil ( 82, 53 endemic,
10 of then are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
11. Amphilophium
Kunth. Lianas, stems with multiples of
four phloem arms in cross section; corolla cream or purple, tubular. 49 spp.,
from Mexico to Caribbean to Argentina, 44 in South America, 30 in Brazil, 11 endemic.
A. perbracteatum A.H.Gentry from Bahia state is a
rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
12. Anemopaegma
Bureal ex Bail. Shrubs or lianas, stems with multiples of four
phloem arms in cross section, sometimes with xylopodium;
corolla bright to pale yellow, tubular to campanulate. 48 spp., all in South
America, six up to Mexico and America Central, 35 in Brazil, 16 endemic. A.
mirabile (Sandwith) A.H.Gentry from Piauí state is a rare plant in Brazil,
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
In Bignoniaceae cauliflory seems to have evolved at least three
times, once in the Paleotropical clade (Colea Bojer ex Meisn., Ophiocolea H. Perrier and Rhodocolea Baill.), once
within the ‘Tabebuia Alliance’ clade (Amphitecna Miers, Crescentia L. and Parmentiera DC.), and once in
Adenocalymma Mart. ex Meisn. in Bignonieae. A. cauliflorum L.H. Fonseca
& L.G. Lohmann from the Atlantic Forest as the only fully cauliflorous of the genus, of the five species (all in Brazilian) with this characteristic.
13. Bignonia L. Lianas, stems with multiples of 4 phloem arms in cross section;
corolla dull red to orange outside, yellow within. 31 spp., 30 from Mexico to
Caribbean, Brazil and Paraguay (28 in South America), and B. capreolata
L. in S USA. 20 spp. in Brazil, two endemic. B. nocturna (Barb. Rodr.)
L.G. Lohmann smelling of almond (cyanide) and containing hallucionogenic
compounds. B. costata (Bureau & K.Schum.) L.G.Lohmann from Rio de
Janeiro state is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
14. Callichlamys
Miq. Lianas, shrub when young, stems with 4 phloem arms in cross section;
corolla campanulate, yellow to orange. Only one sp., C. latifolia
(L. Rich) K. Schaum., from Mexico to Brazil in over tropical America.
15. Cuspidaria
DC. Lianas, stems with 4 phloem arms in cross section; corolla cream to pale
yellow or magenta, tubular to campanulate. 19 spp. in South America, C.
inaequalis (DC. ex Splitg.) L.G. Lohmann up to Panamá, 18 in Brazil (C.
weberbaueri (Sprague) A.H. Gentry endemic to Peru), 5 endemic.
16. Doliochandra Cham. Lianas, stems with many irregularly divided phloem arms in cross
section; corolla red, tubular. 9 spp. from South America, 4 up to America
Central and Mexico, all in Brazil, one endemic.
17. Fridericia
Mart. Lianas, rarely small trees or shrubs, stems with 4 phloem arms in cross
section; corolla red or pale pink to purple, campanulate. 61 spp. from Mexico
to Argentina and Caribbean, 57 in South America, 53 in Brazil (20 endemic, 4 of
then in Maranhão, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro states are rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
18. Lundia DC.
13 spp., of South America, two up to Mexico and America
Central, all in Brazil, 7 endemic. L. damazii DC. from Minas Gerais
state is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
19. Manaosella
J. C. Gomes. Only one sp., M. cordifolia (DC.) A.H. Gentry,
from southern Venezuela, N Brazil and Bolivia.
20. Mansoa
DC. 18 spp. of tropical New World, 17 in South America, 4 up to
Mexico and America Central, 16 in Brazil, 10 endemic. M. onohualcoides
A.H.Gentry from Ceará state is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
21. Martinella
Baill. Lianas, stems with 4 phloem arms
in cross section; corolla yellow to purplish with dark nectar guides, tubular
to campanulate. 5 spp., widely distributed in Neotropics, all in South America.
4 spp. in Brazil, two endemic.
22. Pachyptera
DC. ex. Meisn. Lianas, stems with 4 phloem arms in cross section.
5 spp., P. kerere (Aubl.) Sandwith from Honduras to Bolivia, Brazil and
Guianas, two only in Venezuela and Colombia, P. incarnata (Aubl.) J.N.C.
Franc. & L.G. Lohmann in Brazil and Guianas, and P. aromatica (Barb.
Rodr.) L.G. Lohmann endemic to Brazil.
23. Perianthomega
Bureal ex Bail. Lianas, stems lepidote. Only one sp., P.
vellozoi Bureau, S Brazil, northern Paraguay and Bolivia.
24. Pleonotoma
Miers. Lianas with tetragonal branches,
prophylls or pseudostipules of axillary bud foliaceous or stipule-like,
interpetiolar glandular fields absent, ternately compound leaves, and the
inflorescence a simple raceme. 16 spp. from N South America to SE Brazil and
westwards from the Atlantic to Colombia, Peru and Bolivia east of the Andes, in
tropical wet forests of Central and South America and also in the gallery
forests and dry forests of the Brazilian and Bolivian highlands, P.
variabilis (Jacq.) Miers up to Guatemala and Trinidad and Tobago, 15 in
Brazil, 6 endemic.
25. Pyrostegia
C. Presl. Lianas, stems with multiples of four phloem arms in
cross sections, compound leaves with two leaflets and a terminal tendril;
corolla orange-red, narrowly campanulate to tabulate (3 hummingbird pollinated
and 1 moth pollinated). Two spp., P. venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers widely
distributed tropical South America, and P. millingtonioides Sandwith exclusive
of Pará and Maranhão states in N Brazil.
26. Stizophylum
Miers. Lianas, stems with four phloem arms in cross section. Three
spp., all widely distributed or scattered in S Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil (all,
none endemic).
27. Tanaecium
Sw. Lianas; stems with multiples of four phloem arms in cross section. 22 spp.,
Mexico to Bolivia, Brazil and Guianas, 21 in South America, 16 in Brazil, 5 endemic.
28. Tynanthus Miers.
Lianas, stems with four phloem arms in cross section,
corolla white. 15 spp., Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil, 13 in South America, 11
in Brazil, 5 endemic.
29. Xylophragma Sprague.
Lianas, stems with four phloem arms in cross section. 8
spp., 7 in Brazil, 4 endemic, two up to over South America, X.
seemannianum (Kuntze) Sandwith up to America Central and
Mexico, and one endemic to Costa Rica.
TRIBE CRESCENTIEAE
(12/c.
160) ‣ outsiders Ekmanianthe (2, Cuba
and Hispaniola) and Spirotecoma (4, Cuba and Hispaniola).
30. Amphitecna
Miers. Leaves simple, often with a red pulvinus on short petiole;
inflorescence terminal or cauli/ramiflorous;
flowers greenish or creamy white, petal lobes united into rim; fruits oblong
(if orbicular, then mangrove species). 21 spp. from Florida, Mexico and
Caribbean, two up to Colombia, and A. latifolia (Mill.) A.H. Gentry from
Mexico to Ecuador, Venezuela, Caribbean and Florida.
31. Crescentia
L. Small to medium sized tree; leaves simple or 3-foliate; fruit
pepo or calabash, large, sphaerical or elliptical; inflorescences cauliflorous,
flowers greenish white, sometimes with red lines. Six spp., 4 only in Mexico, America
Central and Caribbean, C. cujete L. from Mexico to Colombia,
Venezuela and Caribbean, and C. amazonica Ducke in northern South
America, a strictly amazonic species, in Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia and Peru.
32. Cybistax
Mart. ex. Meisn. Shrub or tree; stems glabrous to lepidote;
corolla light green. Only one sp., C. antisyphilitica (Mart)
Mart., from Ecuador to Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Suriname and WC Brazil.
33. Godmania
Hemsl. Small to medium sized trees, stems pubescent, corolla yellow or brown.
Two spp., G. aesculifolia (Kunth) Standl. from Mexico to Bolivia and
Brazil, up to Guyana, and G. dardanoi (J.C. Gomes) A.H. Gentry of NE Brazil
and Venezuela.
34. Handroanthus Mattos. Trees or occasionally shrubs; wood, very dense with high
specific gravity; leaves (3)5–9 foliolate (reported to be occasionally
1-foliolate in H. pumilus (A.H. Gentry) S.O. Grose and H.
selachidentatus (A.H. Gentry) S.O. Grose, both from Brazil and
Bolivia), inflorescence dichotomously branched; calyx coriaceous, campanulate;
corolla yellow or magenta with yellow throat, tubular-infundibuliform to
tubular-campanulate, fruit an elongate linear to cylindric capsule. 36 spp.,
all in South America, six up to America Central or Caribbean. 28 spp. in
Brazil, 15 endemic, 4 of then in Bahia, Espírito Santo, Paraná and Santa
Catarina states are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
35. Parmentiera
DC. Leaves 3–5 foliolate, often with stipular spines; fruit a
linear capsule, bilocular throughout, seeds small with vestigial wings, no pulp
in fruit; flowers terminal and cauliflorous,
greenish white; calyx membranaceous. 10 spp., nine from from Mexico to Panama,
and P. stenocarpa Dugand & L.B. Sm. endemic to NW
Colombia.
36. Roseodendron
(Rose) Miranda. Trees to 35 m; leaves
palmately 5–7 foliolate; inflorescence a large terminal panicle; corolla
yellow, sometimes with reddish lines in throat, tubular-infundibuliform. Two
spp., R. donnell-smithii (Rose) Miranda, ranging from Mexico to Colombia
and Venezuela, and R. chryseum (S.F. Blake) Miranda in dry areas of
Venezuela and Colombia.
37. Sparattosperma
Mart. ex. Meisn. Medium sized to large trees, branchelets
glandular-lepidote; corolla white or pale pink. Two spp., S. catingae A.H.
Gentry endemic to Bahia state in NE Brazil (a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book), and S. leucanthum (Vell.) K. Schum. from
Venezuela to Paraguay and Brazil.
38. Tabebuia
Gomes ex DC. Trees or shrubs up to 35 m
tall; leaves 1–7(9) foliolate; inflorescence dichotomously branching; corolla
white to red, often with yellow throat, completely yellow in two species (T.
nodosa (Griseb.) Griseb. and T. aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. &
Hook. f. ex S. Moore) tubular-infundibuliform to tubular-campanulate; fruit na
elongate linear to cylindric capsule. 74 spp., widely distributed throughout America
Central and South America (17) and the Antilles, 13 in Brazil, six endemic. T.
reticulata A.H.Gentry from Espírito Santo state is a rare plant in Brazil,
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
39. Zeyheria
Mart. Shrubs or subshrubs, to 3 m tall (up to 35 m tall in Z.
tuberculosa (Vell.) Bureau ex Verl.); leaves 5-foliolate; corolla,
yellow/brown, sometimes pinkish in throat; calyx bilabiate, split to base,
densely pubescent with stellate hairs; fruit flattened orbicular, with spiny
projections, also densely stellate tomentose; seeds orbicular. Two spp., in
open savannas from C Brazil (NE region to center wetlands, both species, none
endemic) to E Bolivia.
ACANTHACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JULY 13, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp. 207/3,770–3,780
Distribution tropical regions, especially in S and SE Asia, Africa,
Brazil and America Central, some spp. in warm-temperate regions .Habit usually
bisexual (rarely unisexual), usually perennial or annual herbs, evergreen
shrubs or lianas (rarely evergreen trees; Avicennia and Hilairanthus
consists of mangrove trees or mangrove shrubs with articulated branchlets).
Some representatives are aquatic. Many species are xerophytic, and some are
epiphytic.
SYSTEMATIC all
subfamilies occur in South America. Only one gnus unplaced at subfamilies: Ritonia (4,
Madagascar).
1.
SUBFAMILY NELSONIOIDEAE (8/105-110)
Outsiders Anisosepalum (3,
Central Africa), Nelsonia (1, Africa, Madagascar, tropical Asia to
tropical Australia) and Saintpauliopsis (1, tropical Africa).
1. Aymoreana
Braz, T.F.Daniel & C.Kiel. Herb shortly caulescent, stems up
to 3 cm long, reddish, not branched, with dense multi-cellular eglandular
trichomes; iInflorescence of an axillary panicle of spikes. Only one sp., A.
nitida (S.Moore) Braz, T.F.Daniel & C.Kiel, restricted to the Atlantic
Forest, from central Espírito Santo northward to southern Bahia states, E
Brazil.
2. Elytraria Michx. 22 spp. worldwide, 7 in Old World from Africa, India, Sri Lanka,
and 15 in New World, restricted to USA to Guatemala (4), Mexico (2), Cuba (7),
Haiti (1), Ecuador (1), Peru (1), and one widely widespread E. imbricata
(Vahl) Pers., from S USA to NW Argentina and Brazil.
3. Staurogyne Wall.
Herbs to small trees; calyx with unequal segments, with
one posterior segment larger than the others, one anterior pair of segments
intermediate in size, and with one lateral pair smaller than the others;
distinguished by the four, usually didynamous stamens with a reduced staminode
between the posterior pair and by the capsules without retinacula and usually
with numerous seeds. 155 spp., distributed throughout tropical regions of the
world, 28 in New World, all in South America and Brazil (two up to Caribbean
and Mexico), 19 endemic — 8 of then, all in SE region, are rare plants in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book. Only two in Mexico and Caribbean.
2.
SUBFAMILY ACATNHOIDEAE (c
190/3.190-3,280)
8 tribes
worlwide, Physacantheae (1/3, Africa), Neuracantheae (1/13,
tropical and subtropical E Africa, Madagascar, southern Arabian Peninsula,
India to Indochina), Andrographideae (8/105–110, tropical Asia) and Whitfieldia clade
(8/c. 38, tropical Africa, Madagascar) does not occur in South America.
TRIBE ACANTHEAE (20/490–500)
– two subtribes, Acanthinae exclusive from Old World,
and Aphelandrinae in both Hemispheres, with three outsiders in New World: Holographis (16,
Mexico), Neriacanthus (1, Jamaica) and Salpixantha (1,
Jamaica).
4. Aphanandrium Lindau. 5
spp., 4 from Colombia to Peru (one up to Panama) and one endemic to Venezuela.
5. Aphelandra R.Br. (inc. Cuenotia,
Xantheranthemum) Suffrutescent herbs or shrubs,
perennials, stems terete to quadrangular; leaves opposite, petiolate;
inflorescence of terminal or axillary spikes, these often conspicuous with
showy bracts and flowers; corolla bilabiate, pale to bright red, orange or yellow;
stamens 4, usually exserted; anthers 1- thecous; capsule clavate to subglobose,
4-seeded. 208 spp., occurring from NW Mexico southeastward through regions of
both wet and dry forests to SE Brazil and NE Argentina, 183 in South America,
centered in the Andes of Colombia (66), Ecuador and Peru. 46 spp. in Brazil, 34
endemic, 14 of then, in several Brazilian states, are rare plants in Brazil, by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
6. Cyphacanthus Leonard. Only one sp., C. atopus
Leonard, endemic to Boyaca departament in Colombia.
7. Stenandrium Nees. Acaulescent
or caulescent herbs lacking cystoliths, perennials; leaves opposite or
quaternate; inflorescence of axillary or terminal elongated or headlike usually
pedunculate dichasiate spikes, dichasia opposite or alternate, 1-flowered,
sessile, subtended by bracts; flowers subtended by 2, sessile bracteoles; calyx
deeply 5-lobed, lobes equal or subequal; corolla pink, purple, or white. 50
spp., Africa, Madagascar and tropical and subtropical New World (49), 28 in
South America from Venezuela to Chile and Brazil (17, 12 endemic), also
Argentina. 4 spp., from Minas Gerais and Goiás states are rare plants in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
TRIBE BARLERIEAE (13/365–370)
- outsiders all from Old World except Barleriola (4,
Caribbean).
8.
Barleria L. 303 spp., all restricted
in Old World except B. oenotheroides Dum. Coars., from Mexico to
Colombia and Venezuela and also in Africa.
9. Lepidagathis Willd. (inc. Liberatia) Small decumbent or erect subshrubs, or erect
to sprawling shrubs; decumbent subshrubs usually have adventitious roots at the
nodes that touch the substrate; aerial branches are annual and die after
flowering and fruiting; simple or compound indeterminate inflorescence; small
to large corollas, showy, white, lilac or pinkish with purple, purplish-red or
yellow markings. 154 spp., 2/3 of which occur in
Africa, India and Malesia, 29 in New World from Mexico to South America, 24 in
South America, 15 in Brazil, 11 endemic.
TRIBE RUELLIEAE (47/985–990)
- 10 subtribes, Erantheminae (5/41-46,
Cameroon, tropical Asia, New Guinea, northern and E Australia, New Caledonia), Dinteracanthinae
(1/1, Africa), Mcdadeinae (11, Angola), Strobilanthinae (1/c.
190, tropical Asia), Phaulopsidinae (1/18; tropical Africa) and Mimulopsinae (4/24-29,
tropical Africa, Madagascar), and several unplaced genera do not occur in South
America. 3 genera incertae sedis, none in New World.
SUBTRIBE PETALIDINAE
‣ outsiders
all in Old World.
10. Dyschoriste Nees.
Decumbent to erect perennial herbs with cystoliths;
leaves opposite; inflorescence of dichasia in leaf axils throughout plant or
restricted to axils of distal leaves or bracts and forming a spicate or
capitate thyrse; dichasia alternate or opposite, 1- many flowered; corolla blue
to blue-purple to white, tube gradually or abruptly expanded distally. 99 spp.
worldwide, 53 in New World, southern USA, throughout the Caribbean, Mexico, America
Central, and South America (21, Ecuador to Argentina and Brazil (14, 9 endemic)).
Old World (OW) species are found in Africa (20), Madagascar (8), and SW to SE
(SE) Asia (7-10). D. smithii Leonard from Santa Catarina state is a rare
plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
SUBTRIBE TRICHANTHERINAE
‣ outsiders Louteridium (9,
S Mexico, America Central).
11. Bravaisia DC. Shrubs to tallest trees, sometimes very
tall, largest corolla campanulate, fertile stamesn 4; inflorescence a thyrsi;
corolla white to witish or bluish. Three spp.
from Mexico and Cuba southward to PanamA, B. integerrima (Spreng.)
Standl. up to coasts of Colombia and Venezuela, mainly coastal forests, in mangroves
environments.
12. Sanchezia Ruiz & Pavon. Erect or climbing herbs or shrubs; stems usually glabrous;
flowers solitary or more often fascicled, usually large and conspicuous,
yellow, orange, red or purple, borne in heads, spikes or racemes, the flower
clusters subtended by small or large, rarely partly connate bracts, these
sometimes colored. 44 spp., all in South America (3 up to America Central),
with their largest diversity in the Andes and Amazon rainforest from Peru,
Bolivia and Brazil (6, S. munita (Nees) Planch. endemic), some into
southern Colombia and Venezuela.
13. Suessenguthia
Merxm. Shrubs, stems erect, quadrangular, sulcate;
flowers solitary or fascicled, usually large and conspicuous, borne in heads,
spikes or cymes, the flower cluster subtended by small or often large and
partly connate bracts, these sometimes colored; corollas lilac or red, tube
cylindric, 5-lobed, the lobes equal. 8 spp., E Andes in Peru and Bolivia, S.
trochilophila Merxm. up to lowland areas in C & W Amazon
rainforests of Brazil.
14. Trichanthera Kunth. Two spp., T. gigantea (Bonpl.)
Nees in America Central to Venezuela and Ecuador and N Brazil, T.
corymbosa Leonard only in Venezuela and Colombia.
15. Trichosanchezia Midlbr.
Herbs. Only one sp., T. chrysothrix Mildbr., endemic to Amazonas
department in northern Peru.
SUBTRIBE HYGROPHILINAE
‣ outsider Brillantaisia (17,
tropical Africa, Madagascar).
16. Hygrophila R.
Br. 77 spp., tropical regions on both hemispheres, 11
in New World, resticteds in Cuba (1), Colombia to Ecuador (1), Venezuela to
Suriname (2), Brazil (5), H. costata Nees from Texas to Uruguay and
Caribbean, and H. guianensis from Mexico to Paraguay.
SUBTRIBE
RUELLINAE ‣ outsiders Acanthopale (9,
tropical regions in the Old World), Calacanthus (1, India), Dischistocalyx (13,
tropical Africa) and Satanocrater (2, tropical Africa).
17. Ruellia
L. (inc. Polylychnis,
Stachyacanthus) Herbs or shrubs, perennial sometimes
with xylopodium; leaves petiolate; inflorescence
an axillary, occasionally long-pedicellate flowers in the upper axils combined
into a terminal raceme or spike; flowers usually large and showy, regular,
sometimes curved; corolla red, yellow, white, or purple (usually mauve),
funnelform or salverform, contorted in bud, spreading in flower, sometimes
saccate, tubular at base, widened and campanulate into throat. 370 spp.,
tropical and subtropical regions on both hemispheres, 272 spp. in New World, 188
in South America, 99 in Brazil, 68 endemic. Two spp. from Santa Catarina state
are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book. 15 sections in
New Word, 11 in Brazil.
SECT. APHRAGMIA ‣ 12 spp., mainly
Mexico and E Brazil; less commonly, species occur in Argentina, Bolivia, and
Paraguay or Ecuador and Peru.
SECT. BLECHUM ‣ 12 spp., widely in tropical America, inc endemic in Brazil.
SECT. BOREOSILVA ‣ 10 spp., endemic to U.S.A.
SECT. BRASILIA ‣ 6 spp., endemic to E Brazil.
SECT. CERRADICOLA ‣ 10 spp., endemic to dry savanas in C Brazil (cerrado).
SECT. CHIROPTEROPHILAE ‣ 14 spp.,
possibly endemic to Mexico.
SECT. CHROMATORUELLIA ‣ 7 spp., Costa
Rica to Bolivia, absent in Brazil.
SECT. EURYCHANES ‣ 4 spp., endemic to dry savanas in C Brazil (cerrado).
SECT. GYMNACANTHUS ‣ 13 spp., Neotropics from Mexico to Argentina, with most
species occurring in Brazil.
SECT. MEXICANAE ‣ 8 spp., mainly endemic to Mexico, R.
erythropus (Nees) Lindau up to Brazil.
SECT. PHYSIRUELLIA ‣ 14 spp., widely in South America inc. Brazil.
SECT. RUELLIA ‣ 15 spp., mainly North America and northern America Central,
five in South America (two in Brazil) and two presumably native in the West
Indies.
SECT. SIPHONACANTHUS ‣ six spp., 5 in Brazil, one up to Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia,
and one endemic to Costa Rica.
SECT. STEPHANOPHYSUM ‣ c. 60 spp., western South America, especially portions of
Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, as well as northern South America, primarily Venezuela
and Colombia, few in Brazil.
SECT. STROBILIFORMES ‣ 12 spp., northern South America, primarily Venezuela and
Colombia, with a outlier in Bolivia. Absent in Brazil.
TRIBE JUSTICIEAE (95-100/c 1,500)
- 5 subtribes, 4 in South America, and few several unplaced genera.
Monothecinae (8/39-44, Madagascar, Asia, New Guinea) does not occur in
South America.
INCERTAE
SEDIS ‣ outsiders
Dolichostachys (1, Madagascar), Ichthyostoma (1,
Ethiopia, Somalia) and Samuelssonia (1, Hispaniola).
18. Streblacanthus Kuntze.
Three spp., two from S Mexico to America Central and S. amoenus
(Bremek.) T.F.Daniel from Peru to N Brazil.
19. Tessmanniacanthus
Mildbr. Only
one sp., T. chlamydocardioides Mildbr., endemic to Andean region of Peru.
SUBTRIBE
GRAPTOPHYLIINAE ‣ outsiders in
Old World and some in New World: Chileranthemum (3,
Mexico), Sapphoa (2, Cuba) and Spathacanthus (3, America
Central).
20. Chamaeranthemum
Nees. 4 spp., one in Costa Rica, one from
Brazil to Peru, and two endemic to SE Brazil.
21. Herpetacanthus Nees. Subshrubs to shrubs, usually anisophylous, calyx with five
subequal segments, bilabiate corolla, usually the upper lip bidentate and lower
lip trilobate; inflorescences of secundiflorous spikes or thyrsus with two
adjacent rows of sterile bracts and two adjacent rows of fertile bracts;
cleistogamy is relativaly common. 21 spp., two only in Ecuador, one only Costa Rica, H. panamensis Leonard in Honduras, Nicaragua e Panama, H. rotundatus (Lindau) Bremek. in Guianas,
Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and all 16 remaining species endemic to Brazil,
14 of these from the Atlantic Forest in Brazil, from southern
Bahia to São Paulo state.
22. Isotheca
Turrill. Only one sp., I. alba
Turrill, from Trinidad and Venezuela.
23. Odontonema
Ness. 32 spp., Mexico to Peru, Brazil and
Caribbean. 18 spp. in South America, 4 spp. in Brazil, all endemic: O.
amplexicaule (Nees) Kuntze in Amazon rainforest and 3 remaining endemic to
Atlantic Forest.
24. Oplonia Raf. 21
spp., 5 in Madagascar and 16 in tropical America, with their highest diversity
in Caribbean and three in South America, being two endemic to Peru and one in
Argentina and Bolivia.
25. Pranceacanthus Wassh. Wood herb, shrubs or subshrubs,
0.8-2.5 m tall; stems subquadrangular, ascending; leaves oblong elliptic;
inflorescences axillary and terminal, pendunculate unilateral spikes, corolla
bright red, 3.5 cm long, tubular. Only one
sp., P. coccineus Wassh, endemic to Mato Grosso, Rondonia, Acre,
Amazonas states in NW Brazil, and N Bolivia, occasional in valleys of forests
near stream and in humid, mixed forest on ‘terra firme’.
26. Pseuderanthemum Radlk. (inc. Morsacanthus) Herbs to shrubs, leaves peciolate to sessile;
inflorescence spikes terminal or axillary; corolla hipocrateriforme. 134
spp., tropical regions on both hemispheres, 55 in New World, 44 in South
America, highly centered in Andes of Colombia and Ecuador. 13 spp. in Brazil, 11
endemic.
27. Psilanthele Lindau. Only one
sp., P. eggersii Lindau, known only from three old
collections, found in the provinces of Guayas, Manabi and Chimborazo, in
Ecuador.
28. Pulchranthus V.M.Baum,
Reveal & Nowicke. 4 spp., tropical northern South America, Venezuela, Colombia,
Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil (3, none endemic) and Guianas.
SUBTRIBE ISOGLOSSINAE ‣ outsiders Brachystephanus (22,
tropical Africa, Madagascar), Celerina (1, Madagascar), Isoglossa (50,
tropical Old World, Arabian Peninsula), Melittacanthus (1, Madagascar)
and Sphacanthus (2, Madagascar).
29. Sebastianoschaueria Nees. Herbs, inflorescence of terminal
spikes; corolla violet, tube cylindric, limb deeply 5-lobed with equal lobes. Only
one sp., S. oblongata Nees,
endemic to Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states in E Brazil.
30. Stenostephanus Nees. Erect or spreading herbs or shrubs with cystoliths; leaves
opposite, petiolate; inflorescence consisting of terminal and axillary
dichasiate spikes, racemes, thyrses or panicles, 1-3- many flowered, flowers
sessile or pedunculate; corollas 1- or 2-colored, with the colors various
(usually ed, pink, yellow, cream-colored), the tube cylindric or distally
gradually or abruptly expanded into a throat. 94 spp. from New World, from W
Mexico (15) to Bolivia, Venezuela and Brazil (3, one endemic), 67 in South
America, occurring primarily at relatively high elevations (usually between 1,700-2,450
m) with greatest diversity in Colombia (a third of genus here endemic).
SUBTRIBE
TETRAMERIINAE ‣ outsiders Old
World and Ancistranthus (1, Cuba), Anisacanthus (10, USA to Costa
Rica), Aphanospermum (1, NW Mexico), Chalarothyrsus (1, Mexico),
Gypsacanthus (1, Mexico), Henrya (2, America Central),
Hoverdenia (1, Mexico), Mexacanthus (1, Mexico), Mirandea
(6, Mexico), and Yeatesia (3, SE USA to NE Mexico).
31. Carlowrightia
A. Gray. 27 spp., 26 from SW & SC USA
to Costa Rica, and C. ecuadoriana
T.F. Daniel & Wassh. endemic to Ecuador.
32. Fittonia
Coem. Two spp., F. albivenis (Lindl. ex
Veitch) Brummitt from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, N Brazil and Bolivia,
and F. gigantea Linden ex André only Peru and Ecuador, but a widely
cultivated greenhouse plant in temperate countries because of its attractive
foliage with brightly colored veins.
33.
Pachystachys Nees. Herbaceous
or suffrutescent plants; leaves large, petioled; spikes terminal, dense;
flowers borne in terminal spike of verticillasters consisting of 3 or 4 flowers
each; corolla ringent, slenderly obconic, curved, 2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed,
lobes subequal, oblong or ovate, upper lip narrow, 2- lobed apically. 18 spp.,
along edges of the lowland rain forest at relatively low elevations (below 1,000
m) from Caribbean (2) and northern South America (all species) southward to
Peru and Bolivia and eastward to French Guiana and Amazonian Brazil (6, one
endemic).
34. Schaueria Nees. Erect perennial
herbs to shrubs with cystoliths and often with conspicuously multicelullar
trichomes; compound inflorescences, flowers
white to yellow. 15 spp., endemic to E Brazil, Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul
states, in rainforest, dense woodlands, in dense ombrophyllous forests,
semideciduous forests and Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas),
between 80 and 700 m, with species mostly concentrated in Rio de Janeiro and
Bahia states.
35. Tetramerium
Nees. 30 spp., 23 from Mexico to America Central, T. nervosum
Nees from USA to Peru, 5 endemic to Peru, and T. wasshausenii T.F.
Daniel in Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador.
36. Thyrsacanthus
Moric. Shrubs, branched, cylindrical stems, sometimes dry xeric; inflorescences
racemes, spikes or thyrses; corolla mainly red, bilabiate. 8 spp., 5 endemic to
Brazil, T. boliviensis (Nees) A.L.A. Côrtes & Rapini in
Brazil and adjacent Bolivia and Paraguay, T. sulcatus (Nees) C. Ezcurra
& A.L.A.Côrtes from Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay, and T. secundus (Leonard)
A.L.A. Côrtes & Rapini from Venezuela to French Guiana and N Brazil.
SUBTRIBE
JUSTICINAE ‣ outsiders mainly
Old World, in New World only Dasytropis (1, Cuba).
37. Cephalacanthus
Lindau. Only
one sp., C. maculatus Lindau, endemic to Andean region of Peru.
38.
Clistax Mart. Shrubs, terrestrial, epiphytic, sometimes
scandents; stems cylindrical; leaves peciolate; inflorescence a axillar thyrsi;
corolla whitish or pink to lilac, billabiate, non ressupinate. 3 spp., endemic
to E Brazil. C. bahiensis
Profice & Leitman from Bahia state is one of three epiphytic
species in this family worldwide.
39.
Dichazothece Lindau. Only one sp., D. cylindracea
Lindau, endemic to SE Brazil.
40. Dicliptera Juss. Annual or
perennial herbs, sometimes woody below, occasionally shrubby and scrambling,
with cystoliths; stems obscurely hexagonal; inflorescence of small bracteate
cymes in axils of upper leaves forming loose, terminal spikes or panicles;
corolla strongly bilabiate, usually resupinate, pink, red, orange or white;
stamens 2; anthers 2-thecous; capsule 4-seeded, the placenta rising from base
as fruit ripens. 223 spp., tropical and subtropical regions of the world, 92 in
New World, North America up to Argentina in South America (59), 9 in Brazil (5
endemic).
41.
Harpochilus Ness. Herbs to shrubs, few branched;
flowers with long emergent thyrses or panicles (each spp. with a own), whitish;
large, pale lemon-green or cream-color corollas are strongly
bilabiate, a shape uncommon in the chiropterophilia (bat polinizated); capsules
obovate, 4 seeded. 4 spp., from rocky slopes
and sandstones of Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas and
Bahia states in NE Brazil.
42. Justicia
L. (inc. Dianthera)
Herbs or undershrubs with cystoliths, perennials; leaves sessile or petiolate,
margin entire or sinuate; inflorescence of 1(-3)-flowered diachasia in leaf
axils forming terminal spikes, sometimes compounded into panicles; corolla with
a distinct tube, strongly 2-lipped, upper lip entire or 2-lobed, lower lip
3-lobed. 957 spp. worldwide, subcosmopolitan, 555 in New World, 358 in South
America, 156 in Brazil (104 endemic). Six spp. from Acre, Distrito Federal and
Rio de Janeiro states are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s
book.
43. Megaskepasma
Lindau. Only one sp., M. erythrochlamys Lindau, confined to
Venezuela and Suriname.
44.
Poikilacanthus Landau. Herbs to
subshrubs, perennials, sometimes with xylopodium, inflorescemces spikes or capitula, axillary
or terminal; corolla bilabiate. 13 spp. from Mexico to Uruguay and Brazil. Six
spp. in South America, 3 in Brazil (two endemic and P. glandulosus
(Nees) Ariza from Brazil to Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay).
3.
SUBFAMILY THUNBERGIOIDEAE (5/165–170) ‣
outsiders Anomacanthus (1, Congo, Angola), Meyenia (1, India,
Sri Lanka), Pseudocalyx (5, tropical Africa, Madagascar) and Thunbergia
(150, tropical and subtropical regions in the Old World).
45. Mendoncia Vell. ex. Vend. Herbaceous or suffrutescent twining vines; stems
articulated when young; flowers solitary or clustered in leaf axils, each
pedunculate and subtended by 2 large, corolla sympetalous, hypocrateriform, not
inflated above, contorted, whitish, greenish, or reddish, often with purplish
markings within, tube cylindric to funnelform; fruit drupaceous, ovoid to
ellipsoid, the mesocarp fleshy, the endocarp osseous; seeds 1-2. 89 spp., 75 from
S Mexico to S Brazil and Bolivia (72 in South America, 20 in Brazil, 7 endemic),
12 in tropical Africa and Madagascar. 4 endemic to Brazil, in Acre,
Amazonas and Bahia states, all rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
4.
SUBFAMILY AVICENNIOIDEAE (2/8) ‣
outsider Avicennia (5, West Indo-Pacific).
46. Hilairanthus Tiegh. (off Avicennia) Trees or shrubs, mangroves with
pneumatophore roots; wood with anomalous secondary lateral growth
from successive cambia. 3 spp., on the eastern Paciifc coast from W Mexico to NW
Peru (Piura) and the Galapagos Islands, and on the Atlantic coast from southern
North America (SE USA and Mexico), Bermuda, West Indies, and America Central to
South America (to S Brazil and Uruguay) - and in tropical Western Africa.
▪ H. bicolor
(Standl.) Cornejo from E tropical Pacific from Mexico to Colombia (high
tolerance to hypersaline conditions).
▪ H. germinans
(L.) Cornejo, from tropical coasts of North and South America ranging from
southern Florida and Bermuda, 32°20' to Atafona, Brazil, 21°37' and all
Caribbean Islands (status on Anguilla is unknown); and from Puerto Lobos,
Mexico south to Piura River, Peru including the Galapagos Islands, Cocos and
Malpelo Islands. This species also noted from West Africa.
▪ H. schaueriana (Stapf
& Leechm. ex Moldenke) Cornejo, a small tree, 15-20 m in
sized; found from the lower Lesser Antilles and from NE Venezuela and Guyana
south to Brazil (over 90% of the estimated areal extent of this species in
Brazil).
VERBENACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JULY 08, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera/spp.
31/1,200 Distribution SE North America, Mexico, Caribbean, S Brazil to
Argentina, Atlantic islands, Europe, northern and NE Africa, SW and C Asia,
Taiwan in China, Korean Peninsula, Japan. Habit herbs,
shrubs or small trees, sometimes lianas, stems terete or quadrangular with
varied indumentum, unarmed, or sometimes with prickles or
spines; eglandular or with resinous glands on stems, leaves, bracts, calyx
or corolla. Usually bisexual (some species of Citharexylum dioecious),
evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs or lianas, perennial or annual herbs (Pitraea
tuberous perennial). Stem and branches often quadrangular in cross-section.
Often aromatic.
Verbena,
which has its greatest diversity in the New World, also has species in Europe,
Asia and North Africa. The closely-allied Glandularia has a disjunct
North-South American distribution; Lantana has species in Africa, as do Lippia
and Priva. The main pattern for the rest of the genera seems to be
temperate and tropical America, as found in, for example, Tamonea which occurs from
Mexico and the Caribbean to northern South America, Brazil and E Bolivia. Some genera are
confined to the southern part of South America, such as Salimenaea, and Lampaya, all of which are
restricted to Argentina and Chile.
Apart from a few spp. of some of the largest genera (Lantana,
Lippia, Priva, and Verbena) and a few small genera endemic
to Africa and the Indian Ocean rim (such as Chascanum and Coelocarpum).
Verbenaceae
include forest trees, shrubs, lianas, and herbs and occur in open and forested,
xeric and mesic habitats. In many arid habitats in portions of Argentina, some species
of Junellia and Salimenaea play roles as community dominants, and
in some cloud forests of Andean southern Peru, Citharexylum also may
share dominance. Petrea contributes to the rich liana flora of wet
Neotropical forests. Glandularia, Lippia, Lantana, and Verbena
are common elements in disturbed sites in many habitats in America Latina,
and a few spp., most notably Lantana camara, have become widely
distributed weeds.
Key
differences from similar families superficially resembling
the Labiatae, the Verbenaceae can be distinguished from it by:
Racemose inflorescence.
Included
stamens.
Thickened stigma lobes
with conspicuous stigmatic tissue.
Colporate pollen.
SYSTEMATIC all
nine lineages occur in South America.
UNPLACED
GENUS
1. Dipyrena
Hook. Two spp. from Argentina and Chile.
TRIBE
PETREEAE (2/12) ‣ a single
genus.
2. Petrea
L. Lianas with fleshy drupaceous fruits consisting of
two pyrenes derived from a unicarpellate ovary (one carpel having aborted) and
large, showy calyces that exceed the corollas. 13 spp. of lianas from South
America (12), up to Mexico and America Central, 10 in Brazil, three Amazon Brazilian
endemic, including P. brevicalyx Ducke from Amazonas state, a rare plant
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
TRIBE
DURANTEAE (5/185–200) ‣ outsider Chascanum (32, Africa, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula to W India).
3.
Bouchea Cham. 13 spp. in Texas to Argentina
and Caribbean, 8 in South America, 4 in Brazil, two endemic, both rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
4. Duranta
L. Erect or subscandent shrub or small tree, often
spinose, inflorescence an elongate lax spike. 29 spp. in Texas to Argentina and
Caribbean, 24 in South America, only one in Brazil, D. vestita Cham.,
also in NE Argentina (Misiones).
5.
Recordia Moldenke.
Trees or shrubs, non-aromatic; leaves simple, sub-serrate to serrate;
inflorescence terminal or axillary, spicate to spike; corolla white. Two
spp., R. boliviana Moldenke, endemic to Bolivia, and R. reitzii (Moldenke) V. Thode
& N. O'Leary, a small tree endemic to coastal mountains Atlantic Forest of S
Brazil, in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states.
6. Stachytarpheta
Vahl. Herbs or sub-shrubs, terminal, spicate
inflorescence. 121 spp., all in New World but including some weeds in tropical
Africa (Stachytarpheta is probably restricted in its pre-Columbian
distribution to the New World), 118 in New World, 101 in South America, 90 in
Brazil, 87 endemic, 24 of then are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
TRIBE
CASSELIEAE (3/14) ‣ all genera occur in South America.
7.
Casselia Nees & Mart. Perennial herbs, shrubs or low bushes up to
80 cm tall, stems erect, sometimes with xylopodium; inflorescences bracteose, arranged in an homotetic
pleiobotryum; flowers 5-merous, calyx campanulated; corolla violet, blue, rose,
pink, lilac, or white colored, funnelform or hypocrateriform, slightly
zygomorphic. 8 spp., all in Brazil, two up to Paraguay and Bolivia, from savannas
of C Brazil (cerrado) near Amazon ecotone, some also in the
Atlantic Forest biogeographic province.
8.
Parodianthus
Tronc. Two spp., endemic to dry temperate
regions C & S Argentina.
9. Tamonea
Aubl. Six spp., two in Caribbean, one in Mexico, T. curassavica (L.)
Pers. and T. spicata Aubl. widely distributed in tropical America, and T.
juncea Schauer endemic to Brazil.
TRIBE
CITHAREXYLEAE (2/103) ‣ outsider Rehdera (2, Mexico to Costa Rica).
10. Citharexylum L. Trees and shrubs, sometimes with
spines, inflorescence long-spicate, many-flowered, fruit often
brightly-coloured, sitting in a cupped calyx. 78 spp. in over New World,
including Caribbean, 29 in South America, 7 in Brazil, none endemic. Three subgenera.
SUBG.
CITHAREXYLUM ‣ three sections.
§ sect. Citharexylum ‣ 25-30 spp., mainly Mesoamerica, two extend into the
Caribbean and South America and four are exclusive from South America, from
Colombia to French Guiana, unknown in Brazil.
§ sect. Mexicanum ‣ 4 spp. from Mexico, one up to USA.
§ sect. Pluriflorum ‣ 2-3 spp., Mexico to Nicaragua.
SUBG. PURPURATUM ‣ a single sp., C.
altamiranum Greenm, endemic to Mexico.
SUBG. SUDAMERICANUM ‣ three sections.
§ sect. Andinium ‣ 11 spp., from central Andes in Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina,
two up to in Colombia and Ecuador, mainly in arid to semi-arid inter-Andean
valleys and high-elevation Andean grasslands, with C. montevidense reaching
intolowlands of NE Argentina, S Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
§ sect. Caribe ‣ 2-7 spp., endemic to Caribbean.
§ sect. Sylvaticum ‣ 11 spp., throughout South America, typically in mesic
forests and wet areas, from mid-elevation cloud forests in the northern Andes
to moist lowlands surrounding the Amazon as well as those in southeastern
Brazil (6), Paraguay, and Argentina. C. amabilis (Bocq.) Christenh. & Bing. (former Baillonia) is only species of genus to occur in the savannas
of C Brazil (cerrado), also in Paraguay.
TRIBE
PRIVEAE (1–2/c 20) ‣ both genera occur in South America.
11. Pitraea Turcz.
Perennial herb, tuber-bearing (unique in Verbenaceae).
Only one sp., P. cuneato-ovata (Cav.) Caro, in Peru and Bolivia to
Argentina and Chile, frequently found in disturbed habitats and is a weed in
cultivated fields in parts of South America.
12. Priva
Adans. Small herb, not aromatic,
inflorescence a lax spike. 23 spp., 11 in southern Africa to
Myanmar and 12 in New World, 4 in South America, only two in Brazil, P.
lappulacea (L.) Pers. widely distributed, and P. bahiensis Schauer
from Brazil to Paraguay.
TRIBE
RHAPHITHAMNEAE (1/2) ‣ a single
genus.
13. Rhaphithamnus Miers.
Spinescent shrubs with bicarpellate ovaries that develop into a drupaceous
fruit, and flowers with long straight corolla tubes, arranged into one- to
five-flowered axillary racemes. Two spp., R. spinosus (Juss.) Moldenke
in the Valdivian forests of Chile and Argentina and R. venustus (Phil.)
B.L.Rob. on the Juan Fernandez islands.
TRIBE
NEOSPARTONEAE (3/6) ‣ all genera
occur in South America.
14. Diostea Miers.
Ephedroid plants (many-branched
shrubs with cylindrical, striate stems). Only
one sp., D. juncea (Gillies & Hook.) Miers, from W Argentina to
Chile.
15. Lampayo Philippi
ex Murillo. Low spreading shrub with thick fleshy leaves, sometimes
ephedroid. Three spp., in Argentina, Bolivia and Chile.
16. Neosparton
Griseb. Shrubs glabrous, non-aromatic, often ephedroid;
stems cylindrical-striate. 4 spp. fom pampas of Argentina to
Chile.
TRIBE
LANTANEAE (11/c. 275) ‣ outsiders Diphyllocalyx (6, Cuba), Isidroa (1, Hispaniola),
Nashia (1, Bahamas, Puerto Rico, St Croix in the Virgin
Islands) and Coelocarpum (7, Somalia, Madagascar, Socotra).
17. Aloysia
Palau. 41 spp., 9 from USA/N Mexico and 32 spp. in
South America, from Venezuela to Chile, Brazil (12, 5 endemic), Argentina and
Uruguay.
18. Lantana
L. Aromatic shrubs, large, sometimes with xylopodium,
with head-like inflorescences, usually multicoloured, fruit somewhat fleshy.
114 spp., 100 from southern USA to southern South America (68), 11 in Africa to
Thailand. 35 spp. in Brazil, 11 endemic, two of then are rare plants in Brazil,
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, in Bahia and Rio de Janeiro states.
19. Lippia L. Smaller aromatic shrubs, sometimes with xylopodium,
fruit dry. 176 spp., 24 in Africa and 152 from
southern USA to southern South America (126 in continent), 99 in
Brazil, 58 endemic. 18 spp. are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book, in several states, mainly in savannas.
20. Phyla
Lour. Procumbent, creeping herb, indumentum of
medifixed hairs. 5 spp., two restricted of North America and Mexico, one in
Venezuela and two widely distributed in almost all regions of New World, both
in Brazil.
21. Salimenaea N.
O’Leary & P. Moroni. Only one sp., S. integrifolia (Griseb.) N.
O’Leary & P. Moroni, from SW Bolivia, NW Argentina and NE Chile.
22. Troncosoa N.
O’Leary & P. Moroni. Only one sp., T. seriphioides (A. Gray) N.
O’Leary & P. Moroni, endemic to Argentina.
TRIBE VERBENEAE
(4/202) ‣ all genera
occur in South America.
23. Hierobotana Briq.
Woody herb, non aromatic; procubent, leaves 3-partited. Only one sp., H.
inflata (Kunth) Briq., endemic to Ecuador.
24. Junellia Modenke.
Shrubs, sometimes low, cushion-forming,
non aromatic; sometimes spiny; J. spathulata is a ephedroid habit. 40
spp. from Colombia and Peru to Falkland Islands, in mountain environments.
25. Mulguraea N.OLeary
& P.Peralta. 11 spp. in Argentina and Chile, 3 up
to Peru and M. asparagoides (Gillies & Hook.) N. O'Leary & P.
Peralta up to Bolivia.
26. Verbena L. Shrubs
to small trees. 57 spp., 3 in Old World (Europe, Asia and North Africa), and 54
in New World, from Canada to Tierra del Fuego – 26 in South America. 16 spp. in
Brazil, three endemics.
LENTIBULARIACEAE
§ CARNIVOROUS
(Brocchnia - Catopsis -
Paepalanthus - Drosera - Heliamphora - Philcoxia -
Genlisea - Utricularia -
Pinguincula)
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 24, 2024
Genera/species
3/440 Distribution cosmopolitan except polar and arid regions. Habit
bisexual, perennial or annual herbs. Roots present (Pinguicula) or
absent (Genlisea, Utricularia). Mycorrhiza absent. Aquatic or
helophytic; some species are epiphytic. Carnivorous. Stem in Genlisea
and Utricularia photosynthesizing. Leaves in Utricularia with
bladder-shaped suction traps (in terrestrial species with chemical
attractants), in Genlisea modified into ‘eel trap’-like structures;
tubers or rhizomes present in many terrestrial species of Utricularia.
Plant
herbaceous annual or perennial; common in wet places of marsh or wetlands;
aquatic, terrestrial or sometimes epiphytic, lacking roots, fixed in moist
substrate or free-floating, vascular system often reduced, mostly carnivorous.
Stem short; hairs sessile to stalked, glandular-headed, some secreting mucilage
and others digestive enzymes. Leaves alternate or sometimes whorled, often in
basal rosettes (Pinguicula,
Genlisea), entire
to much divided, heterophyllous in different periods of the development of the
plant, many Pinguicula
and other spp. (especially sub-tropical species) depend on seasonal climate
changes for the regular development of winter rosettes, the leaves of which
differ from the summer rosettes. Leaves always highly modified, flat and
densely covered with sticky, mucilage-secreting and digestive hairs, and with
margins rolling inward in response to contact of glandular hair with prey
organism (Pinguicula),
or tubular and spiralled, with downward-pointing and digestive hairs and a
basal chamber (Genlisea),
often dimorphic in aquatic plants (Utricularia L.),
with finely divided submerged leaves and traps of complex structure;
In winter, subtropical spp. of Utricularia
and Pinguicula develop
special organs in axes of branches (hibernacula), air leaves forming
floating rosettes around floral peduncle (floats), reduced to scales, or
absent in some terrestrial forms, (dimorphism is represented by rosettes of
leaves and for insectivorous leaves in ascidio form (traps) (Utricularia) or not
obviously foliaceous, highly dissected, bearing prey-catching bladders, each
with 2 sensitive valves forming a trapdoor entrance, which opens inward in
response to a stimulus conveyed by 4 sensory hairs and then immediately closes
again, and lined on inside with branched digestive hairs (Utricularia), stipules
lacking or tubular and inserted within the soil substrate (Genlisea), in Pinguicula leaves without
special structures for the capture of prey, surface is covered with
sessile or peduncular glands.
Key to
genera of Neotropical Lentibulariaceae:
1.
Leaves divided into linear segments, rarely in rosette, sepals with two lobes ------------
Utricularia
1.
Leaves in basal rosette; sepals with 5 lobes - 2
2
Lobes of the calyx laciniate; unequal ------------ Genlisea
2.
Lobes of the calyx deeply 2-lipped ------------ Pinguicula
SYSTEMATIC all
genera occur in South America.
1. Genlisea
A.St.-Hil. Annual or perennial herbs, stems short,
erect, leaves dimorphic in a basal rosette, roots absent, calyx with 5 lobes, nectar-spur
flowers. 30 spp., occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (8 in mainland, 1 in
Madagascar), 21 in tropical and subtropical America. Brazilian highlands
represent the main diversity center of the genus, where both subgenera occur;
in this region, most Genlisea species are endemic to the rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres) vegetation type. Two subgenera.
SUBG. GENLISEA ‣ 20 spp., 9 of Africa and Madagascar and 11 in New World, 8 in
Brazil (mainly Guiana Shield, one endemic to Brazil) and three from Colombia to
Guyana, with G. repens Benj. in over tropical South America, and one
widely distributed, and G. filiformis A. St.-Hil. from Bolivia, Brazil,
Colombia, Guianas to Mexico, also in Cuba.
SUBG. TAYLORIA ‣ 10
spp., endemic to center Brazil. G. lobata Fromm-Trinta is a rare plant
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
G. tuberosa Rivadavia,
Gonella & A. Fleischm. has the smallest
angiosperm genome known at around 61 Mbp. G. margaretae Hutch. (Tanzania, Zambia, Madagascar) as having the second smallest known angiosperm genome size at
63.4 Mbp, just 0.2 Mbp lower than that of G. aurea A.St.-Hill, the third,
also endemic to Brazil, from the states of Mato Grosso in the west to NE Bahia
and down to Santa Catarina in the southeast; it typically grows on sandstone
highlands at altitudes 550 m-2550 m.
2. Pinguicula
L. Annual or perennial herbs, terrestrial or rarely epiphytic;
true roots present; winter and summer leaves different; insects are caught and
digested by sessile and short-stalked mucilage-producing glands on the upper
side of rosette leaves (‘flypaper traps’), nectar-spur
flowers. 126 spp., Europe, northern Asia, Hymalaias, Japan, North
America, America Central, 92 in New World, highly
centered in Mexico (47, 43 endemic), Caribbean (12 in Cuba and 1 in Dominic
Republic), and 11 in South America, falling in two different clades, both
continental restricted.
SUBG. ISOLOBA ‣ 21 spp., four sections, only sect. Ampullipalatum in
South America with 10 spp. all restricteds from continent, endemic in Ecuador
(2), Peru (1), Bolivia (1), Argentina (1) and Chile (1), two in Argentina and
Chile, one form Colombia to Ecuador, and one from Peru to Bolivia.
SUBG. PINGUICULA ‣ 25-30 spp.,
northern hemisphere, however absent in New World.
SECTION TEMNOCERAS ‣ 63-73 spp.,
four sections, only one in South America, sect. Heterophylliformis,
a monotypic section, with P. elongata Benj.
from Andes of Colombia and Venezuela.
3. Utricularia
L. Annual or perennial herbs, terrestrial, epiphytic or aquatic; roots absent;
root-like stems; vegetative parts not diferenciable; rhizomes or stolons often
present; calyx with 2 lobes, nectar-spur flowers.
284 spp., the largest genus of carnivorous plants,
that occur throughout the world, 116 in New World, highly centered
in South America (98), mainly Brazil (81, 29 endemic), Venezuela, Guyana, also
in W Australia (55) and India (33), with many local diversity in Brazil, such
as Diamantina Range (20, 4 endemic) and swamps of center Roraima state. Two
spp., from Pará and Mato Grosso state, are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
57. VAHLIALES
VAHLIALES DOES NOT OCCUR IN SOUTH AMERICA, AND
IS COMPOSED OF A SINGLE FAMILY, VAHLIACEAE (1/5), BY POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
58. SOLANALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: MONTINIACEAE (3/5) AND SPHENOCLEACEAE (1/2), AS
IN POWO IN 23 JUNE, 2024.
HYDROLEACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 23, 2024
Genera/spp.
1/14 Distribution almost pantropical: SE USA,
Mexico, America Central, Caribbean, tropical South America to Argentina,
tropical West and Central Africa, tropical Asia, northern Australia. Habit
bisexual, annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, sometimes with
axillary-sublateral spines.
SYSTEMATIC a
single genus.
1. Hydrolea
L. Erect, often branching, sometimes becoming
decumbent, herbaceous to partly woody, usually glandular-pubescent, sometimes
spiny in leaf -axils, annuals or perennials from taproots, usually in wet soil;
leaves alternate, entire, elliptical-lanceolate to obovate; flowers usually few
in lateral and /or terminal cymes; corolla usually blue, sometimes white,
broadly campanulate; capsule globose to nearly elliptic, dehiscing irregularly,
containing numerous, minute seeds. 14 spp. in two sections:
SECTION HYDROLEA ‣ 7 spp., 4 restricteds to USA and Mexico, one only in Caribbean, H.
elatior Schott from Nicaragua to Uruguay, also Guianas, Venezuela and
Brazil, and H. spinosa L. widely in tropical and subtropical New World.
SECTION ATTALERIA ‣ 7 spp., six only in tropical Africa and H. zeylanica (L.)
Vahl, Symb. from China to Australia.
CONVOLVULACEAE
§ PARASITIC (Prosopanche –
Cassytha - ... – APODANTHACEAE – SANTALALES – Lennoa – OROBANCHACEAE
- Cuscuta)
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JULY 07, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera /spp.
57/1,590-1,610 Distribution cosmopolitan except polar areas, with their
largest diversity in subtropical regions in Asia and America. Habit usually
bisexual (in Hildebrandtia dioecious), usually climbing and winding
perennial or annual herbs (rarely evergreen trees, shrubs or lianas). Some spp.
are xerophytic.
Members of
the Cuscuta (also known as Dodder and Devil's Guts) are regarded as some
of the worst weeds in the world. Attaching to their agricultural hosts through
haustoria and twining around their victims they steal light and nutrients from
valuable crops. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is world’s third most
important root crop, and it is found only in cultivation.
Key
differences from similar families - Solanaceae similar, but
has:
ü Synsepalous
calyx.
ü Sometimes
zygomorphic corollas.
SYSTEMATIC two
subfamilies, Humbertioideae (1/1, Madagascar) does not occur in South
America. Among Convolvuloideae, tribes Cardiochlamyeae
(7/24, Madagascar, India, Himalayas to Burma, S China and SE Asia, Malesia,
Mexico, Australia) and Erycibeae (1/67; tropical Asia to Japan and
tropical Australia) do not occur in South America. In
New World Cardiochlamyeae includes Porana (2, 1 from Thailand to
Sulawesi, 1 in Mexico).
Only 4 outsiders in New World: Decalobanthus (18, Old
World, 1 in Mexico to Panama and Caribbean), Itzaea (1, S Mexico to
Costa Rica), Petrogenia (1, Texas to NE Mexico), Porana (2, 1
from Thailand to Sulawesi, 1 in Mexico) and Stylisma (6, C & E
U.S.A.).
1.1 TRIBE
DICHONDREAE (8/58) - outsiders Dipteropeltis
(3, tropical W and Central Africa), Falkia (3, Africa), Metaporana
(5, E Africa, Madagascar, Socotra), Nephrophyllum (1, Ethiopia), Petrogenia
(1, Texas to NE Mexico), and Rapona (1, Madagascar).
1. Calycobolus
Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Lianas with stems woody,
glabrous or pubescent. 18 spp., three spp. in South America (Colombia,
Venezuela, Guyana, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil - all three, one endemic) and 15 in
Africa.
2. Dichondra
Forst. & Forst. f. Creeping or crawling
perennial herbs, often rooting at nodes. 15 spp., 13 from U.S.A., Mexico,
Mesoamerica, Antilles, over South America (6, all
in Brazil and none restricteds for South America), and two in Australia and
two in New Zealand.
1.2 TRIBE
CRESSEAE (11/210) - outsiders Hildebrandtia (13,
Africa, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula), Itzaea (1, S Mexico to Costa
Rica), Neuropeltis (18, tropical Africa, tropical
Asia), Neuropeltopsis (1, Borneo), Seddera (20, tropical and
subtropical regions in Africa, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula), Stylisma
(6, C & E U.S.A.), and Wilsonia (3, Australia, Tasmania).
3. Bonamia Thouars.
Herbs, vines, erect subshrubs; style divided into two
filiform arms, and the globose to reniform, relatively small stigmas; the
sepals are not accrescent and the cotyledons are ovate-oblong to shallowly
emarginate. 70 spp., pantropical genus, 34 in New World, 26 in South America,
18 in Brazil, 11 endemic. Two spp. in Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso states
are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
4. Cressa L. Perenial shrubs and herbs. 5 spp., three widely in Old
World, and two in New World, C. nudicaulis Griseb. from North America disjunct
in Argentina, and C. truxillensis Kunth from North America,
Mexico, America Central, Ecuador to Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay and Rio
Grande do Sul state in S Brazil, mainly salt pans and coastal marshes.
5. Evolvulus
L. Herbs or shrubs, annual or perennial,
non-laticiferous; stems prostate, ascending or erect. 105 spp. in New World,
from U.S.A. south to Brazil and Bolivia and Caribbean, two
species, E. alsinoides (L.)
L. and E. nummularius (L.)
L., also in the Old World tropics. 91 spp. in
South America, 74 in Brazil, 32 endemic — two of then, from Goiás and Bahia
states, are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
1.3 TRIBE
MARIPEAE (3/36) - all genera in South America.
6. Dicranostyles
Benth. Lianas reaching over 30 m; larger stems smooth to slightly fluted, 15 cm
in diameter or larger. 16 spp., northern South America, French Guiana to Peru
and N Brazil (13, 5 endemic, two of then, from Amazonas state are rare plants
in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), centered in Guiana Shield, D.
ampla Ducke up to America Central.
7. Lysiostyles
Benth. Forests liana reaching 30 m; stems up to 4 cm in diameter. Only one sp.,
L. scandens Benth., endemic to the Guiana Shield of French Guiana
to Venezuela and Amazonas state in N Brazil, 200–1,300 m elevation range.
8. Maripa
Aubl. Lianas reaching over 30 m; larger stems fluted, to 30 cm in diameter,
younger stems often angled. 20 spp., 19 over northern South America, French
Guiana to Peru and N Brazil (12, none endemic) up to Mesoamerica, and one sp.
restricted from Mexico to Nicaragua.
1.4 TRIBE
JACQUEMONTIEAE (1/120) - a single genus.
9. Jacquemontia Choisy.
Perennial or annual vines, with climbing, decumbente,
prostate, rarely suffrutescent stems (erect herbs), flowers never yellow. 107
spp., mostly New World (100, U.S.A., over Neotropics, 79 in South America) with
a few spp. occurring in tropical Africa, Asia (only one endemic) and Australia.
61 spp. in Brazil, 38 endemic — one in Minas Gerais is a rare plant in Brazil,
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
1.5 TRIBE
CUSCUTEAE (1/220) - a single genus.
10. Cuscuta
L. Herbs chlorophyll-lacking and parastic, has a withering terrestrial
root system which is short-lived, and no internal phloem; leaves reduced
to minute scales, roots absent and plants attached to the host by numerous
small haustoria. 219 spp. in World, 147 spp. in New World, 67 in South America,
over distribuited, 22 in Brazil, 8 endemic (C. globosa Ridl. from
Fernando de Noronha Is. in Atlantic Ocean is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas
Raras do Brasil’s book; however), growing in mesophytic habitats - particularly
along streams and in areas associated with anthropogenic ecosystems,
occasionally found in halophytic areas.
Diference
between Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae) and Cassytha: Cassytha
has stems with fine longitudinal rugae or ridges, sometimes with trichomes; Cuscuta
has smooth stems without trichomes; among fflowers, Cassytha has
3-merous with perianth elements free; Cuscuta has 4-5-merous (rarely
3-merous), with perianth elements fused.
1.6 TRIBE
ANISEAE (3/6) - all genera in South America.
11. Aniseia Choisy.
Vines; stems herbaceous, mostly trailing on ground or over other plants,
becoming somewhat woody near base; leaves usually with short petioles, blades
linear to ovate or elliptical; inflorescences mostly solitary, less often
cymose; flowers axillary, with no detectable odor; corollas white, campanulate;
fruits capsular, globose to ovoid, 2-celled, 4-val- vate, brown. Three spp.,
widely distributed of tropics, all in Brazil, with A. argentina
(N.E.Br.) O'Donell restricted from S Brazil and Argentina.
12. Odonellia
K.R.Robertson. Lianas or voluble herbs. Two spp., O. hirtiflora (M.
Martens & Galeotti) K.R. Robertson from Mexico through
Mesoamerica, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and Brazil, another, O.
eriocephala (Moric.) K.R.Robertson, endemic of Brazil.
13. Tetralocularia
ODonell. Only one sp., T. pennellii O'Donell, from Colombia, N Brazil,
Bolivia and French Guiana.
1.7 TRIBE
CONVOLVULEAE (1/200) - a single genus.
14. Convolvulus L. Herbs up shrubs. 200 spp., mainly temperate, centres of
diversity are to de found in Mediterranean, E Africa, Central Asia and Arabia,
S Africa, Australasia, 22 in New World, North America to Mexico, and Galapagos
to S Brazil (16 in South America, 10 in Brazil, 4 endemic) and Chile.
1.8 TRIBE
IPOMOEAE (c. 24/c. 870) - outsiders
all exclusively from Old World except Decalobanthus (18, Old World, 1 in
Mexico to Panama and Caribbean).
15. Calystegia
R.Br. 26 spp., over Old World, 21 spp. in New World, from Canada and U.S.A.
to in South America (4), three scattered in Ecuador to Argentina
(one also in Mexico), and C. brummittii P.P.A. Ferreira &
Sim.-Bianch. endemic to Araucaria forests in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do
Sul states in S Brazil.
16. Camonea
Raf. Herbaceous twiners or prostrate creepers; leaves entire or angulate-lobed;
with two firm outgrowths (paired auricles) at petiole base (absent in C.
vitifolia); corolla with a tuft of hairs at the apex of the mid-petaline
bands, otherwise glabrous; anthers longitudinally dehiscing and curved at the
apex or spirally dehiscing. 4 spp., centred in tropical Asia with C. umbellata (L.)
Simões & Staples widely distributed in tropical America (almost
all countries) and Africa.
17. Daustinia Buril
& Simões. Vines with yellow flowers. Only one sp., D. montana (Moric.)
Buril & A.R. Simões, endemic to E Brazil.
18. Distimake
Raf. (including Merremia p.p.) Robust herbaceous climbers (rarely lianas or erect shrubs,
sometimes with xylopodium); leaves
usually five- to seven-palmately lobed or compound (rarely simple or reduced to
scales); calyx mostly with flat sepals (not convex) appressed to the corolla
tube base, accrescent in fruit; corolla often white or pale yellowish, with or
without a dark red centre, entirely glabrous, drying with dark lines in
mid-petaline bands. 51 spp., widely distributed in tropical America, with 34
spp. in New World, 25 in South America, 20 in Brazil, 10 endemic — D. repens
(D.F.
Austin & Staples) Petrongari & Sim.-Bianch. from Minas
Gerais state is a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book),
also in tropical Africa with disjunct species in Asia and N Australia.
19. Ipomoea
L. Climbing herbs or lianas, trees, shrubs or erect herbs, perennial or less
often annuals, usually with milky sap, glabrous or pubescent, sometimes with xylopodium.
636 spp., comopolitan. 420 spp. in New World, S U.S.A. to Chile, Uruguay, and
Caribbean, 254 in South America, 168 in Brazil, 66 endemic (6 of then are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book); absent in continental
Chile, but present in Isla de Pascua. Six unplaced species and six well defined
clades:
Ipomoea includes six true trees (up to 15m tall in a mexican
endemic), all from Mexico, I. wolcottiana Rose, Gard. &
Forest and I. pauciflora M. Martens & Galeotti up to Peru
in South America.
CLADE A ‣
277 spp.
CLADE B ‣
105 spp., mostly from Mexico and surrounding countries although it includes
quite a few South American species.
CLADE C ‣
comprise a morphologically heterogeneous group of American (40) and
Australasian species, which contains a number of small, well-supported and
morphologically distinct clades.
CLADE D ‣
comprises a small clade of entirely American species (8); all species are
herbaceous but show no other obvious common character.
CLADE E ‣
consists of 4 species, of which only one is certainly of New World origin (I.
habeliana Oliv.) — all other species in the clade are either African or of
uncertain origin suggesting the clade is essentially African with I.
habeliana having evolved from I. violacea L. in the Galapagos
Islands.
CLADE F ‣
this is the large, essentially Old World Clade (OWC), containing 26 naturally
occurring New World species as well as several Old World species which are
ancient or recent introductions to the New World.
20. Operculina
Silva Manso. Herbaceous or woody climbers. 13 spp.,
tropical worldwide, 8 in New World, six in South America, 4 in Brazil, none endemic.
SOLANACEAE
§ REFERENCE: AS IN POWO ON
JULY 13, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN ANNEX 3
Genera /spp. 101/c. 2,650
Distribution tropical, subtropical and temperate regions in the northern
and southern Hemispheres, with their highest diversity in South America. Habit
usually bisexual (sometimes monoecious, andromonoecious or dioecious),
evergreen trees, shrubs or lianas, perennial, biennial or annual herbs. Some
spp. are xerophytes or succulent. Often evil-smelling (foetid).
Several
genera of Solanaceae are large, epiphytic shrubs - Juanulloa has tubular usually orange flowers; Markea has flowers that are
white or greenish (except Markea
coccinea Rich.of
the Amazon with red flowers) with large spreading lobes and berries with tiny,
rectangular seeds; Trianaea,
Merinthopodium and
Dyssochroma are
all bat-pollinated and have large, tough greenish corollas, often on long,
pendant peduncles. Few spp. are cultivated in New World — these include Solanum melongena L.
(eggplant or aubergine) from Asia and S.
aethiopicum L. (scarlet eggplant) from Africa. Many Neotropical
taxa are widely cultivated for food (Capsicum pepper, picant fruits, one
known as pimentão), Solanum
(S. tuberosum L. is a important crop cultivated in world; native ancient in
Andes, mainly by Incas; S.
lycopersicum L. is tomato, common in Brazil and Italia; edible fruits),
medicine (Nicotiana,
Brunfelsia) or as
ornamentals (Petunia,
Streptosolen). Solanum
is one of the largest angiosperm genera, with approximately 1,500 species
distributed worldwide. The genus includes important economic plants such as the
tomato, potato, and eggplant, as well as a number of lesser-known cultivated
species such as the pepino (S. muricatum Aiton), naranjilla (S.
quitoense Lam.), cocona (S. sessiliflorum Dunal), and tree
tomato (S. betaceum Cav.).
Solanaceae
are little diversified in Old World. For example, in Africa only a few genera
are present, namely the two widely ranging genera Solanum and Lycium,
three in common with Europe and Asia (Mandragora, Hyoscyamus and Withania),
the extraordinary Nicotiana africana, and the endemic Discopodium.
In Asia the strictly Asian Tubocapsicum, species of Solanum and Lycianthes,
and species of the European genera Atropa, Mandragora, Hyoscyamus
and Withania are found; finally, Nothocestrum is a geographically
isolated genus on Hawaii. 2,298 spp. in New World, 1767 in South America. Except
Solanoideae, diversity in Old World occcur only by Tsoala (Madagascar),
Nicotianoideae (8 genera, in Namibia, Australia and New Caledonia) and Schwenckia americana D. Royen ex
L. (Africa). Among Solanoideae, several clades of Solanum, one clade of Lycium,
Hyoscyameae, Mandragora, part of Withaninae (probably one event), Physalis
alkekengi L., and part of Lycianthes (the phylogeny of Lycianthes
is still poorly known, but a relatively small group of about 20 species
exists in SE Asia and may represent a single lineage) occur
in Old World.
SYSTEMATIC nine
high lineages, all in South America. All New World
outsiders are in Physaleae except Datura, Plowmania and 4 Caribbean
genera in Goetzeoideae.
1.
SUBFAMILY SCHIZANTHOIDEAE (1/12) ‣
a single genus.
1. Schizanthus
Ruiz & Pav. Annual or biennial herbs; phellogen pericyclic;
pericyclic fibres absent; flowers strongly zygomorphic, resupinate. 15 spp., Argentina
and Chile.
2.
SUBFAMILY DUCKEODENDROIDEAE (1/1) ‣ a single
genus.
2. Duckeodendron
Kuhlm. Trees ca. 30 m high, the
tallest member of Solanaceae; leaves entire, coriaceous,
pubescent abaxially; petiole canaliculate, with dense ochre indumentum;
inflorescence terminal, cymose, ca. 15-flowered, brownish-pubescent; flowers
subtended by one tiny pilose bract, pedicels articulated; calyx aestivation quincuncial,
lobes broad, as long as tube; corolla greenish, tubular, slightly
infundibuliform, pubescent inside, lobes rounded, aestivation quincuncial;
drupe 1-seeded, seed ovoid. Only one sp., D. cestroides Kuhlm., endemic
to the central Amazon rainforest in Amazonas and Pará state in Brazil.
3.
SUBFAMILY GOETZEOIDEAE (6/7) ‣ outsiders Coeloneurum (1,
Hispaniola), Espadaea (1, Cuba), Goetzea (2, Puerto Rico and
Hispaniola), Henoonia (1, Cuba) and Tsoala (1, Madagascar,
probably extinct).
3. Metternichia
Mikan. Shrub to tree, many branched, simple leaves, brownish bark,
with showy capanulate white flowers. Two spp., highly
poisonous nephrotoxic for goats, endemic of coastal
forests of SE Brazil and adjacent places of dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil
(caatinga) and Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas).
4.
TRIBE BENTHAMIELLEAE (3/15) ‣
all genera in South America.
4. Benthamiella
Speg. Pulvinate chamaephytes or lax cushions;
stems branched, densely leafy. 12 spp., Patagonia in S Argentina and Chile.
5. Combera
Sandw. Small, erect perennial herbs, often cushions;
stems densely leafy, partly subterranean. Two spp. in the Andes in temperate
Argentina and Chile.
6. Pantacantha
Speg. Low shrubs; stems branched, densely leafy, often cushions.
Only one sp., P. ameghinoi Speg.,
endemic to Patagonia in central Argentina.
5.
SUBFAMILY CESTROIDEAE (8/c 250) ‣
three tribes, all in South America.
TRIBE
SALPIGLOSSIDEAE (2/7) - both genera in South America.
7. Reyesia
Gay. Annual or perennial herbs, dichasially branched, glutinose. 4
spp. endemic to dry areas in N Chile, one of then reaching in closed small area
in adjacent in NW Argentina.
8. Salpiglossis
Ruiz & Pav. Herbs or shrubs, densely viscid-pubescent; stems
leafy or almost without leaves, sometimes xeromorphic (S. spinescens)
with spine-like processes. Two spp. from Chile, one of then reaching into
Argentina. S. sinuata Ruiz & Pav. is a large-flowered species from
central Chile which is frequently cultivated in temperate gardens for its showy
flowers.
TRIBE
BROWALLIEAE (1/17) - a single genus.
9. Browallia
L. Annual herbs,
inflorescence racemiform. 24 spp., B. eludens R. Van
Devender & P.D. Jenkins endemic to Mexico and U.S.A.,
and 17 in Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia, highly centered in Peru (20, 17
endemic), two also outside this area, B. speciosa Hook. up to America
Central, and B. americana L. up to Caribbean and Trinidad &
Tobago.
TRIBE
CESTREAE (5/218) - all genera in South America.
10. Cestrum
L. Trees or shrubs. 230 spp., predominately tropical in distribution but
several species range south as far as Chile and Uruguay and several range north
as far as the southern U.S.A. and the
Bahamas. 124 spp. in South America. Brazil (45, 27 endemic) is considered to
have a larger species diversity, following Andean regions of Colombia to
Bolivia, Peru, and the north of Argentina. Two sections are recognized.
SECT. CESTRUM ‣ 181
spp., over tropical New World.
SECT. HABROTHAMNUS ‣ c.
8 spp. from E Mexico and ranging into America Central.
SECT. PSEUDOCESTRUM ‣
only one sp., C. inclusum Urb., from Hispaniola.
11. Protoschwenkia
Soler. Small shrubs, profusely branched. Only one sp.,
P. mandonii Soler., Bolivia and adjacent Mato Grosso do Sul state
in C Brazil.
12. Sessea
Willd. 19 spp. from Andean region Venezuela to Bolivia, S. vestioides
(Schltdl.) Hunz. up to S Brazil.
13. Streptosolen
Miers. Evergreen scabrous-pubescent shrubs, densely
branched; leaves ovate, petiolate; inflorescence subcorymbose cymes; flowers
pedicellate; calyx zygomorphic, tubular, 4–5-lobed; corolla infundibuliform,
capsule globose to ovate; seeds 60–80, cuboidal-elongated; testa reticulate. Only
one sp., S. jamesonii (Benth.) Miers, Ecuador and Peru.
14. Vestia
Willd. Much branched shrubs, il-scent. Only one sp.,
V. foetida Hoffmanns., Chile.
6.
SUBFAMILY PETUNIOIDEAE (8/c
135) ‣ outsider Plowmania (1,
Mexico and Guatemala).
15. Bouchetia
Dunal. Rhizomatous or root sprouting, decumbent herbs. Basal leaves
oblong-spathulate or rhombic- ovate, upper leaves narrowly elliptic; flowers
solitary, axillary. Three spp., displaying a disjunct distribution, with B.
anomala (Miers) Britton & Rusby in Rio Grande do Sul state in S Brazil,
Paraguay, Uruguay and north to central Argentina, and two from U.S.A. to
Guatemala.
16. Brunfelsia
L. Shrubs or small trees. 49 spp. in two clades., mainly in South America,
especially S & C Brazil and in Antilles. Two large clades.
SOUTH AMERICAN CLADE ‣ 27
spp. from South America up to Panamá, mainly in the Amazon rainforest
up Guiana Shield, E Andes
and SE Brazil (20, 14 endemic), three of then, in Amazonas, Minas Gerais and
Rio de Janeiro states are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s
book.
SECT. BRUNFELSIA ‣
22 spp. from Cuba (13, 11 endemic), Jamaica (6, all endemic), Hispaniola (4,
two endemic), and Puerto Rico (5, 3 endemic), one up to Lesser Antilles.
17. Calibrachoa
La Llave & Lex. Small shrubs, more rarely annual herbs, generally
viscid-pubescent; stem usually with brachyblasts. 31 spp., SE and S Brazil (26,
15 endemic, 5 of then in Santa Catarina Rio Grande do Sul states are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), Paraguay, Uruguay, and
Argentina.
18. Fabiana
Ruiz & Pav. Chamaephytes or microphyllous shrubs, of
homoblastic or heteroblastic growth, sometimes cushions;
stems and leaves with dense resiniferous indumentum. 16 spp., S Peru to
Argentina, especially in the Andes, reaching up to 4,900-5,000 m elevation
range in F. bryoides Phil.
19. Hunzikeria
D'Arcy. Small herbs up to 25 cm, usually much branched from a
perennial root. 4 spp., three in SW U.S.A. and
N Mexico, and H. steyermarkina D’Arcy, known only from the subdesert
area of Venezuela near the Caribbean coast just west of Caracas.
20. Leptoglossis
Benth. Xeromorphic herbs or shrubs, flowers are solitary or
aggregated into will-defined racemes or panicles, each flower subtended by a
bract. Six spp., 5 endemic to coastal Peru and L. linifolia (Miers)
Benth. & Hook. f. ex Griseb. in NW Argentina.
21. Nierembergia
Ruiz & Pav. Small shrubs or rhizomatus stoloneferous tuber bearing
prostrate from meadows and marshes. 23 spp., 20 mainly from
Argentina and Chile extending into S Brazil (7, two endemic), S
Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, Mexico and Ecuador one endemic each, and N. repens
Ruiz & Pav. from Colombia to Chile.
22. Petunia
L. Annual herbs, viscid-pubescent; brachyblasts absent. 17 spp. from
S and SE South America in Brazil (15, 10 endemic, 6 of then from Minas Gerais,
Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states are rare
plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), Bolivia,
Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina.
7.
SUBFAMILY SCHWENCKIEAE (3/28)
‣ all genera in South America.
23. Heteranthia
Nees & Mart. Herb to subshrub, erect, often decumbent, 40 cm
tall; stems cylindrical, uncommon small adventive roots, alterne leaves;
inflorescence terminal or axillary, racemose; corolla infundibuliforme, whitish
to purplish. Only one sp., H. decipiens Nees
& Mart., endemic to Minas Gerais, S Bahia and adjacent Rio de Janeiro
states in SE Brazil.
24. Melananthus
Walp. Tiny herbs, or small shrubs. 5 spp., one in Cuba, one from Mexico to
Venezuela, and three in Brazil, two up to adjacent Venezuela and Argentina, and
M. fasciculatus (Benth.) Soler. endemic, as a rare plant in
Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, known only Espirito Santo state.
25. Schwenckia
L. Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes shrubs, often with xylopodium.
22 spp. over tropical South America (21, the exception is a Caribbean endemic S.
filiformis Ekman). 18 spp. in Brazil, 8 endemic.
8.
SUBFAMILY NICOTIANOIDEAE (c
8/c 105) ‣ outsiders all
exclusive from W and S Australia except Duboisia (4, E Australia and New
Caledonia).
26. Nicotiana
L. Herbs to small trees. 76 spp., 8 in SW North America, one between North and
South America, 41 from Ecuador to Argentina and E Brazil (42, 9
in Brazil, 4 endemic) east of the Andes, one in Namibia, 54 in
Australia. 13 sections.
SECT. ALATAE ‣ 9
spp., tropical America, all in Brazil, and only section in country.
SECT. NICOTIANA ‣
only naturalized world-wide N. tabacum L., possibly
native from Colombia and Peru, cultivated tobacco; a perennial
herbaceous plant. It is found only in cultivation, where it is the most
commonly grown of all plants in the Nicotiana genus, and its leaves are
commercially grown in many countries to be processed into tobacco; it grows to
heights between 1 to 2 metres.
SECT. NOCTIFLORAE -
6 spp., S South America.
SECT. PANICULATAE ‣ 8
spp., W South America.
SECT. PETUNIOIDES ‣
8 spp., U.S.A. to South America, absent in Brazil.
SECT. POLYDICLIAE ‣
2 spp., U.S.A. to Mexico.
SECT. REPANDAE ‣
4 spp., U.S.A. to N Mexico.
SECT. RUSTICAE ‣
only one sp., Andes.
SECT. SUAVEOLENTES ‣
26 spp., Australia, New Caledonia, Namibia.
SECT. SYLVESTRES ‣
only one sp., Bolivia and Argentina.
SECT. TOMENTOSAE ‣
5 spp., Peru to Argentina.
SECT. TRIGONOPHYLLAE ‣
2 spp., U.S.A. to Mexico.
SECT. UNDULATAE ‣
5 spp., Andes, Ecuador to Bolivia.
9.
SUBFAMILY SOLANOIDEAE (50–55/1,700–1,800) ‣ all clades, mainly tribes,
occur in South America except Mandragoreae (1/4, Mediterranean, Central
Asia, Himalayas).
9.1 TRIBE
ATROPEAE (c. 260)
- outsiders all in Eurasia and Africa.
27. Jaborosa Juss.
Perennial herbs, frequently with gemmiferous roots and rhizomes. 23 spp.,
mainly W Andes in Peru to Chile, Bolivia to S Argentina, only two reaching SE
South America, with J.
integrifolia Lam. up to Rio Grande do Sul state
in S Brazil and Uruguay.
28. Latua
Phil. Shrubs or trees with heteroblastic growth and
cauline spines, often cauliflorous.
Only one sp., L. pubiflora (Griseb.) Baill., southern Chile.
29. Lycium
L. Woody shrubs, mainly xeromorphic, sometimes dwarf halophytic in Andes. 101
spp., warm-temperate and subtropical regions on both hemispheres, 54 in New
World, South America (31, highly centered in Argentina), S Africa (ca. 20),
North America (ca. 20), Eurasia (from Europe to China and Japan: ca. 10),
Australia (1), and several islands in the Pacific Ocean (2). Only three spp. in
Brazil, none endemic.
L. boerhaviifolium L. f. has by far the widest distribution, ranging from Argentina and
Chile north to Ecuador and Bolivia, S Brazil, Galapagos Islands and has been
collected from several locations near Tehuacán in Puebla, Mexico; the
occurrence of these isolated Mexican populations would suggest that this
species has been introduced to this area.
30. Nolana
L. Herbs, with blue or white flowers, sometimes
succulent (unique among Solanaceae with Sclerophyllax).
92 spp., 42 from Peru, 46 from Chile, three in both Peru and
Chile, and one species in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.
31. Sclerophylax
Miers. Leaves opposite, entire, succulent (unique
among Solanaceae with some Nolana), usually
asymmetrical; petiole sometimes absent; stomata diacytic; flowers solitary,
axillary; sepals and petals five. 12 spp. from Argentina, two up to Paraguay
and Uruguay.
9.2
EXODECONUS CLADE (1/6) - a single genus.
32. Exodeconus
Raf. Small annual viscid herbs, campanulate 5-merous flowers,
yellow, white, purplish or bluish. Six spp., the Galápagos Islands, Colombia, Ecuador
(2), Peru (4) to Chile, and Argentina.
9.3 TRIBE
NICANDREAE (1/3) - a single genus.
33. Nicandra
Adans. Subshrubs. Three spp., two endemic to Peru and N.
physalodes (L.) Gaertn. from Peru to N Argentina; this species is an
ornamental and ruderal in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world.
9.4 TRIBE
SOLANDREAE (10/64) - all genera occur in South America.
34. Doselia A.Orejuela
& Särkinen. Lianas, very long branches, abundant persistent
pubescence of simple eglandular hairs, membranaceous leaves, pendulous
long-pedunculate inflorescences (to 50 cm long) with few (1–2(–7)) flowers,
distally winged pedicels, large calyces with long-acuminate lobes, and large
showy corollas 9–12 cm long. 4 spp., from Colombia to Ecuador.
35. Dyssochroma
Miers. Epiphytic shrubs or small trees, occasionally ter-restrial;
stems pendulous, the bark thin, flexible and exfoliating, drying a dark,
reddish brown; cauliflorous; green, funnelform corollas
(greenish) with long, revolute lobes, and exserted stamens; bat pollination. Three spp.,
endemic to E Brazil, from Ceará to Rio Grande do Sul states, in montane
Atlantic Forests.
36. Hawkesiophyton
Planch. & Linden. Small greenish or yellowish corollas. Two spp. from over
tropical northern South American forests, one up to S America Central, both in
N Brazil. H. ulei (Dammer) Hunz. is a myrmecophyte
species.
37. Juanulloa
Ruiz & Pav. Epiphytic shrubs or small trees, the stems often hanging and
pendulous from the canopy, 1 -20 m; bark o f stems loose and exfoliating when
dry, often reddish or reddish brown. 8 spp., one only in Mexico
and America Central and 7 in northern South America up to Bolivia, one up to
Mexico, with two reported of Amazon rainforests of N Brazil, with J. parviflora
(Ducke) Cuatr. endemic to Brazil near Manaus, known only from the type specime.
38. Markea
A.Rich. Hemi-epiphytic to lianas; flowers solitary or arranged in few-flowered
pendant cymes, corollas tubular or campanulate; corolla bright orange or more
often greenish purple or cream colored, salverform to funnelfore. 18 spp., nine
from Amazon rainforest, mainly in Colombia (8), some
reaching into S Panamá, coastal Venezuela and Mount Roraima, M. coccinea
Rich., unique in genus with red corollas and
salverform flower shape, reaching into center Brazil and Bolivia, near Corumbá
municipality in Mato Grosso do Sul, until now the southern limit of the generic
distribution. 16 spp. in South America, 4 spp. in Brazil, none endemic. Two
South American species, both in Brazil, are myrmecophytes.
Two clades
recovered in the phylogeny may possibly represent new genera, however their
constituent species require much further taxonomic study before new genera can
be described with confidence:
MARKEA ANTIOQUIENSIS GROUP ‣
Colombia, included species: M. antioquiensis S. Knapp and
M. pilosa S. Knapp, the
two species are terrestrial shrubs of the forest understory or, if epiphytic,
occur in lower parts of the host tree near the ground; both species also have
very large leaves arranged in verticillate whorls, short inflorescences
(< 10 cm), very large membranaceous calyces (more than half the length
of the corolla), and conspicuous bracts in the inflorescence; M. spruceana
Hunz. from Ecuador is morphologically similar and probably belongs to this
group but was not included in the molecular analysis.
MARKEA STURMII GROUP ‣
Colombia, included species: M. sturmii Cuatrec. and
M. hunzikeri A. Orejuela & C.I. Orozco;
profusely branched epiphytic shrubs with slender stems, small
greenish flowers up to 3 cm long, filaments shorter than the anthers, and
anther thecae confluent at the apices.
39. Merinthopodium
Donn. Sm. Epiphytics shrubs or small
trees, 1 -10 m, often clamberingo ver branches and hangingf romt he canopy. Three
spp., one from Mexico to America Central, and two from Colombia and W
Venezuela.
40. Poortmannia
Drake. Only one spp., P. speciosa Drake, from mountains of
Colombia and Ecuador.
41. Schultesianthus
Hunz. Climbing epiphytes or scandent shrubs. 8 spp.,
Mexico to Peru and Venezuela, 5 in South America.
42. Solandra
Sw. Climbing epiphytic shrubs or lianas or small trees, glabrous or pubescent,
solitary flowers, white greenish. 10 spp. from Mexico (centre of diversity) and
Caribbean to Colombia to Bolivia, and S Brazil (2, none endemic). 5 spp. in
South America.
43. Trianaea
Planch. & Linden. Shrubs or lianas, usually epiphytic,
sometimes with a woody tuberosity, exceptionally small trees. Three spp., Andes
from Colombia to Peru.
9.5 TRIBE
DATUREAE (3/19) - outsider Datura (14, SW & SC U.S.A.
to Mexico).
44. Brugmansia
Pers. Subshrubs or small trees; flowers pendant to inclinate, 5-merous, calyx
zygomorphic. 7 spp., 5 from high Andes or lowland Amazon of Colombia to Bolivia
and N Chile (1 endemic to Ecuador), B. insignis (Barb.Rodr.) Lockwood ex
R.E.Schult. from Colombia to Bolivia and N Brazil, and B. suaveolens
(Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. endemic to Atlantic Forest of E Brazil.
45. Trompettia J.Dupin.
Woody shrubs to 2 m tal; stems erect but arching towards apices, many of these
becoming spiny, older portions glabrous, becoming pubescent towards younger
portions of stem. Only one spp., T. cardenasiana (Hunz.) J. Dupin, from
a small region in S Bolivia in the department of Potosí, province of Nor
Chichas, north of Santiago de Cotagaita.
9.6 TRIBE
SOLANEAE (2/c. 1,400) - both genera in South America.
46. Jaltomata
Schltdl. 73 spp., from Mexico to Bolivia and
Antilles, 67 in South America, highly centered in Peru (58, 56 endemic), one in
Galapagos, and one a Caribbean endemic. Nine spp. and 4 morphospecies of this genus in Peru, one of them up to
Bolivia, has highly remarkable red-to-orange nectars.
47. Solanum L.
[8th
BR]
Herbs, shrubs, trees, sometimes woody lianas, often
epiphytic or with wood rhizomes, usually pentamerous flowers with fused sepals and petals,
stellate to pentagonal corollas, and stamens with short filaments and anthers
opening by terminal pores. 1,237 spp., cosmopolitan,
occurring on all temperate and tropical continents, 850 in New World, with
their largest diversity in Australia and South America (714), occuping an
incredibly wide range of habitats and habits, but the highest diversity of both
groups and species occurs in circum-Amazonian tropical South America — the
eighth largest genus in Brazil, with 282 spp., 142 endemic (10
of then are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book)
and 309 in Peru, the largest diversity.
Three major clades (all in
Brazil), 11 medium-sized (all in Brazil except VANA,
Regmandra and S. anomatostemon Clades) and 48 smaller clades (13
unknown in Brazil) within the two large major clades.
THELOPODIUM CLADE ‣ three spp., two from Panamá to Ecuador and S. thelopodium Sendtn. in Colombia to Bolivia
and N Brazil.
LINEAGE II ‣ non-prickly herbs, shrubs or herbaceous or woody
vines that lack stellate trichomes, mostly plurifoliate sympodial unit
structure, many compound-leaved species; 4 major clades,
and 16 end-lineages, only three in Brazil (8 New World
Petota lineages absent), with 17 spp. in country. All herbaceous vines and
epiphytes in Solanum are found in LINEAGE II except for a single truly
herbaceous vine species found in the Nemorense clade (S. hoehnei C.V.Morton).
§ VANA Clade ‣ four subclades.
§ Valdiviense
Clade ‣ two woody spp. from Chile.
§ Archaesolanum
Clade ‣ 8
spp., restricted to New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand.
§ Normania Clade ‣ 3
spp., native to NW Africa, the adjacent Iberian Peninsula, and the
Macaronesian islands.
§ African
Non-Spiny Clade ‣ 14 spp. in Madagascar (9),
Mayotte (1) and continental Africa (4).
§ Regmandra Clade
‣ herbs and shrubs, 11 spp.
restricted from Peru and Chile.
§ DulMo ‣
two clades, both globally distributed.
§ Dulcamaroid Clade ‣ woody plants
and vary from shrubs or lax shrubs to vines, sometimes large canopy lianas,
while other vining species are woody only at the base, especially in temperate
climates. 43 spp., from southern Oregon to central Argentina and Caribbean —
largest diversities: Argentina (10), Peru (9), Ecuador (9) and Brazil (7).
§
Morelloid Clade ‣
non-spiny herbaceous and suffrutescent species. 75 spp. in five sections (Solanum,
Campanulisolanum, Parasolanum, Chamasarachidium and Episarcophyllum),
with the black nightshade group (sect.Solanum) is the largest of these
with ca. 52 species and is the only group to occur outside of the Americas
(Africa, Australasia and Europe), including S. nigrum L., the type of
the genus Solanum. More diverse in South America, mainly in Argentina
(48), Bolivia (41), Peru (25), Chile (10), Ecuador (9), Paraguay (8) and Brazil
(7, two endemic).
§ section Petota ‣ herbaceous
perennials with dormant tubers. 107 spp., from Utah and Colorado, throughout
the tropical highlands of Mexico, America Central and the Andes, to Argentina,
Chile, S Brazil (2, S.
commersonii
Dunal and S. chacoense Bitter) and Uruguay, with the highest
species richness in central Mexico and the central Andes (41 in Peru). S.
morelliforme Bitter & Muench it is the
only epiphytic wild potato, growing on horizontal branches of
mature Arbutus L., cyprus, elm, juniper, pine, or oak trees, often in
moss and organic litter central Mexico to Honduras,
incredible disjunc in center Bolivia (4,000km distant), and only sp. of this
section in both North and South America. Nine smaller lineages.
§
Herpystichum ‣ small herbs or
herbaceous vines commonly rooting along nodes with simple to 3–5-foliate
leaves, flower buds distinctly onion-shaped and fruits mostly flattened along
base to tip axis Lowland rain forest and pre-montane forests from southern. 10
spp., Mexico to northern Peru.
§
Pteroidea ‣ understory herbs,
herbaceous vines with adventitious roots and unbranched shrubs with unifoliate
sympodial units, simple or pinnate leaves, and axillary inflorescences with
small, deeply stellate corollas, fruits often pointed and warty. 10 spp., lowland
rain forest and pre-montane forests from Mexico to tropical South America.
§
S.
oxycoccoides ‣ somewhat woody vine with simple leaves lacking
pseudostipules, and small red fruits with only a few seeds. Only one sp., Peruvian
Andes.
§
Articulatum ‣ somewhat woody vines
with paired pseudostipules, with large, often branched inflorescences and
winged seeds, resembling Basarthrum clade but lacking bayonet hairs (2-celled
hairs with a short apical cell). Two spp., montane forests in Costa Rica,
Panama, and northern Colombia.
§
Basarthrum ‣ somewhat woody vines or
lax shrubs, simple to pinnately compound leaves with frequent interjected
leaflets, subtended by a pair of pseudostipules, all species with bayonet hairs
(2-celled hairs with a shorter apical cell), with pendant fruits typically green,
striped. 16 spp., dry to moist mid-elevation habitats in Central & South
America.
§
Anarrhichomenum ‣ somewhat woody vines
readily rooting along nodes, simple or compound leaves lacking interjected
leaflets, subtended by a single (not paired) pseudostipule at most nodes,
fruits orange to red and seeds winged. 12 spp., mid-elevation habitats in
Central & South America.
§
Etuberosum ‣ rhizomatous herbs with
pinnately compound leaves with frequent interjected leaflets subtended by
paired pseudostipules, with many-branched terminal inflorescences,
morphologically similar to Petota clade members that have tubers, pedicels
articulated at or near the base (unlike Petota clade). Three spp., Argentina and
Chile.
§
Tomato ‣ herbs to woody vines
with pinnate leaves with mostly serrate to serrulate margins, some with
interjected leaflets, all subtended by paired pseudostipules, all species with
strong vegetative odours (glandular trichomes) and yellow corollas, with most
species with distinct apical anther modifications (appendages), fruiting
pedicels articulating mostly in the distal part. 17 spp., Colombia, Ecuador,
Peru and Chile.
§ Petota ‣ tuber-bearing herbs
mostly with compound leaves with interjected leaflets with entire leaflet
margins, subtended by paired pseudostipules, inflorescences always branched and
terminal, corollas usually rotate, fruiting pedicels articulating mostly in the
distal part, berries green to purple. 113 spp., North, Central & South
America.
LINEAGE III ‣ 7 clades, six in Brazil. 32 end-lineages (24
in Brazil — largest diversity worldwide in number of end-lineages — and 8
absent, 3 endemic).
§
S.
anomalostemon ‣
a single spp., small
herb with glandular trichomes, simple to 3-foliate leaves, distinct cordate
shaped anthers with apical modification (beak). Dry forests in southern Peru.
§ Brevantherum Clade ‣ non-prickly, shrubs or
trees (herbs) with cylindrical anthers, some with stellate hairs;
ca. 80 spp. from S U.S.A. to
Argentina, with a center of diversity in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest; a few
species are widely distributed and invasive in tropical regions in the Old
World. 4 small lineages.
§ Trachytrichium ‣ shrubs with simple
entire leaves, simple trichomes and unbranched inflorescences with deeply
stellate white corollas, heteromorphic filaments in some species, fruits dull
green, many-seeded. Two spp., Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay.
§ Inornatum ‣ herbs to small shrubs
with simple entire leaves, simple trichomes, and unbranched inflorescences with
deeply stellate white corollas, fruits translucent or dull green to red, with
few large seeds. 5 spp. endemic to Atlantic Forest and savanas from C Brazil (cerrado).
§ Gonatotrichum ‣ herbs to shrubs, some
species with distinctive 2-celled trichomes with a long apical cell that is
bent at a 90-degree angle, inflorescences unbranched with mostly rotate white
corollas, strongly heteromorphic filaments in some species, fruits translucent green,
explosively dehiscent and with many seeds. 7 spp., SE U.S.A. to southern South
America.
§ Brevantherum ‣ trees or shrubs, some
species with distinct branching pattern where stem forks have an inflorescence
or a leaf arising from it (dichasial branching) and rank fishy vegetative
odour, all species with stellate trichomes (or lepidote scales), most species
with highly branched inflorescences, some with upright and stout peduncle and
pedicels, mostly white corollas, fruits various colours remaining green until
just before maturity. 80 spp. Central and South America with many species now
found globally.
§ Cyphomandra Clade ‣ non-prickly shrubs,
small trees or woody vines with rank vegetative odour (burning smell),
plurifoliate or trifoliate sympodial growth, tapered anthers, and with long and
mostly branching inflorescences, some species with branched dendritic trichomes.
50 spp., woody shrubs or small trees found in mesic forests from
Mexico to N Argentina and SE Brazil. Three small clades. S.
sibundoyense (Bohs) Bohs (Colombia) produces some of the largest
fruits known in Cyphomandra clade (10cm ✕ 7cm).
§ S. graveolens ‣
woody vine
with pinnately compound leaves, white broadly stellate corollas, anthers with
apical modification (beaks). A single spp., endemic to Brazilian Atlantic
Forest.
§ Cyphomandropsis ‣
shrubs or
small trees with simple entire leaves, many with dendritic trichomes, mostly
white corollas, some with stone cells. 11 spp., mostly dry habitats across
South America.
§ Pachyphylla ‣
shrubs
(often lax and spreading) or small trees with distinct branching pattern where
stem forks have an inflorescence or a leaf arising from it (dichasial
branching), some species with lobed or compound leaves, corollas mostly deeply
stellate, anthers with enlarged connectives, some with stone cell. 42 spp., lowland
and pre-montane moist forests from Mexico to South America.
§ Geminata Clade ‣ c.
150 spp., non-prickly
shrubs or trees with simple entire leaves and sometimes a rank vegetative odour
(burning smell), anthers cylindrical; all but one of which occur
in the New World tropics; 44 in Brazil; shrubs and small trees mostly occurring
in forest understory habitats; they are often inconspicuous, rare and rarely
collected, with only a few widely distributed and weedy species. Two small
clades.
§
Reductum ‣
small
shrubs with dendritic hairs, broadly stellate white corollas, and one species
with basal anther modifications (sack). Two spp., endemic to Argentina.
§
Geminata ‣
shrubs or
trees, many with geminate (paired/twinned) leaves, inflorescences mostly
leaf-opposed and with deeply stellate white flowers with relatively stout,
oblong anthers, and fruits that remain green at maturity. c. 150 sp., moist
lowland or montane forests from Central to South America.
§ Leptostemonum Clade ‣ prickly shrubs, trees,
woody vines or herbs with stellate trichomes, difoliate (geminate or
non-geminate) sympodial units dominate, leaves simple or lobed, mostly
andromonoecious, simple inflorescences dominate, anthers tapered. ca.
450 spp. the so-called ‘spiny solanums’; c. 250 spp. in Neotropics (111 in
Brazil), 80 in Africa, c. 51 spp. in tropical Asia (excluding the island of New
Guinea, and the lowlands of Nepal and Bhutan), 150 in Australia. 19 small
lineages.
§
S.
polygamum ‣ dioecious shrub or small tree with needle-like
prickles, simple entire leaves, deeply stellate 5–6-merous white corollas,
cylindrical anthers, female flowers lacking developed anthers and with large,
forked stigmas, and pubescent orange fruits subtended by large leafy calyx
lobes A single species, from Caribbean.
§
Lasiocarpa ‣
shrubs or
small trees with needle-like prickles, with mostly repand leaves and unbranched
inflorescences, mostly broadly stellate corollas and orange fruits covered in
stellate usually glandular trichomes. 13 spp., 11 from America
Central to W South America, S. stramonifolium Jacq. up to NE Brazil, and
two in Asia and the Pacific.
§
Acanthophora ‣
shrubs and
herbs with deeply stellate corollas characterised by having a mix of stellate
and simple trichomes on lower leaf surfaces but only simple trichomes on stems
and upper leaf surfaces. 22 spp., disturbed and open habitats from Mexico to
South America (mostly E Brazil); introduced and naturalized elsewhere.
§
Gardneri ‣
slender-stemmed
shrubs and herbs mostly with needle-like prickles, small simple (mostly
unlobed) leaves, short and laterally directed inflorescences, deeply stellate
corollas, and berries with somewhat accrescent calyces covering less than half
of the fruit. 10 spp., dry habitats of eastern to central Brazil, Caribbean,
Mexico and America Central, and northern Peru.
§
Thomasiifolium ‣
shrubs or
woody vines mostly with broad-based recurved prickles, some species with
glandular-stellate trichomes, stems often with short internodes and leaves
grouped at the apex, inflorescences unbranched, corollas purple, some
bilaterally symmetric, fruits either large and densely pubescent with large
seeds, or small and glabrous with accrescent calyces that cover less than half
of the fruit. 9 spp., E Brazil.
§
Erythrotrichum ‣
shrubs,
woody vines or small trees covered in broad-based recurved prickles, with
stellate glandular trichomes, trichomes dense and often reddish-brown in
colour, fruits covered in stellate trichomes. 35 spp., tropical South America.
§
Sisymbriifolium ‣
shrubs or
herbs with dense needle-like prickles, leaves deeply lobed (nearly pinnate),
corollas broadly stellate to nearly rotate, white, fruits red with appressed
spiny calyces that spread open at full maturity. Two spp., dry habitats of
South America, including Brazil.
§
Crinitum ‣
trees,
large shrubs or woody vines with scattered broad-based prickles and large
flowers with bilaterally symmetric purple corollas and long, heteromorphic
anthers, berries large and hardened, oxidize black when cut open, with
distinctly swollen calyces. 23 spp., Mexico and South America.
§
Androceras ‣
herbs
densely covered in needle-like prickles, with bilaterally symmetric corollas
with heteromorphic anthers, dry fruits surrounded by accrescent spiny calyces.
16 spp., S U.S.A. and Mexico.
§
S.
campechiense ‣ small shrub covered in needle-like prickles,
corollas rotate, fruits with appressed calyces lacking pedicel articulation.
Only one sp., dry forests from Texas to Colombia, Jamaica, Puerto Rico.
§
Carolinense ‣
rhizomatous
herbs and shrubs covered in needle-like prickles, some species with tubers,
corollas rotate, mostly purple, fruits green to yellow mottled, some with
appressed calyces. 11 spp., four in North America and seven in South America
(Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay).
§
Bahamense ‣
shrubs and
trees with some needle-like prickles, deeply stellate corollas, anthers with
stellate trichomes on the adaxial surface, and small juicy red or black fruits
on strongly recurved fruiting pedicels. 6 spp., Caribbean.
§
Micracantha ‣
scandent
shrubs and woody vines that climb using broad-based recurved prickles with
unbranched inflorescences, deeply stellate (mostly white) corollas, and mostly
orange or red fruits. 14 spp., Florida to Bolivia and Brazil, including the
Caribbean.
§
Asterophorum ‣
tuber-bearing
shrubs with difoliate geminate sympodial growth, with broad-based prickles,
simple leaf-opposed inflorescences with broadly stellate white corollas, and
fruit with appressed calyces covering at least half of the fruit. 4 spp.,
Brazilian Atlantic Forest.
§
S.
multispinum ‣ rhizomatous small shrub covered in needle-like
prickles, with white broadly stellate corollas, and yellow berries with prickly
accrescent calyces that cover less than half of the fruit. Only one sp., dry
habitats of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay.
§
Torva ‣
shrubs,
small trees or woody vines with mostly branched (and stout) inflorescences,
with some needle-like or occasionally broad-based prickles, usually broadly
stellate corollas, and fruits on stout pedicels often held upright, most
species with mucilaginous pulp. 55 spp., worldwide, mostly tropical Americas
(including some in Brazil), with a few members in Asia.
§
S.
euacanthum ‣ herb covered in needle-like prickles and
stellate glandular trichomes, with broadly stellate white corollas, and
dehiscent fruits lacking mesocarp and ‘exploding’ when ripe (probably from
tension in the exocarp) with appressed calyces that cover more than half of the
fruit. Only one sp., dry habitats of subtropical Argentina.
§
Elaeagnifolium ‣
rhizomatous
shrubs or herbs with various degrees of both broad-based recurved and
needle-like prickles, weakly bilaterally symmetric purple corollas with
heteromorphic anthers and dry fruits, some with lepidote scales. 5 spp.,
deserts and dry habitats in North and South America (Argentina,
Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile).
§
Eastern
Hemisphere Spiny (EHS) ‣ morphologically diverse group of shrubs, herbs,
woody vines or small trees, mostly densely prickly (broad-based recurved and/or
needle-like), some rhizomatous, many with appressed calyces that cover more
than half of the fruit. 336 spp., most prickly Solanum species
outside the Americas are members of this clade Africa, Madagascar, Asia,
Australia, Pacific.
§ Wendlandii/Allophyllum Clade ‣ prickly to non-prickly
shrubs, herbs and woody vines with tapered anthers. Two clades.
§ Allophyllum ‣
shrubs or
herbs lacking prickles, with distinct branching pattern where stem forks have
an inflorescence or a leaf arising from it (dichasial branching), leaves with
idioblasts containing crystal sand (sand-punctate), inflorescences unbranched,
few-flowered and relatively short, corollas broadly stellate or rotate, white
or greenish white, some species with stone cells. 4 spp., lowland and montane
moist forests of Central and South America.
§ Wendlandii ‣
woody vines
with mostly broad-based recurved prickles and with large and generally
many-branched inflorescences, many species with lobed or compound leaves,
heteromorphic filaments, or swollen calyces in fruit. 9 spp., six
in Mexico and America Central, one in S Ecuador and N Peru, and S.
alternatopinnatum Steud. in SE Brazil, N Argentina and Paraguay; are all
woody or semi-woody vines with small, broad-based recurved prickles.
§
Nemorense ‣ prickly vines, shrubs or
herbs, andromonoecious, with tapered anthers. 4 spp., South America.
9.7
SALPICHROA CLADE (1/18) - a single genus.
48. Salpichroa
Miers (inc. Nectouxia).
Scandent, pendant, prostrate or straggling shrubs, with rootstocks. 20 spp., 19
in Andes from Colombia (1) to Argentina, S. origanifolia Baill. up
to S Brazil, and one from Texas to Mexico.
9.8 TRIBE
PHYSALIDEAE (23/c. 300) - 4 small clades, all in South
America.
CUATRESIA
CLADE ‣ a single genus.
49. Cuatresia
Hunz. Shrubs or small trees. 18 spp. from Mexico to Peru and
Venezeula, 15 in South America.
SUBTRIBE
WITHANIINAE ‣ outsiders all in Old
World, Santa Helena and Hawaii.
50. Athenaea
Sendtn. Shrubs or small trees; flowers axillary, in fascicles. 14
spp., 13 endemic to S Brazil (3 of then from Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro
states are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book) and A.
fasciculata (Vell.) I.M.C.Rodrigues & Stehmann reaching
into adjacent Argentina, disjunct N Bolivia and adjacent Acre state.
51. Deprea
Raf. Erect shrubs to small trees with spreading branches,
exceptionally herbs with axillary inflorescences generally with three to 15
flowers per node, calyx lobes minute or short, exceptionally long and narrowly
triangular, corolla funnel-shaped to stellate, stamen petalum broadening
gradually to abruptly in width basipetally, with or without auricles, anthers
dorsifixed, generally exserted and mucronate, ovary glabrous, fruiting calyx
always accrescent, enveloping the fleshy berry tightly or loosely. 55 spp., highly
centered in montane Venezuela to Bolivia (24 endemic to Peru), with one
exsclusive to America Central, almost all in restricted ranges.
SUBTRIBE
IOCHROMEAE ‣ all genera
in South America.
52. Dunalia
Kunth. Shrubs or small trees. 5 spp. in Andes from Peru to
Argentina and Chile.
53. Eriolarynx
Hunz. Shrubs or small trees. 4 spp. from Peru to NW Argentina.
54. Iochroma Benth.
Unarmed shrubs or treelets, exceptionally spiny, with colorful, tubular
flowers. 40 spp., higly centered in Ecuador, Peru (26, 23 endemic), Bolivia,
one up to Cono Sur and three up to Colombia, and I. arborescens (L.) J.M.H.Shaw, widely
distributed from Mexico to Peru and SE Brazil, mainly in montane open forested
areas.
55. Saracha
Ruiz & Pav. Shrubs or small trees; young stems densely hairy
with deciduous brown trichomes (thickened, multiseriate, bifurcate or not,
ending in a uniseriate row of cells). 8 spp., Andes from Venezuela to
Bolivia.
56. Trozelia
Raf. Two spp. Ecuador to Peru.
57. Vassobia
Rusby. Shrubs or small trees, with cauline spines. Two spp., V. dichotoma (Rusby)
Bitter confined in Bolivia and Peru and V. breviflora (Sendtn.)
Hunz. from Bolivia, E Paraguay, S Brazil, N Argentina and NW Uruguay.
PHYSALIS
CLADE ‣ outsiders Calliphysalis
(1, SE U.S.A.), Capsicophysalis (1, S Mexico to
Guatemala), Cataracta (1, Mexico), Chamaesaracha (11, U.S.A. to
Honduras), Leucophysalis (2, Canada to W & N U.S.A.), Oryctes
(1, SW U.S.A.), Quincula (1, SW U.S.A.
to N Mexico), Schraderanthus (1, Mexico and Guatemala) and Tzeltalia
(3, Mexico to Guatemala).
58. Darcyanthus
Hunz. Annual sticky herbs, indumentum of long glandular multicellular
trichomes; inflorescences fasciculate, sessile, flowers 7–10, pedicellate, 5-
merous. Only one sp., D. spruceanus (Hunz.) Hunz. ex N.A. Harriman, oriental
rainforests of Peru, Bolivia and Acre state in Brazil.
59. Physalis
L. Herbs, rarely shrubs, fruits with inflated calyx. 94 spp., one
in Asia and 93 in New World, almost all in Mexico (81,
48 endemic) to northern South America. 12 spp.,
almost all widely distributed (only P. galapagoense Waterf.
more restricted) in South
America (4 in Brazil, no endemic).
60. Witheringia
L'Her. Herbs or shrubs. 17 spp., SE Mexico and southwards to Bolivia (6 in
South America), Caribbean, Amazonas and Acre states in N Brazil (only the
widely distributed W. solanacea L'Hér.).
9.9 SOLANOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CAPSICEAE (2/172) - both
genera in South America.
61. Capsicum
L. Shrub or small tree habit with long branches and vigorous suckers and
sprouts; flowers in most species are multiple per node, erect; the corolla is
stellate, white with greenish/yellowish spots in the throat and purplish red
spots in the petals lobes; fruits are small and roundish, as large as a pea,
pendulous, green when immature, greenish yellow, almost translucent and
deciduous when ripe, all pungent, quite hot when immature, less hot, sweet and
juicy after ripening; seeds very coriaceous. 43 spp.,
from the SW U.S. to Argentina, 42 in South America, slightly centered in E
Brazil (21, 14 endemic) and in Bolivia. 11 lineages emerges from this genus,
with only C. benoistii Hunz. ex Barboza unassignated in a clade. C.
baccatum L. from Peru to S Brazil and Argentina, C. pubescens Ruiz
& Pav. from Ecuador to Bolivia, and C. eximium Hunz. from Bolivia to
Argentina have higlhy uncommon yellow nectars.
ANDEAN ‣
9 spp., C Mexico to N Venezuela and N Peru.
ANNUUM ‣
4 spp., C. galapagoense Hunz. nested among the closely
related C. frutescens L., C.
chinense L. and C. annuum L.
Whereas C.
annuum var. glabriusculum is known as a weed
throughout Central and northern South America up to southern North
America, C. annuum var. annuum, C.
frutescens and C. chinense are only known from
cultivation (although it is very likely that C. chinense was
domesticated in northern Brazil), and are well known for their
valuable fruits, either the pungent cultivars or the sweet types used as food,
condiments, and medicine.
ATLANTIC FOREST ‣
12 spp., endemic to Atlantic Forest in E Brazil. C. hunzikerianum Barboza
& Bianchetti, endemic to Atlantic Forest in Brazil, has the largest
flowers of genus, reache up to 1.6 cm long. Urceolate
corollas among this genus occur only in two spp. from Andes and in
the Brazilian endemic C. friburgense Bianchetii & Barboza.
BACCATUM ‣ 3
spp., C. praetermissum (Heiser & P.G.Smith) Hunz. from SE Brazil, C. chacoense Hunz. from Bolivia to central
Argentina and Paraguay, and C. baccatum L. from Bolivia to N Argentina
and SE Brazil, reaching Colombia in the north.
BOLIVIAN ‣
5 spp., Bolivia to Peru, with C. coccineum (Rusby) Hunz. reaching in
Acre state in W Brazil.
CAATINGA ‣
two spp., from dry areas in NE Brazil, N Colombia and N Venezuela.
FLEXUOSUM ‣ only
one sp., C. flexuosum Sendtn, from E & S Brazil to NE. Argentina.
LONGIDENTATUM ‣ only
one sp., C. longidentatum Agra & Barboza, endemic to NE Brazil.
PURPLE COROLLA ‣
3 spp., Bolivia to Argentina and one cultigen.
PUBESCENS ‣ only
one sp., the cultivated C. pubescens Ruiz & Pav. from Ecuador to
Bolivia.
TOVARII ‣ only
one sp., C. tovarii Eshbaugh, P.G.Sm. & Nickrent, endemic to Peru.
62. Lycianthes
Bitter. Shrubs, trees, vines or perennial herbs. 156 spp.,
117 in New World, 59 in South America, 37-50 in E Asia. 10 spp. in Brazil,
belonging to Lycianthes subg. Polymeris, with three subordinate
sections (sects. Asaropsis, Simplicipila, and Eupolymeris),
two endemic.
59. AQUIFOLIALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: HELWINGIACEAE (1/4), AS IN POWO IN JUNE 10, 2024.
AQUIFOLIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
Genera/species
1/564 Distribution E North America, Mexico, Caribbean, America Central,
tropical South America, W, C and S Europe, Türkiye and eastwards to N Iran,
Macaronesia, tropical and subtropical parts of Africa (1), Madagascar, India
and Himalaya to Japan and Russian Far East, SE Asia, Malesia, New Guinea,
Melanesia, N Australia. Habit usually dioecious or bisexual (rarely
polygamomonoecious), usually evergreen (rarely deciduous) trees or shrubs
(rarely lianas). Only one genus.
Aquifoliaceae
is frequently confused with Celastraceae (Monteverdia) and Symplocaceae
(Symplocos Jacq.). From Monteverdia it is readily distinguished
by the lack of a disc in the flowers (conspicuous in Monteverdia), and
the fruit (drupe vs. capsule in Monteverdia). Leaves in species of Ilex
are not pruinose (covered with a wax layer) like in many species of Monteverdia.
Additionally, the top of the branches in Monteverdia is, in many
species, 4-angled or striate, or even winged. In Ilex the branches are
usually rounded in transverse section. Symplocos species often bear
flowers with 5-100 stamens (in 1-4 whorls), with a nectariferous disc
surrounding the style base (absent in Ilex). The style is clearly
distinct from the ovary (short or absent in Ilex), this (sub) inferior
(superior in Ilex). Leaves in Symplocos usually become
light-green when dry, different from Ilex (grayish or dark-colored).
Additionally, many species of Symplocos have glandular-denticulate
leaves.
SYSTEMATIC a
single genus worldwide.
1. Ilex L. Trees or shrubs, usually evergreen, sometimes deciduous,
rarely prostrate subshrubs (only in Brazilian I.
prostrata Groppo), often with roots
crown;
leaves alternate, rarely (sub)opposite, simple, usually glabrous;
inflorescences axillary, derived from thyrses: cymes, thyrsoids, fascicles or
apparently solitary flowers; flowers 4-6(-23)-merous, actinomorphic, petals
usually white or cream, base connate to the base; fruit a drupe, with 1-6
pyrenes, with one seed each, epicarp red, purple or virtually black, mesocarp
fleshy; seeds with oily, proteinaceous, abundant endosperm. 564 spp., 262 in
New World, 190 in South America, found from sea level up to ca. 4,000 m
(Andes). 60 spp. in Brazil, 31 endemic.
Nemopanthus Raf. (one
species in North America) was recently included under the synonymy of Ilex; I. auricula S. Andrews, I. blanchetii Loes. and I.
mucugensis Groppo
from
Bahia, and I. prostrata Groppo from Minas Gerais are rare plants in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
Several
species of Ilex, e.g. I. aquifolium L., I.
cornuta Lindl. & Paxton, I. crenata Thunb.,
and I. opaca Aiton are cultivated as ornamentals, mainly
because their decorative fruits and/or foliage. However, their use in the
Neotropics as ornamentals is occasional.
The species
with most economic importance in the Neotropics is by far I.
paraguariensis A.St.-Hil., native in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and
Uruguay; from the leaves of this species is made a tea, the ‘mate’, ‘erva-mate’
or ‘yerba-mate’, largely consumed in South Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and
Uruguay. Mate is a part of the popular culture in those places, being
characteristically served hot in a gourd (called ‘cuia’ in Brazil) and drank
with a straw (the ‘bomba’). It can be also be served as a cold beverage
(‘tererê’), usually in a decorative cow horn, especially in Paraguay and Brazil.
Other
species of llex, such as I. dumosa Reissek
or I. theezans Mart. were sometimes used in the past as
substitutes of the true mate; another species, as I. tarapotina Loes.
(Colombia and Peru) and I. vomitoria Aiton (Mexico and
North America) are used as teas, mainly because their emetic or stimulating
effects; the wood of some species, as I. affinis Gardn., I.
brevicuspis Reissek, I. cerasifolia Reissek, I.
dumosa, and I. theezans is locally used in Brazil in works
of carpentry, and as fuel; a unnmaed species of Bajo
Calima region in Choco, W Colombia has the largest
leaves of Aquifoliaceae (15-25 cm × c.10 cm).
PHYLLONOMACEAE
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Genera/species
1/5 Distribution S Mexico to NW Bolivia, unknown
in Venezuela. Habit bisexual, evergreen trees or shrubs; inflorescence
axillary, fasciculate or umbel-like, seemingly epiphyllous (inflorescence
seemingly arising from meristem on adaxial surface of leaf) and apparently
inserted adaxially on mid-vein.
SYSTEMATIC a
single genus.
1. Phyllonoma Willd. ex
Schultes. Shrubs or small trees, infrequently epiphytic, glabrous throughout,
the young twigs variously grooved; leaves alternate, inflorescences cymose and
branched or racemose and essentially unbranched above the point of insertion,
arising on the midvein on the adaxial leaf surface anywhere near the middle of
the blade to the base of the acumen or, less frequently, on the acumen (true epiphylly, one the most classic among New World
plants), flowers 2-4 mm in diameter, sepals 5, petals 5. 5 spp., 3 from
Mexico to America Central (only 1 in Mexico), P. ruscifolia Willdenov
ex. Schultes (inflorescence cymose) from Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panamá,
Colombia, N Peru to NW Bolivia, and P. weberbaueri Engler. (
inflorescence racemose) in Andes of central and southern Peru and NW Bolivia,
in cloud forest at altitudes over 2,000 m.
60. CARDIOPTERIDALES
TWO
FAMILIES, BOTH IN SOUTH AMERICA.
CARDIOPTERIDACAE
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Genera/species
5/41 Distribution mountain regions in Central and South America, SE
Asia, Taiwan in China, Malesia, New Guinea, Melanesia, E Australia, islands in
the Pacific. Habit usually bisexual (sometimes andromonoecious,
gynomonoecious, polygamomonoecious, dioecious, androdioecious, or
gynodioecious), evergreen trees or shrubs, or climbing and twining herbs (Cardiopteris).
Trees or shrubs occasionally climbing (Citronella
D. Don). Two genera in Neotropics;
New World
Icacinaceae genera are found within the tropics, a few species occur in
subtropical regions, and one species outside of these (Citronella mucronata at 45°
S). Native with some species of Citronella cultivated.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders Cardiopteris (2; E Himalayas to
SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea, Bismarck Is. and Solomon Islands), Pseudobotrys (2; New
Guinea), Gonocaryum (11, Hainan and Taiwan in China, Indochina, the
Malay Peninsula, Malesia to New Guinea and Bismarck Is.) and Leptaulus
(6; tropical Africa, Madagascar).
1. Citronella D. Don. Trees or shrubs occasionally climbing; all parts
lepidote-stellate or indumentum of simple hairs; leaves simple, alternate,
distichous, margin entire, occasionally serrate with small domatia abaxially;
inflorescence terminal or axillary, paniculate or cymose; flowers bisexual or
occasionally polygamous, glomerulate, actinomorphic, pentamerous; fruit drupes,
exocarp lepidote-stellate becoming glabrous, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp hard;
seed 1, endosperm abundant. 20 spp. in Malaysia, Pacific, and 9 in the New
World, 5 from Costa Rica to NW Argentina in western bank of South America, one
endemic to Chile, and three in Brazil, one up to Venezuela and two up to NE
Agentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
STEMONURACEAE
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Genera/species
12/79 Distribution southern India (W Ghats), Sri Lanka, Assam, Burma,
Indochina, Malesia, New Guinea, Melanesia, Queensland, Central and South
America. Habit usually dioecious (sometimes bisexual), evergreen trees
or shrubs. The family Stemonuraceae has evergreen trees or shrubs, stems with
indumentum of simple hairs, and includes eleven genera from the Old World and Discophora Miers from the
New World.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders Lasianthera (1; tropical W
Africa); Cantleya (1; Malesia), Codiocarpus (2; Andaman
and Nicobar Is., Philippines, Aru Islands), Gastrolepis (2; New
Caledonia), Gomphandra (44, SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea and Solomon
Is.), Grisollea (3; Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles), Hartleya (1; New
Guinea), Irvingbaileya (1; NE Queensland), Medusanthera
(8, Malesia to islands in W Pacific), Stemonurus (13, Sri
Lanka, Andaman Islands, Vietnam, Malesia), Whitmorea (1; Solomon
Islands).
1. Discophora Miers. Shrubs to trees, 3-20 m tall; bisexual; simple hairs;
axillary inflorescences, supraxillary or cauliflorous, thyrsoid; flowers
5-merous, actinomorphic, corolla pale green; fruit drupaceous, white at
immaturity, purple at maturity. Two spp.: D. guianensis Miers is a
small tree from Costa Rica to almost Amazon rainforest (up to NE Pará and NE
Mato Grosso states), south into NW Bolivia, disjunct in small populations in SE
Bahia and N Espírito Santo states in E Brazil, near coast (possibly occurs in
center Brazil); has leaves glabrous, if pubescent, trichomes shorter and more
adpressed than above; blades oblong, narrowly oblong, ovate, or narrowly ovate;
secondary veins 7-10; and D. montana R.A. Howard occurs in Colombia, in
Antioquia, Boyaca, Cundinamarca and Meta departaments, and in Peru from
Amazonas, in montane environments, and differs from D. guianensis in its
smaller drupe, c. 1 cm long, and leaves with a long slender point; in lowland
rainforest below 500 m alt.
61. ASTERALES
FAMILIES ABSENT IN SOUTH AMERICA: ALSEUOSMIACEAE (4/10), ARGOPHYLLACEAE
(2/24), PENTAPHRAGMATACEAE (1/31), PHELLINACEAE
(1/10), ROUSSEACEAE (4/15).
LINEAGE 1 of
3: CAMPANULIDS
CAMPANULACEAE
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Genera/species 94/c. 2,200 Distribution cosmopolitan
except extreme polar regions; few representatives in Malesia, Australia and New
Zealand. Habit usually bisexual (rarely dioecious or gynodioecious),
usually perennial (sometimes annual or biennial) herbs (sometimes evergreen
shrubs, small trees or lianas). Some species are aquatic. Others are
xerophytic.
Key
differences from similar families - Campanulaceae is easy to
distinguish by combined presence of latex, simple leaves and inferior ovary.
Material from other families with long and reddish or orange corolla -tube is
often placed in Campanulaceae, mainly Acanthaceae, Lamiaceae and Rubiaceae.
However, these families differing in leaves commonly opposite and free stamens
and anthers. Allied families or others traditionally placed close to
Campanulaceae such as Pentaphragmataceae, Stylidiaceae (including Donatiaceae),
Sphenocleaceae and Goodeniaceae (including Brunoniaceae), can be distinguished
from the Campanulaceae by the following features: they lack latex; Goodeniaceae
have a style with apical hairy pollen -collecting indusium and stylar cup;
Pentaphragmataceae and Stylidiaceae have extrorse anthers.
SYSTEMATIC five
subfamilies, Nemacladoideae (2/14, SW U.S.A., Mexico) and Cyphioideae (1/c 65,
Africa, the Cape Verde Islands, with their largest diversity in S Africa) do
not occur in South America.
1.
SUBFAMILY CAMPANULOIDEAE (44/900–950) - three tribes,
Cyanantheae (10/64, Ethiopia, Canary Islands, tropical E Africa tropical
and E Asia, SE Asia, Malesia) does not occur in South America.
1.1 CAMPANULOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE WAHLENBERGIEAE (16/340–350)
- outsiders Berenice (1, Réunion), Craterocapsa (5, South Africa,
Swaziland, Lesotho, Zimbabwe), Feeria (1, Morocco), Gunillaea (2,
tropical Africa, Madagascar), Heterochaenia (3, Réunion), Kericodon
(1, W and E Cape), Merciera (6, W Cape), Microcodon (3, N and W
Cape), Namacodon (1, C Namibia), Nesocodon (1, Mauritius), Prismatocarpus
(27, tropical and S Africa), Rhigiophyllum (1, W Cape), Roella (22,
W Cape, one species in E Cape and KwaZulu-Natal), Siphocodon (2, W
Cape), and Treichelia (2, W Cape).
1. Wahlenbergia
Schrad. ex Roth. Annual or perennial herbs, subshrubs and shrubs. 260 spp.,
mainly Old World to SW Pacific, 15 in South America (Colombia to Cono Sur):
five endemic to Juan Fernandes, 4 endemic to
Brazil, and three endemic to Peru; W. linarioides
Lam. from Ecuador to SW Brazil, Argentina and S Chile; W.
peruviana A. Gray from Peru to Argentina, and W.
perrottetii (A. DC.) Thulin from disjunct Brazil, French Guiana
and Africa.
1.2 CAMPANULOIDEAE
▸ TRIBE CAMPANULEAE (18/590
–610) - outsiders
Campanula (452, temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere, tropical
mountains), Cryptocodon (1, Pamir), Cylindrocarpa (1,
Kyrgyzstan), Favratia (1, the Alps), Githopsis (4, Vancouver
Island to Baja California), Heterocodon (1, SW Canada, W U.S.A.), Homocodon
(2, Bhutan, SW China), Jasione (14, Europe, Mediterranean, SW Asia), Legousia
(7, Europe, Mediterranean), Musschia (3, Islas Desertas), Peracarpa
(1, tropical Asia), Petromarula (1, Crete), Phyteuma (22,Europe,
Mediterranean), Physoplexis (1, the Alps), Sergia (2,
Tadzhikistan; Kazakhstan),Trachelium (2, Europe, Mediterranean), and Zeugandra
(2, Iran).
2. Triodanis Raf. Annuals
herns, leaves sessile or short-petiolate, flowers medium-sized, sessile,
1–3(–8) in upper axils, forming a spike-like inflorescence, lower ones smaller
and cleistogamous; hypanthium elongate; calyx lobes 3 in cleistogamous flowers;
corolla lavender blue, rotate. Six spp., 5 endemic to U.S.A. and T.
perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. Disjunct from U.S.A. up to S Brazil and Uruguay.
2.
SUBFAMILY CYPHOCARPOIDEAE (1/3) ▸
a single genus.
3. Cyphocarpus
Miers.
Annual and perennial herbs, sometimes twining vines, leaves pinnatifid, flowers
small to medium-sized. Three spp. endemic to N & C Chile.
3.
SUBFAMILY LOBELIOIDEAE (26/1,180 – 1,200)
▸ outsiders Brighamia
(2, Hawaii), Clermontia (23,
Hawaii), Cyanea (81, Hawaii),Dialypetalum
(5, Madagascar), Delissea (9,
Hawaii), Dielsantha (1, C Africa), Grammatotheca
(1, W and E Cape, KwaZulu-Natal), Heterotoma
(1; Mexico to Costa Roca), Hippobroma
(1, Jamaica), Howellia (1, W
U.S.A.), Isotoma (12, Australia), Monopsis
(13, tropical and S Africa), Porterella
(1, W N America), Ruthiella (4, New
Guinea), Sclerotheca (10, Rarotonga, Society Islands,
Marquesas Islands, Rapa Island), Solenopsis
(7, Canary Islands, Mediterranean to Türkiye, Cyprus and Syria), Trematolobelia
(4, Hawaii), and Wimmerella (10, S
Africa).
The ‘CBS
clade’ includes three shrubby neotropical genera, Centropogon, Burmeistera
and Siphocampylus, which collectively comprise almost half of the
species of Lobelioideae. Burmeistera and Centropogon have fleshy
fruits and Siphocampylus is capsular type. Burmeistera is a
monophyletic group primarily bat-pollinated, herbs or hemi-epiphytic herbs or
subshrubs that climb nearby vegetation; tubular corollas with reproductive
parts positioned above the opening. Siphocampylus is inferred to be a
paraphyletic relative to fleshy -fruited Centropogon and Burmeistera,
but fleshy fruits have evolved repeatedly, making Centropogon
polyphyletic. Both genera are difficult to distinguish; apart from the fruit
there are subtle differences regarding the lower anthers; the other
representative genus in Neotropics is Lysipomia, a monophyletic group of
small cushion-forming plants endemic to the high Andes; the genus is sister to
the clade comprising the remaining three shrubby genera.
4. Burmeistera Karst. &
Triana. Suffrutescent (sometimes hemi-epiphytic) herbs,
trees or shrubs, sometimes scandent lianas, often green flowers are primarily
pollinated by nectar bats, with latex. 137 spp., from
Honduras to Peru and Venezuela, highly centered in Colombia and Ecuador, 108 in
South America, 58 in Colombia, 51 in Ecuador, two up to Peru and one in Brazil,
B. pallida (Drake) E.Wimm., collected in Mount Neblina.
5. Centropogon C.Presl. Suffrutescent
herbs or shrubs, sometimes scandent lianas, flowers medium-sized to large,
solitary, axillary, rarely forming a terminal corymb or raceme. 212 spp. over
Neotropics, from S Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil, 196 in South America (only the
widely distributed C.
cornutus (L.)
Druce
in Brazil), two in the Lesser Antilles.
6. Diastatea
Scheidw.
Flowers small, in terminal, sometimes secund 5–30-flowered racemes (rarely
solitary, axillary), pedicels ebracteolate, corolla bilabiate, purplish, blue
or white. 8 spp. from C Mexico to Panamá, with D. micrantha (Kunth)
McVaugh extending south to Bolivia, Argentina and Venezuela.
7. Downingia
Torr.
Annuals; leaves much smaller than bracts, sessile; corolla bilabiate, blue
(rarely pinkish or white), often marked with yellow or white on ventral lip;
flowers small, sessile, in a terminal raceme. 13 spp., W Canada to NW Mexico, D.
pusilla (G.Don ex A.DC.) Torr disjunct in Argentina and Chile.
8. Legenere
McVaugh.
Emergent aquatic annuals; leaves sessile; flowers small, both chasmogamous and
cleistogamous, pedicellate, in a terminal raceme; pedicels ebracteolate;
corolla bilabiate, yellow. Only one sp., L. valdiviana (Phil.) E. Winn.,
disjunct in California, S Argentina to Chile.
9. Lobelia L. Annual
or perennial herbs, shrubs, trees or giant rosette plants (often pliestesial). 441
spp., pantropical, 175 in New World, from Mexico to Argentina, Bolivia and
Brazil, and Caribbean. 35 spp. from South America, 18 in Brazil, 10 endemic
(one, in Distrito Federal, a rare species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book).
10. Lysipomia
Kunth.
Dwarf perennial herbs, often forming cushions,
sometimes scapose; leaves sessile or petiolate, commonly rosulate. 32 spp. in
Andes of South America, from Venezuela to Bolivia. The smallest
of all angiosperms is L. mitsyae Sylvester & D.Quandt, a minute glabrous short-lived
monocarpic herb of 1.8–4(–5.5) mm tall, found only in Cuzco region from Peru.
11. Siphocampylus Pohl. Suffrutescent
herbs or shrubs, sometimes scandent or twining lianas; leaves rarely opposite
or whorled. 237 spp. from Costa Rica to Argentina and in Caribbean, highly
centerd in Andes from Peru and Bolivia. 220 in South America, 30 in Brazil, 26
endemic (two of then, from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo states, are rare
species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
Syphocampylus umbellatus
clade has 6 spp., all restricted to the Central Andes of
Peru and Bolivia, with the exception of S. umbellatus (Kunth)
G.Don, whose range also extends to Brazil. This clade is composed of robust shrubs or trees that are exceptionally tall for
the centropogonid clade, or rarely scandent subshrubs.
LINEAGE 2 of
3: STYLIDIIDS
STYLIDIACEAE
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Genera/species 5/314
Distribution mainly extratropical regions of Australia, Tasmania, New
Zealand, South and SE Asia, and southernmost South America in Argentina and
Chile. Habit usually bisexual (sometimes monoecious or
polygamomonoecious), usually perennial herbs (sometimes dwarf shrubs; in Donatia
and Phyllachne cushion-shaped). Some species are
helophytes and numerous species are xerophytes.
SYSTEMATIC two
subfamlies, both in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
DONATIOIDEAE (1/2) ▸
a single genus.
1. Donatia
J. R. Forst. Much-branched short herbs, forming dense, often
large, cushion-like expanses. Two spp., one in
Australia and New Zealand, and D. fascicularis J.R. Forst. & G.
Forst. Argentina and S Chile.
2. SUBFAMILY
STYLIDIOIDEAE (3/320) ▸ outsiders Leve Forstera (7, Tasmania and
New Zealand), Levenhookia (12, W Australia, S Australia, Victoria, New
South Wales), and Stylidium (289, Bengal, Sri Lanka, Burma, Vietnam,
southern coast of China, the Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Australia, Tasmania,
New Zealand incl. Stewart Island, with almost all species confined to
Australia).
2. Phyllachne
J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. Much-branched short herbs, forming
dense, often large, cushion-like expanses. 4
spp., three in Tasmania, New Zealand, Stewart Island, Auckland Islands,
Campbell Island, and F. uliginosa Hombr. & Jacquinot ex Decne, in
Argentina and Chile.
LINEAGE 3 of
3: CORE ASTERALES
MENYANTHACEAE
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Genera/species
6/72 Distribution cosmopolitan except polar areas, with their largest
diversity in Australia. Habit usually bisexual (rarely monoecious,
dioecious or gynodioecious), usually perennial (rarely annual) herbs.
Hydrophytes (aquatic) or helophytes; three genus in New World, two occurs only
in North America.
The
Gentianaceae differs in that their members having opposite leaves.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders Liparophyllum (8, SW W Australia, S
Australia, Queensland to Victoria, Tasmania, New Zealand), Menyanthes (1,
temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere), Nephrophyllidium (1, N
Japan, NW North America); Ornduffia (7, SW W Australia, S Australia,
Queensland to Victoria, Tasmania), and Villarsia (3, W Cape).
1. Nymphoides Séguier. Aquatic perennial herbs; leaves above the water-level,
surfacing or rarely submerged, alternate, simple, entire, orbicular,
occasionally slightly succulent, cordate or reniform, margins entire, dentate
or crenate with hydathodal glands, venation palmate; estipulate; petiolate,
petiole bases sheathing; flowers in terminal or axillary fascicles, heads,
panicles or solitary, actinomorphic; sepals 5, basally connate; petals 5,
basally connate, winged; fruit a capsule; seeds 1-many, dry, 0.4 - 5.2 mm,
flattened or lenticular. 52 spp., 13 spp. in Africa and Madagascar, 12 in
Australia, 9 in India, and one in Eurasia. 8 spp. in New World, two
in E North America, one in Mexico and Guatemala, and five in South America:
Colombia and Bolivia one en each, N. verrucosa (R.E.Fr) A.
Galán & G. Navarro in Bolivia and Argentina, the yellow flowered N. grayana Kuntze in
Cuba, Bahamas and C Brazil (Tocantins and Pantanal), also in Africa (a
remarkable disjunction), and the white flowered N. humboldtiana Kuntze widely
distributed in New World.
GOODENIACEAE
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Genera/species
7/465 Distribution tropical and subtropical coastal areas along the
Atlantic, the Indian and the Pacific Oceans, Australia, Tasmania, islands in
the Pacific and the Indian Oceans, with their largest diversity in W Australia
and Tasmania. Habit bisexual perennial or annual herbs, suffrutices or
shrubs (rarely climbing or arborescent). Many representatives are xerophytic.
Members of
the Neotropical Goodeniaceae are readily distinguished by an unique floral
character known as the 'indusium' which is a cup-shaped specialized stylar
outgrowth below the apex of the style (that attracted the interest of Charles
Darwin), and which acts as a pollen presenter.
SYSTEMATIC - outsiders Anthotium (4, W Australia), Brunonia
(1, Australia, Tasmania), Coopernookia (6, W Australia, S Australia, New
South Wales), Dampiera (70, Australia, with their highest diversity in W
Australia), and Leschenaultia (32, S New Guinea, Australia, W Australia).
1. Goodenia
Sm.
Shrubs or subshrubs, perennial, or annual or perennial herbs, sometimes
stoloniferous and rooting at nodes. 235 spp., New Guinea, Australia, one
species also in Malesia to S China, one on Java, and G. radicans (Cav.) Pers.
in South
Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania, New Zealand, Stewart Island and and disjunct
in continental Chile.
2. Scaevola L. Herbs, shrubs, scramblers or small trees; leaves alternate
or rarely opposite. 116 spp., tropical Africa, Pakistan to Japan and
Australia, three in New World: Mexico and Cuba one endemic each, and S. plumieri (L.) Vahl, found
throughout sandy coastal plain ecosystem areas of the Neotropics, from both
coasts of U.S.A. to Ecuador (absent in Colombia, however), in Pacific coast,
and Brazil, Venezuela and Caribbean, in Atlantic Coast - also occur in Africa
and India.
CALYCERACEAE
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Genera/species
8/47 Distribution exclusively in South America, from southern
Peru and SE Brazil to S Chile, also in the Falkland Islands. Habit usually
bisexual (rarely monoecious or gynomonoecious, in Acicarpha often
andromonoecious with male flowers in centre), usually perennial (rarely annual)
herbs (occasionally somewhat woody at base). The greater
part of the family (all genera and c. 40 spp.) are found in Argentina.
The
Calyceraceae is easily separated from the Compositae by the leaf-like bracts
forming the involucre rather than the involucral bracts in the Compositae that
differ clearly from the cauline leaves.
SYSTEMATIC -
all genera in South America.
1. Acicarpha Juss. Annual
or perennial herbs; stems more or less branched, erect or procumbent,
terminating in an inflorescence overtopped by lateral branches. 7 spp., S
Brazil (6, 4 endemic, one of then from Itatiaia Massif a rare plant in Brazil
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), S Paraguay, Uruguay, and NC Argentina,
along riversides or the Atlantic seashore.
2. Anachoretes
S.Denham
& Pozner. Hemicryptophytic, glabrous, non-glutinose herbs with decumbent
lateral branches. Only one sp., A. castillonii (Hicken) S.Denham &
Pozner, endemic to Sierra de Ambato, Catamarca, Argentina.
3. Asynthema
S.Denham
& Pozner. Therophytic, small, glabrous, non-glutinose herbs with lateral,
erect or decumbent, slender branches. Only one sp., A. gracile (Phil.)
S.Denham & Pozner, widely distributed in Argentina and Chile, in Monte,
Patagónica (from Mendoza to Santa Cruz in Argentina) and Chilena Central
biogeographic provinces, on arid soils.
4. Boopsis
Juss.
Perennial or rarely annual herbs, glabrous; stems erect
or decumbent, scapose or ramified; leaves sometimes clustered in a rosette. Two
spp., one in Argentina and Uruguay, another in Chile.
5. Calycera
Cav.
Hemicryptophytes, chamaephytes, cryptophytes or therophytes herbs, glabrous or
weekly lanuginose; stems erect or decumbent; leaves alternate or in rosetes. 6
spp., from Bolivia and N Chile to W Argentina (one specimen has been collected
in Peru), reaching the Atlantic seashore in Uruguay, extending northwards along
coastal dunes from Buenos Aires and Uruguay, and one up to S Brazil.
6. Gamocarpha
DC.
Habit rosulate herbs with hemicryptophytic, cushion-shaped
or caespitose habit according to the growth of lateral branches; lateral
branches erect or decumbent, foliose, scapiform (short and thick or long and
slender), stoloniferous, glabrous, non glutinose. 13 spp., Argentina and Chile,
where it is widely distributed along the Andes and Patagonia, less frequent in
Monte, and in Malvinas Island.
7. Leucocera
Turcz.
Annual, chamaephytic or rosulate hemicryptophytic herbs with erect, decumbent
or rhizomatous branches, glabrous or pubescent with uniseriate, simple
trichomes on leaves. 7 spp., Andean regions from Argentina and Chile.
8. Moschopsis
Phil.
Glabrous, usually cushion-shaped, rosulate
herbs with lateral rhizomatous or stoloniform branches producing new cushion-shaped,
crowded rosettes. 10 spp., Argentina (San Juan, Mendoza, Neuquén) and Chile
(Region Metropolitana), to the southern portion of Patagonia and in Tierra del
Fuego, from sea level to 3,000m.
ASTERACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JANUARY 21, 2025 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN
ANNEX 3
Genera/species 1,702/34,588
Distribution cosmopolitan except Antarctica. Habit usually
bisexual (sometimes monoecious, gynomonoecious, polygamomonoecious, dioecious,
androdioecious, or gynodioecious), usually perennial, biennial or annual herbs
(sometimes evergreen, rarely deciduous, shrubs, trees or lianas). Some species
are succulent. Numerous representatives are spiny or prickly. Many Asteraceae
have stem or root nodules or lignotuber. A large number of species are
xeromorphous. Some species have C4 and/or CAM physiology. Often with
a strong scent or odour.
The majority
of Compositae are subshrubs, shrubs or perennial herbs, adapted to moderately
xeric conditions, but most life forms are represented, from ephemeral desert
annuals, pyrophytes and hemicryptophytes to trees of 30m or more, including
especially in Senecioneae, leaf and stem succulents, also halophytes, marsh
plants, lianas, epiphytes and aquatics, though the later two life forms are
comparatively infrequent and submerged aquatics rare.
Pachycaul,
megaphytic, polycarpic or sometimes monocarpic trees, shrubs or herbs occur
widely on tropical mountains and oceanic islands, e.g. Centaurodendron
(Cynareae, Juan Fernández Islands), Sonchus (Cichorieae, Macaronesia), Dendroseris
(Cichorieae, Juan Fernández Islands), Espeletia (Millerieae, Andes), Argyroxiphium
(Madieae, Hawaii), Lachanodes (Senecioneae, St. Helena) and Dendrosenecio
(Senecioneae, tropical east African mountains).
Compositae
are prominent among the plants utilized by peoples in native cultures in all
parts of the world, especially for medicinal purposes. For example, in China
500 and in Mexico 180 species of wildgrowing Compositae are currently employed
in traditional medicine. Preparations of Compositae are variously valued for
their antibiotic, antifungal, antihelmintic, antiplasmodial, expectorant,
sedative, diuretic, spasmolytic, haemostatic, immunostimulatory or anti-inflammatory
properties. Wild Compositae species are also used as foods, fish poisons,
fodder, and sources of oil and nectar. Industrial products for which Compositae
(cultivated or wild) provide raw materials include insecticides, medicines,
soaps, detergents, varnishes, paints, cosmetics, rubber, perfumes, food
products, and flavourings and colourants for foods and drinks (Garg and Sastry
1996; Viswanathan and Singh 1996). Many Compositae are also highly valued as
ornamentals in both commercial and recreational horticulture.
Among
cultivated Compositae, the following are among the more important of over 260
species currently in cultivation for other than ornamental purposes: Cynara
cardunculus, cardoon and globe artichoke, edible leaves and capitula; Carthamus
tinctorius, safflower, edible and industrial oil; Cichorium intybus,
chicory, leaf vegetable, roots provide a coffee substitute and also yield
fructans; Cichorium endivia, endive, salad vegetable; Pterocypsela
indica, Indian lettuce, salad vegetable; Lactuca sativa, lettuce,
salad vegetable; Scorzonera hispanica, Spanish salsify, scorzonera, root
vegetable; Acmella oleracea, Pará cress, culinary herb; Echinacea
purpurea, purple coneflower, medicinal, immunostimulatory; Helianthus
annuus, sunflower, edible and industrial oil and edible seeds, the most
important crop plant of the family; Helianthus tuberosus, Jerusalem
artichoke, root vegetable; Smallanthus sonchifolius, yacon, root
vegetable; Artemisia dracunculus, tarragon, flavouring and oil used in
perfumery; Tanacetum cinerariifolium, pyrethrum, yields the insecticidal
monoterpenes called pyrethrins; Glebionis coronarium, crown daisy, green
vegetable; and Petasites japonicus, butterbur, green vegetable. Among
the most important of the very numerous genera cultivated as ornamentals are Gerbera
(Mutisieae, Barberton daisy); Dahlia (Coreopsideae/Heliantheae s.l.,
dahlia); Tagetes (Tageteae/Heliantheae s.l., French and African
marigolds), Xerochrysum (Gnaphalieae, everlasting), Callistephus (Astereae,
China aster), Symphyotrichum (Astereae, Michaelmas daisy), Chrysanthemum
(Anthemideae, florist’s chrysanthemum) and Pericallis (Senecioneae,
florist’s cineraria).
A number of
Compositae are of negative economic significance, inasmuch as they are more or
less noxious weeds of gardens, cultivated fields, pastures and plantations.
Among the more important weedy genera are Acroptilon, Carduus, Cirsium,
Centaurea and Onopordum (all Cynareae), Chondrilla (Cichorieae),
Parthenium, Ambrosia, Chromolaena and Mikania (all
Heliantheae s.l.), Chrysanthemoides (Calendulae) and Senecio (Senecioneae).
Parthenium hysterophorus causes a contact dermatitis; the pollen of Ambrosia
species is a cause of hay fever, and many Senecio species are highly
hepatotoxic to grazing livestock.
Aquatic
plants generally are uncommon among angiosperms, yet the aquatic habit has
evolved independently over 200 times (Cook 1999). Although it is difficult to
apply a definition of “aquatic” universally, several genera of Asteraceae
Bercht. & J. Presl tribe Eupatorieae Cass. contain species that clearly
tolerate inundated soil conditions as well as periods of complete immersion, at
least of their vegetative tissues. Worldwide, Cook (1999) recognized 18
Asteraceae genera (e.g. Bidens L., Cotula L., Hydropectis
Rydb.), including four Eupatorieae genera (Gymnocoronis DC., Sclerolepis
Cass., Shinnersia R. M. King & H. Rob., and Trichocoronis A.
Gray), as including aquatic species, and he hypothesized that the latter taxa
together represented a single origin of the aquatic habit in the family.
Key
differences from similar families
Close
examination will place all members of the Compositae within the family without
any great difficulty; however, superficial examination may well place some
taxa, albeit very rarely, into other families; both vegetative and fertile
material of Ichthyothere is sometimes misplaced in the
Commelinaceae; material from other families is often placed in the Compositae,
most notably members of the Acanthaceae, Amaranthaceae, Labiatae and sometimes
Rubiaceae; all of these families are instantly thrown out because they have:
Free
stamens.
Capitate
stigmas.
Typically
distinct calyces.
No pappus -like
structure.
Very
distinctive fruiting structures.
SYSTEMATIC 13 subfamilies, 4 absent in South America: Hecastocleidoideae (1/1,
S Nevada and adjacent California), Pertyoideae (4/95–100,
Afghanistan, Himalayas to Japan and SE Asia, W Malesia to Philippines), Gymnarrhenoideae (1/1,
North Africa, SW Asia) and Corymbioideae (1/9, W and E Cape).
A probable
topology of Asteraceae is the following: [Barnadesioideae + [Famatinanthoideae
+ [Mutisioideae + Stifftioideae + [Wunderlichioideae + [Gochnatioideae +
[Hecastocleidodoideae + [Carduoideae + [Pertyoideae + [Gymnarrhenoideae +
[Cichorioideae + [Corymbioideae + Asteroideae]]]]]]]]]]].
Tribes absent in South America only in Carduoideae (3),
Cichoroideae (4) and Asteroideae (5).
1.
SUBFAMILY BARNADESIOIDEAE (10/c
92) ▸ all
genera occur in South America. Shrubs or
trees; stems often with axillary spines; leaves alternate, apex mucronate or
spiny; capitula usually homogamous and discoid, rarely heterogamous and
disciform; phyllaries imbricate, multiseriate; receptacle paleaceous or
epaleaceous; corollas actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic or bilabiate,
throat pubescent inside, corolla-lobes long, erect, ascending or recurved,
densely long pubescent towards apices; flower colour yellow, white red or
violet; anther-bases short-sagittate or conspicuously tailed; style arms short,
obtuse; achenes usually brown; pappus of uniseriate plumose hairs.
1. Arnaldoa Cabrera.
Shrubs, 1–4m; stems erect, with axillary spines; leaves alternate. 4 spp.
endemic to N Peru (3) and S Ecuador (1), in xerophytic habitats.
2. Archidasyphyllum (Cabrera)
Saavedra e P.L.Ferreira. Trees, gynodioecious. Two spp. endemic to
Chile and adjacent areas in Argentina.
3. Barnadesia Mutis. Shrubs or trees, 0.6–20m. Stems erect, spiny. 23 spp. from
the E Andes in Colombia southwards into NW Argentina, B. caryophylla
(Vell.) S.F. Blake up to C & SE Brazil.
4. Chuquiraga Juss.
Intricately branched shrubs, 0.25–2m; stems erect or compressed into cushions, often spiny. 23 spp. from the Andes of
Colombia south into Argentina (15) and Chile, frequently in xeromorphic
habitats.
5. Dasyphyllum Kunth.
Shrubs or trees, 0.5–20m; stems erect or decumbent, with or without spines. 36
spp., distributed from Venezuela south to Argentina (5) to Brazil (22, 15 endemic,
4 of then are rare
species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book). Absent in almost all
Argentina, Amazon rainforest and Pacific Coasts.
6. Doniophyton
Wedd.
Herbs with some secondary growth, 2.5–8 cm. Stems ascendent or decumbent,
fasciculate spines present or absent. Two spp. in N Chile and Patagonian
Argentina.
7. Duseniella K. Schum.
Annual herbs, unarmed, to 10 cm; leaves basally opposite, succulent. Only one
sp., D. patagonica K. Schum., endemic to Patagonian Argentina.
8. Fulcaldea Poir.
ex Lam. Shrubs or small trees to 8 m in height; trunks to 25 cm, usually with
long paired axillary spines; inflorescences of corymbose or paniculate cymes,
terminal and axillary; capitula small, sessile or subsessile, 1-flowered; florets
hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, 5-merous, corolla tubular, lavender, pale pink or
red. Two spp., F.
laurifolia
Poir.
ex Lam., from to southern Ecuador and NW Peru, and F. stuessyi Roque &
V.A.Funk, known only from the type collection, occurring in seasonally
deciduous forest from Diamantina highs in Bahia state, E Brazil.
9. Huarpea
Cabrera.
Subshrubs, unarmed, perennials; leaves alternate, subrosulate, sessile.
Only one sp., H. andina Cabrera, endemic to San Juan Province in NW
Argentina.
10. Schlechtendalia Less.
Perennial herbs, rhizomatous succulent, unarmed, to 1m; leaves basally
rosulate, on stems opposite. Only one sp., S. luzulaefolia Less., from
Rio Grande do Sul state in S Brazil, Uruguay and NE Argentina.
2.
SUBFAMILY FAMATINANTHOIDEAE (1/1)
▸ a single genus
and species.
11. Famatinanthus
Ariza
& S. E. Freire. Branched shrubs, young stems pubescent, old stems
subglabrous, peridermis black with age; leaves opposite, simple, sessile;
capitula solitary at tip of branches, homogamous, radiate, sessile; involucre
campanulate; phyllaries 3-seriate, imbricate, gradate; receptacle naked;
florets 10 or 11, dimorphic. Only one sp., F. decussatus Ariza & S.
E. Freire, endemic to Sierra de Famatina, NW Argentina, 1,800 – 2,500m
elevation range.
3. SUBFAMILY
MUTISIOIDEAE (45/630–635) ▸ three
tribes, all in South America. Herbs, shrubs or trees, stems unarmed, leaves
alternate, usually unarmed, rarely apically spiny; capitula radiate, subradiate
or discoid, homogamous or heterogamous; phyllaries usually imbricate,
multiseriate; receptacle usually naked; corollas often bilabiate, sometimes
regular or ligulate; corolla-lobes long; flower colour white, yellow;
anther-bases often conspicuously tailed; style arms short obtuse, or truncate
and fringed. Achenes usually brown; pappus usually of simple hairs, rarely
plumose.
TRIBE
ONOSERINAE (7/42) - all genera in
South America.
12. Aphyllocladus
Wedd.
Almost leafless, well-branched odoriferous shrubs; leaves alternate, simple,
sessile, minute, rapidly falling, linear-spathulate, entire; capitula solitary,
terminal rarely in few-headed scorpioid-like cymes, radiate or disciform;
florets several to many (c. 10–40), heterogamous or homogamous; corollas lilac
to purple. 4 spp., S Bolivia (1), N Chile, NW Argentina.
13. Gypothamnium
Phil.
Moderately branched glabrous shrubs; leaves spiralled, often ascending, simple,
linear, somewhat fleshy, entire; capitula terminal, solitary, radiate, medium
to large; florets heteromorphic, heterogamous, marginal florets uniseriate,
female, spreading, ± reflexed; disc florets numerous, hermaphrodite; corollas
glabrous, purple or pinkish-purple. Only one sp., G. pinifolium Phil.,
endemic to a small dry coastal region in N Chile (Antofagasta,
Atacama).
14. Lycoseris Cass.
Dioecious subshrubs or shrubs, usually scandent; leaves alternate, simple;
Capitula solitary, terminal or few to several in corymbs or racemes, large,
many-flowered, female often considerably larger than male; Florets usually
numerous, heteromorphic; corollas orange to orange-red, sometimes yellow or
violet; ray florets uniseriate, sterile; disc florets actinomorphic, relatively
short 5-lobed. 11 spp. from Guatemala to Bolivia, Colombia, Brazil and
Venezuela; in Brazil occur only L. boliviana Britton in Mato Grosso and
Mato Grosso do Sul states and Bolivia. 10 spp. in South America.
15. Onoseris Willd. Annual
or perennial herbs, subshrubs or suffrutices; leaves radical or alternate,
capitula solitary or few to many in panicles, usually radiate, rarely discoid,
erect; ray florets, when present, uniseriate, female; corollas violet or
purple, glabrous; disc florets hermaphrodite, fertile, numerous; corollas
usually yellow, reddish or purple, tubular. 31 spp., Mexico and Guatemala to
South America (29; Colombia to Argentina, absent in Chile), one sp. in Brazil, O.
brasiliensis Cabrera, endemic, colected in western outcrops in Mato Grosso
state, yellow flowers.
16. Paquirea
Cabrera.
Branched shrubs, glabrous in old stem; leaves alternate, lamina oblanceolate,
spinose-dentate with few spines, apices spiny; capitula solitary, long-pendunculate,
axillary, or two capitula in divaricately branched axillary inflorescence,
discoid, homogamous, slightly nodding before anthesis but erect in flower;
florets actinomorphic, hermaphrodite, several; corollas 5-lobed, yellow. Only
one sp., P. lanceolata (H. Beltrán & Ferreyra) Panero & S.E.
Freire, endemic to Arequipa, Peru.
17. Plazia
Ruiz
& Pav. Shrubs, often resinous; leaves spiralled, lamina ovate or oblong,
entire; capitula solitary, terminal, surrounded by leaves, radiate; involucre
campanulate; florets numerous, hermaphrodite, all fertile; corollas white to
pink, glabrous, marginal florets bilabiate, inner florets actinomorphic, deeply
divided. 4
spp., Peru (3, two endemic), Bolivia, Argentina, Chile.
18. Urmenetea
Phil.
Subshrub or perennial herb; leaves alternate and loosely rosulate; capitula
terminal on scape, radiate, homogamous; ray florets uniseriate, female;
corollas bilabiate, white or pink, outer lip; disc florets numerous,
hermaphrodite, fertile; corollas yellow, actinomorphic, short 5-lobed, lobes
erect to slightly spreading; basal anther appendage caudate, short-pilose. Only
one sp., U. atacamensis Phil., Chile and Argentina.
TRIBE
MUTISIEAE (15/c 280) - outsiders Amblysperma
(2, W Australia), Gerbera (24, NE,
tropical and S Africa, Madagascar, S Asia to China), Oreoseris
(12, E Türkiye, Armenia, Central Asia, Himalayas, China, N Thailand and
Vietnam), Leibnitzia (6, 4 in S and E Asia, Arizona, 2
in New Mexico and N Mexico) and Perdicium
(2, W Cape).
■ UNPLACED
GROUP
19. Chaetanthera
Ruiz
& Pav. Erect or prostrate annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs,
monoecious, rarely dioecious; leaves opposite and decussate with connate bases;
capitula terminal, solitary, sessile, rarely 2 or 3 in a cyme, radiate or
disciform, small to medium; ray florets female; corollas white, yellow, rarely
orange or reddish; disc florets hermaphrodite or female; corollas yellow. 34
spp., Peruvian Altiplano (one species) along the Andean cordillera, and
throughout Chile to Valdivian rainforest starts, mainly Argentina (20 of then)
and Chile.
20. Oriastrum
Poepp.
& Endl. 17 spp., from Peruvian Altiplano in Lima and Junín, in the
Altiplano to the south of Lake Titicaca in Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina
(summer rains), and in the high elevation Altoandino habitats along the Chilean
and Argentinean Andes, confined to high elevation habitats found above 2,000m.
and most typically between 3,000 – 5,000m.
■ GROUP
1
21. Brachyclados
D.
Don. Dwarf caespitose or lax shrubs, sometimes cushions; leaves alternate, simple;
capitula solitary, terminal, sessile or short-pedicellate, radiate,
heterogamous; florets numerous, marginal female, disc hermaphrodite; corollas
yellow, ofmarginal florets bilabiate, corollas of disc florets bilabiate but
lacking markedly enlarged limb. Three spp., Chile and Argentina.
22. Lulia Zardini.
Herbs caulescent, perennial; leaves alternate; sessile; blades linear,
graminiform, long, parallel-veined, margin entire, glabrous; capitula
solitary, terminal on scapes, radiate; Ray florets uniseriate, female; corollas
yellow or orangish, glabrous, disc florets hermaphrodite; corollas yellow. Only
one sp., L. nervosa (Less.) Zardini, endemic to Sphagnum
bogs in southern Brazil (São Paulo to Santa Catarina states).
23. Trichocline Cass.
Perennial scapigerous herbs or shrubs, rarely caespitose; leaves rosulate;
capitula solitary on scapes, radiate, erect; ray florets female, uniseriate,
yellow to orangish yellow or rarely reddish, outer lip conspicuous, spreading,
apices very short 3-toothed, inner of two long linear spiralled lobes; disc
florets numerous, hermaphrodite; corollas bilabiate, outer lip short 3-toothed,
inner of two short linear lobes. 23 spp., 21 in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (8, two
endemic), Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Ecuador and Peru.
■ GROUP 2
24. Chaptalia Vent.
Scapigerous perennial, rarely annual, herbs; leaves rosulate, simple, often
relatively few; capitula solitary, terminal on scapes, heterogamous, nodding at
first becoming erect in flower and fruit, sometimes nodding in fruit or always
erect; corollas usually white or creamy white, rarely purplish, sometimes with
purplish midstripe beneath limb. 69 spp., southern U.S.A., Caribbean, Central
and South America, 31 in South America, 16 in Brazil, 7 endemic.
■ GROUP
3
25. Adenocaulon
Hook.
Perennial herbs; leaves alternate or forming basal rosette; capitula many in
lax panicles; capitula small, few-flowered, disciform, heterogamous,
hemispherical, erect; corollas actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic
(bilabiate), whitish or yellowish-white, staminodes present, style bifid;
central florets few, hermaphrodite, functionally male, usually lacking achene,
corollas actinomorphic, 5-lobed, style undivided. 5 spp. highly disjunct: A. chilense Less. in Argentina
and Chile, one
in Mexico and Guatemala, two from in Asia, and one in U.S.A. and Canada.
26. Eriachaenium
Sch.
Perennial rhizomatous herbs; leaves alternate, lamina obovate to elliptic,
undulate, sometimes serrate; capitula solitary, axillary, small, sessile or on
short-bracteolate side shoots; marginal florets female, few; corollas white
(pinkish in some herbarium material), actinomorphic; central florets very few,
hermaphrodite, functionally male; corollas white, actinomorphic. Only one sp., E.
magellanicum Sch. Bip., Argentina and Chile (Patagonia and Tierra del
Fuego).
■ GROUP
4
27. Mutisia L. f. Plants
perennial subshrubs or shrubs, often climbers; leaves simple, apices with or
without terminal tendril, rarely deeply pinnatisect, coarsely lobed or deeply
partite, or pinnately compound with few to several pairs of leaflets and rachis
alwayswith a terminal simple; capitula small to large, solitary, leaf-opposed
or terminal, erect or pendulous, ‘subligulate’ and disc florets hermaphrodite
and bilabiate; corollas yellow, orange, pink, purple or white, bilabiate. 65 spp., Argentina (20),
Brazil (4, 2 endemic), Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru,
Uruguay.
28. Pachylaena D.Don ex Hook. & Arn.
Prostrate, rhizomatous rosulate herbs or subshrubs; leaves simple; capitula
solitary, terminal, sessile to subsessile, radiate, large; florets
heteromorphic, marginal florets female, disc florets hermaphrodite; corollas of
marginal florets yellowish-red to pink, bilabiate, outer lip an enlarged 3-toothed
limb, corollas of disc florets yellow, bilabiate. Two spp., from Andes in
Argentina and Chile.
TRIBE
NASSAUVINAE (24/310–315) -
outsiders Berylsimpsonia
(2, Caribbean) and Acourtia
(81, SW U.S.A. to Honduras, centered in Mexico).
29. Ameghinoa
Speg.
Low, densely branched shrub; leaves often in dense clusters on brachyblasts,
simple, coarsely dentate; capitula fewin terminal clusters, short-pedicellate,
homogamous; florets hermaphrodite, isomorphic, 20–30; corollas yellow. Only one
sp., A. patagonica Speg., endemic to Argentina (Patagonia).
30. Burkartia
Crisci. Dwarf caespitose shrub forming hemispherical cushions;
leaves sessile, densely spiralled, acicular, margins strongly revolute;
capitula solitary, terminal, usually appearing sessile although shortly
pedunculate, few-flowered, radiate, homogamous; florets hermaphrodite, fertile;
corollas white. Only one sp., B. lanigera (Hook. & Arn.) Crisci,
Argentina (Patagonia).
31. Calorezia
Panero. Two spp., from S Chile and S Argentina.
32. Cephalopappus Nees &
Mart. Perennial rosulate stoloniferous herbs; leaves with ovate to narrowly
obovate lamina, coarsely dentate; capitula solitary, scapose, rarely scape
branched with two (or few) capitula, homogamous; florets many, hermaphrodite,
all fertile; corollas white, few opening at a time and lost very rapidly,
leaving green achene, bilabiate when open, lobes spreading. Only one sp., C.
sonchifolius Nees & Mart., endemic to Brazil, in dense shade of the
Atlantic Forest from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro, in relatively dense shade of
forest floors or on mossy banks.
33. Criscia
Katinas. Perennial herb or subshrub; leaves rosulate, lamina
obovate to broadly obovate, entire; capitula solitary or 2–4 on scapes, large,
bilabiate, homogamous; involucre hemispherical or broadly campanulate. Only one
sp., C. stricta (Spreng.) Katinas, Argentina, Rio Grande
do Sul state in S Brazil, and Uruguay.
34. Dolichlasium
Lag.
Small, moderately branched low shrub; leaves alternate, petiolate, lamina
pinnatisect, pinnae opposite, ovate; capitula large, terminal, solitary,
homogamous, erect; florets hermaphrodite, numerous, homogamous, fertile;
corollas yellow. Only one sp., D. lagascae D. Don, Argentina
(Patagonia).
35. Holocheilus Cass.
Perennial rosulate herbs; leaves usually few, loosely rosulate, lamina medium
and coarsely dentate, crenate or entire, or large and pinnatisect or coarsely
lobed; capitula in large, few- to many-headed terminal corymbs or cymes, rarely
scapose, homogamous, small to medium, erect; florets hermaphrodite; corollas
white. 7
spp., Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil (5, 2 endemic), Paraguay, Uruguay. H. monocephalus Mondin from highlands
of Rio Grande do Sul state is considered a rare species in Brazil
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
36. Jungia L. f.
Perennial herbs, rarely rosulate, subshrubs, shrubs or lianes, sometimes
with xylopodium; leaves alternate, lamina cordate, usually
lobed, entire, serrate, dentate or crenate; capitula in usually terminal
corymbs or panicles, sometimes with dense glomerules, homogamous, appearing
radiate by enlarged outer lip of marginal florets; florets few to many,
hermaphrodite, all fertile; corollas white, violet pink, purple or rarely
yellow. 29 spp., 28 in South America, some up to America Central (one endemic
to Mexico). Only two species in Brazil, none endemic.
37. Leucheria
Lag.
Annual or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, rosulate, lamina linear, narrowly
lanceolate, spathulate, oblong or ovate, entire, dentate, coarsely lobed,
pinnatisect or pinnatifid; capitula solitary or in few- to many-headed corymbs
or panicles, pedicellate, appearing radiate; florets several to many,
homomorphic, hermaphrodite, fertile, outer lip white, pink, lilac or wine-coloured.
28 spp.
from Argentina and Chile, one up to Bolivia and Peru.
38. Leunisia
Phil.
Viscid low ‘subshrub’ or perennial herb; leaves alternate to loosely spiralled,
irregularly toothed or sometimes entire; capitula terminal, solitary,
homogamous, discoid; florets numerous, hermaphrodite, fertile; corollas yellow.
Only one sp., L. laeta Phil., endemic to Chile.
39. Lophopappus
Rusby.
Well-branched shrubs; stems often viscous; leaves alternate or in dense
axillary clusters, simple, often viscous, capitula solitary or in tight
clusters at apices of branches, sessile or short-pedicellate, homogamous;
florets usually few, yellowish white to white, usually sweet-smelling,
hermaphrodite, fertile. 4
spp., Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru.
Lophopappus
is rather similar to Proustia but differs in its
solitary or few, grouped capitula, the lack of terminal spines on short
branches, to some degree corolla colour (white in Lophopappus, pink or
purple in Proustia). The recent treatment of genera for the Flora of
Peru (Ferreyra 1995) has suggested that Lophopappus be treated as
congeneric with Proustia. They are treated as separate genera here.
40. Macrachaenium
Hook.
f. Perennial herb; leaves mostly in loose basal rosette, alternate, lamina
oblong, ovate or broadly ovate, coarsely and deeply, often irregularly, lobed,
sometimes pinnatifid to almost runcinate-pinnatifid, often irregularly
subdentate; capitula solitary on scapiform peduncles, homogamous, usually
discoid, sometimes conspicuously radiate, apparently nodding; florets
bilabiate, all hermaphrodite and fertile; corollas white. Only one sp., M.
gracile Hook. f., endemic to Argentina.
41. Marticorenia
Crisci.
Shrub with short woody caudex; leaves alternate, lamina ovate, lobulate,
becoming lanceolate above; capitula in a lax many-headed corymb, homogamous;
florets hermaphrodite; corollas violet-pink. Only one sp., M. foliosa (Phil.)
Crisci, endemic to Chile.
42. Moscharia
Ruiz
& Pav. Annual odiferous herbs; leaves alternate, simple, lamina elliptic,
entire, coarsely dentate or lobed to pinnatisect; capitula in lax, terminal
corymbs, discoid, homogamous; florets few, hermaphrodite, bilabiate; corollas
pink or violet. Two spp., endemic to Chile.
43. Nassauvia
Comm.
ex Juss. Perennial herbs, subshrubs or shrubs, often compact and caespitose cushions; leaves alternate, sessile, usually
densely crowded, capitula generally in complex, terminal, often dense,
sometimes globular synflorescences, rarely solitary or in few-headed dichasia,
rarely with solitary shortpedicellate axillary capitula forming a terminal
‘spike’, capitula sessile or subsessile, homogamous; involucre cylindrical;
florets few, (2–4–)5, hermaphrodite; corollas white, rarely violet-pinkish or
yellowish. 37 spp. from Argentina (inc. Falkland Islands) and Chile, one also
in Bolivia.
44. Oxyphyllum
Phil.
Erect shrub, each leaf axil with a dense cluster of simple, linear, spine-tipped
immature leaves; stem leaves pinnatifid, rarely entire, segments and apices
spiny; capitula in a terminal, dense, few- to many-headed corymb, homogamous,
discoid; florets few, dimorphic, outer florets apparently sterile and each
subtended by an internal palea, inner florets fertile; corollas pinkish-white.
Only one p., O. ulicinum Phil., endemic to Chile (Atacama Desert).
45. Panphalea Lag. Slender
annual or perennial rhizomatous herbs, sometimes
with xylopodium; leaves mostly basally rosulate, alternate,
entire and linear-lanceolate to orbicular, coarsely lobed or lyrate-pinnatifid;
capitula in lax, relatively few-headed corymbs, small, appearing radiate
(although all florets identical), homogamous; florets hermaphrodite, many;
corollas white. 10
spp., Argentina, Brazil (all, 4 endemic), Paraguay and Uruguay. P. ramboi Cabrera from highlands
of Rio Grande do Sul state is considered a rare species in Brazil
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
46. Perezia Lag.
Perennial, usually strongly rosettiform, sometimes caespitose herbs, rarely
tall leafy-stemmed herbs; leaves simple, radical or alternate, entire or
lyrate, capitula on 1–(2)-headed scapes arising from basal rosette, or in few-
to many-headed dense or lax and spreading panicles; capitula appearing radiate
but being discoid, homogamous, usually erect, rarely nodding; florets usually
several to many (8–40); corollas bilabiate, yellow, blue, purple, violet, red,
or crimson, rarely white or cream, occasionally with outer lip of one colour
and inner of another (usually yellow). 33 spp. in Argentina,
Bolivia, Brazil (4, 2 endemic), Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru and
Uruguay.
47. Pleocarphus
D.
Don. Shrub; leaves sessile, linear, entire, margins conspicuously revolute;
capitula many to numerous in an elongated panicle, pedicellate, homogamous;
florets homomorphic, hermaphrodite, fertile; corollas yellow. Only one sp., P.
revolutus D. Don, endemic to N Chile (Atacama,
Coquimbo).
48. Polyachyrus
Lag.
Decumbent, scandent or prostrate subshrubs or shrubs, rarely herbs; leaves
alternate, lamina pinnate-lobed or pinnatisect, entire or coarsely dentate;
capitula in solitary apical glomerules or glomerules in pseudocorymbs, each
subtended by one bract; capitula numerous, sessile, 2- or rarely 3-flowered;
florets hermaphrodite, fertile, sweet-smelling. 7 spp., all in Chile, 3 up to
Peru.
49. Proustia
Lag.
Scandent or erect shrubs or rarely small trees, stems unarmed or spiny; leaves
simple, alternate, capitula racemose or paniculate, erect or pendent,
pedunculate or sessile, florets few, hermaphrodite, sweet-smelling; corollas
bilabiate, pink or purple. 4 spp., Peru (3, 2 endemic), Bolivia, Chile and Argentina.
50. Quelchia
N.E.Br.
Poorly branched shrubs or small trees; leaves simple, alternate, sometimes
densely clustered towards branch apices; Capitula in dense terminal or
subterminal cymes of glomerules, single-flowered, homogamous; Florets
hermaphrodite, usually actinomorphic; corollas red or white to cream. 4 spp., 3
endemic to Pantepui Life Zone, Auyán-tepui and Chimantá, in Guiana Shield of
southern Venezuela, at 1,600 – 2,800m elevation range, and Q. conferta
also in mountains of Guyana.
51. Spinoliva
G.Sancho,
Luebert & Katinas. Shrubs or small trees, young branches unarmed,
subglabrous, glandular with minute glands, older branches glabrous; leaves
alternate, sessile, blades obovate to elliptic, coriaceous, margin spiny,
glabrous or tomentose below; capitula in thyrses, those of secondary axes in
spiciform arrangements; capitula sessile, homogamous, discoid. Involucre
cylindrical, phyllaries 4-seriate, imbricate, coriaceous. Only one sp., S. ilicifolia (Hook. & Arn.) G.
Sancho, endemic to C Chile.
52. Triptilion
Ruiz
& Pav. Annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs; leaves alternate, in basal
rosettes in some herbaceous plants, lamina entire or pinnatisect with
denticulate spiny margins; capitula densely aggregated into paniculate
glomerules, sessile to shortpedicellate, few-flowered, discoid, homogamous;
florets hermaphrodite; corollas glabrous, white or blue. 7 spp., Argentina and
C Chile.
53. Trixis P. Browne.
Perennial herbs, subshrubs, shrubs, scandent/trailing shrubs or small trees,
sometimes with stem tubers; leaves
alternate, lamina simple, narrowly lanceolate, elliptical, oblanceolate or
obovate to oblong, entire or often denticulate; capitula in usually terminal,
sometimes axillary, lax cymes, corymbs or panicles, occasionally aggregated
into pseudoglomerules, homogamous; florets few to many (5–c. 70), hermaphrodite, all
fertile; corollas yellow to orange, rarely white. 45 spp., 26 in South America,
in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (16, 9 endemic), Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica,
Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panamá,
Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, U.S.A., Venezuela, Caribbean.
4. SUBFAMILY
STIFFTIOIDEAE (9/41) ▸
outsiders Salcedoa (1, Hispaniola).
54. Achnopogon
Maguire,
Steyermark &Wurdack. Shrubs or small trees; leaves densely spiralled or
rosulate; capitula solitary, sessile, axillary or in few-headed cymes or in
axillary cymes at apices of long flowering branches, homogamous, bilabiate;
involucres narrow-cylindrical; phyllaries c. 4-seriate, imbricate, gradate;
receptacle small, epaleaceous, naked; florets few (2–6), hermaphrodite;
corollas white, zygomorphic. Two spp., endemic to Auyan-tepui and Chimantá-tepui,
southern Venezuela (Guiana Shield), 1,800 – 2,500m
elevation range.
55. Duidaea
S.F.
Blake. Shrubs (with extremely woody bases) or dwarf trees; leaves alternate or
densely spiralled, simple; Capitula usually solitary, axillary or subterminal,
or on medium-length pedicels, homogamous; involucre hemispherical or
cylindrical to campanulate; Florets few to many (8–24), bilabiate,
hermaphrodite, fertile; corollas white, red or reddish purple. 4 spp., endemic to
the Guiana Shield of Venezuela (Venezuelan Guyana), at 1,000 – 2,800m elevation
range.
56. Eurydochus Maguire
&Wurdack. Trees or treelets; leaves simple, alternate, usually in terminal
clusters at stem apices; Capitula solitary, subterminal on long sparsely
bracteolate pedicels, homogamous; involucre hemispherical to campanulate;
phyllaries imbricate, few-seriate (c. 6–8), subequal; receptacle broad, naked,
convex; florets numerous (40–50), hermaphrodite; corollas bilabiate, red. Only
one sp., E. bracteatus Maguire & Wurdack, Venezuela (Sierra de la
Neblina) to Brazil (Amazonas: Serra Pirapucu).
57. Glossarion Maguire
&Wurdack. Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, short petiolate;
capitula solitary, axillary, homogamous, discoid or ligulate; involucre
turbinate to narrowly campanulate or cylindrical; florets bilabiate or
ligulate, bilabiate corollas, ligulate corollas usually with limb tightly
rolled in apical portion; corollas rose-coloured to orange-red. Two spp.,
endemic to Mount Neblina, in Amazonas state in northern Brazil (only G. bilabiatum (Maguire)
Pruski) and southern Venezuela (both) in the Guiana Shield, 1,600 – 2,800m
elevation range.
58. Gongylolepis R.H. Schomb.
Small to large shrubs or trees; leaves simple, alternate or densely spiraled;
Capitula solitary, sessile or pedicellate, or few to many corymbose to
subumbellate, homogamous, few to many-flowered (6–150), large; Florets
hermaphrodite; corollas bilabiate, white or pale yellow, sometimes yellowish or
reddish. 14
spp., N Brazil (3, none endemic), Colombia, Guyana and Venezuela (9 endemic). G. colombiana Maguire is a
Andean sp. of another otherwise enterily Guyana group of mutisioid composites,
occurring on sandstone in Venezuela´s Tachira state and adjacent areas across
the Colombian border.
59. Hyaloseris
Griseb.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves opposite, simple; capitula two to several
subsessile in dense terminal or axillary clusters or terminal, homogamous, few-
or many-flowered, usually appearing ligulate. 7 spp., N Argentina and S Bolivia.
60. Neblinaea Maguire
&Wurdack. Poorly branched shrubs or trees/treelets; leaves alternate to ±
densely spiralled, pseudopetiolate, oblanceolate, entire; capitula solitary or
few to several in cymes, homogamous, bilabiate; florets few (2–5),
hermaphrodite, fertile; corollas white, glabrous. Only one sp., N.
promontorium Maguire & Wurdack, endemic to the Guiana
Shield of Venezuela
and neighbouring Amazonas state in N Brazil, 1,200 – 2,100m elevation range.
61. Stifftia
J. C. Mikan. Shrubs to small trees, sometimes vines, large imbricate
involucres, long actinomorphic corollas with strongly coiled lobes. 6 spp., 5
spp. found in the tropical forest of E Brazil with two additional species found
in the rainforests of northern Brazil, and one restricted of French Guiana
5. SUBFAMILY
WUNDERLICHIOIDEAE (8/44) ▸
two tribes, both in South America.
TRIBE WUNDERLICHIAE
(4/38) - all genera in South America.
62. Chimantaea
Maguire,
Steyerm. &Wurdack. Small shrubs or rather low trees/treelets (to c. 9m);
leaves sessile or pseudopetiolate, spiraled; Capitula solitary, sessile,
terminal, discoid, homogamous; Florets hermaphrodite, few to many (7– 35,
rarely to 100); corollas actinomorphic, 5-lobed, yellowish or yellowish-green,
lobes stiff, very long, erect; basal anther appendages caudate, entire or
scarcely ‘erose’/pilose. 9 spp., endemic to in tepuis of Aprada, Auyan, Cerro
El Sol, Chimantá, Murisipan in Guianan Shield in Venezuela, at 1,600 – 2,800m
elevation range.
63. Stenopadus S.F. Blake.
Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate or loosely spiralled, simple, oblanceolate or
round, entire; capitula solitary, terminal or rarely in few-headed cymes,
homogamous, discoid; florets few to many (5–100), actinomorphic, hermaphrodite;
corolla magenta. 15 spp., endemic to the Guiana Shield of Brazil (2,
one endemic), Colombia, Venezuela (7 endemic), except by one from S Ecuador and N Peru.
64. Stomatochaeta (S.F. Blake)
Maguire & Wurdack. Trees, treelets (or possibly shrubs); leaves alternate
or sometimes pseudowhorled, simple, sessile or pseudopetiolate; Capitula
solitary, terminal, often surrounded by a pseudowhorl of leaves, homogamous,
discoid; Florets few to many, hermaphrodite, all fertile; corollas
actinomorphic, cream-coloured, corolla lobes stiff, erect, long. 6 spp., endemic to
the Guiana Shield of Venezuela (5 endemic), Roraima state in N Brazil and
Guyana (only S. condensata (Baker) Maguire & Wurdack), 700 – 2,800m
elevation range.
65. Wunderlichia Riedel ex
Benth. & Hook. f. Shrubs or small trees very stout, virgate, pyrrophytic,
with large, homogamous capitula with actinomorphic corollas produced at the end
of the dry season on leafless stems. 5 spp., endemic to highlands of central
Brazil (states of Mato Grosso and Tocantins to São Paulo and Espírito Santo),
the gross morphology of Wunderlichia (tree-like habit, coriaceous,
caducous, densely pubescent leaves) is distinctive among genera included in
classical Mutisieae, and it appears to be the result of adaptation to the
seasonally dry conditions of the Campo Rupestre of central Brazil; three
species from Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and Mnas Gerais states are considered rare
species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book. Phytomelanins
are only found in Asparagales seeds and in Asteraceae fruits of Heterocoma
DC., Wunderlichia Riedel ex Benth, and some Asteroideae.
TRIBE HYALIDAE
(4/6) - outsiders Leucomeris (2; Himalayas,
Yunnan, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam) and Nouelia (1; SW
China).
66. Hyalis
D.
Don ex Hook. & Arn. Rhizomatous shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, capitula
few in corymbs, radiate, pedicellate; florets hermaphrodite, 5–6, fragrant;
corollas glabrous, usually pink, sometimes white or purplish, marginal florets
4–5, central floret solitary, actinomorphic, deeply divided. Two spp., Bolivia,
Paraguay and Argentina.
67. Ianthopappus Roque &
D.J.N. Hind. Subshrub; leaves alternate; Capitula few to many in lax corymbs,
radiate, heterogamous; Ray florets female, fertile; corolla glabrous, disc
florets hermaphrodite, fertile, actinomorphic; corollas purplish, lobes
revolute; basal anther appendages caudate, long-attenuate, margins pilose. Only
one sp., I. corymbosus (Less.)
Roque & D.J.N. Hind, N Argentina, Rio Grande do
Sul state in S Brazil, and Uruguay.
6. SUBFAMILY
GOCHNATIOIDEAE (9/90) ▸ outsiders Anastraphia (33, Mexico, Cuba, Hispaniola,
Bahamas) and Nahuatlea (7, S Arizona and Texas, Mexico).
68. Cnicothamnus
Griseb.
Shrubs, florets red; Two spp. from Bolivia to Paraguay and NW Argentina.
69. Cyclolepis
D.
Don. Gynodioecious spiny shrubs; leaves alternate, simple; capitula few to
several on short side shoots, sessile, spicate, discoid, heterogamous; female
florets few, fertile; corollas yellowish; Hermaphrodite florets few, fertile;
corolla yellowish. Only one sp., C. genistoides D. Don, Argentina and
Paraguay.
70. Gochnatia
D.
Don. 14 spp., one in Ecuador, remaining from Peru and Bolivia to N Argentina.
71. Moquiniastrum
Kunth. Shrubs, sub-shrubs or trees, sometimes with xylopodium;
leaves alternate, petiolate to sub-sessile, limb discolor, elliptic or rarely
ovate or cordate, pubescent usually on abaxial face or less commonly on both
faces, margin entire or serrate; capitula isomorphic or sub-dimorphic, arranged
in usually leafy paniculiform or less commonly corymbiform synflorescences;
cypselas cylindrical to cuneate, costate, sericeous. 22 spp., E Bolivia (2, one
endemic), Argentina (3), E Brazil (20, 13 endemic), Paraguay (6), and Uruguay
(1), and one up to Venezuela.
72. Richterago Kuntze.
Subshrubs or shrubs, often single-stemmed, or small rosetes with long, scapose
inflorescences; leaves alternate, rosulate, lamina linear, obovate or
spathulate, entire or denticulate; capitula solitary on scapes or in few-headed
panicles, radiate or discoid. 17 spp. endemic to E & C Brazil, mainly
endemic to the Espinhaco Range of the mountains in Minas Gerais, but R.
radiata (Vell.) N. Roque is the most widely distributed species, occurring
in Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais, São Paulo,
and Paraná states.
73. Vickia N. Roque
& G. Sancho. & Hook. f. Shrubs, 30–50 cm tall, branches cylindrical,
sulcate, glabrous; leaves alternate, congested, petiole 2–4 mm long, lamina
coriaceous, concolorous, 2.5–4.5(–5.0) × 2.5–3.5 cm, orbiculate to widely
elliptic, base rounded to slightly cordate, margins denticulate, apex rounded
to obtuse, glabrous on both surfaces, leaf venation actinodromous basal. Only
one sp., V. rotundifolia (Less.) N. Roque & G. Sancho, endemic to E
Brazil from Rio de Janeiro to Paraná state, possibly extinct.
6. SUBFAMILY
CARDUOIDEAE - (89/3.160–3.285) ▸ herbs
or rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, often thistle-like; capitula homogamous,
discoid or radiant; phyllaries imbricate, multiseriate, often spiny or
appendaged; receptacle usually densely bristly or fimbriate; florets purple,
white or yellow; corollas regular; corolla-lobes long; anther-bases tailed;
style arms usually obtuse, short and with a thickened often hairy zone below
them; achenes not black; pappus usually of hairs, sometimes plumose, or of
scales.
Four
tribes, Dicomeae (8/c 113, tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar, Socotra,
Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan, India), Oldenburgieae (1/4, southern parts
of W and E Cape) and Tarchonantheae (2/20, Tropical and southern
Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene Islands, Arabian Peninsula) do not occur in South
America. Among Cardueae (78/3,020–3,145), all
outsiders are Macaronesia and Mediterranean to Eurasian, Africa or Australia except
Arctium (44, temperate regions in the Old World and Greenland) and Saussurea (517, temperate
& subalpine Eurasia to N Indo-China, E Australia, Subarctic America to W.
U.S.A., 5 in New World).
74. Centaurodendron Johow.
Three spp., endemic to Robinson Crusoe and Alejandro Selkirk islands, off Chile.
75. Cirsium
Mill. 491 spp., Holartic to Colombia, Algeria, Yemen, India,
Thailand and Philippines, 141 in New World from Canada to Panama, C.
mexicanum DC. up to NW Colombia.
76. Plectocephalus D. Don.
Unarmed annual or perennial herbs, densely glandular, sometimes pachycaul tree
with soft wood; leaves terminal on the stems; leaves with minutely denticulate,
cartilaginous margins and veins, or very large (to 30 cm), obovate, with broad
(alate) semi-amplexicaul petiole; margins serrate; capitula terminal, solitary
or laxly corymbose, heterogamous. 14 spp., two in North
America, one in Ethiopia and Eritrea, and 11 in
South America, 10 endemic to Chile and P. tweediei (Hook. & Arn.) N.Garcia &
Susanna in Brazil
(Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay (Guairá), Uruguay, Argentina (Buenos Aires,
Chaco, Misiones, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Formosa).
77. Yunquea
Skottsb.
Only one sp., Y. tenzii Skottsb., endemic to I. Robinson Crusoe, off
Chile.
7. SUBFAMILY
CICHORIOIDEAE (280/11,270-16,300) ▸ Cichorieae + [Eremothamneae
+ [Arctotideae + [Platycarpheae + [Liabeae + [Distephanus + Moquinieae
+ Vernonieae]]]]]]. Heterolepis (3), shrubs distributed
mainly in the Cape provinces, has sometimes been assigned to Arctotideae,
but its systematic affiliation is not resolved. 4 of 8 tribes absent in South
America: Eremothamneae (2/3; W South Africa, southern Namibia), Arctotideae (14/195–210;
tropical and S Africa, SE Australia, Tasmania, with their highest diversity in
the Cape Provinces), Platycarpheae (2/3; southern Africa) and Distephaninae (1/c.
42, tropical and S Africa, Socotra, Madagascar, Mauritius, China).
7.1 TRIBE
CICHORIEAE (107/9,500 – 14,650) -
4 unplaced genera, outsiders of then are Ixeridium (16; E
and SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea) and Spiroseris (1; S.
phyllocephala; Pakistan). 11 subtribes, 6 absent in South America: Warioniinae (1/1; NW
Sahara), Scorzonerinae (10/290-310; North Africa, Europe,
Mediterranean to W and C Asia, Armenia and Iran to Central Asia, Pakistan,
Mongolia, Arabian Peninsula, NW China), Scolyminae (4/c.
20; Mediterranean to Türkiye and Afghanistan, North Africa), Cichoriinae (6/c.
33; southern Europe, Macaronesia, Mediterranean to Yemen, North Africa,
Ethiopia to South Africa and Madagascar, Zambia and Malawi, Sierra Nevada in
California), Lactucinae (16/169-199; nearly cosmopolitan except
tropical America) and Chondrillinae (3/c. 30; Europe, temperate Asia). One outsider in New World: Phalacroseris (1, California).
Several
genera in Cichorieae are agamospermous, i.a. Taraxacum,
with about 2,400 species, and Hieracium, with at least 2,900–5,500
and probably far more than 10,000 species. In many groups (e.g. in Pilosella)
the species number is constantly in a state of flux, since the numerous species
are not fixed apomicts, but mainly amphiapomictic and hybridize frequently.
SUBTRIBE
HYOSERIDINAE ▸ 5/c. 210; Macaronesia,
Mediterranean to Syria, Asia to SE Asia, New Zealand, Caribbean.
78. Sonchus
L.
Rosette trees and shrubs with leaf rosettes at apex of stems, involucral bracts
in several rows, receptacle naked or bristly, capitula variously arranged,
sometimes solitary, florets whitish or orange-yellow. 98 spp., 86 in over over
Old World from South Africa to Siberia, Ireland to Tasmania, and 12 spp., endemic
to Juan Fernandez Islands (Chile).
SUBTRIBE
HIERACIINAE ▸ outsiders Schlagintweitia (3; Pyrenees, Central
Europe), Andryala (30; Mediterranean, Macaronesia,
North Africa, the Middle East), Hispidella (1; the Iberian
Peninsula).
79. Hieracium L. Perennial
herbs with branched stocks, but without stolons, leaves and stems with branched
and unbranched hairs, involucral bracts in several rows, receptacle naked,
florets yellow or rarely reddish, style branches long, achenes cylindric, 10-ribbed,
ribs apically confluent into an obscure ring, pappus of scabrid-barbellate
fragile bristles in two rows. x = 9, diploids, triploids, tetraploids,
pentaploids. 4,633 spp. (largest genus worldwide),
from
Eurasia, 123 in New World, South America (82). 7 spp. in Brazil, 3 endemic; numerous
clones described as species. Hieracium belongs three
subgenera:
§ subg. Chionoracium ▸ only of
entirely sexual, diploid species, only of entirely sexual, diploid species,
includes all New World species except H. umbellatum L.
§ subg. Hieracium ▸ c. 4,300
spp., Eurasia, with the diploid species H. umbellatum L. up to
North America; few sexual diploids (c. 20).
§ subg. Pilosella ▸ mainly
distributed in Europe and West Asia with about 150 spp. and comprises a few
native species occurring in NW Africa; few sexual diploids (also c. 20).
SUBTRIBE
MICROSERIDINAE - outsiders Anisocoma (1, SW
U.S.A., NW Mexico), Atrichoseris (1, SW U.S.A., NW Mexico), Calycoseris (2, SW
U.S.A., NW Mexico), Chaetadelpha (1, SW U.S.A.), Glyptopleura (2, W
U.S.A.), Krigia (7, C and S Canada, U.S.A., N Mexico), Lygodesmia (5,
SW Canada, U.S.A., Mexico), Marshalljohnstonia (1, Coahuila
in N Mexico), Munzothamnus (1, San Clemente Island off
California), Pinaropappus (10, S U.S.A., Mexico, Guatemala), Pleiacanthus (1, W
U.S.A.), Prenanthella (1, W U.S.A., N Mexico), Pyrrhopappus (4,
U.S.A., N Mexico), Rafinesquia (2, SW U.S.A., NW Mexico), Shinnersoseris (1, S
Canada, C and S U.S.A., N Mexico) and Stephanomeria (18, SW
Canada, W U.S.A., NW Mexico).
80. Agoseris
Rafin.
Perennial to annual herb, scapose, involucral bracts in 2–4 series, receptacle
naked, florets yellow to redorange, achenes fusiform, tapered to beak, pappus
of scabrid-barbellate bristles. x = 9, diploids and tetraploids. 12
spp., 10 in W North America (only one in Mexico) and two restricted in Chile
and Argentina.
81. Malacothrix
DC.
Perennial to annual herbs, involucral bracts in 3–6 series, receptacle naked or
with fragile bristles, ligules yellow or white, achenes fusiform, truncate,
pappus of slender rays. x = 9, 8, 7, diploids and tetraploids. 19 spp. from W North America and Mexico, two disjunct in
Argentina and Chile.
82. Microseris
D.
Don. Perennial to annual herbs, leaves mostly basal, involucral bracts in 2 to
several series, receptacle naked, florets white to orange, achenes cylindric to
fusiform, not beaked, with c. 10 ribs, pappus of 5 to many narrowly lanceolate,
bristle-tipped, awn-like scales. x = 9, diploids and tetraploids. 22
spp., W North America, M. pygmaea D. Don in Chile and S Peru, and three
in Australia, and New Zealand.
83. Picrosia D. Don.
Perennial herbs, involucral bracts in a single series, receptacle naked,
flowers white, pink or violet, achenes fusiform, with long beak, pappus of many
scabrid bristles. x = 7, diploids. Two spp., Peru to Chile, Argentina
and S Brazil (both, none endemic).
SUBTRIBE
HYPOCHAERIDINAE – outsiders are Urospermum (2; Canary Islands, Mediterranean
to Pakistan), Prenanthes (1; Europe, Middle East), Scorzoneroides (c
25; Europe, Canary Islands, Mediterranean, North Africa to the Middle East,
temperate Asia), Helminthotheca (5; SE Europe, Mediterranean
to Iran, North Africa), Picris (c 60; Europe, Mediterranean, African
mountains, temperate Asia to N Australia), Hedypnois (4; Macaronesia,
Mediterranean to Iran), Leontodon (c 80;
Europe, Mediterranean, North Africa, temperate Asia, SW Asia to Iran).
84. Hypochaeris L. Perennial
to annual herbs with coarse, multicellular, unbranched hairs, involucral bracts
in several rows, receptacle scaly, florets yellow, white or pink, achenes
beaked, sometimes dimorphic, pappus of plumose bristles with stiff pinnulae. x
= 6, 5, 4, 3, diploids and tetraploids. Eurasia, northern Africa and South
America (44), from Colombia and W Venezuela to Chile and Argentina and S Brazil
(10, one endemic).
SUBTRIBE
CREPIDINAE - outsiders are Askellia (12; Iran, Central Asia
to Pakistan and Mongolia, N India, Himalayas, Tibet, Siberia to Russian Far
East, China, Canada to California), Crepis (204, northern
Hemisphere, tropical and southern Africa, 10 in Canada to Mexico), Lactuca (116, Old World, N America to Guatemala,
Bahamas, Hispaniola), Nabalus (17, China, Korean Peninsula, Japan, Russian Far East,
Alaska to Florida), Acanthocephalus (2; Altai, Uzbekistan), Ixeris (28;
E and SE Asia), Youngia (35, Asia to India and Japan), Crepidiastrum (25;
E Asia to Japan and Taiwan/China), Dianthoseris (1; E and NE
African highlands), Lagoseris (2; Crimea, Türkiye), Rhagadiolus (2; Mediterranean
to Iran, Canary Isles, British Isles to Mediterranean, Türkiye, the Caucasus), Lapsana
(1; Europe, W and SW Asia); Syncalathium (5; Tibet,
China), Hololeion (3; southern Korean Peninsula, Japan,
China, Korean Peninsula, Russian Far East), Soroseris
(7; Himalayas, Tibet, W and SW China), Dubyaea (18;
Himalayas, Tibet, W China), Garhadiolus (4; Cyprus, Egypt,
Türkiye, the Caucasus, the Middle East and Arabian Peninsula to Central Asia
and China), Lagoseriopsis (1; Central Asia), Heteracia
(1; Balkan Peninsula, Crimea, the Caucasus, SW and Central Asia to
China), Heteroderis (1; Egypt, Arabian Peninsula, SW to
Central Asia, Pakistan).
85. Taraxacum
Weber.
Perennial scapose herbs with
taproot, leaves in basal rosette, scape leafless, hollow, involucral bracts in
two unequal series, the outer shorter, often reflexed at tips, receptacle
naked, capitula with very many flowers, florets yellow. 2,486
spp. (3th largest worldwide),
spp., North Hemisphere, South America and New Zealand. 29 spp. in New World, 7
in South America: T. argutifrons
A.J.Richards and T. submolle A.J.Richards
from Mexico to Peru and Caribbean, T. craspedotoides
A.J.Richards restricted for Colombia to Venezuela, T.
farellonicum Uhlemann, T. gilliesii
Hook. & Arn. and T. patagonicum
Uhlemann in southern South America (Argentina and Chile), and T.
fernandezianum Dahlst. in Peru, Juan Fernández Is., C Chile
abd from S Brazil to Argentina.
7.2 TRIBE
LIABEAE (17/ 190) - all genera in South America.
Small trees, shrubs or annual or perennial herbs, latex usually present.
86. Austroliabum
Cabrera.
Annual to perennial herbs or subshrubs, with latex. Three spp.,
endemic to NW Argentina.
87. Bishopanthus
H.
Rob. Shrub; with latex; leaf bases fused into sheath; blades 3-nervate,
bullate; heads solitary, pedunculate, campanulate; involucral bracts c. 25, in
2 subequal series; epaleaceous; ray florets c. 20; limbs linear; disc florets
c. 25; bases of anther thecae short-tailed, short-fringed. Two spp., endemic to Peru.
88. Cacosmia
Kunth.
Shrub; usuallywith latex; stems densely pubescent; leaf bases fused into
sheath; blades 3–5-nervate, bullate; inflorescence densely corymbiform; heads
cylindrical; involucral bracts 20–25, 5–6-seriate, outer bracts ranked, inner
bracts not in ranks; receptacle epaleaceous; ray florets 5, limbs broad; disc
florets 5–6; bases of anther thecae without tails, minutely digitate; cypselae
3–5-angled, glabrous, raphids elongate; pappus lacking. Three spp. in
Ecuador, one into Peru.
89. Chionopappus
Benth.
Shrubs; latex not noted; stems arachnoidtomentose; leaf bases fused into
sheath, blades 3-nervate; inflorescences simple dichasia; heads campanulate;
involucral bracts 50–55, c. 5-seriate; paleae strap-shaped; ray florets c. 40;
disc florets 75–125; corollas red, glabrous; bases of anther thecae short-tailed;
cypsela 8–10-ribbed, setulae minute, raphids elongate; pappus bristles 8–10,
plumose. Only one sp., C. benthamii S.F. Blake, endemic to Peru.
90. Chrysactinium
(Kunth)Wedd.
Perennial rhizomatous herbs, rosettiformor shortstemmed; stems evanescent-tomentose;
leaf bases cuneate or petioliform; blade 3-nervate, tomentose; heads solitary,
long-pedunculate, broadly campanulate; involucral bracts 40–60, 4–5-seriate;
receptacle squamulose; ray florets 30–60; disc florets 30–60; anther collar
cells annulate; cypselae 8–10- ribbed; pappus bristles 30–60, white, no
squamellae. 7 spp., Ecuador and northern Peru.
91. Dillandia
V.A.
Funk & H. Rob. Moderate-sized to small herbs less than 60 cm tall; latex
not noted; stems arachnoid-tomentose; leaf bases sessile, subpetiolate or
perfoliate; surface bullate; blades pinnately veined; inflorescences of 1–2
heads or, more frequently, a 3–7-headed subumbel; ray florets 15–40, limbs
oblong to narrowly oblong; disc florets 10–30, corollas yellow to yellow and
purple, tubes pilose, anther thecae pale, bases rounded; cypselae (immature)
7–10-ribbed, densely setulose, with a few subquadrate raphids; pappus bristles
10–30, sometimes shorter outer bristles. Three spp., Colombia, Ecuador and
Peru.
92. Erato
DC.
Coarse perennial herbs; stems and leaves pilose or strigose; leaves with oblong
pseudostipules; blades palmately 5–9-veined, surfaces green; inflorescence
cymose to subumbellate; heads broadly campanulate; involucral bracts 40–100, c.
4-seriate, tips sometimes tomentose; receptacle foveolate and ridged; ray
florets 75–230; disc florets 20–150; cypselae 4-ribbed, glabrous or
hispidulous; pappus of 25–50 bristles or short awns, no outer series. 5 spp., 1 Costa Rica and
Panamá, 4 in Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia.
93. Ferreyranthus
H.
Rob. & Brettell. Shrubs or weak trees; without latex; stems arachnoid-tomentose;
leaf bases fused into sheath; blades pinnately veined; inflorescences densely
corymbiform; heads broadly campanulate; involucral bracts 45–55, c. 5-seriate;
receptacle squamuliferous; ray florets 8–12, limbs short; disc florets 12–25,
corollas glandular-dotted; bases of anther thecae short-tailed, strongly
fringed; cypselae c. 10-ribbed, with setulae and glands, raphids elongate;
pappus bristles 10–15, squamellae narrow. 8 spp., Peru, one into Ecuador.
94. Inkaliabum
D.G.Gut.
Only one sp., I. diehlii (H.Rob.) D.G.Gut., endemic to Peru.
95. Liabum Adans.
Perennial herbs; without latex; stems arachnoid-tomentose; leaf bases connected
across node, often forming nodal disc; blades 3-nervate; inflorescence partly
subumbellate. 37 spp., Mexico, America Central, Greater
Antilles, and Andes of South America, including here Venezuela and W Brazil, in
forests of Acre state. 26 spp. in South America. L. acuminatum Rusby
was identified (by H. Robinson) from a 1968 collection from Acre, Brazil making
it the first confirmed record of the tribe from that country; subsequently, L.
amplexicaule Poepp. was recorded from the region.
96. Microliabum
Cabrera.
Annual to perennial herbs or subshrubs;with latex; stems white-tomentose and
glandular-hairy; leaf bases broadened or with pseudostipules or nodal discs;
blades 3-nervate; heads solitary or in cymes, broadly campanulate; involucral
bracts 30–75, 2– 4-seriate, subequal to gradate; receptacle epaleaceous; rays
10–30; limbs narrowly elliptical to linear; disc florets 15–175; bases of
anther thecae with few or no teeth; cypselae 8–10-ribbed, setuliferous, raphids
elongate. Three spp., southern Bolivia and N Argentina.
97. Munnozia
Ruiz
& Pav. Annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs. Petioles sometimes winged,
bases often pseudostipulate; blades 3-nervate to pinnately veined, usually
tomentose abaxially; inflorescence terminal, more or less corymbose; heads
broadly campanulate; involucral bracts 17–70, 2–4-seriate, subequal to gradate;
receptacle often squamulose; florets yellow, rarelywhitish to lavender;
rayflorets 6–70; disc florets 9–85; cypselae 6–10-ribbed, setuliferous; pappus
bristles sordid to reddish, 5–55, with squamellae. 44 spp., mostly from the
Andes from Venezuela to Argentina (43 in South America), two in Costa Rica,
Panamá.
98. Oligactis
(Kunth)
Cass. Shrubs and vines, without latex; leaf bases sometimes confluent across
nodes; blades pinnately veined; inflorescence densely corymbiform; heads
narrowly to broadly campanulate; involucral bracts 16–55, 4–5-seriate;
receptacle ridged and squamuliferous; ray florets 3–18, limbs short; disc
florets 3–34; style branches rather long; anther thecae bases digitate;
cypselae 5–8-ribbed, with glands and contorted setulae, raphids subquadrate;
pappus bristles 20–35, tips often broad, squamellae 7–10. 6 spp. from Costa Rica
to Ecuador and Venezuela.
99. Paranephelius
Poepp.
Acaulescent perennial herbs; leaf bases not sheathing; blades trinervate to
pinnately veined; heads sessile, broadly campanulate; involucral bracts 40–50,
c. 4-seriate; receptacle ridged; ray florets 20–35; style branches spiralled;
disc florets 20–33; cypsela c. 10-ribbed, glabrous or with some arachnoid
hairs; pappus bristles 45–80, outer series indistinct. Three
spp., Peru and Bolivia, one to northern Argentina.
100. Philoglossa
DC.
Small erect to creeping herbs; stems and leaves pilose to strigose; leaf bases
with oblong pseudostipules; blades 3-nervate, surfaces green; involucres
broadly campanulate; bracts 20–30, 3–4- seriate, subequal to gradate; ray
florets 21–70.Disc florets 30–60, yellow, rarely deep purple or brown; cypselae
compressed, 2-ribbed, mostly glabrous; pappus deciduous squamellae or awns, or
lacking. 5 spp., southern Colombia to Bolivia, all in Peru (3 endemic).
101. Pseudonoseris
H.
Rob. & Brettell. Small perennial herbs; leaf bases sessile, subauriculate;
blades pinnately veined; inflorescence scapose or subscapose; heads
pedunculate, broadly campanulate; involucral bracts c. 40, c. 4-seriate;
receptacle subglabrous; ray florets yellow or yellow-orange, 15–20; disc
florets orange-yellow or red, 25–55. 4 spp. from Peru, one of them up to
Bolivia.
102. Sampera
V.
A. Funk & H. Rob. Scrambling shrubs, moderately branching, stems terete to
strongly hexagonal, mostly tomentose, without latex; nodes with or without
disks; leaves opposite; petioles with or without wings, sometimes included in
perfoliate leaf pairs; blades sharply delimited and rounded to slightly cordate
at base or confluent with petiole, ovate to oblong-ovate, margins subentire to
serrate, never angulate, upper surface flat to slightly bullate, densely
tomentose below, pinnately veined; inflorescence terminal on branches,
corymbiform, peduncles less than 5 cm long, thinly to densely tomentose. 8 spp.
from Colombia to to N Peru.
103. Sinclairia
Hook.
& Arn. Subshrubs, shrubs or vines, 2 spp. epiphytes; with latex; stems
arachnoid-tomentose; leaves opposite or ternate, sometimes seasonally
deciduous, bases without sheaths or pseudostipules; blades 3-nervate;
inflorescences laxly to densely corymbiform or pyramidal; heads narrowly to
broadly campanulate; involucral bracts 18–45, 3–5-seriate; receptacle glabrous,
spinulose or puberulous; ray florets absent or 4–25; disc florets 5–30; anther
thecae bases minutely crenulate; cypselae c. 8–10-ribbed, glabrous or
setuliferous, raphids elongate; pappus bristles 30–40, squamellae 15–20. 29
spp., Mexico, America Central, one up to W Colombia.
104. Stephanbeckia
H.
Rob. & V. A.Funk. Small, short-stemmed, basally branched, annual or short-lived
perennial herbs with dense white tomentum on parts of petioles, undersurfaces
of leaf blades, peduncles and margins of involucral bracts; latex lacking. Only
one sp., S. plumosa H. Rob. & V. A. Funk, restricted Tarija
departament, Andes from S Bolivia.
7.
TRIBE MOQUINIEAE (2/2) -
both genera endemic to Brazil.
105. Moquinia DC. Trees or shrubs gynodioecious; stem hairs white,
arachnoid; leaf lower surface whitish or pale yellowish-tomentose;
inflorescences with densely racemiform branches; involucral bracts c. 25, c.
4–5-seriate; florets 4 or 5. Only one sp., M. racemosa (Spreng) DC.,
endemic to the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais in Brazil.
106. Pseudostifftia H. Rob.
Shrubs or trees; monoecious; stem and leaf hairs appressed, symmetrically T-shaped,
cap-cells broadly fusiform, stalks slender; inflorescences with corymbiform
branches; involucral bracts c.18, c. 5-seriate; floret 1. Only one sp., P. kingii H. Rob, endemic to Bahia
state, Brazil.
7.4 TRIBE
VERNONIEAE (134/1,335–1,350) - outsiders are Acanthodesmus
(2, Cuba and Jamaica), Bolanosa
(1, Mexico), Ekmannia (1, Cuba), Eremosis
(25, Mexico to Guatemala), Harleya (1, Mexico,
Guatemala, Belize), Lachnorhiza
(3, Cuba), Leiboldia (Mexico), Lepidonia
(9, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica), Strammentopappus
(2, Mexico), Stokesia (1, SE U.S.A.), 31 only in tropical Africa,
5 endemic to Madagascar, 16 from India to China and New Guinea, two endemic to
Australia, 3 shared from continental Africa and Madagascar, 6 from tropical and
arid areas in Africa to Asia; and Hesperomannia (3; Hawaii).
Subtribes annuncied includes only the tribes with South American
genera, without details.
SUBTRIBE VERNONIINAE
107. Allocephalus J. Bringel,
J. N. Nakaj. and H. Rob. Annual herb ca. 70 cm tall; stems cylindrical or
flattened and sulcate when dried; leaves alternate; capitula discoid, sessile,
in axillary glomerules or small spikes; inflorescence cymose; florets 6 per
capitulum, the corolla purple, ca. 7.7–8.0 mm long, actinomorphic. Only one
sp., A. gamolepis J. Bringel, J. N. Nakaj. and H. Rob.,
restricted to one location in the Paranan River Valley area (small area of NE
Goiás state) in the understory of the dry forest on limestone outcrops covered
by a thin layer of soil and all the specimens belong to the same collection
site.
108. Aynia
H.
Rob. Perennial herbs; hairs simple; peduncles usually long; heads subtended by
large foliose bracts, involucral bracts c. 100 in 4–5 series, 10–25mm long;
florets c. 50; anthers tails short, truncate; style with node; sweeping hairs
pointed; achene 10-ribbed, raphids subquadrate; pappus capillary, with
squamellae. Pollen echinolophate, with intercolpus-aligned polar lacunae. Only
one sp., A. pseudascaricida H. Rob., endemic to Peru.
109. Chrysolaena H. Rob.
Perennial, usually xylopodial herbs, sometimes
with rhizophores, sericeous or lanate with
simple yellowish hairs; inflorescence seriate-cymose, heads sessile; involucral
bracts/florets 1–2/1; florets 10–65; anther bases obtuse; apical appendage
usually with glands; style without prominent node; sweeping hairs
broadacicular. 19 spp., Brazil (16, 5 endemic) to Argentina and Bolivia. Two
spp. from Paraná state are considered rare species in Brazil
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
110. Cololobus H. Rob.
Subshrubs; hairs simple or asymmetrically T - shaped; inflorescence thyrsoid;
involucral bracts, c. 6-seriate, c. 35, in outer 4 series pubescent, inner
mostly glabrous; florets 20–30; corollas glabrous, lobes very short; anther
base obtuse; style with node; sweeping hairs blunt, often septate. 5 spp. from Espírito
Santo, Rio de Janeiro state, in SE Brazil.
111. Cyrtocymura H. Rob.
Perennial herbs; hairs simple; inflorescences scorpioid-cymose with crowded
sessile heads, deciduous with age; involucral bracts 20–30, in 3 series;
florets 14–30; corolla lobes sericeous; anther bases rounded; style with node;
sweeping hairs broadly acicular; achenes 10-costate, setuliferous, idioblasts
bulging, raphids elongate; pappus capillary, outer squamellae persistent. 6 spp., C. scorpioides (Lam.) H. Rob. widely distribuited in tropical
America, one in Caribbean, one in Andean from Argentina and Bolivia, and 3 endemis
to Brazil.
112. Dasyanthina H. Rob.
Perennial herbs 2–4m high; stem hairs T-shaped; inflorescences rounded-thyrsoid;
peduncles slender; involucral bracts c. 60 in 5–6 series; florets c. 25;
corolla insidewith unicellular hairs; anther tails unsclerified, connective
with glands; stylar node annular; sweeping hairs pointed; achenes 8–10- ribbed,
setuliferous, raphids elongate; pappus capillary, squamellae persistent. Two spp., E Brazil (Espírito
Santo to São Paulo and Minas Gerais states) and adjacent Pantanal in Paraguay.
113. Dipterocypsela
S.F.
Blake. Fleshy herbs; hairs symmetrically T-shaped. Seriate cymes with crowded
sessile heads; involucral bracts c. 12 in c. 2 series, subequal, winged;
florets c. 12; corollas zygomorphic, inner lobes longer; anther bases rounded;
apical appendage with gland; style with node; sweeping hairs fusiform, septate.
Only one sp., D. succulenta S.F. Blake, endemic to Colombia.
114. Echinocoryne H. Rob.
Perennial herbs; sericeous with straight hairs; heads pedunculate; involucral
bracts c. 110–500 in 6–9 series, linear, straight, pungent; florets 15–60;
anther bases rounded; style with node; sweeping hairs acicular; achenes 5-costate,
sericeous, raphids elongate; pappus capillary, with squamellae. Pollen
echinolophate, no polar lacunae. Six spp., endemic to Brazil. One sp, from Goiás
state, is considered
a rare
species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book (assignated as Vernonia).
115. Eirmocephala
H.
Rob. Perennial herbs; hairs simple; inflorescence seriate- or densely scorpioid-cymose;
heads sessile, persistent; involucral bracts 24–65, in c. 4 series; florets
7–35; anthers tailed; apical appendage often glanduliferous; style with node;
sweeping hairs acicular; achenes 10-veined, setuliferous, without idioblasts,
raphids elongate; pappus capillary, with squamellae. Three spp., America
Central (1) to Venezuela and Bolivia, one of them in Brazil (Acre state).
116. Heterocypsela H. Rob.
Perennial herbs; hairs symmetrically T-shaped. Peduncles 5–30mm long;
involucral bracts c. 70 in c. 6 series, caudate-acuminate; florets c. 60–70;
anther bases blunt; style with node; sweeping hairs sharp; outer achenes
obcompressed, margins winged, raphids subquadrate, pappus bristles deciduous;
inner achenes prismatic, setuliferous, pappus more persistent; pollen subtriporate.
Two
spp., endemic to Minas Gerais, Bahia and Tocantins states in C Brazil.
117. Lepidaploa
(Cass) Cass. Herbs or shrubs, rarely annual; sericeous or
tomentose, hairs simple or T-shaped; leaves usually alternate; inflorescences
seriately cymose; heads usually sessile; involucral bracts 20–70, in 3–6
series; florets (8–)10–35; anther bases obtuse; apical appendages rarely with
glands; style with node; sweeping hairs broadly acicular; achenes 8–10-ribbed,
raphids elongate. 151 spp., tropical America, 113 in
South America, 63 in Brazil, 47 endemic. One sp., from Minas Gerais state,
is considered
a rare
species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book (assignated as Vernonia).
118. Lessingianthus
H. Rob. Perennial herbs, sometimes xylopodial,
with stem tubers and roots
crown; hairs simple; inflorescences simple or seriate-cymose; heads
sessile or pedunculate; involucral bracts 45–100 in 4–6 series; florets 15–50;
anther bases rounded; style usually without node; sweeping hairs sharp; achenes
5-costate, without glands, raphids subquadrate or elongate; pappus capillary,
with squamellae. 145 spp., 134 from Ecuador to
Argentina and Uruguay, mostly Brazil (120, 86 endemic) and Argentina, two
endemic to Colombia, one endemic to Venezuela, and L. rubricaulis
(Bonpl.) H. Rob. in America Central to Brazil and Cono Sur. Nine spp., in
several states, are considered rare species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book
(all assignated as Vernonia).
119. Mattfeldanthus H. Rob.
& R. M. King. Shrubs; hairs simple; inflorescence base pseudotrichotomous,
branches seriate-cymose, bracts foliiform; heads sessile; involucral bracts c.
100, c. 7-seriate; florets 14–16; outer corollas zygomorphic, innermost lobe
longer; anther tails lobed; style with node; sweeping hairs acicular; achenes
c. 10-costate, sericeous, raphids elongate; pappus capillary, with squamellae.
Two spp., endemic to Bahia, Minas Gerais states in E Brazil.
120. Pseudopiptocarpha
H.
Rob. Shrubs or subshrubs; hairs appressed, symmetrically T-shaped; heads
axillary, clustered, sessile; involucral bracts 25–30 in c. 5 series; florets
8–10; anther tails short; style with node; sweeping hairs sharp; achenes weakly
10-costate, setulae, glands, and idioblasts scattered, raphids subquadrate;
pappus bristles capillary, with squamellae. Three spp., Colombia to Venezuela.
121. Quechualia
H.
Rob. Erect or scrambling shrubs; hairs asymmetrically T-shaped, often
proliferated; inflorescences thyrsoid; heads pedunculate; involucral bracts
60–90 in 5–6 series; florets 30–55; corolla limb often with multicellular hairs
inside; anther connectives with glands, tails denticulate; style with node;
sweeping hairs subacicular; achenes 8–10-ribbed, setuliferous, raphids
elongate. 4 spp. in Bolivia, one up to Argentina, Chile
and Peru.
122. Stenocephalum
Sch.
Bip. Perennial herbs, sometimes with xylopodium; hairs
simple, often arachnoid; leaves pale tomentose below; heads axillary or in
panicles; involucral bracts 15–22 in 3–4 series; florets 4–7(–10); anther bases
rounded; style with node; sweeping hairs short, sharp; achenes 10-ribbed,
setuliferous, without glands, idioblasts, or raphids; pappus capillary,
squamellae present. 8 spp., America Central and tropical South America, six in
Brazil, two endemic.
123. Stilpnopappus Mart. ex DC.
Perennial herbs or shrubs; hairs simple; inflorescences axillary or seriate-cymose;
heads sessile, 1 to few per node; involucral bracts 20–50 in 3–4 series;
florets 6–50; anther bases obtuse; style with node; sweeping hairs acicular;
achenes 8-costate, projecting rim at top, setuliferous, idioblasts scattered,
raphids subquadrate; pappus of lanceolate awns. 21
spp., 19 from Brazil, two of them up to Bolivia (one endemic, from Piauí state,
is considered
a rare
species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), and two endemic to
Venezuela.
124. Struchium P. Browne.
Decumbent annuals; hairs sparse, simple; heads axillary, clustered; involucral
bracts 20–25 in c. 2 subequal series; florets 50–70; corolla lobes 3 or 4;
anther bases rounded, connective with glands; style with node; sweeping hairs
sharp; achenes 3–5-angled, without setulae, idioblasts numerous, raphids
elongate; pappus a cartilaginous sleeve. Only one sp., S. sparganophora (L.) O.
Kuntze, pantropical, widely adventive in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, India,
Jamaica, Panamá, Peru. Pantropical, in open woodland, wet areas in
riverine forests, margins of seasonally flooded areas. 0–1,200m.
125. Trepadonia
H.
Rob. Vines; hairs mostly symmetrically T-shaped; leaves alternate or opposite;
inflorescence branching often at 90°, branchlets often subracemose; involucral
bracts c. 25 in c. 5 series; florets 8–10; corollas glabrous; anther bases
obtuse; style with node; sweeping hairs acicular; achenes 10-costate, setulae
scattered, raphids subquadrate; pappus capillary, squamellae persistent. Two
spp., endemic to Peru.
126. Vernonanthura
H.
Rob. Subshrubs to small trees, sometimes xylopodial;
hairs simple or T-shaped; inflorescences thyrsoid; heads sessile to long-pedunculate;
involucral bracts 6–30(–60) in 4–10 series; florets 4–30; corollas without
hairs; anther bases obtuse or tailed; appendages often with glands or hairs;
style with node; sweeping hairs short-acute; achenes 8–10-costate, setuliferous
or with idioblasts. 77 spp., tropical America, 62 in
South America, 48 in Brazil, 32 endemic. Two of them, in Distrito Federal
and Minas Gerais state, are considered rare species in Brazil by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book (both assignaded as Vernonia).
127. Vernonia Schreb.
Perennial herbs, bases decumbent; hairs simpleor symmetrically T-shaped;
inflorescences cymose with branches longer than central axis; heads usually
pedunculate; involucral bracts c. 50 in 5–6 series; florets 8–120; anthers
without tails; appendages often with glands; style with node; sweeping hairs
acute, sometimes septate; achenes 5–10-costate, with setulae, glands and/or
idioblasts. 20 spp., 17 in E & C North America,
three of which cross the bor-der into Coahuila, Mexico, one in E Mexico (V.
greggii A.Gray) and two from South America: V. echioides Less. and V.
incana Less., both in Argentina, S Brazil and Uruguay.
Nine
species previously belonging to Vernonia, from several states are all
considered rare species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book, but non detected in VPA
circumscription.
128. Xiphochaeta Poepp.
Aquatic short-lived herbs; hairs simple, appressed; heads sessile, 1(–3) in
axils; involucral bracts 70– 80 in 3–4 series; florets c. 30; anther bases not
calcarate; appendages with glands; style with node; sweeping hairs acicular;
achenes 5-costate, setulae and idioblasts scattered, raphids elongate; pappus
segments c. 10, canaliculate, non-costate; pollen echinolophate. Only one sp., X.
aquatica Poepp., Amazon and Orinoco basins, in Brazil, Peru, Venezuela and
Guianas.
SUBTRIBE PIPTOCARPHINAE
129. Critoniopsis Sch.Bip.
Shrubs or trees; hairs often stellate; leaves alternate or opposite, petiole
often lobed or winged; inflorescences terminal; involucral bracts 18–25(–35) in
4–6 series; florets 1–11(–15 or 20); corolla throat present, lobes often
recurved, with small glands; anthers often with unsclerified tails; style
usually with node; sweeping hairs obtuse; achenes 5–10-costate; pappus
capillary. 78 spp., Mexico, America Central, Andes to
Brazil. 74 spp. in South America, six in Brazil, all endemic.
130. Cuatrecasanthus
H.
Rob. Weak shrubs; hairs with apical cell enlarged at base; inflorescence
terminal; heads sessile in glomerules; involucral bracts c. 15 in 5–6 series;
florets 1; corolla throat lacking; anthers with fimbriate tails; style with
node; sweeping hair tips rounded; achenes 10-costate, glanduliferous and
spiculiferous, raphids lacking; pappus capillary, outer setae short. 6 spp.,
restricted from Ecuador and Peru.
131. Dasyandantha
H.
Rob. Small trees; stems sublanate, hairs simple; leaves to 30 cm long;
inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate; heads sessile in glomerules; involucral
bracts c. 30, in c. 4 series; florets c. 12; corolla throat enlarged,
pilosulous inside; anthers with unsclerified tails; style with node; sweeping
hairs blunt-tipped; achenes 8-ribbed, setuliferous; pappus capillary, fragile.
Only one sp., D. cuatrecasasiana (Aristeg.) H. Rob., endemic to Andes of
Venezuela.
132. Huberopappus
Pruski.
Shrubs; hairs stellate; inflorescences of few shortpedunculate heads and small
foliiform bracts; involucral bracts 14–17 in 3–4 series; florets 19–22; anther
bases rounded; style without node; sweeping hairs obtuse, often septate;
achenes 3–5- angled, c. 10-striate, glabrous; pappus collarform, some with
single awn. Only one sp., H. maigualidae Pruski, endemic to Pantepui
Life Zone in Sierra de Maigualida, S Venezuela (Bolivar-Amazonas border), 2,000
– 2,100m elevation range.
133. Joseanthus
H.
Rob. Shrubs or trees; hairs sometimes T-formed; leaves opposite; inflorescences
densely corymbose.Heads shortly pedunculate; involucral bracts 20–30 in c. 4–5
series; florets 9–12; corolla densely pilosulous, without throat; anthers with
fimbriate tails; style with node; sweeping hairs obtuse; achenes 3–8-costate,
with glands and small setulae; pappus capillary, with squamellae. 4 spp. from
Colombia and Ecuador.
134. Piptocarpha R. Br.
Scandent scrambling shrubs or trees, sometimes with roots
crown; hairs stellate or lepidote; leaves alternate or opposite; heads
in axillary or terminal clusters; involucral bracts 18–30 in 3–4 series;
florets 3–20; corolla lobes often recurved; anther tails sclerified; style with
node; sweeping hairs blunt, often septate; achenes 3–5-costate, glabrous, with
idioblasts, raphids short-oblong; pappus capillary. 52
spp., one in Caribbeana and 51 in of South America (two up to Mexico or
Caribbean). 32 in Brazil, 27 endemic.
135. Piptocoma Cass. Trees
and shrubs; hairs stellate to lepidote; inflorescences corymbiform; florets
1–12; corolla throat very short; anther bases rounded; style without node;
sweeping hairs mostly blunt, often septate; achenes weakly 7–10-costate,
idioblasts present; pappus with deciduous linear segments, persistent outer
scales. 18 spp., 4 only in Caribbean, 14 in northern South America (Guyana to
Peru), highly centered in Venezuela and Colombia, only two of them outside this
area, both in Brazil, none endemic.
136. Yariguianthus
S Díaz
& B.V.
Rodríguez C.
Shrubs or treelets, scandent; cylindric stems. Only one sp., Y. glomerulatus
S Díaz & B.V.
Rodríguez C,
known only Santader departament in Colombia.
SUBTRIBE CHRESTINAE
137. Chresta Vell. ex DC.
Perennial herbs and subshrubs, sometimes
xylopodial; hairs
symmetrically or asymmetrically T-shaped or forming dense felt; inflorescences
long-peduculate, clusters globose, subumbellate or spicate; involucral bracts
10–20 in 5–6 series; florets 2–12; corolla tube long; anther bases rounded;
appendage sometimes with glands; sweeping hairs fusiform. 17 spp., 16 endemic
to Brazil, C. exsucca DC. also in Bolivia; within the dry seasonal
scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga), Chresta is one of the
Asteraceae genera that is found outside the rocky grasslands (campos
rupestres), although it is strongly associated with rocky environments; of
the four species of Chresta found in the dry seasonal scrubland of NE
Brazil (caatinga), three are associated with quartzitic outcrops and one
is usually found on granitic inselbergs, all growing directly on top of the
rocks or in pockets of plant debris found in small cracks and crevices.
138. Soaresia Sch. Bip. Subshrubs,
with xylopodia; stems felted with fusiform
hairs; leaves imbricate, silvery velvety, veins nearly longitudinal. Rows of
sessile heads in upper axils; involucral bracts c. 12 in 3 series; florets 4;
corollas sericeous; anthers tailed; sweeping hairs acicular; achene 5-ribbed,
sericeous, raphids elongate; pappus awns c. 15, subulate, basally winged. Only
one sp., S. velutina Sch. Bip., endemic to Rondonia to Minas Gerais in
center Brazil.
SUBTRIBE PACOURININAE
139. Pacourina
Aubl. Hairs simple, small; leaf bases clasping, margins spinose-toothed;
heads single and sessile in axils; involucral bracts c. 50 in 3 series, broad,
green, margins whitish; florets c. 50; corolla lobes sclerified distally;
anther tails toothed; achene c. 10- costate, idioblasts in furrows, raphids
none; pappus bristles short, deciduous, squamellae persistent. Only one
sp., P. edulis Aubl., Central and South America in Argentina, Belize,
Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Nicaragua,
Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, in riverine or lake
margins as an aquatic or semiaquatic, seasonally flooded grassland.
SUBTRIBE ERLANGEINAE
140. Acilepidopsis
H.
Rob. Perennial herbs decumbent from thickened rhizome; with numerous glandular
dots, hairs forming felt on stems; inflorescence branches seriately cymose;
heads sessile; involucral bracts c. 30; florets 8–13, corolla lobes reflexed,
sericeo-pilosulous; anther bases and appendages sclerified; style without node;
achene 10-costate; raphids lacking; pappus capillary. Only one sp., A.
echitifolia (Mart. ex DC.) H. Rob., Argentina, Bolivia, S Brazil and
Paraguay.
141. Mesanthophora
H.
Rob. Glabrous perennial herbs; leaves sessile, shortly decurrent, auriculate,
glandular-dotted below. Racemiform leafy cymes with peduncles from middle of
internodes; involucral bracts c. 100 in c. 5 series, linear-lanceolate, erect-patent;
florets 90–100; anther bases rounded; style with node; achenes 8–10-costate,
costae scabrid; pappus bristles deciduous, capillary, squamellae persistent. Two spp., M. brunneri H.Rob., SE Bolivia, Paraguay
and Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul, disjunct in Minas Gerais), and one endemic to
Paraguay.
142. Telmatophila Mart. ex
Baker. Perennials; sericeous with simple hairs; inflorescences axillary,
secondary heads surrounded by foliaceous bracts; heads cylindrical; subequal
involucral bracts and florets 4; corollas with long hairs distally; style base
without node; achenes oblong-ovoid, c. 8-costate, with idioblasts, long setulae
deeply divided, raphids elongate; pappus of c. 8 short, laciniate scales. Only
one sp., T. scolymastrum Mart. ex Baker, from E Piauí to
Pernambuco state in NE Brazil.
SUBTRIBE TRICHOSPIRINAE
143. Trichospira
Kunth. Perennials; hairs simple, arachnoid; leaves sessile,
tomentose below.Heads axillary, sessile; involucral bracts c. 12, subequal,
receptacle with few pales; florets c. 10; corollas 4-lobed; anthers with spurs
short; style without node; sweeping hairs acute, often septate; achenes with 2
marginal ribs and 2 or 3 weaker ones on surfaces, raphids lacking. Only one
sp., T. verticillata (L.) S.F. Blake, tropical America in Bolivia,
Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Mexico,
Panamá, Peru, Venezuela; disturbed areas, riverbanks, damp roadsides, wet
savannas of C Brazil (cerrado).
SUBTRIBE ROLANDRINAE
144. Rolandra Rottb.
Shrubs; hairs simple; leaves white-tomentose below; inflorescences axillary,
sessile; involucral bracts 2, awned; corolla 4-lobed, glabrous; anther bases
rounded, with sterile margin; style without node; sweeping hairs acicular;
achenes 5-veined, without setulae, with glands, many poorly differentiated
idioblasts; pappus a persistent ring of jagged scales. Only one sp., R.
argentea Rottb., tropical America in Bolivia (Pando), Brazil, Colombia,
Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Panamá, Puerto Rico, Surinam,
Venezuela.
145. Spiracantha
Kunth.
Weak herbs; hairs simple; leaves white-tomentose below; inflorescence of
pedunculate, 3–4-bracted glomerules; involucral bracts c. 6, inner
awned.Corolla with filaments near sinuses, lobes 4 or 5; anther bases obtuse;
style without node; sweeping hairs acicular; achenes fusiform, weakly 5–6-
veined, few glands and setulae above; pappus of short bristles. Only one sp., S.
cornifolia Kunth, from Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela and Caribbean.
SUBTRIBE GYMNANTHEMINAE
146. Gymnanthemum Cass. Shrubs
or trees; stems often felted, hairs rarely asymmetrically T-shaped;
inflorescences densely corymbiform. 35 spp. from Africa and Asia, with G.
amygdalinum (Delile) Sch. Bip. ex Walp. disjunct in dry areas of Brazil and
Bolivia.
SUBTRIBE ELEPHANTOPINAE
147. Caatinganthus H. Rob. Short-lived
herbs, tomentum arachnoid; leaves linear. Branches spiciform, 3–20 adaxial
heads, biseriate; outer involucral bracts 4–6, foliiform distally, inner 4,
scariose. Anther bases rounded; style with node; sweeping hairs acicular;
achene 10-ribbed, long-setuliferous, raphids subquadrate; pappus setae c. 10
and scales 10, large. Pollen lophate, single polar lacuna. Two spp., endemic to
NE Brazil.
148. Elephantopus L. Perennials,
sometimes with xylopodium; pilose,
hairs simple, stiff; leaves mostly basal; heads in bracteate glomerules;
involucral bracts 8; florets 2–4; corollas zygomorphic, with deep inner sinus;
anthers not calcarate, not tailed; style without node; sweeping hairs acicular;
achenes 10-costate, setulose, raphids elongate; pappus bristles 5–15(40–81),
straight, basally winged. 21 or more species,
pantropical, 16 in New World, 10 in South America, all in Brazil, 7 endemic.
149. Orthopappus Gleason.
Perennials, hairs simple, stiff, yellow, with rhizophores;
leavesmostly basal; inflorescence a spiciform cluster of narrow heads;
involucral bracts 8; corollas zygomorphic, inner sinus deepest; anthers not
long-calcarate; style with node; sweeping hairs acicular; achenes 5-costate,
setuliferous, idioblasts along costae, raphids elongate; pappus bristles 2–3-seriate,
inner basally winged. Only
one sp., O. angustifolius (Sw.) Gleason, tropical America (Argentina,
Bolivia, Brazil, Honduras, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,
Mexico, Panamá, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Uruguay, Venezuela, Caribbean.
150. Pseudelephantopus
Rohr.
Perennial herbs; hairs stiff, simple; leaves mostly basal; inflorescences
spiciform with clustered sessile heads; involucral bracts 8; corollas
zygomorphic with deep inner sinus; anther shortly calcarate; style without
node; sweeping hairs acicular; achenes 10-costate, setuliferous, with glands,
idioblasts along costae, raphids short-oblong; pappus bristles 5, contorted,
base broadened. Two spp., both widely widespread in tropical
America, both in Brazil.
SUBTRIBE LYNCHNOPHORINAE
Before
the present study, little attention has been paid to the habit, leaf sheath and
capitulescence position in the group. Lychnophorinae are shrubs, treelets,
trees, or caulirosulas, the latter being a highly specialized habit to alpine
habitat (Andine paramos (Espeletia s.l.) or Chimantá Tepui (Chimantea).
Caulirosulate plants evolved independently three times in
Brazilian campo rupestre lineages (Prestelia, Proteopsis and Minasia).
They possess several peculiar structural features, such as a pseudotrunk
covered with leafsheath remains, a dense indumentum, tightly furled leaf
rosettes, water-storage strategies, epidermal cell wall and cuticle
thickenings, and sclereids. These features are usually found also in other taxa
adapted to live in the extreme conditions of the rocky grasslands (campos
rupestres, intense solar radiation, great fluctuations in daily
temperature, water scarcity during autumn and winter, and the occurrence of
fires). Almost all species of Lychnophorinae are endemic to Brazil, with
the exception of Eremanthus mattogrossensis Kuntze and E.
rondoniensis MacLeish & H.Schumach., occurring in Brazil and
Bolivia, Centratherum cardenasii H.Rob. that occurs only in
Bolivia and C. punctatum, with a large distribution in several
tropical countries.
151. Albertinia Spreng.
Branching shrubs; Inflorescence loosely corymbiform, heads pedunculate;
involucral bracts 55–60 in 3 series; deep receptacular pits enclosing achenes;
florets 45–50; anther bases rounded; style with node; sweeping hairs broad-acicular;
achene c. 10-costate, raphids subquadrate; pappus capillary, tawny. Pollen non-lophate.
Only one sp., A. brasiliensis Spreng, endemic to E Brazil (Sergipe to
Rio de Janeiro states).
152. Anteremanthus H. Rob.
Shrubs; hairs mostly T-formed; inflorescence thyrsoid, with gradate foliaceous
bracts; involucral bracts c. 60 in 5–6 series; florets c. 60; corolla tube
short, lobes with contorted hairs; anther bases rounded; sweeping hairs
pointed, often septate; achene 8–10-ribbed, densely long-setulose; pappus
capillary, with squamellae. Two spp. endemic to Brazil, A. hatschbachii H.
Rob. from northern Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais (a rare species in Brazil by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), and A. piranii Roque & F. A.
Santana, endemic to southern Bahia.
153. Blanchetia DC. Shrubs,
with intermixed long dark multicelular hairs and pale stellate hairs;
inflorescences corymbiform with foliose bracts; involucral bracts 25–30 in c. 4
series; receptacle with thin partitions; florets 8–10; filaments inserted near
sinuses; anthers not tailed; style without node; sweeping hairs pointed;
achenes 10-costate, hairless; pappus deciduous, c. 20 flattened bristles. Two
spp., B. heterotricha DC. from NE Brazil (Paraíba to Bahia states), and B.
coronata (G.M. Barroso) Loeuille & Pirani, endemic to Bahia state,
Brazil.
154. Centratherum Cass. Perennial herbs (unique herbs
in this subtribe) or shrubs branching near base; hairs T-shaped and
simple multicellular; involucral bracts 30–40, in c. 4 series, with distal
margins scarious; florets 40–100+; anthers not tailed; sweeping hairs acicular;
achenes 8–10-ribbed; pappus of short deciduous awns or lacking. Three spp., C.
cardenasii H. Rob. endemic to Bolivia (Santa Cruz), C. repens
(Spreng.) Loeuille & Pirani endemic to NE Brazil, and C. punctatum
Cass. widely
distribuited in tropical South America.
155. Chronopappus DC. Shrubs;
stemfelted with thick-walled fusiformand stellate hairs; leaves bullate,
abaxial tomentum of contorted stellate-based hairs; heads sessile in upper
axils, c. 8 pubescent subinvolucral bracts; involucral bracts c. 8–10, rather
deciduous; florets 8–10; anther bases rounded; sweeping hairs pointed; achenes
10-angled, glabrous; inner pappus of flattened bristles. Two spp., endemic to
northern Minas Gerais state in SE Brazil.
156. Eremanthus Less. Shrubs
and trees; stems felted or woolly or stellate-lepidote; heads usually in 1 to
many dense, globular clusters; involucral bracts 10–40 in 4–7 usually gradate
series, innermost deciduous; florets 1–9, 24–26; corolla tube short; anther
bases rounded; sweeping hairs pointed, often septate; achenes 3–5-angled, or
10(–20)-costate; pappus bristles 3–5-seriate, broadened to filiform. n =
15, 18. 25 spp. from SE to NE Brazil, two of them (E. mattogrossensis
Kuntze and E. rondoniensis MacLeish & T. Schumach.) reaching into E
Bolivia; two spp. form Minas Gerais and Bahia states are rare species in Brazil
by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
157. Gorceixia Baker. Trees; stems
partially winged; hairs stellate; inflorescence corymbiform, of secondary heads
containing many sessile heads; secondary involucre of canescent bracts;
involucre cylindrical, of 5 or 6 lanceolate subequal bracts; florets 5;
corollas glabrous; anther tails small; style without node; sweeping hairs
sharp; achenes tetragonous, glabrous, raphids elongate; pappus a collar. Only
one sp., G. decurrens Baker, endemic to E Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais
and Espírito Santo states), the tallest species of
this subtribe.
158. Heterocoma DC. Perennial
herbs or shrubs, or trees, sometimes acaulescent; hairs appressed; leaves
crowded, bases vaginate, lanate of leafbases clasping; large head in each upper
axil; corolla tube short; anthers not tailed; sweeping hairs pointed, often
septate; achenes 10-costate, with phytomelanin; pappus elements twisted, strap-shaped,
deciduous. 6 spp., 4 endemic to Minas Gerais, one endemic to Bahia and one
shared in Goiás and Minas Gerais states. Phytomelanins
are only found in Asparagales seeds and in Asteraceae fruits of Heterocoma
DC., Wunderlichia Riedel ex Benth, and some Asteroideae.
159. Hololepis DC. Shrubs or
trees; hairs symmetrically T-shaped. Petioles long; heads axillary, solitary,
longpedunculate; subinvolucral bracts c. 8, foliiform, trinervate; involucral
bracts c. 30 in c. 4 series; receptacular spines linear; florets 25–35; anther
tails lobed; sweeping hairs short-pointed to obtuse; achenes 4-angled,
glabrous, raphids subquadrate; pappus of flattened persistent bristles, 2–3-seriate.
Two spp. endemic to Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais states in SE Brazil.
160. Lychnocephalus Mart. ex
Candolle. Treelets, sometimes candelabriform, rarely subshrubs to shrubs;
stems poorly branched; leaves alternate, sessile or petiolate, with semi-amplexicaul
or amplexicaul sheath, discolorous, venation eucamptodromous or sometimes
parallelodromous or actinodromous; inflorescence an axillary or terminal,
pedunculate or sessile, solitary 2–3 syncephalia (third-order); capitulum
sessile; florets 4–15; corolla purple, rarely white; corolla lobes glabrous or
pubescent. 8 spp., endemic of the central portion of the Espinhaço Range of
mountains in Minas Gerais, SE Brazil; one of them is considered a rare
species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book (as Lychnophora).
161. Lychnophora Mart. Usually
candelabriform or rosettiform shrubs or small trees; stem felted with fusiform
hairs; leaves often crowded, with stellate or asymmetrical T-shaped hairs
below; heads sessile in lobular or hemispherical clusters; involucral bracts c.
12–25 in 4–6 series, innermost deciduous; florets 1–12; corollas glabrous;
anther bases rounded; sweeping hairs sharp, mostly septate; achenes 4–5-angled
and 8–10-veined, glabrous; pappus of flattened, usually twisted bristles or
straps, often with squamae. n = 17. 33 spp., SE to NE Brazil, in Bahia
to São Paulo and Goiás states; 6 spp. from Minas Gerais and Bahia states are
considered rare species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book (two of
then as Lychnophoriopsis).
162. Lychnophorella Loeuille,
Semir & Pirani. Shrubs, rarely treelets, sometimes candelabriform; stems
densely branched; leaves alternate, sessile, rarely shortly petiolate, with a
pad-like sheath, blade usually ericoid, coriaceous, discolorous, margin entire,
flat or revolute; inflorescence a terminal, sessile or rarely pedunculate,
solitary syncephalium (second-order) or rarely a congested dichasium of
glomerules of capitula (L. leucodendron); florets 1–5; corolla purple,
tube longer or the same size as limb. 11 spp., endemic to center Minas Gerais
and Bahia states, with two of them, one in each state, are considered rare
species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book (as Lychnophora in
the work).
163. Maschalostachys Loeuille
& Roque. Treelets; stems monopodial, initially leafy, later becoming
leafless, with transverse linear leaf-scars following leaf shedding; leaves
alternate or in pseudo-rosette at the apex of stems, simple, sessile or
petiolate, with semi-amplexicaul leaf sheath, venation eucamptodromous, margin
flat; capitula fused in a syncephalium (secondary order inflorescence)
surrounded by secondary leafy bracts and organized in loose axillary spikes or
frequently in a panicle of spikes (rarely a cyme); cypsela cylindrical or
obconic, angled, 10-ribbed, carpopodium annuliform, inconspicuous. Two spp.,
endemic to Bahia and Minas Gerais state in SE Brazil.
164. Minasia H. Rob.
Perennial rosettiform silvery herbs, sometimes caulirosulate;
hairsT-shaped; inflorescences scapose, branched, with crowded or pedunculate
heads; involucral bracts 50–60 in c. 5 series, with blunt tomentose tips;
florets 20–30; anther with minute tails; sweeping hairs pointed, septa few;
achene c. 8-veined, at least some setulae; pappus capillary, with squamellae. 7 spp., all endemic to
Minas Gerais state in SE Brazil; 4 of 7 are considered rare species in
Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
165. Paralychnophora Sch. Bip. 6
spp. from NE to E Brazil, Pernambuco to Minas Gerais state; two spp. from Bahia
state are considered rare species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
166. Piptolepis
Sch.
Bip. Ericoid shrubs; hairs appearing granular, stellate, sometimes also thick-walled,
straight; heads single, sessile or pedunculate; involucral bracts 8–18(–25) in
3–4 series; florets 8–18; anther tails short, lobed; sweeping hairs short-acute;
achenes strongly 10–12-costate, furrows with setulae and glandular dots; pappus
bristles flattened, bases often broad, sometimes with shorter setae. 17 spp., 14
in Espinhaço Range of Minas Gerais state and 3 in Goiás state.
167. Prestelia Sch. Bip.
Perennial acaulous subshrubs, sometimes caulirosulate,
rootstock broad; axils lanulose; hairs stellate-based; leaves linear;
inflorescences 1 to many pedunculate compound heads, secondary involucre of c.
5 subequal bracts. Individual heads 5–10 in cluster, sessile; involucral bracts
c. 12 in c. 2 series; florets 5–6; anthers not tailed; sweeping hairs acute;
achenes c. 8-costate, scattered setulae, glands and idioblasts; pappus bristles
in 2–3 series, no squamellae. Three spp., endemic to Minas Gerais state in SE
Brazil.
168. Proteopsis Mart. &
Zucc. ex Sch.Bip. Coarse perennial herbs, sometimes caulirosulate;
silvery with appressed elliptic-stellate hairs; leaves smaller above, bases
clasping; inflorescences a dense cluster of large heads; involucral bracts c.
60 in c. 6 series, strongly pungent-acuminate; florets c. 80; anthers with
broad tails; sweeping hairs acute; achenes 10-ribbed, glabrous; pappus of few
deciduous awns. Two spp., SE Brazil, in Minas Gerais and Bahia state.
169. Roquea
Loeuille
& Antar. Shrubs. Only one sp., R. multiserialis Loeuille &
Antar, endemic to Serra da Formosa mountains, Minas Gerais state, Brazil.
170. Vinicia Dematt. Erect
suffrutex, similar to Lychnophora and Chronopappus. Only one sp.,
V. tomentosa Dematt, endemic to Serra do Cabral in Minas Gerais state.
8. SUBFAMILY
ASTEROIDEAE (1.181/17.360-17.620) ▸ probable
topology is [Abrotanella
+ Doronicum + Senecioneae + [[Calenduleae + [Gnaphalieae +
[Astereae + Anthemideae]]] + [Inuleae + [Athroismeae +
[Feddeeae + [Helenieae + [Coreopsideae + [[Neurolaeneae
+ [Tageteae + [Bahieae + Chaenactideae]]] + [[Polymnieae
+ [Heliantheae + [Millerieae + [Madieae + [Eupatorieae
+ Perityleae]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]. 22 tribes.
Outsiders in
New World in Asteroideae are 348 genera, in Doronicum clade (1), Senecioneae
(44), Gnaphalieae (9), Astereae (74), Anthemideae (6), Inuleae (1), Feddeeae
(1), Helenieae (10), Coreopsideae (13), Neurolaeneae (2), Tageteae (24),
Bahieae (14), Chaenactideae (3), Polymnieae (1), Heliantheae (51), Millerieae
(15), Madieae (30), Eupatorieae (45) and Perityleae (5).
MEGA
CLADE SENECIONICUM 1/3
Three tribes, Doronicum Clade (1/29, Europe
except northern parts, Mediterranean, temperate Asia, one in NW U.S.A.) absent
in South America.
8.1 ASTEROIDEA ▸
TRIBE ABROTANELLOIDEAE (1/20)
- a single genus.
171. Abrotanella
Cass. Dwarf or prostrate perennial herbs, often forming mats or cushions;
leaves alternate, sessile with sheathing base, entire, coriaceous or
subcarnose; capitula mostly sessile, small, disciform; florets few, whitish,
greenish yellow or red to purplish; marginal florets female, tubular; corolla
lobes with central vascular strand and without lateral strands. 22 spp., New
Guinea, Australasia, New Zealand, 7 in southern South America from Chile to
Tierra del Fuego, Falklands and Juan Fernandes.
8.2 ASTEROIDEA ▸
TRIBE SENECIODEAE (140/3,200–3,235) -
aquatic to desert habitats, from
low altitudes to alpine communities, and from arctic regions to tropical areas.
Outsiders worldwide, 39 in New World: Antillanthus (17, Cuba),
Arnoglossum (8, SE Canada to C & E U.S.A),
Barkleyanthus (1, Arizona to Texas and Honduras),
Cacaliopsis (1, W. Canada to W. U.S.A.),
Charadranaetes (1, Costa Rica), Crocidium
(1, W Canada to W U.S.A.), Digitacalia
(6, Mexico and Nicaragua), Ekmaniopappus
(1, Hispaniola), Elekmania (9,
Hispaniola), Hasteola (3, 1 in Sakhalin to Japan, 2 in NC & E. U.S.A.), Herodotia
(1, Hispaniola), Herreranthus (1, Cuba), Ignurbia
(1, Hispaniola), Jacmaia (1,
Jamaica), Jacobaea (63, Eurasia to Indo-China, N Africa, 2 in Subarctic America to
NE. U.S.A.), Jessea (3, Costa
Rica to Panama), Leonis (1, Cuba,
Hispaniola), Lepidospartum (3, SW & SC
U.S.A. to NW Mexico), Luina
(2, W Canada to W U.S.A), Lundinia
(1, Cuba to Hispaniola), Mattfeldia
(1, Haiti), Mixtecalia (1, SW Mexico), Nelsonianthus
(2, S Mexico to Guatemala), Nesampelos
(3, Hispaniola), Odontocline (6, Jamaica),
Oldfeltia (1, Cuba), Ortizacalia (1, Costa
Rica), Packera (76, Artctic to Mexico, one in E Europe to Russian Far
East and Mongolia), Parasenecio
(71, E Europe to temperate Asia and Himalaya, Aleutian Islands in North
America), Petasites (18, Arctic to California,
Algeria, Pakistan and Vietnan, one in U.S.A.), Psacaliopsis
(4, Mexico to Honduras), Psacalium
(52, Arizona to New Mexico and Guatemala), Pippenalia
(1, N & W Mexico), Pittocaulon
(5, Mexico to Guatemala), Rainiera
(1, NW U.S.A.), Robinsonecio (2, Mexico
to Guatemala), Rugelia (1, SE
United States), Shafera (1, Cuba), Talamancalia
(2, Costa Rica, Panama), Tephroseris
(45, temperate Eurasia, Subarctic America to N & W Central U.S.A., 7 in New
World), Tetradymia (10, W Canada to
NW Mexico), Villasenoria (1, S Mexico),
Yermo (1, W U.S.A.) and Zemisia
(2, S Mexico to Honduras, Jamaica).
172. Acrisione
B. Nord. Shrubs or small trees with large soft pith; leaves
alternate, cauline, petiolate, entire with denticulate margins, elliptic-ovate
to obovate; capitula several to many, corymbose, radiate, ecalyculate, yellow
flowered. Two spp., endemic to central Chile and adjacent Argentina.
173. Aequatorium
B. Nord. Erect shrubs or trees, stellate-tomentose
in young parts; leaves alternate, petiolate, entire, lanceolate to elliptic-ovate,
with margins often dentate or denticulate, coriaceous; Capitula several to
numerous, paniculate-corymbose, radiate, calyculate; ray florets white or
cream; disc florets perfect; corolla deeply lobed, white or pale yellowish. 13 spp., Colombia
to Ecuador.
174. Aetheolaena Cass. 27 spp. from
Venezuela to Peru, one up to Bolivia.
175. Angeldiazia M.O. Dillon &
Zapata. Annual, dichotomously branched delicate climbing stems;
conspicuously pinnatisect leaves; solitary disciform capitula, peduncles 5-10
cm long; involucres lacking calyculi; 12-16 florets with yellow corollas. Only one sp., A.
weigendii M.O. Dillon & Zapata, endemic to department
of Lambeyeque, Peru
176. Anticona E. Linares, J. Campos
& A. Galán. Herbs to 12 cm tall, glabrous. Only one sp., A.
glareophila (Cuatrec.) E. Linares, J. Campos & A. Galán, endemic to Department
of Huancavelica and Lima, Peru.
177. Arbelaezaster
Cuatrec. Erect perennial herb with rhizome; leaves cauline,
shortly petiolate, ovate, entire with denticulate or serrate margins; capitula
several, paniculatecorymbose, discoid with greenish-yellow florets, calyculate.
Only one sp., A. ellesworthii (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec., restrcted of Colombia
and Venezuela.
178. Blennosperma
Less. Small annual herbs; leaves alternate, sessile, mostly
pinnatifid; capitula solitary on naked peduncles, radiate, yellow- or purplish-flowered;
receptacle conical; ray florets female, tube reduced; disc florets 5-lobed,
functionally male. Three spp., B.
chilense Less. in Chile and two remaining in California.
179. Cabreriella
Cuatrec. Scandent glabrous shrubs; leaves opposite, sessile or
subsessile, ovate-cordate, entire with dentate margins; capitula several,
corymbose, radiate or discoid, yellow-flowered, calyculate; disc florets
perfect. Two spp. from Colombia, one up to Venezuela.
180. Caxamarca
Dillon & Sagástegui. Perennial herb with foetid tuberous
fasciculate roots and unbranched erect stem. Basal leaves rosulate, large,
dissected; cauline leaves smaller, sessile, entire with serrate to dentate
margins, with decurrent base forming wings; capitula several, corymbose-cymose,
radiate, yellow-flowered; disc florets numerous, with deeply lobed corolla. Two
spp. endemic to Peru.
181. Chaetacalia
Pruski. Glabrous perennial herbs 0.4–1.5 m tall; stems erect,
subterete, exalate, 6+-striate, glabrous, sometimes deflected at nodes, leafy
into capitulescence, few-branched distally, internodes mostly shorter than
leaves, pith solid; neither caudex nor roots seen. Only one sp., C.
stylotricha (Cabrera) Pruski, known only from S & C Bolivia in the
department of Santa Cruz, where it occurs in openings in semideciduous forests
from 525–1,500 m elevation.
182. Chersodoma
Phil. Dioecious shrubs, subshrubs or perennial herbs; leaves
petiolate or subsessile, often tomentose beneath, entire; margins sometimes
dentate, often revolute; capitula solitary, pedunculate, or few and laxly
paniculate, homogamous; florets either pistillate with aborted anthers or
functionally male with sterile ovary. 11 spp., NW Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and
Peru.
183. Culcitium
Bonpl. 16 spp. from Colombia to S Argentina and Chile.
184. Delairea
Lemaire. Two spp., D. odorata
Lemaire from South Africa (but has been introduced to most continents, having
become naturalised and even a noxious invasive species in Australia, New
Zealand and many countries in Asia, Europe and the Americas) and D.
aparadensis Funez & Hassemer, endemic to Morro da Igreja, at Urubici
municipality, Santa Catarina state, S Brazil.
185. Dendrophorbium
(Cuatrec.) C. Jeffrey. Erect suffrutescent
herbs (‘dendrophorbs’), shrubs or trees; leaves large, cauline, often assembled
apically on branches, entire, petiolate, margins dentate or denticulate;
capitula numerous in dense terminal corymbose or paniculate synflorescences. 81
spp., 80 in South America (and one restricted of Caribbean) from Bolivia to
Venezuela, Argentina, Brazil (13, 11 endemic, one, from São Paulo state, is considered a
rare species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book) and Paraguay.
186. Dorobaea
Cass. Perennial glabrous herbs with fibrous roots; leaves
rosulate, petiolate, lanceolate to ovate, pinnatipartite or laciniate; capitula
solitary on long, bracteate peduncles, large, radiate, conspicuously
calyculate, yellow- or orange-flowered; corolla lobes lanceolate with a median
resin duct. Two spp. from Colombia to Peru.
187. Dresslerothamnus
H. Rob. Scandent shrubs with T-shaped or substellate trichomes;
leaves cauline, petiolate, elliptic-ovate, entire; capitula several, corymbose-paniculate,
radiate, calyculate; rays flagelliform, twisted and recurved, reddish; disc
florets perfect, yellow. 5 spp., 4 in Panamá and Costa Rica (one up to Colombia) a one
fully endemic to Colombia.
188. Emilia
(Cass.) Cass. Annual or perennial herbs with fibrous roots, mostly
glabrous; leaves cauline, sessile or petiolate, sometimes amplexicaul; capitula
solitary or few to several, corymbose, radiate or discoid, ecalyculate; florets
white, pink, red, purple, orange or yellow; involucral bracts uniseriate. 128
spp., tropical regions, mostly in Africa (some tropical weeds); only one sp. in
New World, E. fosbergii Nicolson, in over tropical
America, restricted for Western Hemisphere.
189. Erechtites
Raf. Annual or perennial herbs; leaves cauline, sessile,
pinnatilobate or entire with serrate margins; capitula several, corymbose,
disciform; involucre cylindrical, calyculate; marginal florets female,
filiform; disc florets perfect, white to yellowish. 8 spp., North and South
America (7), Caribbean up to Brazil (6, none endemic), Bolivia and adjacent Cono
Sur.
190. Garcibarrigoa
Cuatrec. Perennial herbs; leaves petiolate, entire with serrulate
margins, elliptic-lanceolate, basally auriculate and stem-clasping, strongly
pinnately veined; capitula solitary or few, corymbose, radiate, orange- or
yellow-flowered. Two spp. from Colombia to Ecuador.
191. Graphistylis B.
Nord. Erect subshrubs or somewhat lignescent herbs, usually pubescent and
glabrescent; leaves shortly petiolate or subsessile, entire, elliptic to
lanceolate, with serrate or denticulate margins; capitula several to numerous,
corymbose-paniculate, radiate, yellow- or rarely white-flowered, calyculate;
disc florets perfect, corolla lobes triangular-ovate with a median resin duct.
Nine spp., endemic to mountains regions of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná
and Rio de Janeiro states, Brazil; three of them (Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and São Paulo
states one each) are considered rare species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
192. Gynoxys
Cass. Shrubs or trees; leaves opposite,
petiolate or subsessile, entire, elliptic-oblong to ovate or obovate,
coriaceous, densely tomentose beneath; capitula few tomany, corymbose-paniculate,
radiate or discoid, yellow-flowered. 118 spp., Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia
and Argentina, the largest genus endemic to South America
absent in Brazil.
193. Haplosticha
Phil. Three spp. from Argentina and Chile.
194. Hoehnephytum Cabrera.
Suffrutescent herbs or shrubs; leaves cauline, petiolate, elliptic, entire;
capitula several, corymbose, discoid, few-flowered, yellow, calyculate. Two
spp. endemic to Brazil, both collected in Bahia state, with one of then in this
state considered
a rare species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
195. Iocenes
B.Nord. Only one sp., I. virens
(Phil.) Pruski., endemic to Patagonian Argentina and Chile, where it is found
from 200–1,500 m elevation.
196. Lasiocephalus
Willd. ex Schltdl. 4 spp., Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
197. Lomanthus
B.Nord. & Pelser. 21 spp., from Ecuador to NW Argentina and Chile.
198. Misbrookea
V.A. Funk. Perennial rhizomatous herb formingmats or growing
solitary, densely hairy with long strigose trichomes; leaves closely set and
appressed, sessile, oblong-obovate, greyish-green; capitula solitary, sessile
or subsessile, radiate, ecalyculate; involucral bracts connate; ray florets
white; disc florets perfect, yellow. Only one sp., M. strigosissima (A.
Gray) V.A. Funk, high Andes of Bolivia and Peru.
199. Monticalia
C. Jeffrey. Erect shrubs or shrublets;
leaves closely set, shortly petiolate to subsessile, often small, ericoid or
linear-lanceolate to elliptic-ovate; capitula several to numerous, corymbose,
radiate or discoid, mostly yellow-flowered. 81 spp., one in Costa Rica and
Panama, and remaining from Venezuela to Peru.
200. Paracalia
Cuatrec. Scandent shrublets; leaves cauline, petiolate, elliptic-ovate,
entire; capitula several, corymbose, small and few-flowered, discoid,
ecalyculate; corolla white, deeply lobed. Three spp., two in Peru and one in
Bolivia.
201. Paragynoxys
(Cuatrec.) Cuatrec. Erect single-stemmed
or little-branched trees or treelets; leaves alternate, crowded towards branch
ends, petiolate, large, entire, elliptic-ovate or obovate, coriaceous; capitula
numerous, fewflowered, paniculate, discoid, calyculate; corolla white, deeply
lobed. 12 spp. in Andes of Colombia and Venezuela.
202. Pentacalia
Cass. Scandent shrubs or epiphytes, glabrous or pubescent with
simple hairs, sometimes cushions in northern Andes; leaves
petiolate, oblong to elliptic-ovate, entire with margins often dentate to
serrate, often coriaceous; capitula several to many, corymbosely paniculate in
terminal or lateral synflorescences, radiate or disciform, yellow- or rarely
white-flowered; anthers sagittate to caudate. 151 spp.
from Mexico to South America and Caribbean. 135 spp. in South America, 133 in Venezuela
to Bolivia, P. epiphytica (Kuntze) Cuatrec. up to
Argentina, and only two in E South America, both endemic to Atlantic Forest of
SE Brazil.
Brazilian spp. are P.
desiderabilis (Vell.) Cuatrec. and P.
tropicalis (Cabrera) C.Jeffrey. P. desiderabilis occurs from Bahia
to Rio Grande do Sul states, while P. tropicalis is only found in the Bahia,
Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states. P. desiderabilis is common in
the edges of Atlantic forests, in altitudes ranging from 400 to 2,040m. P.
desiderabilis is an attractive liane with leaves often fleshy to subfleshy,
showy radiate heads due yours yellow florets in thyrsoid to corymbose
paniculate capitulescences.
203. Pseudogynoxys
(Greenm.) Cabrera. Scandent herbs or subshrubs; leaves petiolate,
entire or rarely lobate, margins often serrate; capitula few to several,
occasionally solitary, corymbose, radiate, orange-red- or orange- to
yellowflowered, fragrant, calyculate. 16 spp., South America (14) from Bolivia
and Brazil (4, one endemic) to America Central and Mexico. P. chenopodioides
(Kunth) Cabrera is cultivated as an ornamental and occurs as a garden
escapee.
204. Roldana La
Llave & Lex. Herbs, subshrubs or treelets, mostly
with a hairy tuberous caudex and fleshy roots; stems with large pith; leaves
alternate, petiolate, often peltate, palmately or sometimes pinnately veined,
rounded-ovate, entire and dentate to lobate or pinnatisect. Capitula several to
numerous, paniculate to corymbose, radiate, disciform or discoid, yellow-,
white- or greenish-flowered. 65 spp., 64 from SW U.S.A. (Arizona), Mexico to
Panama, and one endemic to Colombia.
205. Scrobicaria
Cass. Small erect shrubs; leaves cauline, opposite, shortly
petiolate or subsessile, entire with dentate margins; capitula few to several,
rather densely corymbose, discoid, calyculate, yellow-flowered. Three spp., two
in Colombia and one in Venezuela.
206. Senecio
L. (inc. Robinsonia) Herbs,
subshrubs, shrubs, or small trees with alternate (sometimes rosulate) leaves,
sometimes cushions; involucre campanulate or cup-shaped;
capitula radiate, disciform, or discoid; florets often yellow, sometimes white,
green, pink, purple, or rarely blue; cypselas homomorphic, 8–12-ribbed, with
papillate surface; carpopodium present; pappus bristles numerous, slender,
barbellate, white. 1,482 spp., cosmopolitan, 715 in New World, except Caribbean,
many in South America (606) and Southern Africa. 387 in Cono Sur, 71
in Brazil (45 endemic), 224 in Chile (the largest Chilean genus of
angiosperms); in Brazil is centered of sandy soils of Rio Grande do Sul state.
Nine Senecio species from Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Santa
Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul state considered a rare species in Brazil by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
207. Telanthophora H.Rob. &
Brettell. 12 spp., 11 in Mexico to Panama and one in Colombia.
208. Werneria
Kunth. Perennial herbs forming hummocks or mats, sometimes cushions;
rhizomes covered with leaves or leaf bases; leaves closely spirally set, entire
and thick or small with lobed tips, bright green at least distally, becoming
brown or blackish; capitula solitary, sessile, ecalyculate, radiate; involucral
bracts connate at least basally; ray florets white or purplish; disc florets
perfect, white or yellow. 47 spp., high Andes from Argentina and Chile to
Colombia, one up to S Mexico.
MEGA
CLADE ASTEROIDEAE 2/3
Four tribes,
three in South America and one, Calenduleae (4/ 119, Central and South
Europe, Macaronesia, Mediterranean to Iran), absent.
8.3 ASTEROIDEA ▸
TRIBE GNAPHALIEAE (175/1.995–2.020) -
outsiders worldwide, 9 in New World: Ancistrocarphus (2, W U.S.A. to NW Mexico), Diaperia (3, W
Central & S U.S.A. to N Mexico), Filago (51, Macaronesia, Mediterranean
to NE Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Europe to Mongolia and Nepal, 3 in SW & S
Central U.S.A. to NW Mexico), Gnaphaliothamnus
(9, Mexico to Panama), Hesperevax (3, W U.S.A.), Mexerion (2,
Mexico), Micropus (3, one in Iberian Peninsula to Middle East to Iran,
two in NW U.S.A. to NW Mexico), Omalotheca (5, Arctic to NW U.S.A.,
Spain, Iran and S China, 3 in North America) and Stylocline (7, SW
U.S.A. to NW Mexico).
209. Achyrocline (Less.) DC. Perennial herbs; leaves alternate, flat with entire
margins, tomentose on both surfaces; capitula many in corymbs, rarely solitary;
involucral bracts papery, coloured, stereome divided; receptacle flat,
epaleate; outer florets filiform, yellow; central florets perfect, yellow. 44
spp. in Central and South America (43) up to Brazil (22, 14 endemic). Plantas Raras
do Brasil’s book asignated Stenocline heringeri H. Rob,
rare from Distrito Federal, but Stenocline is a genus endemic to
Madagascar and Mauritius; this account places this spp. as A. heringeri (H.Rob.)
Deble & Marchiori.
210. Anaphalis
DC.
Subdioecious perennial herbs or shrubs; leaves
alternate, flat or revolutewith entire margins, tomentose on both surfaces;
capitula many in corymbs; involucral bracts papery, white, stereome divided;
receptacle flat, epaleate; outer florets filiform, yellow; central florets
functionally male, yellow. 110 spp. mountains of Central, temperate E,and SE
Asia, A. margaritacea Reiche disjunctly distributed in Asia and North
America, and one rarely collected species endemic to Chilean Andes in South
America, A. chilensis Reiche.
211. Andicolea
Mayta
& Molinari. Dioecious shrubs; leaves alternate, concave to involute with
entire margins, tomentose adaxially only; capitula solitary or only a few
together; involucral bracts papery, brownish, stereome undivided; receptacle
flat, often paleate; female florets filiform, yellow; male florets yellow. 20
spp., mountains of Colombia to Bolivia.
212. Antennaria
J.
Gaertn. Dioecious perennial herbs or subshrubs; leaves
alternate, flatwith entire margins, tomentose on both surfaces, abaxially only,
or rarely glabrous; capitula solitary, only a few together, or many in corymbs;
involucral bracts papery, coloured, stereome undivided; receptacle flat,
epaleate; female florets filiform, white or purplish; male florets tubular,
white or purplish. 45 spp., 13 in Asia, Europe and 32 in New World, two in South
America in Argentina and Chile.
J.Rémy. Only one sp., B. chilensis J.Rémy, Chile to
Argentina (Neuquén, Rio Negro)
213. Berroa Beauverd.
Perennial herb; leaves alternate, flat with entire margins, tomentose on both
surfaces; capitula solitary; involucral bracts papery, brownish, stereome
undivided; receptacle flat, epaleate; outer florets filiform, purple; central
florets perfect, purple. Only one sp., B. gnaphalioides (Less.)
Beauverd, Colombia, S Brazil (only Rio Grande do Sul state), Uruguay and
Argentina.
214. Belloa
J.Rémy.
Only one sp., B.
chilensis
J.Rémy, Chile to Argentina (Neuquén, Rio Negro).
215. Chevreulia Cass.
Perennial herbs; leaves opposite, flat with entire margins, tomentose
abaxially; capitula solitary; involucral bracts papery, brownish, stereome
undivided; receptacle flat, epaleate; outer florets filiform, purple; central
florets perfect, purple. 6 spp., 5 in southern South America at S Brazil (3, one
endemic), Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, N and C Argentina, Falkland
Islands, and C. acuminata Less. in over South America.
216. Chionolaena DC. Shrubs, leaves alternate, revolute with entire margins,
tomentose on both surfaces; capitula solitary or many in corymbs or dense
clusters; involucral bracts papery, coloured, stereome undivided; receptacle
flat, epaleate; outer florets filiform, purple; central florets functionally
male, purple. 16
spp. from Mexico to South America (15), 12 in S Brazil, 11 endemic (4, from
Minas Gerais, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro states, are considered rare species in
Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book) and one shared with Venezuela.
217. Chryselium
Urtubey
& S. E. Freire. Rosulate herbs, monoecious, 10–30 cm tall, stoloniferous,
stolons 3–11cm long, stems erect, unbranched, leafy, whitish woolly; cauline
leaves sessile, linear to narrowly oblanceolate, margin flat, apex acute-mucronate;
basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate to oblanceolate; discolorous, upper surface
slightly lanuginose to glabrescent, and few biseriate glandular trichomes
hidden under the wool. Only one sp., C. gnaphalioides (Kunth) Urtubey
& S. E. Freire, known from the tropical Andes of Venezuela, Colombia,
Ecuador and Peru.
218. Cuatrecasasiella
H.
Rob. Dioecious perennial herbs; leaves opposite, flat with entire margins,
tomentose on both surfaces; capitula solitary, sessile; involucral bracts
papery, brownish, stereome undivided; receptacle flat, epaleate; female florets
filiform, purple; male florets purple. Two spp. from
Ecuador to NW Argentina.
219. Facelis Cass. Annual
herbs; leaves alternate, flat with entire margins, tomentose on both surfaces;
capitula solitary or only a few together; involucral bracts papery, brownish,
stereome undivided; receptacle flat, epaleate; outer florets filiform, purple;
central florets perfect, purple. Three spp., S Brazil (only F. retusa (Lam.) Sch. Bip.), Peru,
Bolivia, Paraguay, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina, F. retusa (Lam.) Sch. Bip.
disjunt also in U.S.A.
220. Gamochaeta Wedd. Annual
or perennial herbs, sometimes cushions; leaves
alternate, flat with entire margins, tomentose on both surfaces; capitula many
in head-like or spike-like clusters; involucral bracts papery, brownish,
stereome undivided; receptacle flat, epaleate; outer florets filiform, purple;
central florets perfect, purple. 60 spp., North to
South America (52), 18 in Brazil, 7 endemic.
221. Gnaphalium L. Annual or
perennial herbs; leaves alternate, flat with entire margins, tomentose on both
surfaces; capitula solitary or only a few together; involucral bracts papery,
brownish, stereome undivided; receptacle flat, epaleate; outer florets
filiform, purple; central florets perfect, purple. 38 spp., 26 widely in Old
World, three in North America up to Mexico, three from Colombia to Ecuador and
six from Argentina and Chile.
222. Jalcophila
M.O.
Dillon & Sagást. Perennial, alpine cushion
plants; leaves alternate, slightly revolute with entire margins, tomentose
adaxially only; capitula solitary; involucral bracts papery, brownish, stereome
undivided; receptacle flat, epaleate; outer florets filiform, purple; central
florets perfect, purple. Three spp., Colombia to Peru.
223. Lucilia Cass.
Perennial herbs, sometimes cushions; leaves
alternate, flat with entire margins, tomentose onboth surfaces; capitula
solitary or only a few together; involucral bracts papery, brownish, stereome
usually undivided; receptacle flat, epaleate; outer florets filiform, purple;
central florets perfect, purple. 10 spp., one in northern Andes up to Cono Sur,
remaining 6 in southern continent, in S Brazil (6, 1 endemic), Paraguay,
Uruguay, N and C Argentina, Chile and Andes of Bolivia.
224. Micropsis DC. Annual
herbs; leaves alternate, flatwith entiremargins, tomentose on both surfaces;
capitula only a few together; involucral bracts papery, hyaline, stereome
undivided; receptacle flat, paleate; outer florets filiform, purple; central
florets perfect, purple. 5 spp., S Brazil (1, only Rio Grande do Sul state,
none endemic), Paraguay, Uruguay, NE Argentina, and C Chile
225. Mniodes
(A.
Gray) Benth. (inc. Belloa p.p.) Dioecious,
perennial, many as alpine cushions; leaves
alternate, concave to involute with entire margins, tomentose distally with an
adaxial hair tuft; capitula solitary; involucral bracts papery, brownish,
stereome undivided; receptacle flat, epaleate; female florets filiform, purple;
male florets purple. 26 spp., Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia to Argentina
and Chile.
226. Pseudognaphalium
Kirp.
Perennial, biennial or annual herbs; leaves alternate, flat with entire
margins, tomentose on both surfaces; capitula many in corymbs; involucral
bracts papery, coloured, stereome divided; receptacle flat, epaleate; outer
florets filiform, yellow; central florets perfect, yellow. 101 spp., Africa, Asia, 87 in New World, Central, North
and South America (37), New Zealand. Tree spp. in Brazil, none endemic.
227. Quasiantennaria
R.J.Bayer
& M.O.Dillon. Dioecious or rarely polygamo-dioecious, perennial herbs,
rhizomatous; stems unbranched, 5-15(-30) cm tall, leaves basal, rosulate,
sessile. Only one sp., Q. linearifolia (Wedd.) R.J.Bayer & M.O.Dillon, from
N Peru to W Bolivia (possibly in Ecuador).
228. Psilocarphus
Nutt.
Annual herbs; leaves opposite, flat with entire margins, tomentose on both
surfaces; capitula only a few together; involucral bracts cartilaginous,
hyaline, stereome undivided; receptacle peg-like, epaleate; outer florets
filiform, purple; central florets functionally male, purple. 5 spp. in North America and Mexico, two of these disjuncts
also in Argentina and Chile in South America.
229. Raouliopsis
S.F.
Blake. Perennial, dense cushions; leaves
alternate, concave to involute with entire margins, tomentose distally with an
adaxial hair tuft; capitula solitary, sessile; involucral bracts papery,
brownish, stereome undivided; receptacle flat, epaleate; outer florets
filiform, purple; central florets perfect, yellow. Only one sp., R.
seifrizii S.F. Blake, endemic to Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, N Colombia.
8.4 ASTEROIDEA ▸
TRIBE ANTHEMIDAE (105/1,860–1,880) -
outsiders worldwide, six in New World: Achillea
(139, Arctic to Guatemala, Lybia, South Arabia and China, 2 in North America), Chrysanthemum (36, Eurasia, 2 in Alaska and
Canada), Delwiensia (1, W Central U.S.A.), Matricaria
(6, Arctic to NW Mexico, Algeria, India and Vietnam, 2 in North America), Tanacetum
(135, Arctic to California, Algeria, S China, 1 in North Americ) and Tripleurospermum
(42, Arctic to Ontario, Lybia, Saudi Arabia, India and Japan, 2 in North
America).
230. Artemisia L. Annual or
perennial herbs, subshrubs or shrubs. Indumentum absent or of basifixed,
medifixed or stellate hairs; leaves alternate, variously lobed or dissected,
rarely entire; capitula discoid or disciform, usually arranged in a long
panicle but this sometimes much reduced and racemose, spiciform or subglobose;
receptacle flat to conical, sometimes pilose, epaleate or occasionally paleate.
Central florets hermaphrodite and fertile or functionally male; corolla 5-lobed,
yellow or sometimes reddish-violet or purple. 499 spp. Eurasia to Wallacea,
North Africa, southern Africa, Alaska to Guatemala (61), and 5 in South
America, one in Colombia and Ecuador, and 4 in Argentina and Chile.
231. Leptinella
Cass.
Perennial or facultative annual herbs; indumentum of basifixed hairs; leaves
alternate or opposite, pectinate or 1–2-pinnatisect; capitula solitary, discoid
or disciform, pedunculate; outer florets female, fertile, tubular, yellow,
apically 4-lobed, inflated to form a hollow space between the outer and inner
epidermis; inner florets functionally male; corolla yellow, apically 4-lobed. 34 spp., 33 in New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and L. scariosa Cass. in
South America (Chile, Argentina), also in Falkland Islands.
232. Soliva
Ruiz
& Pav. Annual herbs; indumentum of basifixed hairs; leaves alternate, 2–3-pinnatisect;
capitula solitary, sessile in leaf axils, disciform; outer florets female,
fertile; tube and limb absent; style spinescent at maturity; inner florets
functionally male; corolla 3–4-lobed, yellow; style branches fused. 6 spp. from
Mexico, Costa Rica to Argentina and SE Brazil (2, none endemic), all in South
America.
8.5 ASTEROIDEA ▸
TRIBE ASTEREAE (218/3,400–3,440) -
outsiders worldwide, 66 in New World: Acamptopappus (2, SW
U.S.A.), Adeia (2, W U.S.A.), Adiaphila (1, SW U.S.A.), Almutaster (1, W. &
C. Canada to Mexico), Ampelaster (1,
SE U.S.A.), Amphiachyris (2, C & E U.S.A.), Amphipappus (1, SW
U.S.A.), Aphanostephus (5, C & S U.S.A. to Guatemala), Aquilula
(1, NE Mexico), Aster (185,
Eurasia to Jawa, NW. Africa, one in Subarctic America to NW. U.S.A.), Astranthium (11, C
& SE U.S.A. to Mexico), Aztecaster (2,
Mexico), Bathysanthus (1, Mexico), Batopilasia (1, NE Mexico), Benitoa (1,
California), Bigelowia (3, SE U.S.A.), Boltonia (6, S
Canada, C & E U.S.A.), Bradburia (2, SE U.S.A.), Brintonia
(1, SE U.S.A.), Canadanthus (1,
Alaska to N U.S.A.), Chaetopappa (11,
W. & C. U.S.A. to Mexico), Chloracantha (3,
C & S U.S.A. to Panama), Chrysoma (1, SE U.S.A.), Chrysopsis (11, E
U.S.A. to Texas), Chrysothamnus (9, W
& C U.S.A.), Columbiadoria (1,
NW U.S.A.), Corethrogyne (1, Oregon to NW Mexico), Croptilon (3, C &
SE U.S.A. to NE. Mexico), Cuniculotinus (1, SW
U.S.A.), Dichaetophora (1,
Texas to NE Mexico), Dieteria (4, W &
C Canada to N Mexico), Doellingeria (13, Canada
to U.S.A.), Eastwoodia (1, SW U.S.A.), Ericameria (37, W &
C Canada to N Mexico), Eurybia (27, Canada,
U.S.A., one up to Eurasia), Euthamia (13, Canada,
U.S.A., NW Mexico), Geissolepis (1,
NE Mexico), Gymnosperma (1,
Arizona to Texas and Guatemala), Hazardia (11,
California to NW Mexico), Heterotheca (69,
Canada to Belize), Ionactis (6, S. Canada to
U.S.A.), Isocoma (16, WC & SC U.S.A. to Mexico), Lessingia (12, SW
U.S.A. to NW Mexico), Leucosyris (9, SW & S Central
U.S.A. to Mexico), Lorandersonia (6, WC & SC U.S.A. to NE
Mexico), Machaeranthera (2,
WC Canada to N & W Mexico), Medranoa (5,
Texas to E Mexico), Monoptilon (2, SW U.S.A. to NW
Mexico), Nestotus (3, Yukon, W U.S.A.), Oclemena (3, E Canada
to E U.S.A.), Oonopsis (4, NW & NC U.S.A. ), Oreochrysum (1, W
U.S.A., N Mexico), Oreostemma (3,
W U.S.A.), Osbertia (3, Mexico to Guatemala), Pentachaeta (6, California to NW
Mexico), Petradoria (1, SW & WC U.S.A.), Pityopsis (12, C
& E U.S.A. to Honduras, Bahamas), Pyrrocoma (15,
Subarctic America to W & C U.S.A.), Rayjacksonia (3,
WC & C U.S.A. to NE Mexico and Florida), Rigiopappus (1, W U.S.A.), Sanrobertia (1,
E Mexico), Sericocarpus (6, W Canada to U.S.A.), Stenotus (4, C Canada
to W & C U.S.A. and NW Mexico), Stephanodoria (1, NE
Mexico), Thurovia (1, SE Texas), Toiyabea (4,
SW U.S.A.), Tomentaurum (2, N Mexico), Tonestus (2, W
Canada to W & WC U.S.A.), Townsendia (30,
W Canada, W U.S.A., N Mexico, Hispaniola), Tracyina (1,
California), Westoniella (6, Costa Rica to Panama), Xanthisma (20,
WC & C Canada to Mexico), Xanthocephalum (5,
Arizona and Texas to Mexico) and Xylorhiza (10,
W & C U.S.A. to N Mexico).
SUBTRIBE
HINTERHUBERINAE
233. Blakiella
Cuatrec. Perennial subshrubs, hirsutulous and densely stipitate-glandular;
leaves sessile, base subauriculate, margins crenulate, revolute; inflorescences
of few clustered long-pedunculate heads; Peripheral florets multiseriate,
200–270, pistillate, yellow, tube subcapillary; disc florets 55–85,
functionally male, yellow, tubenarrow, limb campanulate, lobes triangular. Only
one sp., B. bartsiifolia (S.F. Blake) Cuatrec., restricted for Colombia
and Venezuela.
234. Cabreraea
Bonif. Shrubs subglobose, leaves dendsely arranged. Only one sp., C.
andina (Cabrera) Bonif., endemic to W & C Argentina, at 2,000-3,000m
elevation range.
235. Chiliophyllum
Phil. Small ericoid shrubs; stems, leaf undersides and involucres
tomentose or glutinous; leaves sessile, linear-oblong to obovate, margins
entire to revolute; heads solitary on branchlets, short-pedunculate; involucres
broadly campanulate; bracts c. 15–25, persistent, broadly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate,
acute, margins lacerate-ciliate; receptacular pales rather conduplicate. Only
one sp., C. densifolium Phil., endemic to NW Argentina.
236. Chiliotrichiopsis
Cabrera. Perennial, glutinous, ericoid shrubs; stems white-tomentose,
glabrescent, brownish-lined, blackening; leaves sessile, linear to
oblanceolate, margins entire, revolute, glabrous above, tomentose beneath
except on midvein; heads solitary on short branches, sessile; bracts 4–5-seriate,
bases pale, thickened, median nerve green, margins broadly scarious, lacerate-ciliate.
Three spp., one in Peru and two in Bolivia and Argentina.
237. Chiliotrichum
Cass. Ericoid shrubs; stems, leaf undersides and outer involucral
bracts pale tomentose; leaves subcoriaceous, sessile, linear to oblanceolate,
entire, glabrous adaxially; heads on clustered ebracteate peduncles; bracts 3–4-seriate,
gradate, caducous, mostly indurate, oblong-lanceolate, subentire, narrowly
scarious, green patches on outer bracts. Three spp. from Andes of Argentina and
Chile.
238. Diplostephium
Kunth. Shrubs or small trees; stems, leaf undersides and
involucres puberulous to lanate or gland-dotted; leaves usually petiolate,
coriaceous, margins plane or revolute; inflorescences 1-headed to corymbose or
thyrsoid; pistillate florets 1–3-seriate, white to bluish or purplish; disc
florets functionally male or rarely perfect, yellow, green or violaceous,
tubular-campanulate, lobes triangular. 56 spp., Venezuela to
W South America and N Chile.
239. Dysaster
H.Rob. & V.A.Funk. Shrubs with spreading branches, with scattered upright
branchlets ca. 2 dm long; stem surfaces densely white tomentose, internodes
mostly 5–10 mm long; leaves alter-nate, sometimes with small axillary
fascicles. Only one sp., D. cajamarcensis H. Rob. & V.A. Funk, known
only from the type from Cajamarca, Peru, in rocky slopes, Western Cordilleran
evergreen forest, elevation 2620 m.
240. Floscaldasia
Cuatrec. Minute herbaceous subshrubs; stems branching, repent,
rooting, glabrous; densely foliose branches decumbent or erect; leaves sessile,
oblong or trilobed, base vaginate, margins ciliate; heads solitary on erect
hirsutulous scapes; bracts 2–3-seriate, subequal, oblong-lanceolate to oblong,
herbaceous; receptacles epaleate. Two spp. from Colombia and Ecuador.
241. Flosmutisia
Cuatrec. Rhizomatous, rosulate perennial herbs, pilose and
minutely stipitate-glandular; leaves sessile, elliptic-oblong to obovate; heads
solitary; involucres broadly campanulate; Pistillate florets 2–3-seriate,
white, subbilabiate, 5-lobed, outer lobes linear, the two inner lobes filiform;
disc florets functionally male, white, funnelform with expanded limb, lobes
triangular, erectspreading, pilosulous. Only one sp., F. paramicola Cuatrec.,
endemic to Colombian paramo.
242. Guynesomia
Bonifacino & Sancho. Shrubs, stems glandular; leaves sparse,
sessile, linear, clasping, entire, glandular on both surfaces; inflorescence
racemiform or thyrsiform; heads c. 15–40, pedunculate, disciform; pistillate
florets 10–11, 1-seriate, yellow, limb 2–3mmlong, tridentate, lateral lobes
reduced; disc florets 13–16, perfect, yellow, tubular, lobes triangular,
spreading. Only one sp., G. scoparia (Phil.) Bonifacino & Sancho,
endemic to Chile.
243. Haroldia
Bonif. Shrubs more or less globbose. Only one sp., H.
mendoncina (Cabrera) Bonif., endemic to N Mendoza, Argentina.
244. Hinterhubera
Sch. Bip. Ex Wedd. Small ericoid shrubs, with sessile or stipitate
glands and non-glandular hairs; stems defoliated below, densely covered with
leaf bases or scars; leaves linear or oblong, margins revolute; heads
disciform, sessile or pedunculate on branch tips; Peripheral florets 90–170,
pistillate, white or yellow, tubular; disc florets 9–60, functionally male,
white or yellow, tube narrow. 8 spp., restricted for Colombia and Venezuela.
245. Katinasia
Bonif. Shrubs hemisphaeric; branches more or less dendely
disposed. Only one sp., K. cabrerae (Bonif.) Bonif., endemic to Mendoza
and Neuquen, Argentina.
246. Kieslingia
Faúndez, Saldivia & A.E.Martic. Shrubs with persistent leaves,
alternate, tripartite, hirsute, resinous; capitula discoid, homogamous,
hemispheric, solitary, shortly pedunculate, terminal on little branches with
few leaves, these gradually reduced in size towards the capitulum; corollas
tubular, infundibuliform, actinomorphic, with five lobes, reflexed to upcurved
in maturity, with thickened margins; cypsela densely pubescent. Only one sp., K.
chilensis, restricted to the Andean Pre-mountain Range along the Huasco
river basin in the southern portion of the Atacama region, Chile, between
elevations of 1,600 and 2,500m.
247. Laestadia
Kunth ex Less. Matted herbs, mostly procumbent, gland-dotted,
glutinous, sometimes hirtellous; leaves crowded, sessile, sometimes
subclasping, oblong to spathulate, entire, 1-nerved. Peripheral florets 2–4-seriate,
pistillate, regular with 4 or 5 deeply cut, triangular; disc florets 15–25,
functionally male, white to purple, abruptly expanded from short tube, limb cut
to near base, lobes triangular. 6 spp., one in paramos of Costa Rica, one
endemic to Hispaniola, remaining 4 in Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia, high
elevations.
248. Lepidophyllum
Cass. Cupressiform, densely branched shrubs; glabrous, glutinous;
stems subfrondiform with many short spreading branches; leaves decussate, scale-like,
closely abutting, as wide as long, rhombic, with slightly rounded keel;
pistillate florets 3 or 4, yellow, radiate or bilabiate with 3 outer lobes
short, coiling; disc florets few, perfect, yellow, narrowly funnelform; style
appendages linear. Only one sp., L. cupressiforme (Lam.) Cass., in
Patagonia of Chile and Argentina.
249. Linochilus
Benth. Small trees, shrubs or subshrubs 0.1–10m tall, woody,
branching sympodial by substitution with branches terminated by
capitulescences; branches cylindrical, minutely ribbed, tomentose or glabrous,
glandular or eglandular, striate when old; terminal shoots often tomentose;
leaves linear, lanceolate, ellipsoid, oblong, ovate, or obovate; margins
entire, denticulate, or serrate, membranous to coriaceous, usually revolute,
sometimes flat. 59 spp., and is a major component of the flora of the Northern
Andes, the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, and the Talamanca Cordillera; the
southern boundary of Piofontia is central Ecuador, near the Huancabamba
depression, which defines the southern boundary of the northern Andes; most of
the species inhabit the paramo ecosystem, but a clade of approximately 16 spp.,
which contains the species of serie Denticulata sensu Cuatrecasas
(1969), occurs in the cloud forest.
250. Llerasia
Triana. Shrubs, small trees or vines, often gland-dotted; stems
and leaf undersides pale-tomentose; leaves short-petiolate, coriaceous, entire
or dentate, pinnately veined; inflorescences corymbose; heads homogamous;
Florets 3–15, perfect, yellow, tubular, limb slightly broader, lobes deeply
cut, linear-oblong, spreading; style base bulbous, appendages triangular,
hairy. 14 spp. from Colombian to Bolivian Andes.
251. Nardophyllum
(Hook. & Arn.) Hook. & Arn. Small spreading shrubs, sometimes
cushions; stems, leaf undersides, and involucres often tomentose;
branchlets sometimes spiniform, internodes often angled or with dark lines;
leaves sessile, subcoriaceous, oblong to linear, entire; heads 1–5, terminal or
axillary; rays lacking; florets few, perfect, yellow, narrowly funnelform,
lobes triangular to lanceolate, often recurved. 7 spp. from S Bolivia, Argentina and Chile.
252. Novenia
S.E. Freire. Acaulescent, caespitose, perennial herbs; leaves in
rosettes, bases involute, densely villous; blades linear-lanceolate,
coriaceous, with 3 grooves adaxially, glabrous; inflorescences sessile,
glomerulate, 1–4-headed; Pistillate florets 3–9, whitish, filiform, eradiate;
disc florets functionally male, whitish, narrowly tubular, lobes oblong-triangular,
erect; style branches linear-lanceolate. Two spp. in Andes from N Argentina to
S Peru.
253. Oritrophium
(Kunth) Cuatrec. Perennial herbs from thick erect to horizontal
rhizome; leaves mostly in basal rosettes, bases usually densely hairy, blades
oblanceolate to linear, glabrous to sericeous; inflorescences scapose, 1-headed,
bracteoles linear-subulate; bracts 2–3-seriate, gradate to subequal, linear to
oblong-lanceolate, obscurely veined; receptacles epaleate. 24 spp., 22 in
Andean from Venezuela to Bolivia, and two endemic to Mexico.
254. Parastrephia
Nutt. Ericoid to cupressiform shrubs, resinous to partly
tomentose; leaves alternate, sessile, coriaceous, midvein depressed and
tomentose abaxially, remainder of leaf glabrous; heads solitary or in small
clusters, disciform; pistillate florets 1-seriate, yellow, tubular or with
small limb; disc florets perfect, yellow, narrowly funnelform; style appendages
lanceolate, papillose to base of branches. 4 spp. from Argentina, Chile,
Bolivia and Peru, P. lucida (Meyen)
Cabrera up to Brazil.
SUBTRIBE
GRANGEINAE
255. Egletes
Cass. Erect to procumbent, taprooted, annual herbs; stems much-branched,
viscid with usually stipitate glands; leaf bases petiolate to sessile,
subclasping, blades obovate to spathulate, lobed or toothed to pinnatifid or
bipinnatifid; heads usually solitary and axillary or few in loosely corymbose
inflorescences, short-pedunculate; receptacles conical. 7
spp., 6 from SW U.S.A. (southern Texas) to Guianas and Colombia, and E.
viscosa (L.) Less. in over tropical and subtropical New World. 6 in South
America.
256. Plagiocheilus
Arn. ex DC. Erect to creeping perennial herbs; pilose to hirsute
on leaf-base margins, leaf surfaces or sometimes on stems; petioles winged with
broadened bases, leaf blades pinnately to bipinnately dissected; heads solitary
on axillary peduncles or short-pedunculate in small terminal clusters. 6 spp.
from Venezuela to Bolivia and Argentina, P. tanacetoides Hook. &
Arn. ex DC. up to C & N Brazil.
SUBTRIBE
LAGENOPHORINAE
257. Lagenophora
Cass. Perennial stoloniferous herbs or subshrubs, often matted;
usually puberulous; stems erect or procumbent; leaves cauline or mostly in
rosette, sessile to petiolate, linear to spathulate, entire or dentate; heads
solitary, long-pedunculate; bracts 2–3-seriate, subequal, more than 10,
narrowly oblong, acute or obtuse, herbaceous, entire or denticulate, margins
scarious. 25 spp., 22 from India to Japan and New Zealand, and three in
southern South America in Argentina and Chile, up to Juan Fernández, Falkland,
Tristan da Cunha and Gough islands.
258. Talamancaster
Pruski. Small perennial herbs (rarely collected in first year and
appearing as annuals), commonly with rhizomes, subscapose, remotely bracteate-leaved,
or leafy to near capitula, never truly scapose; stems single or more commonly
few-branched from base, often brownish red, leaves commonly basal and cauline,
present at flowering, proximal ones spreading laterally, cauline leaves
increasingly appressed distally toward capitula; roots fibrous; herbage with
mostly patent simple non-colored trichomes. 6 spp., almost all in Panamá and
Costa Rica except T. andinus (V.M.Badillo) Pruski disjunct
in NW Venezuela.
SUBTRIBE
BACCHARIDINAE
259. Archibaccharis
Heering. Perennial herbs, shrubs or vines, functionally dioecious,
with stipitate or sessile glands, not glutinous; stems straight, twining or
zigzag; leaves petiolate or sessile; inflorescences terminal or axillary,
strongly cymose or corymbose, unisexual or vestigially gynomonoecious, involucral
bracts 3–5-seriate, gradate. 37 spp. from Mexico and America
Central and two in South America, one from Mexico to Colombia and A.
vulneraria (Baker) Heering ex Malag. in Brazil to NE Argentina.
260. Baccharis
L. (inc. Pseudobaccharis)
Small trees, shrubs or perennial herbs, dioecious or rarely monoecious, sometimes
xylopodial, cushions or with roots
crown; stems sometimes winged; leaves rarely opposite, scale-like or
absent, lamina linear to ovate, obovate or pinnatisect, glabrous to glandular-dotted
and glutinous, rarely tomentose; inflorescence corymbose or thyrsoid, spicate,
racemose or 1-headed; heads unisexual, discoid; bracts 3–8- seriate, gradate;
receptacles plano-convex, usually epaleate. 441 spp.,
distributed from southern Canada to southern South America (383), mainly in Andes
from Colombia to central Chile and central Argentina, and the mountains of SE
Brazil (186, 118 endemic), Uruguay, and E Paraguay. 8 spp. from Rio de Janeiro,
Minas Gerais, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Goiás and Espírito Santo states are considered
rare species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
In Brazil by species common in secondary vegetation and with a
wide distribution to narrow and critically endangered endemic from mountain
summit. Most Baccharis species are concentrated in the central and
eastern regions, growing mainly in savannas of C Brazil (cerrado) and
grasslands in high altitud grasslands (campos de altitude), rocky
grasslands (campos rupestres) and pampa.
SUBTRIBE
PODOCOMINAE
261. Exostigma Sancho.
Perennial glabrate to glabrous, somewhat rhizomatous herbs, the roots fibrous;
leaves congested at the base, alternate, sessile; capitula in terminal,
congested corymbose arrays; ray florets (2–)3-seriate, pistillate, the corolla
white; disc florets hermaphroditic, the corolla yellowish, cypselae elliptic. Two spp., E. notobellidiastrum
(Griseb.) Sancho occurs in N Argentina, S Bolivia, SE Brazil, E Paraguay, and
Uruguay; 0–2,000m, in semi-shade of forest margins, in shade of forest
understory, or on river banks among rocks in wet soil; it is apparently common;
and E. rivulare (Gardner) Sancho is known from NE Argentina, S & SE
Brazil, E Paraguay, and Uruguay; 0–1,200m, in shade, in forest understory, or
on riverbanks on rocks and wet soils; it has been indicated as common.
262. Inulopsis
(DC.) O. Hoffm. Perennial herbs from rhizomes; leaves and stems
glabrate to hirsute-villous, sometimes gland-dotted, resinous; leaves all basal
or some cauline, obovate to linear, with 1 or 2 pairs of longitudinal veins
from base; heads solitary on scapes; involucre hemispheric to turbinate; bracts
2–4-seriate, outer 1/2–3/4 as long as inner, lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong,
herbaceous, 1-nerved. 4 spp. from southern Brazil, two up to Paraguay and E
Bolivia.
263. Laennecia
Cass. Annual to short-lived perennial, taprooted herbs, white-tomentose
or coarsely hairy, often glanddotted; leaves sessile, lanceolate or
oblanceolate to oblong, toothed to pinnately lobed, rarely entire;
inflorescences spicate or racemose to loosely thyrsoid or corymbose; involucres
turbinate; pistillate florets several-seriate, white, filiform-tubular,
eradiate and apically fimbriate or short-radiate. 19 spp., SW U.S.A., Mexico to
northern South America (8, Andean from Venezuela to Chile and Argentina).
264. Microgyne
Grau. Perennial herbs to subshrubs; caudex woody; stems, leaves
and involucres gland-dotted, resinous, sparingly hispid and with arachnoid
hairs; leaves densely spirally inserted, linear, mostly apically trifid with
linear lobes; heads solitary, on long peduncles; bracts 2–3-seriate, subequal,
narrowly oblong to linear, herbaceous with hyaline margins, inner bracts white-indurate
at base. Two spp., M. trifurcata (Less.) Grau and M. marchesiana
Bonifacio & Sancho, both Rio Grande do Sul state in S Brazil, also in
Argentina and Uruguay.
265. Podocoma
Cass. Perennial herbs, rhizomatous; usually coarsely pubescent,
eglandular. Basal leaves often persistent, cauline leaves clasping;
inflorescences 1-headed or loosely corymbose; involucres campanulate,
(5–)7–15(–17) mm wide; bracts 3–5-seriate, strongly gradate, stiffly indurate,
narrowly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, greenish along middle, without orange
resin ducts. 7 spp. from Brazil (but only one endemic), six up to Cono Sur,
also in Bolivia.
266. Sommerfeltia
Less. Perennial herbs or subshrubs, fromwoody caudex; stems,
leaves, and involucres with dense sessile or short-stipitate glands; leaves
densely spirally arranged, stiff, entire to pinnately dissected, tips spinose;
inflorescence 1-headed to loosely corymbose; bracts 3–4-seriate, gradate,
lanceolate to linear, thick and indurate, greenish in middle, carinate, without
orange veins, sides hyaline. Two spp. from Argentina an Uruguay, one up to
southern Brazil.
SUBTRIBE SOLIDAGININAE
267. Gundlachia
A.
Gray. Evergreen, resinous, punctate shrubs; stems non- to many-branched; leaves
usually evenly spaced, spreading to appressed, sessile to shortpetiolate,
linear to obovate or spathulate, flat to involute-terete; inflorescences
terminal, racemose to corymbose or thyrsoid; heads 1–5 in clusters or hidden by
leaves. 5 spp., Caribbean, Mexico and U.S.A. (Texas), G. corymbosa (Urb.)
Britton ex Bold. also in Venezuela.
268. Gutierrezia
Lag. Annual or perennial, taprooted herbs or small shrubs; leaves
decurrent, linear to lanceolate or spathulate, punctate and glutinous,
glabrous, entire; heads solitary or 3–6 in clusters; involucres cylindric to
campanulate; bracts 2–4-seriate, gradate, stramineous, 1- or 2-nerved, bases
white-indurate; receptacles flat to columnar, with uncinate hairs. 37 spp., 16
mostly Mexico, also SW U.S.A., 17 endemic to SW South America (Chile, Argentina
and Bolivia).
269. Solidago
L. Perennial herbs from rhizome or caudex, rarely thickly
taprooted; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate to ovate, some 3-nerved, entire
to toothed, some gland-dotted; inflorescence cylindric to pyramidal or racemose
with secund or arcuate branches; bracts 3–4-seriate, gradate, with an orange-glandular
midrib, often with green patch apically; receptacles sometimes with caducous
pales. 133 spp., 12 in Eurasia and 121 in New World,
mostly North America, 8 in Mexico, 4 in South America, from Bolivia, Chile,
Argentina, Brazil (only S. chilensis Meyen), Uruguay and Paraguay.
SUBTRIBE
MACHAERANTHERINAE
270. Grindelia
Willd. Annual or biennial herbs to subshrubs, taprooted to
stoloniferous; with punctate or stipitate glands or eglandular, often
glutinous; leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate, entire to spinulose, glandular-toothed
or pinnatifid; inflorescences usually 1-headed (corymbose in some Mexican species);
involucres campanulate; bracts 4–8-seriate, subequal or gradate, bases usually
sclerified, tips erect to spreading or reflexed. 71 spp., U.S.A., Mexico, 28 in
southern Andes (Peru southwards) and Rio Grande do Sul state in S Brazil (6, 2
endemic).
271. Haplopappus
Cass. Perennial herbs, subshrubs or shrubs; usually glabrous and
glutinous to stipitate-glandular; stems nearly acaulescent to caulescent and
branching; leaves coriaceous, sessile, entire or dentate to pinnately lobed;
inflorescences on scapiform peduncles with scale-like bracteoles and 1 head, or
corymbose to thyrsoid. 72 spp., one in Ecuador, two in Peru, one in Bolivia and Argentina, and remaining restricteds for Argentina
and Chile.
272. Notopappus
Klingenb. 5 spp., Argentina and Chile.
SUBTRIBE
SYMPHYOTRICHINAE
273. Psilactis
A. Gray. Annual or perennial herbs, usually taprooted; stems,
involucral bracts and often leaves stipitateglandular, sometimes tomentose.
Lower leaves obovate to linear-lanceolate, early deciduous, upper leaves
entire, subclasping; inflorescence loosely thyrsoid to corymbose or with
branches 1-headed; involucre broad, bracts 2–4-seriate, subequal to gradate,
outer bracts indurate along basal margins. 6 spp.,
mostly U.S.A. (Texas) and Mexico, P. brevilingulata Sch. Bip. ex Hemsl. disjunct
Andes from Colombia to Peru.
274. Symphyotrichum
Nees. Mostly perennial herbs, with rhizomes or short caudex,
fibrous-rooted; leaves petiolate to sessile and clasping, linear to cordate,
entire or toothed; inflorescence cylindrical to diffusely thyrsoid or
corymbose; involucres narrowly campanulate to hemispheric; bracts 3–7-seriate,
gradate to subequal, mostly with pale indurated bases and herbaceous tips. 100
spp., mostly North America, some Mexico and South America (9), in Peru
southwards, inc. Chile and Brazil (4, one endemic), few widely naturalized. 2
subgenera: subg. Symphyotrichum and subg. Virgulus.
SUBTRIBE
CHRYSOPSIDINAE
275. Noticastrum
DC. Perennial herbs or subshrubs, scapiform with basal rosettes or
with stolons, decumbent to erect; pubescence non-glandular, stipitate-glandular
and/or woolly; leaves often copiously silky near base; inflorescence 1- to few-headed;
involucre campanulate to turbinate; bracts 3–6-seriate, gradate, linear-lanceolate,
often reddish-margined. 21 spp., Andean from Ecuador to Chile and Argentina,
and S Brazil (9, three endemic), one up to Venezuela.
SUBTRIBE CONYZINAE
276. Apopyros
G.L. Nesom. Erect perennial herbs, from rhizomes or tubers,
stiffly pilose-hirsute to nearly glabrous, eglandular; leaves cauline, stiffly
erect, shiny-indurate, sessile, entire, 3(–5) -nerved, basal leaves scale-like;
inflorescence 1-headed or thyrsoid-corymbose; involucres broadly campanulate;
bracts 3–4- seriate, weakly gradate, with resinous midvein, margins narrowly
hyaline. Two spp. from Brazil, one up to Paraguay and Argentina.
277. Erigeron
L. Annual to perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with caudex or
rhizomes, sometimes cushions; stems,
leaves, involucres glabrous to variously pubescent, often with stipitate
glands. Basal rosettes sometimes persistent, cauline leaves linear to
lanceolate or spathulate, entire to pinnatifid; inflorescences 1-headed or
corymbose to thyrsoid; involucres turbinate to hemispheric; bracts 2–4(–7)-seriate,
equal to strongly gradate, with 1(–3) resinous veins; receptacles flat to
conical. 457 spp., Eurasia (from Alpes to SE Asia), 342
in New Wolrd, 234 in North America, 165 confined to North America north of
Mexico, 5 confined to America Central, 91 in Mexico (64 endemic, 2 up to America
Central and Caribbean, and 25 have part of their range in the U.S.A.). 62 in
South America (from Colombia to Argentina, a half in Chile, six of then endemic
to Juan Fernandez Archipelago), 8 in Brazil, none endemic.
278. Hysterionica
Willd. Annual or perennial taprooted herbs; caudex simple; stems
sometimes branched at base; leaves closely inserted, little reduced above,
blades oblanceolate, glandular-pubescent; heads 1 to several, peduncles short
or long; involucres hemispheric; bracts 1–2-seriate, subequal, lanceolate,
acute, glandular-pubescent and hirsute outside. 12 spp. restricted to
southern Brazil (6, 4 endemic), mainly in mountains, vertical rockies, canions,
highly inaccessible, sometimes above 1,000m elevation range, also Bolivia,
Uruguay and north and center of Argentina; two spp. from highlands of Rio
Grande do Sul state are considered rare species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
279. Leptostelma
D. Don. Coarse perennial herbs, erect from decumbent bases; stems,
leaves and involucres often puberulous to hispid; stems often broad with broad
pith; leaves cauline, herbaceous, broadly inserted, narrowed to base, rarely
pseudopetiolate, blades ovate to oblanceolate, venation pinnate, margins
serrate; inflorescences corymbose to rather subumbellate; heads large;
peduncles short to long. 6 spp., SE South America in Bolivia to Uruguay and
Brazil (4, one endemic); one sp. from Itatiaia Massif in Rio de Janeiro state
is considered a rare species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s
book.
280. Neja
D.Don. Perennial herbs, usually from taproot or branched caudex;
leaves mostly basal, filiform to linearoblanceolate, crinkly-pilose with long
cilia; heads solitary, long-pedunculate or on sparsely bracteolate stems;
involucre broadly turbinate to hemispheric; bracts 2–4-seriate, gradate,
narrowly triangular. 5 spp., one in Cuba and 4 in
Argentina, two up to Uruguay and S Brazil.
MEGA
CLADE HELIANTHICUM 3/3
15 tribes, outsiders are Feddeeae (1/1,
E Cuba), Chaenactideae (3/22, Dimeresia, Chaenactis,
Orochaenactis, W North America, Mexico) and Polymnieae (1/4, Canada, C
and E U.S.A.).
8.6 ASTEROIDEA ▸
TRIBE INULEAE (58/580–585) -
outsiders worldwide, one in New World: Sachsia
(3, Florida to Caribbean). Carpesium record in SE U.S.A. in some
sources is possibly a mistake.
281. Epaltes Cass. Herbs, leaves alternate or subopposite, dentate, sparsely
hairy or glabrous; capitula heterogamous, solitary or few in terminal clusters;
receptacle epaleate; florets white or purple. Marginal florets female; corolla
filiform; disc florets functionally male. 7 spp., Madagascar, Asia to
Australia, Mexico to Guatemala (1), Cuba (1) and E.
brasiliensis (Link) DC. in Lesser Antilles and Brazil.
282. Pluchea Cass. Shrubs
or herbs; leaves alternate or subopposite, dentate to serrate or entire,
generally notdecurrent, hairy; capitula heterogamous, disciform, solitary or
few to many in corymbs; receptacle epaleate; florets purple; marginal florets
female; corolla filiform; disc florets functionally male. 61 spp., pantropical, 18 in New World, 9 in South America,
only three in Brazil, two endemic.
283. Pterocaulon Ell. Herbs, sometimes
with xylopodium; leaves alternate, dentate to serrate,
decurrent into long wings; capitula heterogamous, disciform, terminal, forming
dense glomerules or long, more or less dense spikes or racemes of capitula;
receptacle epaleate; florets purplish. Marginal florets female; corolla
filiform; disc florets perfect, purple. 26 spp., 14
from India to Australia, 12 in North to South America (11, all in Brazil, none
endemic), Australia and adjacent areas.
284. Pseudoconyza
Cuatrec.
Shrubs or herbs; leaves alternate, simple, dentate, serrate or lobed, hairy;
capitula heterogamous, disciform, in loose or dense corymbs or panicles, or
more or less solitary; marginal florets female, in several rows; corolla yellow
or purple, filiform; corolla yellow, white or purple; pappus of barbellate,
capillary bristles in one row, with patent (type) or adpressed teeth. Only one
sp., P.
viscosa
(Mill.) DÁrcy, from Mexico,
America Central, Caribbean, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and tropical Old
World.
285. Stenachaenium
Benth.
Herbs; leaves alternate, dentate to serrate, decurrent, tomentose; capitula
heterogamous, disciform, terminal, solitary or few; receptacle epaleate;
involucral bracts in several rows; florets white, yellow or purple. Marginal
florets female; corolla filiform; disc florets perfect. 5 spp., South America
in Brazil (all 5, two endemic), Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentina.
286. Tessaria Ruiz &
Pavon. Trees; leaves alternate, entire, glabrous or sparsely hairy; capitula
heterogamous, disciform, few in loose corymbs; receptacle epaleate; florets
pink; marginal florets female; corolla filiform; disc florets functionally
male, usually one; corolla lobes longer than tube. 5 spp. from America Central
to Argentina, inc. Bolivia (4), Brazil (2, none endemic), Colombia, Paraguay,
Peru, Venezuela, in yungas, sandy river margins (often forming large pure
stands, often as a pioneer species on exposed substrate), and forests.
8.7 ASTEROIDEA ▸
TRIBE ATROISMEAE (9/80–85) -
outsiders Lowryanthus (1; SE
Madagascar), Athroisma (12; tropical regions in the Old World), Blepharispermum
(16; Africa, Arabian Peninsula to Sri Lanka), Leucoblepharis (1; India),
Anisochaeta (1; E Cape, KwaZulu-Natal), Artemisiopsis (1;
tropical and S Africa), Symphyllocarpus (1; E Siberia, Manchuria) and Anisopappus
(35–40; tropical and S Africa, Madagascar, India, S China, Burma and N
Thailand).
287. Centipeda
Lour.
Annual or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, sessile, blades linear to obovate,
variously toothed, rarely entire; capitula sessile to shortly pedunculate,
terminal, appearing axillary, solitary or in simple monochasial cymes,
disciform or radiate. 10 spp., Australia, New Zealand, SE
Asia, Madagascar, Mascarenes, Tahiti, Papua New Guinea, C. elatinoides
(Less) Benht & Hook also present in southern South America, in S Chile and
Neuquen province of Argentina.
8.8 ASTEROIDEA ▸
TRIBE HELENIEAE (13/130)
- outsiders are Amblyolepis
(1, Texas to NE Mexico), Baileya (3, SW & SC U.S.A. to N & W
Mexico), Balduina (3,
SE U.S.A.), Marshallia (9, C & E U.S.A.), Pelucha (1, NW
Mexico), Plateilema (1, Texas to NE Mexico), Psathyrotes (3, SW U.S.A.
to NW Mexico), Psilostrophe (7, W U.S.A. to Mexico), Tetraneuris
(9, Canada to Mexico) and Trichoptilium (1, SW U.S.A. to NW Mexico).
288. Gaillardia Foug. Annual
or perennial herbs, rarely caespitose, low shrubs with xylopodia,
sometimes forming rosettes, rarely strongly aromatic; leaves petiolate or
sessile, entire to pinnatifid sometimes semisucculent. 21
spp., 19 in SE Canada to N Mexico, two endemic to Argentina, and G.
megapotamica (Spreng.) Baker) in S Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay.
289. Helenium L. Annual or
perennial herbs; leaves alternate, usually sessile, mostly decurrent, blades
linear to lanceolate, elliptic; capitula terminal, solitary or in open
paniculiform cymes, sometimes on swollen peduncles, radiate or discoid. 33
spp., North (center of diversity) and South America, 9 in continent, all
restricted of Cono Sur except H. uniflorum (Spreng.) P.L.R.Moraes, which
reaches into S Brazil.
290. Hymenoxys Cass. Annual
or perennial herbs, sometimeswith a thickened caudex; leaves sessile or
petiolate, entire or mostly trilobed or bipinnate, blades mostly linear or
lanceolate, rarely ovate. 25 spp., E and C Mexico, W U.S.A., temperate South
America (4), from Peru to Cono Sur, two of then in SE Brazil, none endemic.
8.9 ASTEROIDEA ▸
TRIBE COREOPSIDAE (28/465–475)
- outsiders are Anacis (1, E
Canada to Central & E U.S.A.), Coreocarpus
(7, SW U.S.A. to N Mexico), Dicranocarpus (1, SW U.S.A. to Mexico), Electranthera (3, Mexico
to Honduras), Epilepis (1, Mexico), Goldmanella
(1, SE Mexico to Honduras), Henricksonia (1, NE Mexico), Koehneola
(1, E Cuba), Leptosyne (8, SW U.S.A. to NW Mexico), Narvalina (2,
Hispaniola), Pinillosia (1, Cuba and Hispaniola), Silphidium (1, SE
U.S.A.), Tetraperone (1, Cuba), Diodontium (1; N
Australia), Glossocardia (12; SE Asia, Malesia to islands in the
Pacific), Trioncinia (1; Queensland), Fitchia (7; Polynesia), Moonia
(6; S India, Sri Lanka), Oparanthus (3; Rapa Island, Marquesas Islands)
and Petrobium (1; St. Helena).
291. Bidens L. Annual or
perennial herbs, vines or shrubs, sometimes aquatic; leaves opposite, sometimes
alternate towards inflorescence, rarely whorled, simple to pinnately compound,
blades deltate to ovate in outline; capitula in terminal, open to congested
corymbiform to paniculiform cymes, radiate or discoid. 223
spp., worldwide, 109 in New World, 32 in South America, 18 in Brazil (8 endemic).
B.
campanulata Bringel
& T. B. Cavalc., endemic to center Brazil, is the unique
species of this genus in South America with campanulate flowers.
292. Burnellia
Mesfin & D.J.Crawford. 28 spp., Colombia to Bolivia.
293. Chrysanthellum Rich. Annual
or perennial herbs, sometimes with a woody caudex; leaves basal in a loose
rosette, cauline mostly alternate, pinnatifid; capitula terminal, solitary or
in open paniculiform cymes, radiate. 14 spp., New World
(12, mainly in Mexico), Africa and Indian region, three in South America: two
endemic to Galapago and C. indicum DC. widely distributed in Old and New
World.
294. Coreopsis
L.
Leaves opposite to alternate towards inflorescence, blades simple or 1–3
pinnately compound, triplinerved, pinnate; capitula solitary or in open
paniculiform or corymbiform cymes, discoid or radiate. 39 spp., 26 in C Canada
to C Mexico and Caribbean, and 13 endemic to Peru.
295. Cosmos
Cav.
Annual or tuberous perennial herbs; leaves opposite, blades deltate, sagittate
or ovate in outline, 1–3-pinnatifid or pinnate, rarely simple; capitula
terminal, solitary or in very open paniculiform cymes, discoidor radiate. 35
spp., Mexico, America Central and Andean South America (3), with C. caudatus
Kunth up to Brazil.
296. Cyathomone
S.F.
Blake. Shrubs (?); leaves opposite, ternate, biternate or pinnate-ternate;
capitula in terminal, paniculiform cymes. Only one sp., C. sodiroi (Hieron.)
S.F. Blake, endemic to Ecuador.
297. Dahlia
Cav.
Tuberous perennial herbs or shrubs, one species epiphytic, sometimes
rupicolous; leaves opposite, sometimes whorled, sometimes semisucculent, blades
simple to 1–3-pinnatifid, ovate to deltate in outline, rarely cordate; capitula
solitary or loosely aggregated in paniculiform cymes, radiate, nodding. 41 spp. from Mexico and America Central, D. imperialis Roezl
ex Ortgies up to Colombia.
298. Ericentrodea
S.F.
Blake. Weak shrubs or vines; leaves opposite, blades ovate to deltate in
outline, 2–3-pinnate, segments linear to lanceolate; capitula in terminal,
corymbiform cymes, discoid, rarely radiate. 6 spp., Colombia to Bolivia.
299. Heterosperma
Cav.
Annual or perennial herbs, weak shrubs; leaves opposite, blades simple to 1–2-pinnatifid,
segments linear; capitula terminal, solitary, radiate. 11 spp., North America
to Argentina, Caribbean, and Venezuela, slightly centered in Peru, 8 in South
America.
300. Hidalgoa La
Llave & Lex.
Vines or
lianas. Leaves opposite, petioles twining at their bases, blades suborbicular
in outline, pedate or pinnate with 3–5 or more leaflets; capitula terminal or
axillary, solitary or in simple cymes on long peduncles, radiate; involucres
campanulate, phyllaries dimorphic, outer fleshy, herbaceous, spreading, inner
membranaceous. Three spp., Mexico and America Central up to Venezuela and Peru,
two in South America.
301. Isostigma Less.
Perennial herbs, sometimes forming rosettes with well-developed xylopodia; leaves alternate, petiolate or sessile,
blades linear to obovate in outline, entire or variously dissected, deeply
dentate to twice trifoliolate, segments linear to filiform; capitula terminal,
solitary, scapose, radiate, rarely discoid. 13 spp. from Argentina, Bolivia,
Brazil (7, 5 endemic), Paraguay and Uruguay.
302. Staurochlamys Baker.
Annual herbs, recognized by a unique morphological
trait in the Asteraceae: the flattened involucre;
leaves opposite, blades entire, lanceolate; pappus absent. Only one sp., S.
burchelii Baker, endemic to north central Brazil, in Maranhão, Piauí,
Tocantins and Goiás states.
303. Thelesperma
Less.
Perennial herbs or weak shrubs; leaves opposite, blades linear or ovate to
trullate in outline, 1–2- pinnatifid, segments linear; capitula terminal,
solitary on long peduncles or in open paniculiform cymes, radiate or discoid. 12 spp. in SW U.S.A. and NE Mexico, T. megapotamicum
(Spreng.) Herter disjunct in Uruguay and Argentina.
8.10 ASTEROIDEA ▸
TRIBE NEUROLAENEAE (5/170–175)
- outsiders Greenmaniella (1, NE Mexico) and Heptanthus
(7, Cuba).
304. Calea L. (inc. Lemmatium) Perennial herbs sometimes with woody xylopodia, shrubs, sometimes scandent to vine-like
or small trees; leaves opposite, rarely alternate, whorled or basal, blades
linear to ovate; capitula solitary or in variously thyrsoid, paniculiform or
corymbiform cymes, discoid or radiate. 161 spp.,
neotropical, 151 in South America, 84 in Brazil, 70 endemic (three of
these, from Goiás and Minas Gerais states, are considered rare species in
Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book).
305. Enydra Lour.
Perennial herbs, aquatic or of very wet areas, with fistulose stems, rooting at
nodes; leaves opposite, blades lanceolate to ovate or obovate, entire to
broadly serrate; capitula axillary, solitary, sessile, radiate or disciform. 6
spp., pantropical, 4 spp. in New World, all in South America, two in Brazil, both widely distributeds.
306. Neurolaena
R.
Br. Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees;
leaves alternate, blades lanceolate to ovate, trullate, sometimes shallowly
trilobed; capitula in terminal, paniculiform, monochasial cymes, discoid or
radiate. 14 spp. from North America to America Central, two in South America, one endemic to Colombia
and the very widely distributed N. lobata (L.) Cass.
8.11 ASTEROIDEA ▸
TRIBE TAGETEAE (30/270–285) -
outsiders Adenophyllum (13, SW U.S.A. to New Mexico and Nicaragua,
Cuba), Arnicastrum (2, NW Mexico), Bajacalia (3, Baja California,
Mexico), Boeberastrum (2, NW Mexico), Boeberoides
(1, S & W Mexico), Chrysactinia (6, SC U.S.A. to Mexico),
Clappia (1, Texas to NE Mexico), Comaclinium (1, SE Mexico
to Panama), Coulterella (1, NW Mexico), Dysodiopsis
(1, C U.S.A.), Gymnolaena (3, Mexico), Haploesthes (4, Colorado to
C U.S.A. and NE Mexico), Harnackia (1, Cuba), Hydropectis
(3, N & W Mexico), Jamesianthus (1, SE U.S.A.), Lescaillea
(1, Cuba), Leucactinia (1, NE Mexico), Nicolletia (3, California
and SC U.S.A. to N & W Mexico), Oxypappus (1, N & W Mexico),
Pseudoclappia (2, SC U.S.A. to NE Mexico), Sartwellia (4, SC U.S.A. to
NE Mexico), Strotheria (1, NE Mexico), Urbinella (1, NE Mexico)
and Varilla (2, Texas to NE Mexico).
307. Dyssodia
Cav.
Annual or perennial herbs; leaves opposite or alternate above, blades
pinnatifid, segments linear to oblanceolate with scattered, pellucid glands;
capitula terminal, solitary, or in open paniculiform cymes, sometimes
syncephalous and the syncephalia resembling single, radiate capitula, discoid
or radiate. Involucres cylindric to hemispheric, phyllaries dimorphic in 1–3
series, outer herbaceous (calyculus), inner herbaceous to membranaceous, with
pellucid oval or narrowly oblong glands. 6 spp., 4 from Canada to Guatemala
(one disjunct in NW Argentina), and two endemic to Peru.
308. Flaveria Juss. Annual
or perennial herbs, shrubs, rarely small trees; leaf blades linear to elliptic;
capitula in terminal or axillary congested corymbiform cymes, tightly
aggregated into glomerules with peripheral heads having one ray floret, radiate
or discoid. 21 spp., New World, three South America, two
widely distributed (both in Brazil) and one restricted to southern region.
309. Jaumea Pers.
Perennial herbs or prostrate shrubs of estuarine sandy areas or salty mud
flats; leaves opposite, blades linear to terete, succulent; capitula terminal,
appearing axillary, solitary, radiate or discoid. Two spp., J. carnosa
(Less.) A. Gray in coastal W U.S.A., NW Mexico, and J. linearifolia (Juss.) DC. in coastal,
central Argentina, Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul
state in S Brazil.
310. Pectis L. Annual or
perennial herbs, sometimes stoloniferous; leaves opposite, with pairs of
setaceous bristles, blades linear to narrowly ovate, abaxial surfaces with
large glands. 94 spp., tropical and subtropical America, 37 in South America, 13
in Brazil, 9 endemic.
311. Porophyllum Adans. Annual
or perennial herbs or densely branched shrubs, sometimes weak stoloniferous
shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, blades linear to ovate, with embedded,
pellucid glands, herbage strongly aromatic. 32 spp., tropical and subtropical New World, 13
in South America, 8 in Brazil, two endemic.
312. Schizotrichia
Benth.
in Benth. & Hook. f. Shrubs; leaves opposite, blades narrowly ovate to
ovate or elliptic, entire to deeply serrate, with scattered orange glands. Three spp., endemic to Peru.
313. Tagetes L. Annual or
perennial herbs, sometimes shrubs; leaves opposite, simple or pinnately
dissected, blades linear to lanceolate or ovate in outline, segments sometimes
reduced to bristles, glands scattered throughout blade. 50 spp., tropical and
subtropical America, a few species adventive and widely distributed in temperate
and tropical regions of the Old World. All spp. in New World, 28 in South
America, two in Brazil, both up to adjacent countries in southern region.
314. Thymophylla
Lag. Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes persisting as weak
shrubs; leaves opposite below or alternate throughout, blades linear or
filiform, spathulate, entire or pinnatisect, segments linear or filiform,
essentially without setae, glands scattered. 13 spp. from Mexico and U.S.A.,
with T. pentachaeta (DC.) Small disjunct in W
Argentina in South America.
8.12 ASTEROIDEA ▸
TRIBE BAHIEAE (23/c.
92) - outsiders Achyropappus (3, Mexico to Guatemala), Bartlettia (1,
SC U.S.A. to NE Mexico), Chaetymenia (1, N & W Mexico), Chamaechaenactis
(1, WC U.S.A.), Espejoa (1, Mexico to Honduras), Florestina (8,
Texas to Nicaragua), Hymenopappus (13, WC Canada to N
Mexico), Hymenothrix (11, WC & SC U.S.A. to Mexico), Loxothysanus (2,
E Mexico), Palafoxia (12, WC & S U.S.A. to Mexico), Peucephyllum (1,
SW U.S.A. to NW Mexico), Platyschkuhria (1, W U.S.A.), Psathyrotopsis (3,
SC U.S.A. to NE Mexico), Thymopsis (2, Bahamas to Cuba), Apostates (1,
Rapa Island) and Hypericophyllum (11, tropical and southern Africa).
315. Eriophyllum Lag. Annual,
biennial or perennial herbs, sometimes rhizomatous; leaves opposite, blades
linear to ovate, entire to 1–3-pinnate, segments filiform to linear; capitula
terminal, solitary or in open paniculiform cymes, radiate. 14 spp., 13 in W Canada to NW Mexico, one
only in Juan Fernández Is., Chile.
316. Holoschkuhria
H.
Rob. Annual or perennial herbs, weak shrubs; leaves opposite, blades simple,
ovate to elliptic; capitula in terminal, open paniculiform cymes, sometimes
decussate, capitula discoid. Only one sp., H. tetramera H. Rob., from
northern Peru.
317. Nothoschkuhria
B.G.
Baldwin. Only one sp., N. degenerica (Kuntze) B.G.Baldwin, from Bolivia
to NW Argentina.
318. Picradeniopsis
Rydb.
8 spp., W & C U.S.A. to Mexico, one disjunct in Peru to Argentina and Chile.
319. Schkuhria
Roth.
Annual herbs; leaves alternate, filiform or linear, ovate to trullate in
outline, 1–3-pinnate, segments linear; capitula terminal, solitary or in open
paniculiformcymes, discoid or radiate. Two spp., one endemic to
Mexico and S. schkuhrioides Thell. from S U.S.A to Argentina and Brazil.
8.13 ASTEROIDEA ▸
TRIBE HELIANTHEAE (124/1,650-1,685) -
herbs, or shrubs, rarely tree -like; leaves often opposite,
sometimes alternate, pubescent often rather rough and scabrid, rarely glabrous
or glabrescent; capitula often radiate, sometimes disciform or discoid rays
usually broad; phyllaries 1-2-multi-seriate, when uniseriate often
conspicuously gland-dotted; receptacle often scaly, sometimes naked; corolla-lobes
short; flower colour usually yellow, sometimes purple, disc sometimes dark-coloured;
anther-bases more or less obtuse; style arms truncate or appendiculate. Achenes
usually black with phytomelanin in walls; pappus
usually of awns or scales, sometimes absent, rarely of hairs, sometimes
plumose.
Outsiders worldwide, 51 in New World: Agnorhiza (5,
California to NW Mexico), Bahiopsis (12, SW
U.S.A. to NW Mexico), Balsamorhiza (11,
W Canada to W U.S.A.), Berlandiera (11, C &
S U.S.A. to Mexico), Calanticaria (5,
E Mexico), Chromolepis (1,
Mexico), Chrysogonum (3,
E U.S.A., disjunct in Madagascar), Damnxanthodium
(1, N Mexico), Davilanthus (7, Mexico), Dicoria (3, SW
& WC U.S.A. to NW Mexico), Dugesia (1,
Mexico), Echinacea (9, C & SE Canada to
U.S.A.), Enceliopsis (3,
WC & SW U.S.A.), Engelmannia (1,
WC & S U.S.A. to NE Mexico), Euphrosyne (5,
Canada to S Mexico), Geraea (2, SW U.S.A. to NW Mexico), Hedosyne (1, Arizona to
Texas and N & W Mexico), Helianthella (11, W
Canada to N & W Mexico), Helianthus (55, C
Canada to S Mexico), Heliomeris (6,
WC & SC U.S.A. to Mexico), Hybridella (1,
Mexico), Iogeton (1,
Panama), Iostephane (4,
Mexico), Iva (10, southern Canada, U.S.A., Mexico,
Caribbean), Jefea (5,
SC U.S.A. to Guatemala), Lantanopsis (3,
Cuba and Hispaniola), Lindheimera (1, Oklahoma
to NE Mexico), Lundellianthus (8,
Mexico to Nicaragua), Parthenice (1,
Arizona to N Mexico), Perymeniopsis (1,
Mexico), Philactis (4,
Mexico to Guatemala), Phoebanthus (2,
SE U.S.A.), Plagiolophus (1,
SE Mexico), Ratibida (7, S Canada to N Mexico), Rensonia (1,
Mexico to Costa Rica), Rojasianthe (1,
SE Mexico to Guatemala), Rudbeckia (31, Canada
to U.S.A.), Scabrethia (1,
WC U.S.A.), Silphium (22, SE Canada to C & E U.S.A.), Squamopappus (1, SE
Mexico to Guatemala), Tehuana (1,
S Mexico), Tetrachyron (10,
Mexico to Guatemala), Tetranthus (4,
Bahamas and Hispaniola), Trichocoryne (1,
N Mexico), Tithonia (12, Arizona to America
Central), Tuxtla (1,
Mexico and Costa Rica), Vigethia (1,
NE Mexico), Wamalchitamia (7,
Mexico to Costa Rica), Wyethia (9,
W Canada to W & WC U.S.A.), Zaluzania (12,
Arizona to New Mexico and Mexico) and Zyzyxia (1,
Guatemala and Belize).
Subtribes
annuncied includes only the tribes with South American genera, without details.
SUBTRIBE
AMBROSIINAE
320. Ambrosia
L. Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs; leaves opposite or upper
alternate, blades lobed or dissected, deltate, ovate to subrotundiformin
outline, triplinerved; capitula discoid, unisexual, sessile, pistillate
capitula solitary or in clusters at base of spiciform cymose inflorescences of
functionally staminate capitula. 45 spp., Canada to Chile, introduced
elsewhere; 11 in South America, 5 in Brazil, one endemic.
321. Parthenium
L. Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, rarely small trees; leaves
alternate, petiolate, blades unlobed or lobed sometimes 2 times pinnate, ovate
to subsagittate; capitula in terminal, simple, open or congested paniculiform
cymes, radiate. 19 spp., over America, 3 in South America, 1 endemic to
Bolivia, 1 in Bolivia and Cono Sur, and P. histeriophorus L. widely distribuited,
inc. Brazil.
322. Xanthium
L. Annual herbs, sometimes spiny; leaves alternate, petiolate,
blades ovate to deltate, simple or lobed, triplinerved; capitula discoid,
unisexual, sessile, pistillate solitary or in clusters at base of terminal or
axillary spiciform cymose inflorescences composed of functionally staminate
heads; phyllaries of functionally staminate capitula free. 5 species of
disturbed habitats, warm and temperate regions of the world, 4 in South
America, two in Brazil, none endemic.
SUBTRIBE
ECLIPTINAE
323. Aspilia
L. Shrubs, sometimes xylopodial.
63 spp., 27 from Africa, Madagascar and Yemen, and 36
spp. in South America, from Brazil (34, 32 endemic) and adjacent Argentina,
Paraguay and Colombia. 7 spp., all in center states, are considered rare species in
Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
324. Baltimora
L. Annual erect herbs; leaves opposite, petiolate, blades ovate,
triplinerved; capitula in terminal, open paniculiform cymes, radiate;
involucres cylindrical to campanulate, phyllaries in 2 series, subequal to
shallowly gradate; receptacles flat to convex. Two spp. widely distribuited
in Neotropics, both in South America and in Brazil.
325. Blainvillea
Cass. Annual or perennial erect herbs, weak shrubs; leaves
opposite or alternate, petiolate, blades lanceolate to broadly ovate,
triplinerved; capitula in terminal, open paniculiform cymes, radiate;
involucres subcylindrical, campanulate to oblong, sometimes hemispheric,
phyllaries in 2–4 series, chartaceous with green longitudinal striae;
receptacles flat to minutely convex. 5 spp., pantropical, only one in New
World, B. dichotoma (Murray) Cass. ex Hemsl., scattered, in Venezuela,
Guianas, Ecuador, Bolivia and Brazil.
326. Calyptocarpus
Less. Prostrate to weakly erect perennial herbs or weak shrubs;
leaves opposite, petiolate, blades ovate to lanceolate, triplinerved; capitula
terminal and axillary, solitary or in simple cymes, radiate; pappus of 2
divergent or reflexed awns. x = 12. Three spp., two in southern U.S.A.,
Mexico, America Central, Cuba up to Venezuela, and C.
brasiliensis (Nees & Mart.) B. Turner in Brazil,
Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, disjunct in Cocos Is.,
Costa Rica.
327. Clibadium
L. Shrubs or trees; leaves opposite, sessile topetiolate, blades
lanceolate to broadly cordiform, triplinerved; capitula in terminal open or
congested paniculiform to corymbiform, sometimes glomerule like cymes,
disciform, rarely epaleate; involucres cylindric, campanulate, hemispherical,
subequal, membranous, scarious, the inner enclosing the marginal cypselae,
greenish to purple, sometimes white. 38 spp., neotropics, 31 in over South
America, 3 in Brazil, none endemic.
328. Delilia
Spreng. Erect or decumbent annual herbs; leaves opposite, blades
ovate to lanceolate, triplinerved; capitula in terminal and axillary
umbelliform cymes, radiate; involucres flattened, disc-like, plano-compressed,
phyllaries 2–4, herbaceous, one orbicular the others suborbicular, ovate to
obovate. Two spp., D. biflora (L.) Kuntze widely distribuited in
tropical America, and one endemic to Galápagos Islands.
329. Dimerostemma
Cass. Erect annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, sometimes with xylopodium;
leaves opposite or alternate, petiolate or subsessile, blades narrowly
lanceolate to ovate, sometimes subcordate, triplinerved; capitula solitary or
in paniculiform cymes, discoid or radiate; involucres broadly campanulate to
hemispheric, phyllaries in 3–4 series; receptacles convex. 31 spp. from
Bolivia, Paraguay (secondary centre), Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil (26, 12 endemic);
two spp. from Goiás state are considered rare species in Brazil by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
330. Eclipta
L. Erect or decumbent annual or perennial herbs; leaves opposite,
blades lanceolate, narrowly ovate or oval, pinnately veined or triplinerved;
capitula axillary or terminal, solitary or in simple cymes, radiate; involucres
campanulate to hemispherical, phyllaries in 2–3 series, subequal; receptacles
shallowly convex. 4 spp., E. prostrata (L.) L. widely distribuited,
one only Colombia, and two in Brazil and adjacent Argentina
and Uruguay.
331. Elaphandra
Strother. Perennial herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite, petiolate,
blades lanceolate to ovate, triplinerved; capitula in terminal, simple
dichasial or open paniculiform cymes, radiate, rarely discoid; involucres
hemispherical, phyllaries in 2–3 series, subequal to gradate; receptacles flat
to convex. 14 spp., 1 in Panamá, 13 in tropical Andes of South America and
Trinidad & Tobago, only one in Brazil, E. ulei (Hieron.) H. Rob.,
also in Bolivia.
332. Eleutheranthera
Poit. ex Bosc. Erect annual herbs; leaves opposite, petiolate,
blades ovate to trullate, triplinerved; capitula axillary, simple, nodding,
radiate or discoid; involucres campanulate, phyllaries in 1 series, herbaceous;
receptacles flat. Two spp., E. ruderalis (Sw.) Sch. Bip. from Belize to Bolivia and Brazil and Caribbean,
adventive in tropical regions of the Old World, and E. tenella (Kunth)
H. Rob. endemic to Colombia.
333. Idiopappus
H. Rob. & Panero. Small trees; leaves opposite, petiolate,
broadly ovate to subcordate, triplinerved; capitula in terminal, open
paniculiform to thyrsoid cymes, radiate; involucres hemispherical to shallowly
patent with age, phyllaries in 3 series, subequal; receptacles conical to
subglobose with age. Only one sp., I. saloyensis (Domke) H. Rob. &
Panero, endemic to Ecuador.
334. Kingianthus
H. Rob. Shrubs; leaves alternate, petiolate, blades ovate,
triplinerved; capitula in terminal, paniculiform cymes of congested corymbiform
cymes, radiate; involucres campanulate, phyllaries in 1–2 series, subequal;
receptacles convex. Two spp., endemic to Ecuador.
335. Lasianthaea
DC. Perennial herbs or shrubs, rarely small trees; leaves
opposite, petiolate or subsessile, blades lanceolate to ovate or elliptic,
triplinerved; capitula terminal, solitary or in open to congested corymbiform
or paniculiform cymes, radiate; involucres cylindric to hemispheric, phyllaries
in 3–5 series, subequal to imbricate, distal apices sometimes chartaceous, red,
purple or yellow; receptacles convex. 16 spp., mainly from SW U.S.A., Mexico, America
Central, L. fruticosa (L.) K.M. Becker also in Venezuela (Carabobo,
Yaracuy).
336. Leptocarpha
DC. Perennial herbs or weak shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate,
blades ovate, triplinerved; capitula in terminal, simple dichasia or open
paniculiform cymes, radiate; involucres hemispherical to patente with age,
phyllaries in 2 series; receptacles convex with linear paleae. Only one sp., L.
rivularis DC., endemic to Chile.
337. Melanthera
Rohr. Annual or perennial herbs, scandent or erect shrubs; leaves
opposite, blades narrowly obovate to linear-lanceolate, ovate, triplinerved,
unlobed, trilobed or pinnately lobed; capitula in terminal, open paniculiform
cymes, rarely solitary, discoid or radiate; involucres campanulate to
hemispherical, phyllaries in 1–2 series, subequal; receptacles convex. Three spp., North America, Mexico, Caribbean, America
Central, South America (2, both in Brazil, none endemic).
338. Monactis
Kunth. Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, petiolate, blades
lanceolate to broadly ovate or trullate, pinnately veined or triplinerved;
capitula in terminal, congested to open corymbiform cymes, radiate or discoid,
only one or two ray florets per head, ray florets towards the outside of
congested corymbiform cymes; involucres cylindrical to campanulate, phyllaries
in 1–2 series, gradate. 12 spp. from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
339. Oblivia
Strother. Scandent shrubs; leaves opposite, petiolate, blades
lanceolate-elliptic to ovate, 3–5-plinerved; capitula in terminal, congested
corymbiform cymes, radiate; involucres campanulate, phyllaries in 2– 3 series,
subequal; receptacles convex. Three spp. from Panama and Venezuela to Bolivia.
340. Otopappus Benth. Shrubs or small trees; leaves
opposite, petiolate, blades lanceolate to ovate, 2–7-plinerved; capitula
terminal, solitary or in small paniculiform to corymbiform cymes, radiate or
discoid; involucres campanulate to hemispherical, phyllaries in 3–7 series,
gradate; receptacles convex to conic. 17 spp., 16 in Mexico and America Central,
and one endemic to
Colombia.
341. Oyedaea
DC. Shrubs or small trees; leaves opposite, petiolate, blades
elliptic to ovate, pinnately veined or triplinerved; capitula terminal, in
simple or open paniculiform cymes, radiate; involucres campanulate to
hemispherical, phyllaries in 2–5 series; receptacles shallowly convex to
convex. 19 spp. from Guianas and Venezuela to Bolivia, one reaching into America
Central.
342. Pascalia
Ortega. Stoloniferous perennial herbs; leaves opposite, sessile to
shortly petiolate, blades lanceolate to broadly ovate or oval, triplinerved;
capitula terminal, solitary or in simple dichasia, radiate; involucres
hemispherical, phyllaries in 2–3 series; receptacles convex to hemispherical.
Only one sp., P. glauca Gómez-Ortega is said to be native to southern
South America, where it is currently widely distributed from
northern Chile and Paraguay through the Argentinian ‘pampas’ to southern Brazil
and Uruguay; it was introduced in North America, SW Europe, India, SE
Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, and it is regarded as an invasive
weed, very dangerous for grazing livestock, which causes acute lethal
hepatotoxicosis when ingested.
343. Perymenium
Schrad. Perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees; leaves opposite,
blades lanceolate to ovate sometimes cordiform, triplinerved, rarely pinnately
veined; capitula in terminal, simple dichasia or open paniculiform cymes,
radiate; involucres hemispherical, phyllaries in 2–4 series; receptacles
convex. 65 spp., Mexico (centre of diversity) to Peru,
8 in South America.
344. Podanthus
Lag. Dioecious shrubs, sometimes with purplish stems, forming lignotubers;
leaves opposite, blades ovate to trullate; capitula terminal, solitary, or in
simple or leafy paniculiformcymes, discoid; involucres patent or reflexed,
phyllaries in 1–2 series, subequal; receptacles convex to globose; corollas
yellow or green-yellow. Two spp., endemic to Chile.
345. Riencourtia
Cass. Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes with xylopodium;
leaves opposite, petiolate or sessile, blades linear to elliptic or ovate, 1–5-veined;
capitula in terminal, open paniculiform cymes of tightly clustered glomerule-like
cymes, disciform; involucres cylindrical, phyllaries in 3–4 series, subequal;
receptacles flat, epaleate. Six spp. tropical South
America, 5 from Brazil (2 endemic), three of them into adjacent countries of
northern South America up to America Central, and one restricted from Suriname
and French Guiana.
346. Schizoptera
Turcz. Erect annual herbs; leaves opposite, petiolate, blades
ovate to oval, apices acuminate, triplinerved; capitula in paniculiform cymes
with subumbellate paracladia, on pedicels of various lengths, radiate;
involucres campanulate, phyllaries in 2 series, subequal; receptacles flat to
shallowly convex. Only one sp., S. peduncularis S.F. Blake, restricted
of Ecuador and Peru.
347. Sphagneticola
O. Hoffm. Perennial herbs, prostrate, rooting at nodes; leaves
opposite, blades ovate to trullate, trilobed, triplinerved; capitula terminal,
appearing axillary, solitary, radiate; involucres turbinate, phyllaries in 2
series, subequal, apices foliaceous, expanded; receptacles convex to conical. 4
species, pantropical, three in New World, two in South America, both widely distribuited,
both in Brazil.
348. Steiractinia
S.F. Blake. Shrubs or small trees; leaves opposite, blades
lanceolate to ovate, pinnate or triplinerved; capitula in terminal, simple or
open paniculiform cymes, radiate; involucres hemispherical, phyllaries in 2–4
series; receptacles convex. 14 spp. from Colombia, one up to Ecuador
another up to Venezuela.
349. Synedrella
Gaertn. Erect to slightly decumbent annual or perennial herbs;
leaves opposite, shortly petiolate, blades ovate to elliptic, triplinerved;
capitula in axillary, simple cymes, radiate; involucres cylindrical, phyllaries
in 2 series. Only one sp., S. nodiflora (L.) Gaertn., Mexico, America
Central, Caribbean, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador,
Peru, Bolivia, Cono Sur, adventive in other tropical
regions.
350. Synedrellopsis
Hieron. & Kuntze. Prostrate to decumbent annual or perennial
herbs rooting at the nodes; leaves opposite, petiolate, blades ovate to
trullate, triplinerved; capitula axillary, solitary, discoid; florets 4, those
subtended by the opposing phyllaries tubular, pistillate, corollas 3- or 4-lobed,
the internal bisexual, corollas 4-lobed, yellow and uniformly thickened with
sclerified cells. Only one sp., S. grisebachii Hieron. & Kuntze,
from Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay.
351. Tilesia
G. Mey. Perennial herbs, mostly scandent shrubs, stems striate;
leaves opposite, blades lanceolate, ovate or oval, pinnately veined or
triplinerved; capitula in terminal, simple or paniculiform cymes, discoid or
radiate; involucres hemispherical, phyllaries in 2–3 series; receptacles
shallowly convex. Three spp., T. baccata (L.) Pruski over range of genus
(Central and South America), T. rubens (Alexander) Pruski only in
Guianas, and T. macrocephala (H. Rob.) Pruski in Venezuela, Colombia and
Ecuador.
352. Trigonopterum
Hook. f. Shrubs; leaves opposite, blades linear and slightly
involute; capitula terminal, solitary, radiate or discoid; involucres
campanulate to hemispherical, phyllaries in 2 series; receptacles convex. Only
one sp., T. laricifolia (Hook. f.) W.L. Wagner & H. Rob., endemic to
Galápagos Islands in Ecuador.
353. Tuberculocarpus
Pruski. Perennial herbs or subshrubs; leaves opposite, blades
lanceolate, pinnately veined; capitula terminal, solitary or in simple cymes,
radiate; involucres campanulate to hemispherical, phyllaries in 2–3 series;
receptacles flat to shallowly convex. Only one sp., T. ruber (Aristeg.)
J.F. Pruski, endemic
to the Guiana Shield of southern Venezuela and N Brazil, 50 - 200m elevation range.
354. Wedelia
Jacq. Erect to prostrate annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, sometimes
with xylopodium; leaves opposite, blades
lanceolate to ovate, oval or elliptic, subcordate, usually triplinerved,
sometimes trilobed, rarely deeply serrate; capitula terminal, solitary or in
open paniculiform cymes, radiate, rarely discoid; involucres campanulate to hemispherical,
phyllaries in 2–4 series; receptacles convex. 131 spp.
of New World, 99 spp. in South America, 72 in Brazil, 56 endemic. W.
souzae H.Rob. from Goiás state is considered a rare species in Brazil by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
355. Zexmenia La Llave & Lex.
Scandent to erect perennial herbs, shrubs or lianas; leaves opposite, blades
ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, pinnately nerved or triplinerved; capitula in
terminal, simple dichasia or umbelliform cymes, radiate. Involucres broadly
campanulate to hemispheric, phyllaries in 2–3 series; ray florets pistillate,
corollas yellow to yelloworange; disc florets bisexual, corollas yellow to
orange with or without a few fibres embedding the vascular strands. 5 spp., two
from Mexico to America Central, and three in Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay.
SUBTRIBE
ENCELIINAE
356. Encelia
Adans. Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs; leaves alternate, blades
linear to ovate sometimes laciniate, triplinerved or with a single vein;
capitula terminal, solitary or in open paniculiform cymes, rarely in a
corymbiformcyme, radiate or discoid; involucres campanulate to hemispherical,
phyllaries in 2–4 series, subequal; receptacles shallowly convex. 22 spp., 16 in Mexico and W U.S.A. and 3 in South America,
from Galápagos to Chile and Bolivia.
357. Flourensia
DC. Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, blades lanceolate to
ovate, pinnately nerved, usually with resinous exudates, entire to broadly
dentate; capitula terminal, solitary or in paniculiform or corymbiform cymes,
radiate or discoid; involucres turbinate, campanulate to hemispheric,
phyllaries in 2–5 series, subequal to gradate; receptacles flat to convex. 32
spp., 13 spp. in Mexico, SW U.S.A. and 19 spp. in south-central Andes and
interior of central Argentina (Peru southwards) up to Chile.
SUBTRIBE
ENGELMANNIINAE
358. Borrichia
Adans. Stoloniferous shrubs of muddy or sandy coastal marshes;
leaves opposite, blades obovate, succulent, perfoliate, entire to broadly
serrate; capitula terminal, solitary, radiate; involucres hemispheric,
phyllaries in 2–4 series, subequal; receptacles convex, paleae lignified,
apices somewhat acicular, capitulum echinate. Three spp., two only in tropical
and subtropical coasts of North America and Caribbean, and the B. peruviana
(Lam.) DC. endemic to Peru.
SUBTRIBE
HELIANTHINAE
359. Aldama
La Llave. Erect rarely decumbent annual or perennial herbs,
shrubs, rarely trees, sometimes xylopodial;
leaves opposite or alternate, linear to ovate, sometimes cordate or deltate;
capitula solitary or incongested to open paniculiform cymes, radiate, rarely
discoid; involucres cylindrical to hemispherical, phyllaries in 2–7 series,
subequal to prominently gradate; receptacles flat to convex, rarely conical. 118
spp., over America, inc. Chile, 77 in South America, 46 in Brazil, 36 endemic.
One sp. from Mato Grosso do Sul state is considered a rare
species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book (as in Viguiera).
Mexico has 40 spp., 39 endemic.
360. Heiseria
E.E.Schill. & Panero. Annuals,
1.1–6 dm tall; stems striate, glabrate to sparsely hispid-pilose; leaves
opposite, blades ovate to lanceolate, 15–70mm long, 4–27 mm wide. 3 spp.,
endemic to Andean Peru.
361. Hymenostephium
Benth. 22 spp., from Mexico to Venezuela and NW Argentina (11 in
South America).
362. Lagascea
Cav. Erect annual or perennial herbs, erect or scandent shrubs;
leaves opposite, blades lanceolate to ovate to oblanceolate or elliptic;
capitula of 1 or 2 (rarely 8) florets, aggregated into tight glomerule-like
clusters and subtended by leafy bracts producing a compound capitulum, discoid;
corollas white, pink or purple-pink, yellow or orange-yellow; anthers black,
pink or yellow. 9 spp., over neotropical, most species in southern Mexico,
introduced elsewhere, two spp. in South America, one endemic to Colombia and L.
mollis Cav. widely distributed in tropical America.
363. Pappobolus
S.F. Blake. Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, small trees; leaves
opposite or alternate, blades linear to broadly ovate; capitula solitary or in
simple dichasial or monochasial to paniculiform or corymbiform cymes, sometimes
subaxillary, radiate; involucres campanulate to hemispherical, phyllaries in
3–6 series, subequal to gradate, sometimes outermost spreading and leaf-like. 37
spp. from mountains of Peru and Ecuador, one also in Colombia.
364. Scalesia
Arn. Shrubs, trees; leaves alternate, blades lanceolate to ovate,
rarely cordate, unlobed to deeply lobed or 2-pinnate; capitula solitary or in
corymbiform cymes, discoid, disciform or radiate; involucres campanulate to
hemispherical, phyllaries in 2–4 series, subequal to gradate, sometimes
outermost spreading and leaf-like; receptacles flat to shallowly convex, paleae
sometimes with trilobed apices. 15 spp. endemic to Galápagos Islands in
Ecuador.
365. Sclerocarpus
Jacq. Erect annual or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, blades
lanceolate to ovate, unlobed to deeply lobed; capitula solitary or in open
paniculiform cymes, radiate; involucres campanulate to hemispherical,
phyllaries 0 to few in 1–2 series, subequal; receptacles conical, paleae
indurate and tightly wrapping cypselae (perigynia), appearing tubular, shed
with the cypsela. 9 spp., 6 in Africa, Arabian Peninsula and Indian
Subcontinent, and three from Texas to Venezuela (two in South America).
366. Simsia
Pers. Erect annual or perennial herbs, shrubs; leaves opposite,
auriculate, blades lanceolate, ovate to subcordate, sometimes deltate,
trilobate, unlobed to shallowly lobed; capitula solitary or in open
paniculiform cymes, radiate or discoid; involucres broadly cylindrical,
turbinate, rarely hemispherical, phyllaries in 2–4 series, gradate; receptacles
convex. 30 spp., New World, 4 in South America (slightly centered in Colombia),
only the widely distributed S. dombeyana DC. in Brazil.
367. Syncretocarpus
S.F. Blake. Erect annual or perennial herbs, shrubs; leaves
alternate, blades narrowly lanceolate to ovate; capitula in open paniculiform
cymes, radiate; involucres campanulate to hemispherical, phyllaries in 2–3
series, subequal; receptacles shallowly convex, paleae deciduous. Three spp.,
endemic to S & C Peru.
368. Viguiera
Kunth. 19 spp. from U.S.A. to Argentina, 8 in South
America, all endemic in Venezuela (2), Peru (2), Paraguay (2) except from V.
pazensis Rusby native from Peru to Chile (Tarapacá) and Argentina (Jujuy,
Salta).
SUBTRIBE
MONTANOINAE
369. Montanoa
Cerv. in La Llave & Lex. Erect perennial herbs (?), shrubs,
trees; leaves opposite, blades mostly ovate, entire or pinnatifid,
triplinerved, rarely 5–7-plinerved; capitula terminal, mostly in paniculiform
to corymbiform or thyrsoid cymes, radiate, rarely discoid; involucres mostly
hemispherical, phyllaries 3–7 in 1–2 series, subequal; receptacles convex,
paleae accrescent after anthesis and enfolding cypselae. 29 spp., most species
in Mexico, America Central, northern South America (6) south to northern Peru,
with two endemic to Venezuela.
SUBTRIBE
SPILANTHINAE
370. Acmella
Rich. ex Pers. Erect or decumbent annual or perennial herbs,
sometimes rooting at the nodes; leaf-blades filiform to mostly ovate,
triplinerved; capitula terminal or axillary, solitary or in open paniculiform
cymes, discoid or radiate; involucres hemispherical, sometimes patent with age,
phyllaries in 1–3 series, subequal; receptacles conic, paleate. 35 spp.,
pantropical, 28 species in the New World, 21 in South America, 15 in Brazil, 3
endemic.
371. Oxycarpha
S.F. Blake. Stoloniferous, succulent, perennial herbs or weak low
shrubs; leaf-blades filiform, succulent; capitula terminal, solitary, discoid;
involucres campanulate, phyllaries in 3–5 series, gradate, coriaceous;
receptacles conic, paleae coriaceous, apices aristate to acicular; corollas
white, yellow. Only one sp., O. suaedifolia S.F. Blake, restricted from
Venezuela and Colombia.
372. Salmea
DC. Erect or scandent shrubs; leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate,
coriaceous, triplinerved; capitula in open paniculiform cymes of variously
congested corymbiform cymes, discoid; involucres campanulate to hemispherical,
sometimes patent with age, phyllaries in 2–5 series, subequal or gradate;
receptacles conical, paleate; corollas white or creamy white, sometimes
purplish. 11 spp., Mexico, America Central, Caribbean, and only one in South America,
S. scandens (L.) DC., from Venezuela, Guianas, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay.
373. Spilanthes
Jacq. Perennial herbs, some prostrate and becoming woody at base;
leaf-blades linear to elliptic, weakly triplinerved; capitula terminal, rarely
axillary, solitary or in simple cymes, discoid; involucres hemispherical,
phyllaries in 2–3 series, subequal; receptacles convex to conic, paleate;
corollas white or purplish white; anthers black, appendages without glands. 7
spp., scattered pantropical, 4 in New World from
Mexico to Chile and Brazil, all in South America, two in Brazil, none endemic.
SUBTRIBE
VERBESININAE
374. Podachaenium Benth. 6 spp., P. eminens (Lag.)
Sch.Bip. up to Colombia.
375. Verbesina
L. Annual or perennial herbs, erect, rarely vine-like or straggly
shrubs, or trees sometimes up to 25m tall; leaves alternate or opposite,
sometimes with petiolar wings decurrent, sometimes forming dainty rosettes;
capitula terminal, solitary, sometimes scapose, or in paniculiform or
corymbiform cymes, discoid or radiate; involucres cylindrical, turbinate,
campanulate, hemispheric. 351 spp., over New World,
highest number of species in Mexico and tropical Andes, also in Chile, 146 in
South America, 14 in Brazil, 10 endemic.
SUBTRIBE
ZINNIINAE
376. Heliopsis
Pers. Erect to decumbent annual or perennial herbs, weak shrubs;
leaves opposite, sometimes alternate distally, blades filiform to suborbicular,
mostly ovate, pinnately veined or triplinerved, entire to deeply serrate or
lobed; capitula terminal, solitary, sometimes on long peduncles or in open
paniculiform cymes on sometimes fistulose peduncles, radiate or discoid. 15 spp.,
Central and northern South America with 3 spp. in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador,
Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Brazil (only H. buphthalmoides (Jacq.)
Dunal, non endemic).
377. Sanvitalia
Lam. Erect or prostrate annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs;
leaves opposite, blades linear to ovate, mostly triplinerved, entire to
shallowly serrate; capitula terminal, solitary or in open paniculiform cymes,
radiate; involucres hemispherical, phyllaries in 2–4 series, subequal. 6
species, 5 in North America, Mexico, America Central, and S. versicolor
Griseb. in Bolivia and Argentina.
378. Zinnia
L. Erect annual or perennial herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite,
linear to ovate, entire, rarely serrate; capitula terminal, solitary or in open
paniculiform cymes on sometimes fistulose peduncles, radiate, rarely discoid;
involucres turbinate, campanulate or hemispherical, phyllaries in 2–5 series,
subequal to highly gradate; receptacles convex to conic, paleate, paleae with
rounded, flat tips. 24 spp., C. & S.
U.S.A. to Venezuela and N. Argentina, only Zinnia peruviana (L.) L
in South America.
8.14 ASTEROIDEA ▸
TRIBE MILLERIEAE (32/c 430) -
outsiders are Axiniphyllum (5, Mexico),
Bebbia (1, SW & SC U.S.A. to N Mexico), Cuchumatanea (1,
Guatemala), Dendroviguiera (14, Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama), Dyscritothamnus (2, E Mexico),
Faxonia (1, NW Mexico), Gonzalezia (3, N &
W Mexico), Guardiola (12, Arizona to Mexico), Oteiza (4, Mexico to
Guatemala), Rumfordia (7; Mexico to Panama), Sidneya (2, S &
C U.S.A. to Mexico, El Salvador), Stenocarpha (2, N Mexico), Tetragonotheca (4, SE
U.S.A. to NE Mexico), Trigonospermum (6, Mexico to Nicaragua), Zandera (2, Mexico
to Honduras and Jamaica), Guizotia (6, tropical and
subtropical Africa) and Micractis (3, tropical Africa,
Madagascar).
379. Acanthospermum
Schrank. Annual herbs, leaves petiolate to
subsessile, blades elliptic, trullate or ovate, entire to lobed, triplinerved;
capitula terminal or axillary, solitary. 6 spp., America Central to Cono Sur
and Caribbean, 3 in Brazil, two widely distributed,
adventive in other tropical regions of the world, and one endemic. 5 spp. in
South America.
380. Alepidocline
S.F.
Blake. Annual herbs; leaves petiolate, blades lanceolate to broadly ovate,
obscurely to strongly triplinerved; capitula terminal, solitary or in open
paniculiform cymes, radiate. Six spp., 5 from Mexico
and America Central and one in Venezuela.
381. Alloispermum
Willd.
Perennial herbs or shrubs; leaves subsessile to petiolate, blades linear-lanceolate
to ovate, triplinerved; capitula in terminal, simple, open to congested
paniculiform or corymbiform cymes, radiate, rarely discoid. 17 species, Mexico
and America Central to Peru and Venezuela, 7 in South America.
382. Aphanactis
Wedd.
Annual or perennial herbs, variously persisting as caespitose, matted, cushion-like
shrubs, creeping among forbs or small rosettes; leaves sessile, shallowly
perfoliate, blades oval to ovate or oblong, glabrous to densely silvery-pilose,
sometimes forming rosettes. 11 spp., Costa Rica and
Guatemala one endemic each, and 9 from Venezuela to Bolivia in South America.
383. Cymophora B.L.Rob. 4
spp., three in Mexico and one in Venezuela.
384. Desmanthodium
Benth.
Perennial herbs, shrubs or treelets; leaves opposite, sometimes perfoliate,
blades ovate to lanceolate, triplinerved or pentanerved. 8 spp., 7 in Mexico to
Honduras, and D. blepharodon S.F. Blake endemic to Venezuela.
385. Espeletia Mutis ex Humb. &
Bonpl.
Acauli- or caulirosulate shrubs with marcescente leaves, sometimes tree-like
with most leaves concentrated on apices of branches (mainly monocaulous), a few
species monocarpic; leaves alternate, with very short internodes and ampliated
bases, sometimes forming a large rosette, mostly with leaf bases wrapping
around stem forming a cupule, blades lanceolate to fusiform, densely lanate on
abaxial surfaces; capitula in terminal or axillary, dichasial or monochasial,
corymbiform or paniculiform cymes, radiate or discoid.
140 spp., 54 in
Venezuela radiation (48 entirely endemic to the Venezuelan Cordillera de
Mérida, 2 broadly distributed in this range and nearby areas in Colombia and
Venezuela, and 4 endemic to the northern section of the Colombian Cordillera
Oriental and Sierra de Perijá) and 86 in Colombia radiation (74 endemic to the
Colombian Cordillera Oriental (including four extending into the Venezuelan
side of Páramo de Tamá), six are found in the Colombian Cordillera Central
(four endemic to this range, one extending into Ecuador, and one shared with
the Colombian Cordillera Occidental), three are endemic to the Colombian
Cordillera Occidental, and two are endemic to Sierra de Perijá (including one
yet to be found within Colombian borders).
386. Freya V.M.Badillo.
Only one sp., F. alba V.M.Badillo, endemic to Tachira state, Venezuela.
387. Galinsoga
Ruiz
& Pav. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs; leaves petiolate or
sessile, blades linear-lanceolate to ovate, triplinerved; capitula terminal,
solitary or in open simple to paniculiform cymes, radiate, rarely discoid. 12 spp., scattered in New World from NW U.S.A. to southern
South America (6), highly centered in Peru to Argentina, but two widely
distributed in
neotropics, both in Brazil.
388. Ichthyothere Mart.
Perennial herbs or shrubs, aromatic; leaves petiolate or sessile, blades
lanceolate to ovate, glabrous or pubescent, membranaceous to semisucculent,
triplinerved; capitula in terminal, commonly congested simple, rarely open
paniculiform cymes, disciform. 27 spp., Panama, tropical South America (all species).
20 in Brazil, 14 endemic; four spp., from Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul and
Rondonia states, are considered rare species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do
Brasil’s book.
389. Jaegeria Kunth. Annual
or perennial herbs, some aquatic, sometimes stems fistulose and rooting at
nodes; leaves opposite, sessile or petiolate, blades lanceolate to ovate, 3–5-nerved;
capitula terminal or axillary, solitary or in paniculiform cymes, radiate. 11
spp., neotropical, most species in Mexico, three in South America, Ecuador and
Colombia one endemic each, and the widely distributed J. hirta (Lag.)
Less., present in Brazil.
390. Lecocarpus
Decne.
Shrubs; leaves petiolate, blades ovate to oblong in outline, deeply dissected
to pectinate, semisucculent; capitula terminal, solitary. 4 spp., endemic to
Galápagos Islands.
391. Melampodium L. Annual or perennial herbs some developing a woody caudex,
erect or prostrate; leaves usually petiolate, blades linear to ovate-rhombic to
shallowly trullate, entire or lobed, uninerved or triplinerved, sometimes
pinnately veined; capitula terminal, solitary or in simple, paniculiform or
corymbiform cymes. 42 spp., Arizona to Kansas and America Central, Colombia to
Venezuela and Brazil (2, both very widespead), 3 in South America.
392. Milleria
L.
Annual herbs; leaves perfoliate or auriculate, blades broadly lanceolate to
suborbicular, sometimes trullate, triplinerved to pentanerved; capitula in
terminal, open paniculiform cymes with distinctive morphology, composed of
several branching dichasia which end in multiple, diverging cincinni subtended
by a small bract, radiate. Only one sp., M. quinqueflora L., from Mexico
to Bolivia, Venezuela and Caribbean.
393. Sabazia
Cass.
Perennial herbs, rarely weak shrubs; leaves petiolate or subsessile, blades
lanceolate to ovate, sometimes margins deeply dentate, triplinerved; capitula
terminal, solitary or in open paniculiform cymes, radiate. 16 spp., 14 from Mexico to Panama and two endemic to
Colombia.
394. Schistocarpha
Less.
Perennial herbs or subshrubs; leaves petiolate, petioles variously winged,
blades ovate to broadly ovate, triplinerved, margins sometimes deeply serrate;
capitula in terminal, congested paniculiform cymes, radiate or disciform;
involucres campanulate to hemispheric, phyllaries in 3–4 series, subequal to
shallowly gradate, scarious. 13 spp., neotropical, most species in Mexico and America
Central, 2 in South America, from Venezuela to NW
Argentina.
395. Selloa Kunth. Three spp., two
endemic to Mexico and one endemic to Colombia.
396. Sigesbeckia
L.
Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes forming a woody caudex with thickened
roots and/or with fistulose stems; leaves with winged petioles, sometimes
perfoliate, blades ovate to trullate, rarely broadly ovate, triplinerved;
capitula in terminal, open paniculiform cymes, radiate.; involucres turbinate
to campanulate, hemispheric, phyllaries dimorphic, outer lanceolate to
shallowly oblanceolate, herbaceous, sometimes densely glandular, inner erect,
cucullate. 11 spp., pantropical, Mexico to Argentina
and Chile, and Caribbean, absent in Brazil. 4 spp. in South America.
397. Smallanthus Mack. Annual
or perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees, soemtimes with rhizophores; leaves petiolate, petioles variously
winged, blades lanceolate to ovate, sometimes suborbicular or broadly deltate,
entire to strongly dentate, triplinerved; capitula in terminal, corymbiform or
open paniculiform cymes, radiate, sometimes nodding after anthesis. 22 spp.,
neotropical, 15 in South America, 4 in Brazil, two endemic. S.
araucariophilus Mondin from Rio Grande do Sul state considered a
rare species in Brazil by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
398. Stachycephalum
Sch.
Bip. ex Benth. Perennial herbs or weak, straggly, short-lived shrubs; capitula
in terminal, congested corymbiform or scorpioid cymes, radiate, sometimes the
female floret somewhat separated from the male disc florets on a stipitate,
lateral receptacle. Three spp., one in Mexico, one in Ecuador
and one in Bolivia and Argentina.
399. Tamananthus
V.M.
Badillo. Perennial herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate, sessile to shortly
petiolate, bases expanded but not forming a cupule around stem, blades
lanceolate to oval, sometimes narrowly obovate, with a single main vein;
capitula in terminal, open paniculiform cymes, radiate. Only one sp., T.
crinitus V.M. Badillo, endemic to Venezuela.
400. Tridax L. Annual or
perennial herbs, shrubs; leaves opposite, blades linear to ovate, simple to
deeply lobed, 1-veined or triplinerved; capitula terminal, solitary or in open
paniculiform cymes, discoid, disciform or radiate. 34 spp., neotropical, six in
South America, only one in Brazil, the widely T.
procumbens L.
8.15 ASTEROIDEA ▸
TRIBE MADIEAE (34/205-220)
- outsiders Achyrachaena (1, W
U.S.A. to N. Mexico), Adenothamnus (1,
NW Mexico), Anisocarpus (2,
W Canada to W U.S.A.), Arnica (31, Arctic to W U.S.A., Europe, W
China and Japan, 26 in New World), Baeriopsis (1,
Guadalupe island off Mexico), Blepharipappus (1,
W U.S.A.), Blepharizonia (2,
California), Calycadenia (10,
Oregon to California), Carlquistia (1,
California), Centromadia (4,
W U.S.A. to NW Mexico), Constancea (1,
California), Deinandra (21,
SW U.S.A. to NW Mexico, Guadalupe), Dubautia (28, Hawaii), Eatonella (1, W
U.S.A.), Harmonia (5,
California), Hemizonella (1,
W Canada to W U.S.A.), Hemizonia (1,
W U.S.A.), Holocarpha (4,
California to NW Mexico), Holozonia (1,
California), Hulsea (7,
W U.S.A. to N. Mexico), Jensia (2,
California), Kyhosia (1,
Oregon, California), Lagophylla (5,
W U.S.A.), Layia (15, W. & WC. U.S.A. to NW. Mexico), Monolopia (5,
California), Osmadenia (1,
California to NW. Mexico), Pseudobahia (3,
California), Syntrichopappus (2,
SW U.S.A. to NW Mexico), Raillardella (3,
W U.S.A.) and Venegasia (1, California to NW Mexico).
401. Amblyopappus
Hook.
& Arn. Annual herbs; leaves mostly alternate, blades linear to ovate in
outline, pinnatifid or the distal entire; capitula congested-corymbose or
congested-paniculate, radiate or disciform. Only one sp., A. pusillus Hook.
& Arn., California
to NW Mexico, Juan Fernández Is., Chile.
402. Lasthenia
Cass.
Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes semiaquatic; leaves opposite, blades
linear to lanceolate, entire or toothed to pinnatifid, sometimes ciliate,
glabrous to sparsely hairy; capitula laxly paniculate or solitary, radiate. 18
spp., 17 in W U.S.A., SW Canada, NW Mexico (Baja California), and L. kunthii (Less.) Hook.
& Arn.,
in Chile and Argentina.
403. Madia
Molina.
Annuals, often aromatic; leaves proximally in rosettes or opposite (often
crowded), distally alternate, blades lanceolate or oblong-linear to linear,
usually entire, hirsute to strigose, often also glandular-pubescent; capitula
corymbose, paniculate, racemose or spicate, usually radiate; peduncular bract
tips each without a pit-gland, tack-gland or spine. 11 spp., U.S.A., Canada, M. sativa Molina in
Argentina, Chile and Hawaii, and M. chilensis Reiche only in Cono Sur.
8.16 ASTEROIDEA ▸
TRIBE PERITYLEAE (10/82–87) -
outsiders Eutetras (2, Mexico), Galinsogeopsis (18, Arizona to Texas and
Mexico), Laphamia (43, SW & S Central U.S.A. to N & W Mexico), Nesothamnus
(1, NW Mexico) and Pericome
(2, California to Oklahoma and N & W Mexico).
404. Galeana La
Llave & Lex. Leaves opposite, viscid, petiolate, blades deltate to ovate,
triplinerved; capitula in terminal, open corymbiform cymes. Involucres ovoid to
cylindric, phyllaries 5, biseriate; receptacles flat to shallowly convex; ray
florets 3, fertile, corollas creamy white. Only one sp., G.
pratensis Rydb., Mexico, America Central and N Colombia.
405. Perityle
Benth.
Annual or perennial herbs but mostly rupicolous shrubs, some with brittle
branches; leaves opposite or alternate, petiolate, sometimes densely glandular
and viscid, blades deltate to ovate, cordate or rarely linear to spathulate,
entire to deeply dissected. 13 spp., 12 in SW. U.S.A. to Mexico (one disjunct
in Peru and Chile), and one endemic to Desventuradas islands off Chile.
406. Unxia L. f. Annual
or perennial herbs, shrubs; leaves opposite, blades elliptic to lanceolate,
triplinerved, entire to shallowly serrate; capitula tightly clustered in
terminal, simple cymes, radiate. Two spp., one widely
distributed in this range and one in Brazil and Venezuela.
407. Villanova
Lag;
leaves opposite or alternate, viscid, petiolate, blades dissected, once
pinnate, ovate in outline; capitula in terminal, open, simple or corymbiform
cymes. 5 spp., one in Mexico and America Central, and 4 from Venezuela to Peru
and Chile.
8.17 ASTEROIDEA ▸
TRIBE EUPATORIEAE (168/2,530–2,575) -
herbs, shrubs, climbers, rarely
trees; leaves usually opposite, sometimes whorled, sometimes alternate;
capitula homogamous, discoid; phyllaries imbricate, 2-multi-seriate; receptacle
usually naked; corollas regular; corolla-lobes short; flower colour purple,
blue or white, never yellow; anther-bases obtuse; style arms obtuse, more or
less club-shaped, often very conspicuous and long-exserted; achenes
black with phytomelanin in walls; pappus usually of hairs.
Outsiders in
New World are 45: Adenocritonia (2, Guatemala and Jamaica), Ageratella (1,
N & W Mexico), Alomia (4, Mexico), Amolinia (1,
SE Mexico to El Salvador), Antillia (1, Cuba), Asanthus (3,
Arizona to New Mexico and Mexico), Brickelliastrum (2, Arizona
to Texas and N Mexico), Carphephorus (5, SE U.S.A.), Carminatia (5,
Arizona to Texas and Honduras), Carphochaete (7, Arizona to
Texas and Mexico), Ciceronia (1, Cuba), Conoclinium (5, SE
Canada to Mexico, Cuba), Critoniadelphus (2,
Mexico to Honduras), Decachaeta (9, Mexico to Panama), Eupatoriastrum (8,
Mexico to Costa Rica), Eupatorina (1, Hispaniola), Eutrochium (6,
Canada to U.S.A. ), Fleischmanniopsis (5, Mexico to
Nicaragua), Flyriella (4, Texas to NE Mexico), Garberia (1,
SE U.S.A.), Grisebachianthus (7, Cuba), Hartwrightia (1,
SE U.S.A.), Iltisia (2, Costa Rica to Panama), Jaliscoa (3,
Mexico), Kyrsteniopsis (6, Mexico to Guatemala), Liatris (42,
S Canada, U.S.A., Mexico, Bahamas), Macvaughiella (4, Mexico to
Honduras), Malperia (1, California to NW Mexico), Mexianthus (1,
SW Mexico), Microspermum (8, Mexico), Nesomia (1,
SE Mexico), Osmiopsis (1, Hispaniola), Paneroa (1,
SW Mexico), Peteravenia (5, Mexico to Costa Rica), Phania (3,
Cuba and Hispaniola), Piqueria (6, Mexico to Panama and
Hispaniola), Pleurocoronis (3, SW U.S.A. to NW Mexico), Sclerolepis
(1, E U.S.A.), Shinnersia (Texas to NE Mexico), Spaniopappus (5,
Cuba), Standleyanthus (1, Costa Rica), Steviopsis (5,
Mexico), Tamaulipa (1, Texas to E. Mexico) and Trichocoronis (2,
California and Texas to Mexico), Trilisa (3, SE
U.S.A.) and Zyzyura (1, Belize).
SUBTRIBE CRITONIINAE
408. Amboroa
Cabrera.
Small erect subshrubs or shrubs; leaves opposite, lamina narrowly elliptical,
remotely serrulate, sharply acute; inflorescences on slender peduncles, with
solitary capitula or a pair of sessile capitula; florets 50–≥80; corollas
white, narrowly funnelform, with long cylindrical basal tube and rather
cylindrical throat, glabrous. Two spp., Bolivia, Peru one each.
409. Aristeguietia
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect to procumbent shrubs to small trees; leaves opposite;
capitula few to many, corymbose, pedicellate; florets 13–100; corollas bluish,
lavender, purple or pink, narrowly funnelform, inner and usually outer surfaces
glabrous, some species with few hairs or few to many small glands on lobes. 21
spp., 20 in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and one endemic to Chile.
410. Asplundianthus
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect to scandent shrubs or trees; leaves opposite, lamina
ovate to lanceolate, subserrate to serrate; inflorescence usually corymbose-paniculate,
capitula sessile in glomerules; florets 6–10; corollas lilac, lavender or
purple, narrowly funnelform, usually with glands on outer surface. 11 spp.,
Venezuela to Peru.
411. Austrocritonia R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect shrubs or small trees; leaves opposite, lamina ovate to
elliptical, entire or remotely serrulate to closely serrate; inflorescence
broadly corymbose; capitula sessile in clusters; florets 5 or c. 10; corollas
white, narrowly funnelform, glabrous on inner and outer surfaces. 4 spp., endemic
to Brazil, from Bahia to Paraná states.
412. Badilloa
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect shrubs, pubescent; leaves opposite, lamina oblong to
lanceolate, serrate to remotely subserrulate; inflorescence corymbose; florets
usually 4–10(–23); corollas white, lavender, pink or violet, narrowly
funnelform, glabrous on inner surfasse and on outer surface of throat. 11 spp.,
Venezuela to Peru.
413. Bishovia
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect perennial herbs or subshrubs; leaves alternate above,
opposite near base, lamina ovate to broadly ovate, serrate to sublobate, acute;
inflorescence a diffuse somewhat leafy cyme; florets 30–60, fragrant; corollas
lavender, narrowly funnelform, with cylindrical basal tub. Two spp., Argentina
and Bolivia one each.
414. Castanedia
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect shrubs; leaves opposite, lamina elliptical or
elliptical-oblong to slightly obovate, remotely serrulate, short-acute to
obtuse; inflorescence a dense corymbose panicle; involucre cylindrical; Florets
6–7; corollaswhite, narrowly funnelform, sparsely glanduliferous on narrow tube
and on throat, more glands on lobes. Only one sp., C. santamartensis R.M.
King & H. Rob., endemic to Colombia (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).
415. Chacoa R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect flexuous shrubs; leaves opposite, lamina ovate to deltoid,
serrate; inflorescences lax terminal pyramidal panicles; florets c. 20;
corollas white, with slender basal tubes and narrowly campanulate limbs,
glanduliferous on outer surface. Only one sp., C. pseudoprasiifolia (Hassl.)
R.M. King & H. Rob., restricted from Argentina, S Brazil and Paraguay.
416. Corethamnium
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect shrubs; leaves opposite, lamina ovate to suborbicular,
crenate-serrulate, short-obtuse to rounded; inflorescence of dense small
corymbose panicles on leafy branches; florets c. 6; corollas white, with
narrowly cylindrical tube and throat without external differentiation, with
only lobes spreading, outer surface very sparsely glanduliferous, inner
surfasse glabrous. Only one sp., C. chocoensis R.M. King & H. Rob.,
endemic to Colombia.
417. Critonia P. Browne.
Coarse subshrubs to small trees or woody vines or climbers; leaves opposite,
lamina elliptical to broadly ovate, entire to serrate; inflorescences usually
thyrsoid-paniculate, with branches opposite and usually spreading at 90°
angles; involucres usually cylindrical to fusiform; florets 4–12; corollas
whitish, tubular or narrowly funnelform, glabrous outside or rarely a few
glands on lobes. 37 spp., Central and South America (8) up to Cono Sur, Greater
Antilles. Two spp. in Brazil, none endemic.
418. Critoniella
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite, lamina ovate to
broadly ovate, serrulate to serrate, acute to acuminate; inflorescence a
broadly corymbose to cymose panicle; capitula sessile on congested glomerulate
branchlets; involucres narrowly cylindrical; Florets 6–25; corollas white,
lavender, bluish or purple, narrowly funnelform, glabrous on inner surface and
outside below lobes. 6 spp., Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
419. Cronquistianthus
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect or flexuous shrubs; leaves opposite, lamina ovate or
lanceolate to linear, entire to serrate; inflorescence a terminal corymbose
panicle; florets 8–18, fragrant; corollas white, lavender or bluish, narrowly
funnelform with broadly cylindrical basal tube, outer surface glabrous or with
few glands or scattered hairs, inner usually glabrous, rarely with small hairs.
23 spp. from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru (high diversity).
420. Grosvenoria
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect shrubs or small trees; leaves opposite, lamina ovate
to narrowly elliptical, entire to remotely serrate, sharply acute to short-acuminate;
inflorescence broadly corymbose paniculate; florets 5–10, fragrant; corollas
pink to white, narrowly funnelform, with tube glabrous, without hairs on inner
surface; cells of throat oblong with sinuous lateral walls. 6 spp. from
Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
421. Hughesia
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Woody vines; leaves opposite, lamina ovate, subentire,
remotely and minutely serrulate, shortly acute, minutely acuminate;
inflorescences terminal on lateral branches, distinctly thyrsoidpaniculate with
spreading branches; capitula sessile or subsessile in small clusters; florets
c. 9; corollas purple in distal half when dry, narrowly funnelform with broadly
cylindrical basal tubes, glabrous. Only one sp., H. reginae R.M. King
& H. Rob., endemic to Peru.
422. Idiothamnus R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect spreading shrubs or small trees; leaves opposite, lamina
elliptical to ovate, narrowly acuminate, serrate to remotely subserrulate;
inflorescences terminal, corymbose; florets c. 12–20; corollas whitish to
lavender, narrowly funnelform, with broadly cylindrical basal tube, glabrous on
outer surface below lobes. 4 spp., one in Bolivia and Argentina, one endemic to
Brazil, one in Peru, and one in Venezuela.
423. Imeria R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect slender shrubs or small trees; leaves opposite;
inflorescences terminal, corymbose, capitula sessile in dense clusters; florets
8– 10; corollas rose-coloured or pink, narrowly funnelform, glabrous, lobes
slightly longer than wide, smooth on inner surface, densely mamillose to
papillose outside on the tips forming sclerified cap. Only one sp., I.
memorabilis (Maguire & Wurd.) R.M. King & H. Rob., endemic to
the Guiana Shield of Brazil, Venezuela, 600 – 1,200m elevation range.
424. Koanophyllon Arruda.
Shrubs or small trees, rarely vines; leaves opposite, rarely alternate, lamina
broadly lanceolate to elliptical, entire to serrate, rarely irregularly lobed;
inflorescences pyramidally paniculate to corymbose; florets 5– 20; corollas
whitish to greenish yellow, rarely violet, funnelformwith broadly cylindrical
basal tube. 127 species, neotropics (68 endemic to Caribbean). 23 spp. in South
America, 13 in Brazil, 10 endemic.
425. Lorentzianthus
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect shrubs; leaves opposite, lamina ovate, often rather
large, serrate, narrowly acuminate; inflorescence a pyramidal panicle; florets
c. 10– 12; corollaswhitish to purple, narrowly funnelform with narrowly
cylindrical basal tube, mostly glabrous outside below lobes, glabrous on inner
surface. Only one sp., L. viscidus (Hook. & Arn.) R.M. King & H.
Rob., restricted for Argentina and Bolivia.
426. Malmeanthus R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect shrubs; leaves opposite, lamina ovate, serrulate to
subentire, scarcely acuminate; inflorescences terminal, corymbose-paniculate,
with ascending mostly alternate branching; involucres campanulate; florets
5–22; corollas whitish, narrowly funnelform, with broad basal tube, glabrous.
Three spp. from Brazil, one also in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
427. Neocabreria R.M. King & H. Rob. Erect
subshrubs; leaves opposite, lamina narrowly elliptical, closely serrulate to
crenate-serrulate; inflorescence a corymbose panicle; florets 6–25; corollas
white to rose-purple, narrowly funnelform, glabrous on outer surface, with
numerous hairs on inner. Six spp. from Brazil, two up to Argentina and
Paraguay.
428. Nothobaccharis
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect shrubs; leaves densely spirally inserted, lamina
small, suborbicular to elliptical, dentate to crenate; inflorescence a dense
thyrsoid panicle, with branches usually spiciform; capitula crowded; florets
6–8; corollas whitish, narrowly funnelform, glabrous on inner and most of outer
surfaces. Only one sp., N. candolleana (Steud.) R.M. King & H. Rob.,
endemic to Peru.
429. Ophryosporus Meyen. Erect
herbs or subshrubs, rarely scandent, sometimes with xylopodium; leaves
usually opposite; inflorescence corymbose or thyrsoid, with corymbose branches;
lateral capitula sometimes from axils of lower phyllaries of central capitula;
florets 3–12; corollas white, with constricted basal tube and narrowly
funnelform or campanulate limb, usually glanduliferous outside, glabrous or
rarely puberulous inside. 42
spp., 38 in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and 4 remaining
are endemic to Brazil.
430. Santosia R.M. King
& H. Rob. Woody vines; leaves opposite, lamina ovate to ovate-elliptical,
subentire; inflorescences elongate, terminal, thyrsoid panicles; florets 1–10;
corollas white, narrowly funnelform, with broadly cylindrical base, essentially
glabrous on outer surface. Only one sp., S. talmonii R.M. King & H.
Rob., endemic to Brazil, in Bahia state.
431. Sphaereupatorium
(O.
Hoffm.) Kuntze ex B.L. Rob. Erect perennial herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite;
inflorescence laxly thyrsoidpaniculate, with branches and branchlets at right
angles; capitula sessile in terminal globose clusters; florets c. 11; corollas
white, narrowly funnelform, with broadly cylindrical basal tube, outer surface
sparsely glandularpunctate, inner surface glabrous. Only one sp., S.
scandens (Gardner) R.M. King & H. Rob., restricted from Bolivia and
Brazil.
432. Steyermarkina
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Vines or flexuous shrubs; leaves opposite, lamina ovate,
entire, obtuse to acute; inflorescence a lax thyrsoid panicle; florets 3–5;
corollas white, narrowly funnelform, outer surface glabrous or with minute
glands or large hairs on base of throat and lobes, inner densely pilose on
throat. 4
spp., three endemic to Brazil (S. dispalata (Gardner) R.M.King &
H.Rob. in Paraná, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro; S. dusenii
(Malme) R.M.King & H.Rob. in Paraná, Santa Catarina; and S. pyrifolia
(DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob. in Bahia, Espírito Santo, Paraná, Santa Catarina,
Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro) and one endemic to W Venezuela (S.
triflora R.M.King & H.Rob., Trujillo)
433. Uleophytum
Hieron.
Woody vines; leaves opposite, lamina broadly oblong-ovate, minutely
denticulate, acuminate; inflorescence of numerous capitula clustered in axils
of leaves; florets c. 55–60; corollas whitish (?), narrowly funnelform,
glabrous on inner and lower outside surfaces. Only one sp., U. scandens Hieron.,
endemic to Peru.
434. Tuberostylis
Steetz.
Creeping to scandent herbs or shrubs, full
epiphytic; leaves opposite; inflorescences terminal on lateral branches
or sessile in axils of leaves; capitula sessile in small panicles or axillary
fascicles; florets c. 10–20; corollas white, narrowly tubular with slightly
thickened base, glabrous on inner surfasse and lower outside surface. Two spp.
from Panamá, Colombia
and Ecuador.
SUBTRIBE GYPTIDINAE
435. Agrianthus Mart. ex DC.
Erect many-branched shrubs; leaves usually densely spirally inserted, lamina
elliptical to oblong-lanceolate or subulate; inflorescence terminal on
branches, abrupt, a dense cluster of sessile or subsessile capitula; florets
20–45; corollas usually pink or white, rarely purplish, narrowly funnelform,
with resin ducts along veins in throat. 8 spp., endmeics to Brazil.
436. Arrojadocharis Mattf. Annual
or short-lived perennial herbs or shrubs; leaves spirally inserted, sessile;
lamina linear; inflorescence of solitary capitula or lax corymbs terminating
leafy branches; florets c. 50–60; corollas pink, funnelform, with small glands
on outer surface. Two spp., endemic to Brazil.
437. Bahianthus R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect shrubs or small trees, viscid; leaves densely spirally
inserted, with distinct narrow petioles, lamina obovate, remotely serrate,
obtuse or truncate; inflorescence a corymbose panicle; capitula hemispherical;
florets 15–22; corollas pink or white, narrowly funnelform to subcylindrical,
tubes scarcely narrower than throat, resin ducts narrow and solitary along
veins of throat. Only one sp., B. viscosus (Spreng.) R.M. King & H.
Rob., in Bahia
and Espírito Santo states, E Brazil.
438. Barrosoa R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect perennial herbs; leaves opposite, sometimes alternate
above, lamina lanceolate to broadly ovate, serrate to crenulate; inflorescence
densely corymbose; florets 20–55; corollas funnelform, white, pink, blue or
purple; throat smooth. 11 spp., 3 in Venezuela and
Colombia, remaining in Bolivia, Brazil (6, 4 endemic), Argentina, Paraguay and
Uruguay.
439. Bejaranoa R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect subshrubs or shrubs; leaves alternate or sometimes
opposite, lamina ovate or ovatelanceolate, serrate to doubly serrate;
inflorescence terminal with densely corymbose branches; florets 4–10; corollas
white to pale lavender, narrowly funnelform, glabrous inside, outside with
glands above. Two spp., B. balansae (Hieron.) R.M. King
& H. Rob. from Bolivia and Paraguay, and B. semistriata (Sch. Bip.
ex Baker) R.M. King & H. Rob. endemic to Brazil.
440. Bishopiella R.M. King
& H. Rob. Acaulescent, scapose, annual or short-lived perennial herbs or
subshrubs; leaves forming rosette, lamina fleshy, oblanceolate, entire,
narrowly obtuse; inflorescence scapiform, a small, few-branched cyme; florets
c. 40–50; corollas white, shortly funnelform from a broad, tapering, scarcely
narrowed base, outer surfasse with a few short-stalked glands. Only one sp., B.
elegans R.M. King & H. Rob., endemic to Bahia state, NE Brazil.
441. Campuloclinium
DC.
Erect coarse herbs or subshrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, lamina ovate to
narrowly oblong; inflorescences corymbose, capitula few to many, moderate-sized
or often large; florets 30–100; corollas pink, lavender or purple, narrowly
funnelform, basal tube somewhat constricted above nectary. 16 spp., 15 from Brazil (10 endemic), Argentina (one endemic),
Bolivia, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and Paraguay.
442. Catolesia D.J.N. Hind. Multi
branched shrubs; leaves densely spiralled, sessile, longest surrounding
inflorescences and equalling or overtopping capitula, entire, slightly
involute, apices acute, hooked upwards; inflorescence terminal, corymbose;
involucre campanulate, phyllaries biseriate, distant, outer persistent, inner
deciduous or easily falling; Corolla pink; tube glabrous, expanding gradually
from base to lobes. Three spp., all endemic to rocky grasslands (campos
rupestres)
of Diamantina highs in center Bahia state, Brazil.
443. Conocliniopsis
R.M.
King &H. Rob. Erect subshrubs or shrubs; leaves opposite, few alternate
above, lamina ovate, strongly crenate; inflorescence a dense corymbose panicle
or cyme; Florets 20–30; corollas blue or lavender, narrowly funnelform, outer
surface glanduliferous, inside glabrous. Only one sp., C. grossedentata (DC.) Hind,
scattered, in Cuba, NE Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela.
444. Dasycondylus R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect or spreading subshrubs or shrubs, sometimes subscandent;
leaves opposite, lamina ovate to oblong, entire to serrate; inflorescence a
corymbose panicle; florets 20–60; corollas white, narrowly funnelform. 9 spp., 8
endemic to Brazil and one restricted of Bolivia and Peru.
445. Diacranthera R.M. King
& H. Rob. Perennial herbs or subshrubs; leaves opposite, lamina ovate to
elliptical, crenulate to serrulate; inflorescence slightly to strongly cymose
with many branches; florets 50–65; corollas pinkish, narrowly funnelform. Three
spp., endemic to dry areas in Ceará to Bahia states in NE Brazil.
446. Gyptidium R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect annual herbs; leaves opposite, sometimes alternate above,
lamina ovate to lanceolate, crenulate; inflorescence cymose to subcymose,
capitula sessile to long-pedicellate; florets 50–80; corollas white or pale
lilac, with very narrow basal tube; throat narrowly campanulate, smooth on both
surfaces. Two spp., Argentina and Brazil one endemic each.
447. Gyptis (Cass.) Cass.
Perennial herbs with sometimes with xylopodium, rhizophores or roots
crown; leaves opposite, often becoming alternate above, lamina ovate to
bipinnatifid, serrulate to deeply dissected; inflorescence subscapose, usually
densely corymbose or cymose above. Phyllaries 2–3-seriate, 16–25, weakly
subimbricate, subequal, with apical pubescence; receptacle flat, glabrous;
florets 4–26; corollas narrowly funnelform, white, pink or violet. 5 spp.,
Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil (4, one endemic), Paraguay and Uruguay.
448. Lapidia Roque & S.C.
Ferreira. Robust
shrubs, weakly ramified at base and well branched in the apex; leaves only in
the apex of the branches, opposite-decussate, somewhat fleshy, tomentose,
glabrescent; capitulescence corymbiform with capitula cylindrical turbinate;
cypselae 5-ribbed, carpopodium annuliform, pappus of bristles, setae fringed,
distinct in size, purplish or white with purple apex. Only one sp., L.
apicifolia Roque & S.C. Ferreira, endemic to rocky fields areas in
Morro de Chapéu municipality, Diamantina highs, Bahia state, Brazil.
449. Lasiolaena R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect shrubs; leaves inserted in a dense spiral, short-petiolate,
lamina narrowly to broadly obovate, serrulate above, obtuse or shortly acute;
inflorescence densely corymbose on tips of leafy branches; florets 18–45;
corollas narrowly funnelform, with scattered small glands on outer surface. 7
spp. endemic to Bahia state, NE Brazil.
450. Litothamnus R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect glabrous shrubs or small trees with subfleshy stems and
leaves; leaves opposite, lamina elliptical to slightly obovate, entire;
inflorescences corymbose, with opposite branches; florets (5–)15–25; corollas
white, narrowly funnelform, sparsely glandular-puberulous on outer surface. Two
spp., endemic to Bahia state, NE Brazil.
451. Lourteigia
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Small to medium-sized subshrubs or shrubs, sometimes
procumbent; leaves opposite, lamina ovate to narrowly elliptical, crenulate to
serrate, lower surface often white-tomentose; inflorescence terminal, densely
corymbose; florets 20(–40); corollas lilac, blue, purple or greenish white,
funnelform, tube narrowed above nectary. 12 spp. confined to Colombia and
Venezuela.
452. Macropodina R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect subshrubs or shrubs; leaves usually opposite, becoming
alternate above, lamina ovate, serrulate; inflorescence a lax cyme; florets
(20–) 25–30(–50); corollas pale blue, narrowly funnelform, basal tubes
elongate. Three spp. in Brazil, one up to Paraguay.
453. Morithamnus R.M. King, H.
Rob. Erect shrubs or trees, with candelabra-like branching, viscid; leaves
opposite or alternate, lamina obovate to oblanceolate, entire (very rarely
crenulate), obtuse or acute; inflorescence abruptly terminal on branches;
florets c. 25–100; corollas pink or white, narrowly funnelform; tubes broad,
gradually broadened into cylindrical throat; resin ducts of throat paired along
veins. Two spp., endemic to Bahia state in NE Brazil.
454. Neocuatrecasia
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect to procumbent perennial herbs; leaves usually
opposite, lamina ovate to deltoid or narrowly oblong, entire or dentate to
deeply lobed; inflorescence a lax to rather dense corymbose or cymose panicle;
florets 17–50; corollas white, with narrow basal tube, with abruptly expanded
usually elongate and campanulate throat; cells of limb oblong with sinuous
lateral walls. 13 spp. confined to mountains of Bolivia and Peru.
455. Prolobus R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect shrubs; leaves mostly opposite, becoming alternate above,
lamina ovate, coarsely serrate; inflorescence cymose, with ascending branches,
often extra-axillary; florets c. 12–14; corollas pale violet, glanduliferous
above on outer surface, tube broadly cylindrical; throat narrowly funnelform.
Only one sp., P. nitidulus (Baker) R.M. King & H. Rob., endemic to
Bahia state, NE Brazil.
456. Semiria D.J.N. Hind.
Moderately branched small tree; leaves sessile, spirally inserted;
inflorescence terminal, of few to several capitula; involucres campanulate;
Florets c. 40, hermaphrodite; corollas pink, corolla tube cylindrical narrowing
slightly towards base, glandular-punctate throughout and stipitate-glandular
towards base. Only one sp., S. viscosa D.J.N. Hind, endemic to Bahia
state, NE Brazil.
457. Stylotrichium Mattf. Erect
shrubs; leaves densely spirally inserted, lamina narrowly obovate to orbicular,
with prominent reticulate venation beneath; inflorescence abruptly corymbose to
subumbellate on tips of leafy branches; florets c. 25–50; corollas white, short-funnelform,
with stalked glands below lobes, outer surfaces of lobes glandular-punctate. 6
spp., endemic of Bahia state, Brazil.
458. Urolepis (DC.) R.M.
King & H. Rob. Coarse, erect annual herbs or subshrubs; leaves opposite,
lamina broadly deltoid, dentate or denticulate; inflorescence a corymbose or
subcymose panicle; florets 100–150; corollas pink, with long narrow basal tube;
throat funnelform below, becoming cylindrical above, with outer surface of tube
and throat glabrous. Only
one sp., U. hecatantha (DC.) R.M. King & H. Rob., Argentina,
Bolivia, S Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.
459. Vittetia R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect shrubs or subshrubs; leaves opposite or alternate,
subsessile, lamina orbicular to broadly ovate or oblong, entire to crenate-serrate;
inflorescence an ascending multi-branched corymbose panicle; florets 10–12;
corollas white to pink, narrowly funnelform or with narrow basal tube and
rather campanulate limb. Two spp., from Minas Gerais to Santa Catarina states, SE Brazil.
SUBTRIBE OXYLOBINAE
460. Ageratina
Spach.
Perennial, usually erect herbs or shrubs; leaves usually opposite, lamina
narrowly elliptical to deltoid, mostly toothed, lobed, serrate or crenate;
capitula laxly to densely corymbose; florets 10–60, often sweetly scented;
corollas white or lavender, usually with slender basal tube and campanulate
limb in subgenera Ageratina and Klattiella, others narrowly
funnelform. 315 spp., tropics and subtropics of the New World, one in Chile, 105
in South America, absent in Brazil. King and Robinson (1970) first provided an
infrageneric division recognizing four subgenera, later raising subg. Pachythamnus
to generic status.
461. Kaunia R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect shrubs or small trees; leaves opposite, lamina usually
ovate, entire to serrate, broadly to narrowly acute; inflorescences terminal on
branches, thyrsoid to corymbose with densely corymbose branches; florets
(10–)16–50; corollas usually white or violet, narrowly funnelform, glabrous
inside and on lower outer surface. 10 spp., 9 in Andes from Ecuador to NW
Argentina, and K. rufescens (Lund ex
DC.) R.M. King & H. Rob. in Bolivia, Paraguay, NE Argentina and C & S
Brazil.
462. Jaramilloa
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect shrubs or small trees, to 3m tall; leaves opposite,
lamina often large, broadly oblong, serrulate to scarcely undulate, apex short-acute;
inflorescences terminal on branches, broadly corymbose, capitula short-pedicellate
or sessile in glomerules; florets 14–20; corollas whitish, with narrow
cylindrical basal tube and narrowly campanulate limb, glabrous on inner and
lower outside surface. Two spp., endemic to Colombia.
463. Oxylobus (Moçino ex DC.) A. Gray.
Decumbent
herbs to low shrubs; leaves opposite, lamina small, ovate to oblong, crenate to
subentire; capitula laxly to densely corymbose to subcymose; florets 20–75,
slightly scented; corollas white or pink, with a long narrow basal tube and a
narrowly campanulate limb. 7 spp., Mexico, Guatemala, O. glandulifer (Sch. Bip. ex Hemsl.)
A. Gray up to Colombia and Venezuela.
SUBTRIBE MIKANIINAE
464. Mikania Willd.
Usually woody vines, sometimes erect perennial herbs or shrubs, sometimes
with xylopodium, moderately branched, never rosulate; leaves
opposite or whorled, sessile to long-petiolate, lamina linear to broadly ovate,
base narrow to cordate, membranous to coriaceous; inflorescence terminal on
stems or lateral branches, cymose to corymbose or thyrsoid, capitula clustered,
sessile to pedicellate, with subinvolucral bract; florets 4; corollas white or
pink, funnelform or with variously campanulate limb. 447
spp., pantropical, 442 in New World, although principally neotropical with a
few apparent natives in the Old World tropics; the report of dioecy in the
genus is apparently restricted only to species from the Greater Antilles. 382
spp. in South America, 207 in Brazil, 148 endemic.
SUBTRIBE ADENOSTEMMATINAE
465. Adenostemma J.R. Forst.
& J.G. Forst. Perennial herbs; leaf lamina narrowly elliptical to broadly
ovate or hastate, crenate to strongly serrate, acute to slightly acuminate;
inflorescence very laxly cymose; florets 10–60; corollas usuallywhite, narrowly
funnelform or with narrow basal tube and broadly campanulate limb, usually with
hairs or glands on outer surface, hairs often moniliform. 23 spp., pantropical,
13 in New World, 11 in South America, 7 spp. in Brazil, two endemic.
466. Gymnocoronis DC. Annual to
perennial erect herbs, submersed aquatic;
leaf lamina lanceolate to ovate or deltoid; inflorescence strongly cymose.
Phyllaries c. 20–50, biseriate, equal to subequal; receptacle with discrete
oval scars and with soft tissue between; florets 50–200; corollas white,
narrowly funnelform, with short-stalked glands on outer surface. 4 spp., 3 from Mexico and Guatemala, and G.
spilanthoides (D. Don ex Hook. & Arn.) DC. from Argentina, Bolivia,
Brazil, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay.
G.
spilanthoides is becoming na invasive alien species in
several regions of the world. The species is problematic in Australia, New
Zealand, Japan and China (inc. Taiwan) and has recently naturalized in Italy.
The species was reported from India (reputedly thesource of introduction to
Australia through the aquarium trade) by Parsons & Cuthbertson (2001).
There are relatively recent records of naturalization in Japan (in 1995),
Taiwan in China (in 2001) and mainland China (in 2007). Kodono (2004) reports
this species as rapidly naturalizing, occurring from Kyushu to central Japan. G.
spilanthoides was reported as casual in 1988 in Hungary,
occurring in the thermal waters of Lake Haeviz and ditches near. Ardenghi et
al. (2016) report two naturalized occurrences in NW Italy (Lombardia region).
The population in Italy stretches along the water body for 519 m, and occupies
the whole canal width (1–4m)(Ardenghi et al., 2016). G.
spilanthoides was first reported as a naturalized
species in Australia, reported from Taree in New South Wales (NSW) in 1980. It
has since spread in NSW and also naturalized inthe states of Victoria and
Queensland. It has been eradicated from an ornamental pond site in Perth and
Margaret River in W Australia, the only known sites in thatstate. In New
Zealand, G. spilanthoides was first recorded as
naturalized on the Papakura Stream in South Auckland in 1990 and has since been
found through muchof lowland North Island and two South Island sites, the
furthest south being in Canterbury.
467. Sciadocephala
Mattf.
Perennial herbs; leaf lamina narrowly ovate to elliptical or slightly obovate,
entire to serrate; capitula solitary or laxly subcymose. Phyllaries c. 6– 14,
persistent, 1–2-seriate, subequal to equal, separate to base; receptacle with
discrete oval scars separated by soft tissue; florets c. 9–15; corollas white,
narrowly funnelform, with sparse hairs on outer surface. 6 spp., 4 from Panamá
to Peru, S. pakaraimae (Maguire & Wurdack) R. M. King & H. Rob.
endemic to Guyana, and S. gracieliae N. Biggs & D. J. N. Hind, from
dense forest of Amazon of N Mato Grosso state in Brazil.
Sciadocephala
presently appears to be restricted to the relatively dense shade of forest
floors or on mossy banks; this is an uncommon
environment to find many Compositae. One other species preferring a
similar heavily shaded environment is Cephalopappus sonchifolius Nees
& Mart. (a rosulate stoloniferous herb with similar scapiform
inflorescences and few capitula in the Nassauviinae) which is found in the
dense shade of the Atlantic Forest of E Brazil (in the states of Bahia and Rio
de Janeiro).
SUBTRIBE FLEISCHMANNIINAE
468. Fleischmannia
Sch.
Bip. Erect annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs; leaves usually opposite,
lamina elliptical to rhomboidal or broadly cordate-ovate, upper part serrate or
crenulate, or lamina dissected into long narrow segments; inflorescence with
laxly cymose to densely corymbose branches; florets (10–) 20–50; corollas
white, lavender, bluish or purple, with rather short basal tube. 98 spp., neotropical, 59 in South America, 6 in Brazil, 5
endemic.
SUBTRIBE AGERATINAE
469. Acritopappus R.M. King
& H. Rob. Shrubs or trees; leaves opposite, lamina ovate, ovate-elliptical,
lanceolate or linear, glabrous or pubescent, often viscid, serrate to
subserrulate or nearly entire, obtuse, short-acute to longacuminate;
inflorescence on leafy side branches, branches densely subcymose to appearing
subverticillate; florets 5–100; corollas usually pale lavender or pink,
narrowly funnelform. 19 species, all endemic to Brazil.
470. Ageratum L. Annual to
perennial herbs or subshrubs; leaves opposite or sometimes alternate, lamina
elliptical or lanceolate to deltoid or ovate, entire to dentate. In florescence
cymose to subcymose, sometimes subumbellate; florets 20–125; corollas white,
blue or lavender, funnelform or with distinct basal tube. 38 spp., Central and
South America (6), none in Chile; one species (A. houstonianum Mill.)
widely cultivated, and another (A. conyzoides L.), although sometimes
cultivated, is a widely distributed weed throughout the tropics in both the Old
and New Worlds. 3 spp. in Brazil, two endemic.
471. Ascidiogyne
Cuatrec.
Prostrate, somewhat fleshy, stoloniferous herbs with erect rosulate branches;
leaves of prostrate stems opposite, congested on erect stems, lamina ovate or
obovate to narrowly elliptical, entire; inflorescence of clustered short 1-headed
scapes; florets 5–7; corollas white, tube strongly constricted and pilose in
upper part, limb broadly campanulate and glabrous. Two spp., endemic to Peru;
the peculiar fluid-filled sac, formed from the outer wall of the achene, is
present only in the type, and evident only in fresh material.
472. Cavalcantia R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect annual or short-lived perennial herbs. Lower leaves
opposite, alternate above, lamina ovate to deltoid, distinctly shallowly lobed;
capitula strongly divaricately cymose or aggregated in glomerules; florets c.
6–30; corollas white; basal tube short, broad below and constricted above,
densely pubescent; limb funnelform. Two spp. endemic to Carajas massif in Pará
state, N Brazil.
473. Centenaria
P.Gonzáles,
A.Cano & H.Rob. Small, erect, annual herbs, to 30 cm tall; leaves opposite,
blade ovate to broadly elliptical, coarsely to finely serrate; inflorescence a
diffuse corymbose cyme; phyllaries 5, distant, biseriate, subequal to equal,
persistent, oblong-elliptical to obovate-elliptical, with shortly apiculate
apices; receptacle flat, foveolate, glabrous, epaleaceous. Only one sp., C.
rupacquiana P. Gonzáles, A. Cano & H. Rob. Known only from the type
locality in Rupac, northeast from Lima Department.
474. Ellenbergia
Cuatrec.
Erect annual herb; leaves opposite, a few alternate above, lamina ovate to
ovate-elliptical, crenate-dentate, acute; inflorescence a lax panicle with
subcymose branches; florets 10–12; corollas white (?), with distinct
constricted basal tube, glandular-punctate outside; throat broadly campanulate,
papillate on inner surface. Only one sp., E. glandulata Cuatrec.,
endemic to Peru.
475. Ferreyrella
S.F.
Blake. Small, erect, annual herbs; leaves opposite below, alternate above,
lamina ovate to broadly elliptical, coarsely to finely serrate; inflorescence a
diffuse corymbose cyme; florets c. 30; corollas white, with short constricted
basal tube bearing glandular or eglandular hairs; throat short and broad-campanulate.
Two spp. endemic to Peru.
476. Gardnerina R.M. King
& H. Rob. Annual or short-lived perennial herbs, erect from decumbent
bases; leaves opposite below, alternate above, lamina ovate to rhomboid, repand-dentate
to pinnatifid; inflorescence a few-headed cyme; florets 12–15; corollas white,
funnelform, with stipitate glands outside in lower part, throat with short non-glandular
hairs inside on and near bases of filaments. Only one sp., G. angustata (Gardner)
R.M. King & H. Rob., endemic to Brazil, in Goiás and Minas Gerais states.
477. Guevaria
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Small perennial herbs, decumbent or erect with decumbent
bases; leaves opposite or alternate, lamina ovate, crenulate to serrulate;
inflorescence laxly paniculate with cymose branches; florets 15–40; corollas
white, with distinct constricted basal tube bearing many hairs; throat shortly
and broadly campanulate. 5 spp. from Ecuador and Peru.
478. Phalacraea
DC.
Perennial herbs, procumbent or erect from decumbent bases; leaves opposite,
lamina ovate to broadly triangular, crenate to serrate; inflorescence rather
laxly cymose, with denser ultimate branching; florets 10–18; corollas white,
with constricted basal tube and abruptly expanding campanulate limb, many
scattered minutely gland-tipped hairs on tube, more sparse on limb. 4 spp. from
Ecuador and Peru.
479. Piqueriella R.M. King
& H. Rob. Small, annual or short-lived perennial herbs; leaves usually
opposite, lamina ovate, with many large teeth, shortly and narrowly acuminate;
inflorescence a lax cyme; florets c. 8; corollas whitish, with distinct
constricted basal tube, glabrous on outer surface; throat broadly and shortly
campanulate. Only one sp., P. brasiliensis R.M. King & H. Rob.,
Brazil, endemic to Ceará state.
480. Radlkoferotoma
Kuntze.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves opposite, lamina ovate to lanceolate, serrate;
inflorescence corymbose; florets c. 35–70; corollas white or rosaceous,
funnelform, with only minute glands on outer surface. Three spp. from S Brazil,
two up to Uruguay.
481. Scherya R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect perennial herbs; leaves opposite, lamina linear, entire;
inflorescence terminal, subscapose, cymose to subcymose; florets c. 25; corolla
pale, funnelform, with glands on outer surface. Only one sp., S. bahiensis R.M.
King & H. Rob., endemic to Bahia state, Brazil.
482. Stevia Cav. Mostly
erect, annual or perennial herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite or in some species
alternate, lamina linear to orbicular, entire to serrate or dentate, rarely
deeply lobed; inflorescence diffuse or dense corymbose clusters on tips of
branches; involucres cylindrical, rarely funnelform, narrow at base; florets 5;
corollas white or lavender to purple, basal and distal parts sometimes of
different colour, narrowly funnelform below lobes or with somewhat expanded
throat, usually with hairs or glands on outer surface, with erect hairs on
inner surface of throat. 269 spp., from U.S.A. and Mexico south to Central
(excluding the Caribbean) and South America (156) up to Chile (2), 42 in Brazil
(28 endemic); a difficult genus with an inadequate infrageneric division.
Robinson’s original treatments cover much of the distribution of the genus,
with the exception of the Brazilian species; a number of more recent regional
treatments have been supplemented by the addition of many new species; a modern
revision is certainly needed to adequately document the problems of
hybridization and apomixis in the genus. S. rabaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni
from SW Brazil and E Paraguay is possibly the most
sweet plant worldwide. Six species from Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina,
Paraná and Rio de Janeiro states are considered rare species in Brazil by
Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book.
483. Teixeiranthus R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect or decumbent, annual or short-lived perennial herbs; leaves
opposite, lamina elliptical to linear; inflorescence a corymbose cyme; florets
c. 30; corollas pale reddish, cylindrical with extreme base campanulate, base
fused directly to top of achene, sometimes with poorly developed abscission
zone. Two spp. in Bahia and Minas Gerais states, Brazil.
SUBTRIBE EUPATORIINAE
484. Austroeupatorium
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect herbs or subshrubs; leaves opposite below, often
subopposite or alternate above, lamina ovate to narrowly oblong, usually
crenulate to serrulate; capitula in a flattened corymbose panicle; florets
9–23, fragrant; corollas white, rarely lilac, narrowly funnelform with rather
narrow tube, glands on outer surface. 14 spp. in Brazil
(12, 5 endemic), Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, except by two
reaching in Caribbean and America Central, Caribbean.
485. Eupatorium L. 66 spp., 28
from Algeria and Norway to Sakhalin and Vietnam, 31 from Canadá to Mexico and
Cuba, and 7 spp. in South America, in Paraguay (E. areniscophilum Cabrera and E.
gnaphalioides Cabrera endemic), Brazil (E. hagelundii Matzenb., E. lineatum Sch.Bip. ex
Baker, E.
rosengurttii Cabrera and E. semiamplexifolium
G.S.S.Almeida & Carv.-Okano endemic). E. maracayuense Chodat occur
in both countries.
486. Hatschbachiella
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect herbs or subshrubs; leaves opposite or alternate,
lamina elliptical to narrowly elliptical, entire to remotely serrulate;
inflorescence diffuse, with corymbose panicles at tips of leafy branches;
florets 10–12; corollas white, narrowly funnelform with a narrow basal tube,
glanduliferous on outer surface. Two spp. in Brazil, one of them up to Argentina, Paraguay and
Uruguay.
487. Stomatanthes R.M. King
& H. Rob. Perennial herbs or subshrubs; leaves alternate, opposite or
ternate, lamina elliptical or oblanceolate to ovate or orbicular, entire to
markedly dentate; inflorescence usually pyramidal to thyrsoidparticulate,
sometimes corymbose; florets 4–11; corollas white, funnelform or nearly
tubular, glabrous or glanduliferous with few to many hairs outside. 17 spp., 4 in E, C and S Africa, and 13 in Brazil, 4 of
them up to Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay.
SUBTRIBE PRAXELINAE
488. Chromolaena DC. Erect to
somewhat scandent perennial herbs, subshrubs or shrubs, sometimes
xylopodial; leaves
usually opposite, lamina mostly ovate or triangular to elliptical, sometimes
linear, subentire to lobed; capitula usually thyrsoid to candelabriform or on
laxly to densely corymbose branches, rarely solitary on long erect peduncles;
florets 6–75; corollas white, blue, lavender or purple, rather cylindrical with
scarcely narrower base, outer surface smooth below lobes, with few to many
short-stalked glands, often with rather stiff hairs. 161
spp., New World tropics and subtropics, one species a pantropical weed, 129 in
South America, 71 in Brazil (38 endemic).
489. Eitenia
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect annual or short-lived perennial herbs; leaves
opposite, lamina ovate, coarsely serrate to sublobate, acute; inflorescence a
rather lax broadly cymose panicle; florets c. 40–50; corollas violet or white,
narrowly funnelform, with long cylindrical throat. Two spp., endemic to Goiás state and Distrito
Federal in
C Brazil.
490. Eupatoriopsis
Hieron.
Erect annual herbs; leaves opposite, lamina ovate to rather elliptical,
serrate, short-acute; inflorescence laxly cymose; florets c. 30; corollas
lilac, short-funnelform, with very short basal tube, glabrous on outer surface
belowlobes; corolla lilac. Only one sp., E. hoffmanniana Hieron.,
endemic to Minas
Gerais state,
Brazil.
491. Lomatozona
Baker.
Erect perennial herbs or subshrubs, covered with minute stipitate glands;
leaves opposite, lobed to deeply dissected, lower surface with very large
sessile globular glands; inflorescence laxly cymose; florets 10–27; corollas
white or bluish, narrowly funnelform, with ocasional glands on outer surface. 4
spp. endemic to Brazil, in Mato Grosso and Goiás states.
492. Praxeliopsis G.M. Barroso.
Erect annual (or possibly short-lived perennial) herbs, essentially glabrous;
leaves alternate, sessile, linear, entire; inflorescence laxly cymose, pedicels
very long; florets c. 16; corollas lilac, hypocrateriform, with elongate
narrowly funnelform basal tube, glabrous on both surfaces; throat very short
and spreading. Only one sp., P. mattogrossensis G.M. Barroso, from W & C Brazil and Bolivia.
493. Praxelis Cass. Erect
to decumbent annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs; leaves opposite or
whorled, lamina ovate to elliptical or filiform, subentire to sharply serrate;
capitula solitary on long erect peduncles to laxly thyrsoid or rather densely
corymbose, usually campanulate; florets 25–30; corollas white, blue or
lavender, narrowly funnelform or with cylindrical throat and slightly narrower
basal tube, outer surface mostly smooth, with a few glands. 18 spp., South
America, one species adventive in Asia and Australia. 15 spp. in Brazil, 8 endemic.
SUBTRIBE DISYNAPHIINAE
494. Acanthostyles
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect shrubs; leaves opposite, lamina narrowly lobed to
pinnately dissected; inflorescence a long pyramidal panicle; corollas narrowly
funnelform, purple-lilac. Two spp., one endemic to
Argentina, and A. buniifolius (Hook. & Arn.) R.M. King & H.
Rob., in Argentina, Bolivia, Rio Grande do Sul state in S Brazil,
Paraguay and Uruguay.
495. Campovassouria
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect shrubs or subshrubs; leaves opposite to alternate,
usually closely spaced, lamina narrowly lanceolate to narrowly oblong or
linear, entire to serrulate; inflorescence densely corymbose- paniculate.
Corollas narrowly funnelform, lavender to purple. Two spp. from S Brazil, C.
cruciata (Vell.) R.M. King & H. Rob. also in Argentina, Bolivia,
Paraguay and Uruguay.
496. Disynaphia Hook. &
Arn. ex DC. Erect shrubs or subshrubs, sometimes
with xylopodium; leaves alternate, usually densely spirally
inserted, lamina linear to oblong or oblanceolate, entire tominutely serrulate;
inflorescence corymbose-paniculate; corollas broadly tubular below, slightly
broadening above, purple, pink or white. 14 spp., 13
from Brazil (7 endemic) and adjacent Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, and one
endemic to Uruguay.
497. Grazielia R.M. King
& H. Rob. Coarse, mostly erect, herbs, subshrubs or shrubs; leaves
opposite, lamina ovate to lanceolate, sometimes pinnately to bipinnately
dissected into narrow segments, often serrate; inflorescence densely corymbose.
Corollas with broadly tubular bases, slightly broadening above, white, rose,
lilac or purple. 12 spp., 11 from Brazil (9 endemic),
two also in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, and one endemic to Uruguay.
498. Raulinoreitzia
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect shrubs; leaves opposite, lamina elliptical to linear,
serrulate; inflorescence a pyramidal, often pendulous, panicle; corolla white,
narrowly funnelform. Three spp. in Brazil (all, one endemic), Ecuador, Bolivia,
Peru, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
499. Symphyopappus Turcz. Erect
shrubs or small trees, often viscid; leaves opposite, sometimes becoming
alternate near inflorescence, lamina ovate-lanceolate, serrate; inflorescence
rather densely corymbose; corollas with broadly tubular base, slightly
broadening above, rarely narrowly funnelform throughout, white, rose or purple-pink.
13 spp. from Brazil (Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul state),
one up to Peru.
SUBTRIBE AYAPANINAE
500. Alomiella R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect to decumbent perennial herbs; leaves opposite to
subopposite, lamina broadly ovate, serrate, acute; inflorescence laxly cymose.
Phyllaries 20–30, subimbricate, 3-seriate, unequal, elliptical to oblong,
receptacle flat, glabrous; florets c. 40; corollas white, narrowly funnelform,
glabrous below onboth surfaces, veins greatly thickened in tube and throat. Two
spp., endemic to Mato Grosso state in C Brazil.
501. Ayapana Spach. Erect
perennial herbs; leaves mostly opposite, very rarely spiralled, lamina narrowly
ovate to elliptical, entire to serrulate; inflorescence laxly paniculate, with
laxly or densely corymbose to subcymose branches; florets 5–40; corollas white
or pink, narrowly funnelform to nearly tubular, glabrous on inner surface, with
glands on outer surface of lobes. 17 spp., Guatemala to Paraguay
and Brazil (3, none endemic), 16 in South America.
502. Ayapanopsis R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect perennial herbs or subshrubs; leaves opposite, lamina
elliptical or ovate to deltoid, acute to acuminate, serrate to nearly entire;
inflorescence a corymbose panicle with corymbose to weakly cymose branches;
florets 35–150; corollas pink to violet, narrowly funnelform. 17 spp., over South
America, only one in Brazil, A. oblongifolia (Gardner) R.M. King
& H. Rob., also in Bolivia.
503. Condylidium
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect to decumbent perennial herbs or subshrubs; leaves
opposite, lamina ovate to ovate-lanceolate, bluntly serrate to subentire, short-acuminate;
inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate, with laxly and divaricately cymose branches;
florets 5–6; corollas white, with a short constricted basal tube, with abruptly
and rather narrowly campanulate limb. Two spp., C. iresinoides (Kunth) R.M.
King & H. Rob. in America
Central, Caribbean, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and C. cuatrecasii R.M. King & H. Rob. endemic to Colombia.
504. Gongrostylus
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Slender epiphytic vines, sparingly branched; leaves
opposite, lamina ovate, remotely serrate; inflorescences mostly axillary,
corymbose with cymose branches; florets c. 20; corollas white, very narrowly
funnelform, mostly glabrous with glands on outer surface of lobes. Two spp., Costa Rica to Ecuador.
505. Gymnocondylus R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect perennial herbs; leaves opposite, lamina ovate, crenulate,
scarcely acuminate; inflorescence a laxly corymbose cyme. Phyllaries c. 50,
distant, 2–3-seriate, unequal, narrowly lanceolate to linear; receptacle
slightly convex, glabrous; florets 60–80; corollas white, narrowly funnelform,
basal tube very narrow below. Only one sp., G. galeopsifolius (Gardner)
R.M. King & H. Rob., endemic to center Brazil in Goiás, Distrito
Federal, Minas Gerais states.
506. Heterocondylus
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect to subscandent perennial herbs or subshrubs. At least
lower leaves opposite, upper alternate in some species, lamina ovate to
narrowly oblong or panduriform, entire to serrate; inflorescence pyramidal to
distinctly cymose; capitula large, sometimes nodding; florets 20–80; corollas
white to pink or reddish-purple, narrowly funnelform; cells of limb elongate
with mostly sinuous lateral walls. 15 spp., America Central,
Venezuela, Guianas, Colombia, Brazil (14, 10 endemic), Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina
and Paraguay.
507. Isocarpha R. Br. Erect
annual or perennial herbs; leaves opposite or alternate, lamina narrowly
elliptical, entire to serrulate, narrowly acute; inflorescence a lax, sometimes
leafy panicle; florets more than 100; corollas white to pink,
usually narrowly funnelform with a distinct short basal tube, rarely
cylindrical, glands on outer surfasse mostly on tube and lobes. 5 spp.,
southern U.S.A. to Bolivia and Brazil (2, one endemic). All species occor in
South America.
508. Lepidesmia
Klatt.
Erect perennial herbs; leaves opposite, lamina rather fleshy, lanceolate to
linear-lanceolate, entire to subentire, blunt; inflorescence terminal, with
elongate lower internodes, ending in dense cymes; florets 3–7; corollas white,
narrowly funnelform, glabrous below, with a few glands on lobes. Only one sp., L.
squarrosa Klatt, restricted for Colombia and Venezuela.
509. Monogereion G.M. Barroso & R M.
King. Erect,
short-lived perennial herbs or subshrubs; leaves mostly alternate, basal leaves
opposite; inflorescence diffuse, with capitula laxly cymosely disposed on ends
of leafy branches; florets c. 25–30; corollas white, narrowly funnelform, with
hairs near base of tube, near tips of lobes and on entire upper two-thirdsof
inner surface of lobes. Only one sp., M. carajensis G.M. Barroso &
R.M. King, Carajas massif in Pará state, N Brazil.
510. Parapiqueria R.M. King
& H. Rob. Small, erect, annual or short-lived perennial herbs; leaves
opposite, upper subopposite to alternate, lamina linear; inflorescence very
diffuse with many capitula, branches rather thyrsoid paniculate; florets c. 12;
corollas white, with a short glabrous basal tube, limb broadly campanulate,
with a short throat. Only one sp., P. cavalcantei R.M. King & H.
Rob., Carajas massif in Pará state, N Brazil.
511. Polyanthina
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect perennial herbs; leaves opposite, sometimes alternate
above, serrate; inflorescence a lax thyrsoid or pyramidal panicle with denser
cymose branches. Phyllaries c. 40–50, subimbricate, 2–3-seriate, lanceolate;
receptacle slightly convex, shortly puberulous; florets c. 200–300; corollas
white, very narrowly tubular, glabrous on inner and outer surface. Only one
sp., P. nemorosa (Klatt) R.M. King & H. Rob., Costa Rica to Bolivia
and Venezuela.
512. Siapaea
Pruski.
Herbs. Stems repent, usually rooting at nodes; leaves opposite, simple, lamina
elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, acute; inflorescence terminal, cymose, few-headed;
phyllaries 1–2-seriate, few, distant, subequal; receptacle convex to conical,
glabrous, epaleaceous; florets several, hermaphrodite; corollas cream, corolla
tube glabrous, corolla lobes papillose; anther cylinder included within throat.
Only one sp., S. liesneri Pruski, endemic to the Guiana
Shield of Venezuela,
200 – 300m elevation range.
SUBTRIBE ALOMIINAE
513. Austrobrickellia
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect or spreading to arching subshrubs or shrubs; leaves
opposite, lamina ovate, entire to sharply dentate; inflorescence a lax leafy
thyrsoid panicle, branches densely corymbose at tips; florets 3–12; corollas
greenish white to purple, tubular, sometimes with slight constrictions above
and near base, glabrous on outer surfasse or with few minute glands on lobes. Three
spp., two from Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay, and A. bakerianum (B.L.Rob.)
R.M.King & H.Rob. endemic to Rio Grande do Sul state, S Brazil.
514. Brickellia Elliott.
Erect annual or perennial herbs, subshrubs or shrubs; leaves opposite or
alternate, lamina linear, lanceolate, ovate, deltoid or lobate; capitula
usually clustered in leafy thyrsoid panicle, sometimes corymbose or cymose,
rarely solitary and nodding on long peduncles; florets c. 4–100; corollas
usually white to cream-coloured, sometimes purplish, tubular or rarely narrowly
funnelform. 110 species, New World, highly centered in
Mexico, two in South America: the widely distribuited B. diffusa (Vahl) A.
Gray in over tropical South America, and one endemic to Bolivia.
515. Condylopodium
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect to subscandent shrubs; leaves opposite, lamina broadly
elliptical, entire to remotely serrulate; inflorescence broadly pyramidally
paniculate; florets c. 10–12; corollas greenish white, minimally narrowly
funnelform, with glands above on outer surface. Six spp. from Colombia, one up
to Ecuador.
516. Crossothamnus
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect shrubs; leaves opposite to alternate, lamina ovate,
serrulate to subserrulate; inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate, with branches
rather densely corymbose; florets c. 10; corollas white, slightly funnelform,
slightly narrowed above, glanduliferous on outer surface. 4 spp., Colombia to Peru.
517. Dissothrix
A.
Gray. Erect annual herbs; leaves opposite, lamina ovatelanceolate, serrate;
inflorescence a loose leafy thyrsoid panicle with cymose branches; florets 6–8;
corollas whitish, tubular, somewhat constricted above, glands dense at tips of
lobes, very sparse elsewhere on outer surface, veins distinctly thickened
below. Only one sp., D. imbricata (Gardner) B.L. Rob., Brazil, endemic
to Ceará state; known only from the type collections.
518. Goyazianthus
R.M.
King & H. Rob. Erect cinereo-puberulous and glandular-punctate subshrubs.
Primary leaves usually alternate, branch leaves and bracts of inflorescence
usually opposite, lamina narrowly oblong-oblanceolate, entire; inflorescence
thyrsoid-paniculate, with subcymose branches; florets 4; corollas creamy white,
tubular, narrower above, with numerous glands on outer surface. Only one sp., G.
tetrastichus (B.L. Rob.) R.M. King & H. Rob., endemic to Brazil, in Goiás state
and Distrito Federal.
519. Helogyne
Nutt.
Erect subshrubs or shrubs; leaves alternate, lamina small, elliptical to
lanceolate, entire; inflorescence a dense rather pyramidal or thyrsoid panicle
or sometimes diffuse and leafy; florets 5–18; corollas white, pink, purple, or
according to some descriptions, yellow, tubular and somewhat constricted above
or funnelform, with many minute glands on outer surface, at least on lobes. 8 spp. from Argentina,
Bolivia, Chile and Peru.
520. Hofmeisteria Walp. 12 spp., 11 in
Mexico and one in Colombia.
521. Leptoclinium Benth. &
Hook. f. Erect shrubs; leaves alternate, imbricate, lamina broadly lanceolate,
entire; inflorescence of small terminal corymbose panicles; florets 5; corollas
creamy white, tubular, glabrous. Only one sp., L. trichotomum (Gardner)
Benth. ex Baker, Brazil, endemic to Goiás state.
522. Planaltoa Taub. Erect,
densely hirtellous subshrubs or shrubs; leaves alternate, imbricate, minutely
serrulate; inflorescence terminal, densely corymbose or thyrsoid; capitula
sessile in small bracteolate clusters; florets 3–5; corollas pink, tubular or
minimally funnelform, outer surface densely pubescent with eglandular hairs,
stipitate glandular hairs, or short-stalked glands. Two spp. endemic to Goiás
state in C Brazil.
523. Pseudobrickellia R.M. King
& H. Rob. Small trees or erect, often somewhat fasciculated shrubs; leaves
densely spirally inserted, lamina narrowly linear, glabrous; inflorescence
terminal on leafy branches, densely corymbose to somewhat pyramidal; florets
2–4(–8?); corollas greenish white, tubular or minimally funnelform, glabrous on
outer surface. Two spp. endemic to Brazil.
SUBTRIBE HEBECLIINAE
524. Bartlettina R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect shrubs or small trees; leaves opposite, lamina lanceolate
to broadly ovate; inflorescence usually corymbose-paniculate; involucres
broadly campanulate; florets 8–150; corollas white, lavender, blue or purple,
inner surface glabrous. 43 spp., tropical Central and South America (8, all
single country range), one of them, B. conspicua (Mart. ex
Colla) P.L.R.Moraes & Guglielmone, endemic to Rio de Janeiro state in SE Brazil.
525. Guayania R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect perennial herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite, lamina
elliptical to broadly ovate, serrate; inflorescences strongly cymose, ultimate
branchlets with clusters of sessile or subsessile capitula; involucres
campanulate; Florets 5–25; corollas bluish-white, lavender or white, with
cylindrical basal tube, outer surface glabrous below lobes, inner glabrous. 5
species, endemic
to the Guiana Shield of Brazil (3, none endemic), Colombia, Guyana,
Venezuela, 100 – 2,800m elevation range.
526. Hebeclinium DC. Large
herbs or subshrubs; leaves opposite, lamina broadly ovate to deltoid or
lanceolate, usually crenate or serrate-pinnate; inflorescence a lax cyme with
widely spreading branches; involucres broadly campanulate; Florets (12–) 20–80;
corollas white or pink, outer surfasse glabrous below, inner surface of throat
in some species with numerous hairs. 28 spp., neotropics, 25 in South America,
only one in Brazil, the widely distributed H. macrophyllum (L.) DC.
SUBTRIBE
TRICHOGONIINAE ▸ only three genera, near endemic to Brazil.
527. Platypodanthera R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect or ascending, rarely procumbent, annual or perennial herbs
or subshrubs; stems slightly hexagonal; leaves usually alternate, lamina ovate
to lanceolate, serrate; inflorescence a lax cymose or subcorymbose panicle with
elongatebasal internodes; florets 40–130; corollas pink or lavender, rarely
white, narrowly funnelform, glabrous. Only one sp., P. melissifolia (DC.)
R.M. King & H. Rob., endemic to NE Brazil in the states of Alagoas,
Bahia, Paraíba and Pernambuco in the dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga)
and savannas of C Brazil (cerrado).
528. Trichogonia (DC.)
Gardner. Erect perennial herbs or subshrubs, sometimes
with xylopodium; leaves usually alternate, opposite in some
species at least below, lamina linear to broadly cordate, usually crenulate to
crenate; inflorescence a lax to dense cymose or corymbose panicle; florets
10–60; corollas pink, purple or white, narrowly funnelform, basal tube
sometimes narrow and elongate, limb with dense pubescence on upper throat and
lobes. 20 spp., 18 in Brazil (14 endemic), and Bolivia, Paraguay, the northern
Andes of Colombia and Venezuela, and the lowlands of NE Venezuela.
529. Trichogoniopsis R.M. King
& H. Rob. Erect perennial herbs or subshrubs; leaves alternate or opposite,
lamina ovate, serrate; inflorescence a lax cymose or corymbose panicle; florets
25–50; corollas white, narrowly funnelform, outer surface with few or no hairs
above. Three spp., in the Atlantic Forest and savannas of C Brazil (cerrado) in the
states of Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio
de Janeiro and São Paulo states in Brazil.
SUBTRIBE NEOMIRANDEINAE
530. Neomirandea R.M. King
& H. Rob. Large herbs or shrubs to small trees, epiphytic or humicolous;
leaves opposite or whorled, lamina deltoid or aceriform to elliptical or
oblong, often slightly fleshy, entire to coarsely lobed and dentate;
inflorescence a broadly cymose or corymbose panicle, with clustered capitula;
florets 2–28; corollas white to reddish purple, narrowly funnelform, with or
without hairs inside throat. 26 spp., Mexico to Colombia and Ecuador, centered
in Costa Rica and Panamá. 8 spp. in South America, absent in Brazil.
62. ESCALLONIALES
A SINGLE
FAMILY, PRESENT IN SOUTH AMERICA.
ESCALLONIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
Genera/species
8/c 125 Distribution mainly southern hemisphere. Habit Usually
bisexual (rarely unisexual), usually evergreen trees and shrubs (Valdivia
gayana is a small shrub; Tribeles australis is a low procumbent and
creeping shrub; Eremosyne pectinata is an annual herb); three genera in
New World.
SYSTEMATIC outsiders
Anopterus (2, Australia), Eremosyne (1, SW
W Australia), Forgesia (1, Reunion) and Polyosma (91,
E Himalayas and S China to E Queensland, E New South Wales and New Caledonia).
1. Escallonia Mutis
ex L.f. Shrubs or trees, terrestrial, rarely epiphytic; stems often with
exfoliating bark; stipules usually absent; leaves alternate, simple, margins
entire or often with glandular teeth; inflorescences mostly terminal racemes or
panicles, or axillary and of solitary flowers; flowers actinomophic, bisexual;
calyx campanulate, 5-lobed; petals 5, free, imbricate, often spathulate;
stamens 5, free, anthers dithecal, longitudinally dehiscent, basifixed;
intrastaminal disc present, surrounding the base of the style; ovary inferior,
2-3-locular, placentation axile, ovules many, style 1, stigmas 1-3; fruits
septicidal capsules; seeds many, small, striate. 41 spp., all in South America
from Venezuela to S Argentina up to mountains areas in SE Brazil (9, 7 endemic,
Espirito Santo southwards), one up to Costa Rica, two in Uruguay and one in
Paraguay. Only six in equatorial Andes. Locally the wood of Escallonia
is used for fuel, charcoal, and timber; cultivated throughout the world for
ornamental purposes; it is often dominant in Andean forests at high elevations;
the highest species diversity of Escallonia is found in Chile and
Argentina, with 15 endemic in to region.
2. Rayenia Menegoz &
A.E. Villarroel. Perennial creeping subshrub, usually forming cushions of
variable size, sometimes with unclear limits between neighbouring individuals,
5–20 cm tall, 20–180 cm wide, 50–1050 cm long. Only one sp., R.
malalcurensis Menegoz & A.E. Villarroel, endemic to the eastern Andean
ranges in the locality of San Fabián de Alico, Punilla Province, Ñuble Region,
Chile.
3. Tribeles Phil. Small,
prostrate shrub with spirally-arranged leaves that have broad bases and three
small teeth at the apex; the small, terminal flowers have a contorted corolla,
extrorse anthers, pollen with interrupted muri, and a style with a three-lobed,
subclavate stigma; the shiny seeds long remain attached to the columella of the
capsule. Only
one sp., T. australis Phil., temperate Chile and S Argentina.
4. Valdivia Gay ex J. Remy. Small
subshrub with indehiscent dry fruits and fused styles. numerous seeds are small
and have long, almost unbranched ridges, and are borne on deeply intruding,
bilobed and pitted placentas. Only one sp., V. gayana J. Rémy,
known only three known localities in the province of Valdivia, south-central
Chile, where it grows in sheltered and calcareous habitats (caves) close to the
coast.
63. DESFONTAINIALES
A SINGLE
FAMILY, PRESENT IN SOUTH AMERICA.
COLUMELIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
Genera/species
2/5 Distribution western South America. Habit bisexual,
evergreen shrubs or small trees. Bud scales absent. Use Medicinal
plants, carpentry, dyeing substances. Two genera.
Columelliaceae
is currently unassigned in the Asterids. It has previously been placed in
various orders: Rosales (Cronquist 1981), Saxifragales (Takhatajan 1983),
Hydrangeales (Thorne 1992) and Dipsacales (Backlund 1996). Its closest relative
genera, Collumelia and Desfontainia are synonymised within the
Columelliaceae due to similarities in wood anatomy, distribution, habit, large,
showy flowers and the many seeds.
SYSTEMATIC both
genera occur in South America.
1. Columellia
Ruiz & Pav. Evergreen shrubs or trees; leaves simple, opposite, decussate;
inflorescences few-flowered, terminal and/or axillary cymes or panicles or
flowers solitary; flowers slightly zygomorphic, (4-)5(-8)-merous; corolla
yellow, sympetalous, the lobes imbricate in bud; fruit septicidal, imperfectly
4-locular capsule with persistent calyx; seeds many, minute, laterally
compressed, oblong, smooth. 5 spp., in the Andes from S Colombia to Bolivia (4
in Peru, one endemic), from about 1600 to 3600 metres above sea level.
Columellia
have an epigynous flowers, zygomorphic corolla, 2 stamens and capsular fruit; similar
Gelsemiaceae with leaf blade margins do not have spine like teeth; similar Fagraea
Thunb. and Potalia Aubl.in in Gentianaceae have capsular fruit, an
inferior ovary and no spine-like teeth around leaf blade.
2. Desfontainia
Ruiz & Pav. Erect or sprawling evergreen shrubs, or small trees, 1-4m tall,
with stiff branchlets, sometimes decumbent; leaves simple, opposite; flowers
hermaphroditic, mainly solitary but also aggregated in inflorescences, terminal
and in leaf axils, pentamerous; fruit ovoidal to globose, white berries (green
when mature); seeds many, dark brown, shiny. Three spp. Andes from Costa Rica
(in 2000-4000 m) to Cape Horn in Chile (0-120 m), also W Venezuela.
§ D. fulgens
D.Don - corolla gradually dilated towards the porrect or half-spreading limb,
tube cylindrical, calyx lobes widely oblong, apex rounded, without prominent
midrib. Argentina and Chile.
§ D.
spinosa Ruiz & Pavon s.s. - corolla
with acuminate lobes, 1.5-2(-3) times as long as calyx lobes, these are always
pubescent on back and margin. Endemic to Peru.
§ D. splendens
Bonpl. - corolla abruptly dilated into half spreading or spreading limb, tube
cylindrical, calyx lobes widely oblong or oblong acuminate, apex rounded to
acute. Costa Rica to Bolivia.
64. BRUNIALES
BRUNIALES DOES NOT OCCUR IN SOUTH AMERICA, AND
IS COMPOSED OF A SINGLE FAMILLY, BRUNIACEAE (6/81), BY POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
65. PARACRYPHYALES
PARACRYPHIALES
DOES NOT OCCUR IN SOUTH AMERICA, AND IS COMPOSED OF A SINGLE FAMILLY, PARACRYPHIACEAE (3/35), BY POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
66. DIPSACALES
TWO
FAMILIES, BOTH IN SOUTH AMERICA.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
Genera/species 33/837–987
Distribution mainly temperate regions on the northern Hemisphere;
some species in subtropical regions, few species on tropical mountains, SE
Australia and Tasmania, with their largest diversity in Himalayas and China Habit trees
or herbs that can be recognized by their opposite leaves and often rather
weakly monosymmetric flowers with a more or less radially symmetric calyx; the
overy is inferior and the fruits are often few or one seeded. The bark in the
woody taxa often comes off in thin flakes.
SYSTEMATIC
Diervilloideae (1-2/16, E Asia, SE U.S.A.), Caprifolioideae
(5/220, mostly northern temperate, mainly E Asia and E. North America), Heptacodium
Clade (1/1, E China), Linnaeoideae (6/32,
circumboreal to Mexico, China to Japan), Zabelia (1/8, Afganistan, Tian
Shan to Japan), Morinoideae (2-3/13,
Balkans to China) and Dipsacoideae
(11/290, Eurasia, Africa, mainly Mediterranean region, to Malesia) not occur in
South America. Among Valerianoideae
subfamily, outsiders are Nardostachys (1, Himalayas, W China), Patrinia (17,
Ural and W Asia to Himalayas and E Asia), and Valerianella (23,
temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere south to North Africa).
1. Valeriana
L. Terrestrial annual, biennial, or perennial herbs
sometimes subshrubs or cushion, or
shrublets, or climbers or scandent plants, sometimes rosettes, lax and
succulentd, usually with characteristic odour, especially when dry (associated
with valeric acid), sometimes connate leaves and rather small flowers; the
inflorescence is cymose and bracteolate; the sympetalous corolla is often
spurred but other than that may be only weakly monosymmetric; the calyx often
develops greatly in fruit. 436 spp., mainly in the northern Hemisphere, 283 in
New World, 218 in South America, mainly restricted to the high altitude areas
of the Andes, Peru (92, 55 endemic), Argentina (48, 15 endemic), Chile (44, 14
endemic), Ecuador (38, 8 endemic), Brazil (21, 16 endemic), Venezuela
(2, none endemic), and SE South Africa. One or two weedy species
found in the Neotropics.
Valeriana is the most morphological diverse genus in South America. Although its center of origin may be Asia, the present-day
center of Valerianaceae species diversity is in South America, where many
different morphological forms - from rosette plants (V. rigida
Ruiz & Pav.) to microphyllous shrubs (V. microphylla Kunth)
to annual vine-like species (V. chaerophylloides Sm.) - occupy a wide
range of habitats; Valeriana are abundant and diverse in the Andes,
especially in the paramo, scattered along the crests of the highest ranges in
the northern Andes or on isolated mountaintops from 3,000 to 5,000 m; many of
the high Andean species of Valeriana are growing as semirosulate or
pulvinate plants in the Puna at altitudes of up to nearly 5,000 m; here, they
have to survive recurrent night frosts of sometimes 1 to 4.5 ºC, with the risk
of frost drought because the upper layers of soil often remain frozen for many
hours; in the paramos of Colombia, Ecuador and northern Peru, associations of ligneous,
shrubby or even more or less arborescent species occur; on the other hand,
especially in Chile, a considerable number of annual species is found; some
species, e.g. V. polystachya Sm. and V. salicariifolia
Vahl, grow in swampy areas.
In Brazil almost all of them consisting of herbs restricted to the
southern and southeastern states of the country and generally collected in
montane or submontane habitats; only one spp. arborescent, a strikingly
distinct, V. tajuvensis Sobral, endemic of a montane massif in the
southernmost Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina states,
occurs in E South America; arborescent species
of Valeriana are quite common in the Andean highlands of Colombia, Peru,
and Venezuela.
VIBURNACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
Genera/species 3/229 Distribution mainly temperate regions in
the Northern Hemisphere, some species in subtropical regions, few species in
tropical mountains, SE Australia and Tasmania, with their largest diversity in
Himalaya and China, absent from Africa. Habit usually bisexual (in Viburnum
rarely polygamomonoecious), perennial herbs (Adoxa, Sinadoxa, Tetradoxa,
some species of Sambucus), evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs (Sambucus,
Viburnum). Usually shrubs (rarely trees).
Mostly
northern temperate, with their highest diversity in China, tropical and
subtropical mountains. They are characterised by opposite
toothed leaves, small five- or, more rarely, four-petalled flowers in cymose
inflorescences, and the fruit being a drupe. Some Cornaceae look similar to Viburnum,
but the former often have 4-merous flowers; they lack stellate indumentum, and
their lateral veins ascend towards the apex of the blade. Useful tips for
generic identification: Sambucus has compound leaves, and Viburnum,
simple leaves.
SYSTEMATIC two tribes, both in
South America.
1. TRIBE
ADOXEAE (2/26) ‣ outsider Adoxa (4, temperate regions on the northern
Hemisphere south to Himalayas and C U.S.A.).
1. Sambucus
L. Perennial
herbs, shrubs or small trees up to ca. 7 m high, deciduous or semi-evergreen;
young stems and branches with a prominent pith with tannin ducts, and in woody
taxa with conspicuous lenticels; winter buds perulate; flowers mainly
hermaphroditic, some dimorphic flowers or functionally unisexual individuals
recorded. 22 spp. in temperate to subtropical regions and on tropical
mountains, mainly of the northern hemisphere, six in New World: two from Canada
to Mexico, S. canadensis L. from U.S.A. to Bolivia, S. peruviana
Kunth from Costa Rica to NW Argentina, one Holartic, and S. australis
Cham. & Schltdl. from SE & S Brazil to NE Argentina.
2. TRIBE
VIBURNEAE (1/203) ‣ a single genus.
2. Viburnum L. Usually
shrubs (rarely trees); hairs often stellate or peltate; foliaceous to
scale-like appendages or nectariferous glands sometimes present on petiole or
leaf base; nectary epigynous disc-like epithelial structure on ovary; flowers
sometimes strongly fragrant. 203 spp., 86 in New World, 33 in South America,
all species are restricted tropical Andes except V. tinoides L., which
occur in Guiana Shield, in Venezuela, Guyana
and Amazonas state in Brazil (only in Mount Aracá), also in Colombia and E
Venezuela. 10 sections worldwide:
§ sect. Lentago ‣ 7 spp., E North America,
except V. elatum Benth. in Mexico.
§ sect. Megalotinus ‣ 18 spp., SE Asia,
extending west to India and south to Indonesia.
§ sect. Odontotinus ‣ 37 spp., temperate Asia
and E North America, except V. orientale Pall. in the Caucasus
Mountains.
§ sect. Opulus ‣ 5 spp., circumboreal.
§ sect. Oreinotinus ‣ 38 spp., Mexico,
Caribbean, Central and South America; includes all species of continent.
§ sect. Pseudotinus ‣ 4 spp., Asia, except V.
lantanoides Michx. in E North America.
§ sect. Solenotinus ‣ 26 spp., Asia, extending
west to India and south to Indonesia.
§ sect. Tinus ‣ 7 spp., Asia, except V.
tinus L. in Europe.
§ sect. Tomentosa ‣ 2 spp., China, Japan.
§
sect.
Viburnum ‣ 14 spp., Asia, except V.
lantana L. in Europe.
67. APIALES
FAMILIES ABSENT
IN SOUTH AMERICA: MYODOCARPACEAE (2/15), PENNANTIACEAE (1/3), PITTOSPORACEAE
(9/293) AND TORRICELLIACEAE (3/11), AS IN POWO IN JUNE 11, 2024.
GRISELINIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024.
Genera/species 1/7
Distribution New Zealand, Stewart Island, SE Brazil, Paraguay,
Chile. Habit dioecious, evergreen trees or shrubs (sometimes lianas
or epiphytes). Only one genus.
Araliaceae
is closest to this family but Griseliniaceae lack resin ducts, umbels, and
stipules found in that family.
SYSTEMATIC a
single genus.
1. Griselinia Forst. &
Forst. Shrubs, rarely exceeding 2m in height, sometimes epiphytic in coniferous
Araucaria and Podocarpus species; leaves alternate, simple,
margins entire, dentate or spinose, apex acute, obtuse or minutely 3-fid;
inflorescences axillary racemes or panicles; flowers unisexual and plants
dioecious; petals 5 in staminate flowers, greenish yellow, very small,
imbricate, free; petals absent in pistillate flowers; fruits drupaceous,
blackish; seed 1. 7 spp., two in New Zealand and 5 in South
America, smaller shrubs, 1–5 m tall: three endemic of Chile; G. racemosa
(Phil.) Taub. from S Chile and adjacent Argentina; and G. ruscifolia
(Gay) Ball. in S Brazil, Araucaria forest and Atlantic coastal forest
(the only true Neotropical taxa G.
ruscifolia (Gay) Ball var. itatiaiae ((Wawra) Taub.), also
in loma vegetation (Chile).
ARALIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 10, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN HYDROCOTYLE
AT ANNEX 3.
Genera/species 46/1,591
Distribution mainly tropical and subtropical regions in the Southern and
Northern Hemispheres; a few genera in temperate areas. Habit usually
bisexual (sometimes monoecious, andromonoecious, gynomonoecious,
polygamomonoecious, or dioecious), evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs or
lianas (sometimes perennial herbs or suffrutices).
Some species
are aquatic or helophytes. Leaf scars large and distinct. Small
shrubs to large trees, less commonly lianas or herbs, glabrous or pubescent.
Plants terrestrial, hemi-epiphytic, or climbing. 415 spp. in South America. The
woody plants are often sparsely branched with pachycaulous stems; the leaves
are often clustered toward apex of branches, with petioles of rather unequal
lengths (especially in Dendropanax), and bases sometimes sheathing. Three other
genera of the family, Oplopanax (Torr. & A. Gray)
Miq., Panax L. and Pseudopanax K. Koch, are native
to the Americas, but all are found exclusively in temperate areas. Additional
generic names have commonly been applied to some Neotropical taxa of
Araliaceae, such as Gilibertia Ruiz & Pav. (under Dendropanax)
and Sciadodendron Griseb. (under Aralia).
No
characters are always present in Araliaceae. However, the presence of flowers
usually grouped in umbels or capitula and nectariferous discs is useful for
recognizing members of the family.
SYSTEMATIC two
subfamilies, both in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
HYDROCOTYLOIDEAE (2/240)
‣ outsider Trachymene
(59, SE Asia, Malesia, New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, Fiji).
1. Hydrocotyle L. Herbs; leaf blades simple (often peltate and orbicular) to
palmately lobed or compound; membranaceous, the margins entire to crenate or
dentate; inflorescences axillary, often simple umbellate but sometimes compound
umbellate or forming continuous to interrupted spikes; flowers with 5 free,
valvate petals; stamens 5; carpels 2, ovary inferior, styles free or basally
connate; fruits dry schizocarps, usually 5-ribbed, flattened laterally. 182 spp.
worldwide, 87 in New World, 72 in South America, 21 in Brazil (9 endemic),
widely distributed in moist habitats, especially in the Andes.
2. SUBFAMILY
ARALIOIDEAE (44/1,351) ‣
outsiders Harmsiopanax (3; Malesia to New Guinea), Osmoxylon
(c 60; Taiwan in China, Malesia to islands in Pacific); Astrotricha (c
20; Australia); Cheirodendron (6; Hawaii; Marquesas Islands), Motherwellia
(1; Queensland), Cephalaralia (1; Queensland, New South Wales); Cussonia
(c 20; tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene Islands), Seemannaralia
(1; South Africa); Polyscias (c 160; tropical regions in the Old World
east to New Caledonia, with their largest diversity in Madagascar), Meryta
(28–30; E Australia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, New Zealand, Three Kings Islands
and Hen and Chickens Islands off New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Pitcairn Island,
Society Islands, Marquesas Islands and other islands in SW Pacific), Pseudopanax
(11–12; Tasmania, New Zealand), Plerandra (33; New Guinea, Solomon
Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji); Heteropanax (8; S Asia, China), Fatsia
(3; Japan, Korean Peninsula, Taiwan in China), Oplopanax (3; Japan, NW
North America), Metapanax (2; S China, N Vietnam), Macropanax
(17; Himalayas, China, SE Asia, W Malesia), Kalopanax (1; Siberia,
China, Korean Peninsula, Japan), Tetrapanax (1; S China inc. Taiwan), Heteropanax
(9; South and SE Asia, China), Schefflera (13; New Zealand to Pacific), Astropanax
(18–19; Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles), Neocussonia (31; Tanzania to S
Africa, Madagascar), Sinopanax (1; Taiwan in China), Merrilliopanax
(3; Himalayas, northern Burma, Yunnan), Hedera (12–15; Europe,
Macaronesia, Mediterranean, NW Africa, central and southern Asia to Japan and
Taiwan in China), Trevesia (7; India, SE Asia, Malesia), Brassaiopsis
(40–45; Himalayas, China, Thailand, Indochina, W and C Malesia), Eleutherococcus
(c 40; Himalayas, SE Siberia, China, Korean Peninsula, Japan, SE Asia, Malesia
to Philippines), Anakasia (1; New Guinea), Woodburnia (1; Burma).
2.
Aralia L. Armed or
unarmed, terrestrial, mostly deciduous shrubs or trees; leaves stipulate, base
adnate to clasping; blades 1-4-pinnately compound; leaflets with margin entire
to variously toothed; inflorescence terminal or lateral; paniculate, corymbose,
or compound umbellate, ultimate units umbellules or sometimes capitula or
racemules; pedicels articulated (rarely unarticulated); flowers with
5--10(--12) free, imbricate petals; fruits berry -like drupes. 73 spp. from E
and SE Asia, Malesia, North America, 16 spp. in New World, up to Argentina,
most species in seasonally dry forests, usually below 500 m; as recently
circumscribed, Aralia has six sections:
§ sect. Aralia ‣ three North American
and 11 Asian species.
§ sect. Dimorphanthus (Miq.) Miq. ‣ two E North American
and 27 Asian species.
§ sect. Humiles Harms ‣ three North and America
Centraln species.
§ sect. Nanae Harms ‣ one North American
species.
§ sect. Pentapanax (Seem.) J. Wen ‣ 19 Asian species.
§ sect. Sciadodendron (Griseb.) J.
Wen ‣ 5 spp., one in Cuba,
four in South America, A. bahiana J. Wen endemic to Bahia state, Brazil;
A. warmingiana (Marchal) J. Wen in Brazil, Bolivia and Cono Sur, A.
excelsa (Griseb.) J.Wen from North America to Venezuela and Guianas, and
A.a soratensis Marchal in Peru, Bolivia and Cono Sur.
3. Cephalopanax
G.M.
Plunkett, Lowry & D.A.Neill (inc. Schefflera p.p.). Hermaphroditic, unarmed, terrestrial,
ever-green trees, often with ferruginous orreddish-brown (less commonly
gray)indument, especially on young parts; stems monocaulous to moderately
branched, pachycaulous. Two described species and an estimated five to ten new
species that remain to be de-scribed, from W Venezuela to Pasco region in Peru.
4. Crepinella Marchal.
Trees, leaves
with coriaceous leaflets and small stipular ligules, compoundumbellate
inflorescences, and 2- to 5-carpellate ovaries. 33 spp., largely restricted to
montane vegetation on the sandstone tepuis of the Guiana Shield (30 in
Venezuela, 18 endemic), with just three species occurring on sandstone
substrates elsewhere in N Brazil (9, none endemic), Colombia, Ecuador, and
Peru.
5. Dendropanax Decne. &
Planch. Glabrous plants with simple or palmatilobed leaves, which are often
3-nerved at the base and have schizogenous glands and small intrapetiolar
stipules; the inflorescences are simple or more or less compoundly arranged
umbels of unjointed, pedicellate 5-9-merous flowers with valvate petals,
glandular and versatile anthers, and fruits that sometimes have a distinct
stylar column. 95 spp. from tropical and subtropical Asia and Neotropics, 75 in
New World, 43 in South America, 22 in Brazil (15 endemic, 4 of then in E
country are rare plants, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book), up to
Argentina, moist forests at lowland to mid-elevation areas, usually below 1,500
m.
Most of
the Brazilian species of Dendropanax are endemic to the Atlantic rain
forests of the eastern coast, where more than 10 species occur, some of which
are, as yet, undescribed. D. bahiensis
Fiaschi, together with D. exilis
(Toledo) Jung and other as yet undescribed species from
Espírito Santo state, these species form a group characterized by a shrubby
habit, leaves with schizogenous dots visible on the abaxial surface, reduced
inflorescences (simple or branched), and small and shortpedicellate greenish
flowers; this group is endemic to the interior of the Atlantic rain forests of
E Brazil, ranging from Bahia to Santa Catarina states.
6.
Didymopanax Decne. & Planch. 38 spp., 26
endemic to Brazil (11 of then are rares, all in SE region but one in Mato
Grosso, another in Amazonas state, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s
book), eight in Brazil and adjacent counties, two endemic to
Venezuela, and D. morototoni (Aubl.) Decne. & Planch. from Mexico
and the Caribbean to southern Brazil and NE Argentina.
Most species
of the genus are endemic in mid- to high-elevation areas of the Atlantic Forest
(12), the rocky grasslands (campos rupestres), highlands of savannas of
C Brazil (cerrado, 7), and the northwestern Amazon rainforests in the
border areas among Brazil, Venezuela, and Colombia (5); about two-thirds of the
species of genus are forest-dwellers, whereas the remaining occur mostly in
savannas; the genus is poorly represented in seasonally dry tropical forests,
where only a single widely distributed species is found. D. confusus (Marchal) Fiaschi &
G.M.Plunkett (Colombia, Peru, N Brazil) apparently has the largest fruits and the largest number of leaflets for any New World
Araliaceae.
7. Oreopanax
Decne. & Planch. Pubescent or glabrous, terrestrial or epiphytic shrubs or
trees; leaves with blade simple or palmately lobed to compound, highly variable
in shape, the margins entire or variously toothed; inflorescences terminal,
paniculate, the ultimate units capitula; bracts well-developed; pedicels
lacking; flowers with 5--7 free, valvate petals; stamens 5--7; carpels 2-12;
ovary inferior, styles free or connate basally; fruits drupes. 147 spp. over
mountainous areas of Neotropics, 117 in South America, especially above 1,500 m
in the Andes; two spp. in E Brazil, O. fulvus (Jacq.) Decne. &
Planch. endemic and O. capitatus Marchal, ranging
from S Mexico to Brazil.
8. Raukaua
Seem.
Scandents shrubs, composed leaves. 6 spp., mainly in Tasmania and New Zealand,
and two in South America, both in Chile and Argentina.
9.
Sciodaphyllum P.Browne. 146 spp. (more than 200
remain to be described), 19 restricted of Costa Rica and Panamá, 4 only
Caribbean, 2 in both South and America Central (or Caribbean), and remaining 121
only in South America, with high diversities in Colombia (58), Ecuador (33),
Venezuela (25), Panamá (21), Peru (23) and Bolivia (12); wide range of humid or
seasonally moist habitats, from sea level to nearly 3,500 m elevation. 4 spp.
in Brazil, none endemic and shared with only Venezuela except S. sprucei
Seem. shared with Peru, Ecuador and Colombia.
APIACEAE
§ REFERENCE:
AS
IN POWO ON JUNE 13, 2024 + SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IN HYDROCOTYLE
AT ANNEX 3.
Genera/species
447/3,460-3,580 Distribution cosmopolitan except polar
areas. Habit usually bisexual (sometimes andromonoecious or
polygamomonoecious, rarely dioecious), usually perennial, biennial or annual
herbs (sometimes suffrutices or shrubs, rarely trees). Some
representatives are xerophytic, aquatic or helophytic; internodes usually
hollow.
Myrrhidendron
is the most tree-like genus in the Neotropics, but species of Arracacia, Coaxana, Coulterophytum, Enantiophylla, Neonelsonia, Prionosciadium, Mathiasella and Dahliaphyllum also contain
secondary (woody) tissue. Azorella
species form densely tufted cushion plants. Conium
maculatum L. is
deadly poisonous and widely naturalized. 776 spp. in New World, 278 in South
America; predominantly herbs with pinnately or palmately dissected leaves;
inflorescences usually in umbels, less often in heads; flowers with 5 sepals,
petals and stamens; inferior ovary with two carpels; fruits are schizocarps
with 2 mericarps.
SYSTEMATIC
eight high lineages: Platysace (Mackinlayoideae (Klotzschia (Azorelloideae (Hermas (Phlyctidocarpa +
Saniculoideae) (Apioideae)))))); clades Platysace
Megacore (1/c 25), Hermas clade (1/9, W and E Cape), Phlyctidocarpeae
(1/1, Outjo and Kaokoveld in Namibia) does not occur in South America.
1. SUBFAMILY
MACKINLAYOIDEAE (10/c 95) ‣
outsiders Actinotus (c 20; Australia, New Zealand), Apiopetalum
(2; New Caledonia), Mackinlaya (5; Central Malesia to islands in
Pacific); Chlaenosciadium (1; W Australia), Brachyscias (1; W
Australia), Xanthosia (c 25; Australia, with their highest diversity in
Western Australia); Pentapeltis (1; W Australia), Schoenolaena
(1; W Australia).
1. Centella L. 55
spp., southern Africa to Zimbabwe and Malawi, with C. asiatica (L.) Urb.,
pantropical, cited in New World from North America, Caribbean, Venezuela,
Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil and Cono Sur; one variety of this spp. is often
treated as a independent spp.
2.
Micropleura Lag. Herbs. Two spp., one
in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia and another from Mexico to Panamá.
2.
KLOTZSCHIA CLADE (1/3) ‣
a single genus.
3. Klotzschia Cham. Herbs
with peltate leaves, acaulis to tall, sometimes with taproot
tubers;
fruit without wings or ‘pseudo-wings’; ribs without distinct oil ducts. Single
fused ventral bundle replacing carpophore. Three spp., K.
brasiliensis Cham. and K. rhizophylla Urb. from Minas Gerais and
Bahia states, very small acaulis herbs from dry mountains, and K. glaziovii
Urb., a single erect few branched shrub, endemic to Goiás state.
3. SUBFAMILY
AZORELLOIDEAE (16/113 - 118) ‣
four clades, all in South America.
3.1 AZORELLOIDEAE ▸
DIPOSIS CLADE - a single
genus.
4. Diposis DC. Geophyte
herbs. Three spp., Chile, Argentina and Uruguay one endemic each.
3.2 AZORELLOIDEAE ▸
BOLAX CLADE ‣ outsiders
Dichosciadium (1; Australia), Drusa (1; Canary Islands, Somalia).
5. Bolax Comm. ex
Juss. Small cushions. Two spp. from
temperate regions in Chile and Argentina.
6. Bowlesia Ruiz
& Pav. 16 spp., all South America (only two up to North America and
Mexico), mainly from Peru to Patagonia, and one, B. incana Ruiz &
Pav. reaching into southern Brazil, also in Chile, Peru, U.S.A. and Mexico.
7. Homalocarpus Hook. &
Arn. 6 spp. endemic to Chile.
3.3 AZORELLOIDEAE ▸
ASTERISCIUM CLADE ‣ outsider Oschatzia
(2; SE Australia, Tasmania)
8. Asteriscium Cham. &
Schltdl. Succulent.
9 spp., Chile (4 endemic) and Argentina (5 endemic).
9. Domeykoa Phil.
Ephemeral annuals. 5 spp., two in S Peru and three endemic to N Chile.
10. Eremocharis Phil. 9 spp.
from Peru (8) and Chile (1).
11. Gymnophyton Clos. Leafless
shrubs. 6 spp., 5 in Chile and one in Bolivia and Argentina.
12. Pozoa Lag. Herbs, perennial
short succulent, succulent; leaves ovate–orbicular to reniform, slightly or
doubly dentate, usually with 13–30 triangular teeth; umbels has 25–45 flowers,
some staminate; flowers are usually greenish-yellow; fruits are oblong–ovate,
the mature carpels being strongly compressed. Two spp. widely distributeds at elevations
between 1,000 and 4,000 m and distributed along the southern Andes in Chile and
Argentina.
3.4 AZORELLOIDEAE ▸
AZORELLA CLADE ‣ outsiders
Dickinsia (1; SW China), Diplaspis
(3; SE Australia, Tasmania).
13. Azorella
Lam.
Compiscuous, cushion or mat-like,
membranaceous herbs to 2 cm to 2m high, some spinescent. 58 spp., New Zealand
(14), Macquarie Island (2), Australia (1 endemic), and 42 in South America from
Venezuela to Patagonia, highly centered in Argentina and Chile, A. biloba
(Schltdl.) Wedd. up to Costa Rica, and A. selago Hook. f. up to
Kerguelen, Heard Island and McDonald, Crozet, and Prince Edward Islands.
14. Spananthe Jacq. Herbs
with small witish flowers. Two spp., S.
paniculata Jacq. From Caribbean, Mexico to Venezuela, Peru,
Bolivia, Ecuador and Brazil, and one endemic to Peru.
4. SUBFAMILY
APIOIDEAE (395–435/2.850–3.010)
‣ 30 high and complex lineages,
mostly African, temperate Asia or Australasian, only eight in New World, five
of then up to South America.
APIOIDEAE ▸
SOUTH AMERICAN UNPLACED APIOIDEAE
15. Austropeucedanum Mathias &
Constance. Only one sp., A. oreopansii (Griseb.)
Mathias & Constance, endemic to NW Argentina.
16. Paraselinum H. Wolff.
Only one sp., P. weberbaueri H. Wolff, from Peru (Ayacucho
region and Cordillera de Raura, above 3,500 m altitudinal range, known only 2
collects) and Bolivia.
4.1 APIOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE OENANTHEAE (c 20/c 175) ‣
outsiders mainly North America from Canada to Mexico and Cuba (10)
except Sium (9; the Northern Hemisphere, Africa), Berula (5;
Northern Hemisphere, Africa, St. Helena), Cryptotaenia (5; Northern
Hemisphere, E African mountains), Helosciadium (c 45; temperate regions
in the Old World), Naufraga (1; Majorca), Cicuta (5; Northern
Hemisphere), Oenanthe (c 28; Northern Hemisphere, tropical African
mountains, India to Malesia and Australia), Trocdaris (1; SW Europe,
Morocco).
17. Lilaeopsis Greene. 12
spp., 5 scattered in Mauritius, New Zealand and Australia, and 7 in New World,
six in South America from Venezuela to Cono Sur, three disjuncts for North
America. 4 spp. in Brazil (mainly up to Cono Sur, L. tenuis A.W. Hill endemic),
also Argentina, Colombia, Chile; this species are morphologically similar and
occur in aquatic sites of the Americas, New Zealand and Australia; simple umbel is
extremely rare in Apioideae, appearing consistently only in Oreomyrrhis,
Lilaeopsis, and Neogoezia Hemsl.
4.2 APIOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE SCANDICEAE (c 40/c 335) ‣
mainly in temperate Old World, but endemic genera in North America; three
genera in in South America.
18. Chaerophyllum
L.
Herbs with inflorescence consisting of a simple umbel borne terminally on
peduncles that arise from the bases of sheathing and often rosetted leaves. 70
spp., Northern Hemisphre, Australasia and South America. 8 spp. in New World,
two in South America: C. andicola (Kunth) K.F.Chung from Costa Rica to
N. Argentina, and C. daucoides (d'Urv.) K.F.Chung from Bolivia, S Chile
to S Argentina and Falkland Is.
19. Daucus L. Annual,
biannual or perennial herbs, erect or decumbent; leaves alternate, leaves
strongly pinnatifid, umbels terminal or (mainly) axllary, flowers incompiscuos.
45 spp., almost worldwide, centrered in Mediterranean (mainly Algeria) except
fro D. glochidiatus (Labill.) Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Ave-Lall. from
Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania, and the two spp. of New World, D. montanus Humb. &
Bonpl. ex Spreng. from Mexico to Argentina continuous in western coast, and D. pusillus Michx. from Chile to
S Brazil, disjunct in North America.
20. Osmorhiza
Raf. Plants
andromonoecious, slender to robust, perennial, herbaceous, aromatic,
caulescent, dying back to a basal rosette of leaves; stems erect to
spreading-ascending or decumbent, solitary to densely clustered, branching,
fistulose, pubescent to glabrous. 12 spp., 4 only in North America, 1 only
in Asia and 5 in South America: three occur in North America disjunct
Chile/Argentina, O. mexicana Griseb. occur from Mexico to Costa
Rica, isolated in Colombia, S Peru and N Bolivia, and from N Argentina; and O.
glabrata Phil. only in Chile and Argentina.
4.3 APIOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE APIEAE (12–13/34–38) ‣
cosmopolitan, with their highest diversity in warm-temperate
regions in Africa to SW Asia; one genus in South America.
21. Apium
L. 12 spp., amphipolar disjunction pattern; A. graveolens L. occur in
Europe, W Asia or N and E Africa up to Kazakhstan, Oman and Lybia; two are endemic
to S Australia, and 9 spp. in South America, 8 from Argentina and Chile, one up
to Subabtarctic islands, one up to Uruguay, A. sellowianum H.Wolff up to
Brazil and Bolivia, one endemic to Uruguay, and A. prostratum Labill. ex
Vent widely in S. Africa, S. & SE. Australia, New Zealand, Tubuai Is.,
Pitcairn I., Easter I., S. Brazil to NE. Argentina.
4.4
APIOIDEAE ▸ TRIBE PYRAMIDOPTEREAE (c.
30/175–180) ‣ temperate
to subtropical regions on the Northern Hemisphere and one
genus (and a single) in Argentina, with the largest diversity in Mediterranean
to Central Asia.
22. Cyclospermum Lag. Three
spp., C.
leptophyllum (Pers.)
Sprague. widely from U.S.A. to Argentina, Brazil and Caribbean, one from S
Ecuador to Chile, and one from Argentina to Uruguay.
23. Notiosciadium Speg. Only
one sp., N.
pampicola
Speg.,
native from E Argentina to Uruguay.
4.5 APIOIDEAE ▸
TRIBE SELINEAE (c. 65/c 730–785) ‣ very
diverse in Old World; Arracacia clade is distributed in Mexico, Central and South
America; perennial endemic North American clade is centered in the Rocky
Mountains.
► SOUTH
AMERICAN NON ARRACACIA CLADE ‣ three
genera, all in South America.
24. Ammoselinum Torr.
& A. Gray. Herbs, annual, odorless or "faintly Pastinaca-scented" in
some species; leaves all alternate; basal 3-ternately compound, cauline
2–3-ternately compound; umbels compound, loosely convex, axillary, pedunculate
or sessile (rays appearing to arise from leaf axils), peripheral flowers not
different; flowers bisexual; petals white, margins entire; schizocarps ovoid-oblong
to urceolate-ovoid or broadly ellipsoid. Three spp., A.
rosengurtii
Mathias & Constance from Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul state in S
Brazil (Santana do Livramento and Quaraí municipalities), often reported by
Argentina, and two in North America.
25. Oligocladus Chodat &
Wilczek. Two spp., endemic to Argentina.
26. Spermolepis Raf. Annual
herbs, slender taprooted, glabrous, not aromatic or sometimes (S.
lateriflora) with a "carrot" odor; stems erect, 5–80 cm, simple
or few-branched from basal to medial nodes; leaves all alternate; flowers bisexual;
petals white, oblong or elliptic to ovate, apex not inflexed, margins entire; schizocarps
broadly ovoid to ellipsoid or elliptic-ovoid, sometimes slightly beaked. 11
spp., one in Hawaii, S. castellanosii Pérez-Mor endemic to Rio
Negro, Neuquen, Mendoza in Argentina, and remainign nine native to North
America and Mexico.
27. Tauschia Sclecht. 34
spp., 31 in North America and Mexico, two in Guatemala, and T. vaginata (J.M.Coult.
& Rose) J.M.Coult. & Rose from Mexico to Guatemala and Venezuela to
Ecuador.
► ARRACACIA CLADE ‣ outsiders
Coaxana (2; Mexico), Mathiasella (1; Mexico), Prionosciadium
(11; Mexico), Dahliaphyllum (1; Mexico), Coulterophytum (4;
Mexico), Enantiophylla (1; America Central), Rhodosciadium (9;
Mexico).
28. Arracacia
Bancr.
Perennial herbs with taproots or tubers. 42 spp., 9 spp. in South America, from
Venezuela to Bolivia, 6 in Peru and Colombia, some locally endemic. A.
xanthorrhiza Bancr. is only native umbellifer domesticated in South
America, is widely
distributed through Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador from 2,000 to 4,000 m, cultivated for its
tuberous storage roots, which are prepared in a way similar to potatoes and
estimated to be a major food staple for approximately 80–100 million people.
29. Cotopaxia Mathias &
Constance. Two spp., C. whitei Constance & W.S.
Alverson
endemic
to small area in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, and C. asplundii Mathias
& Constance endemic to Ecuador.
30. Donnellsmithia J.M.Coult.
& Rose.
19 spp., Mexico to Panamá with two up to Colombia and Venezuela.
31. Myrrhidendron J.M.Coult.
& Rose. Shrubs to small trees. 5 spp., three in America Central and two in
Colombia (one endemic) and Ecuador.
32. Neonelsonia J.M.Coult.
& Rose. Only one sp., N. acuminate (Benth.) J.M.Coult. & Rose,
from Mexico, Central and northern South America to Venezuela and Peru.
33. Niphogeton Schltdl. 18
spp., high mountains herbs, all in northern Andes, from Costa Rica (only two)
to Bolivia and Venezuela.
34. Ottoa Kunth. Only
one sp., high mountain O. oenanthoides Kunth, from Mexico
to Ecuador and Venezuela.
35. Perissocoeleum Mathias &
Constance. 4 spp., two in Andes from Colombia and adjacent
Venezuela, and two endemic to Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia (above 3,260
m high range).
5. SUBFAMILY
SANICULOIDEAE (9/330–350) ‣
two tribes, Steganotaenieae (2/3, Ethiopia to South Africa) do
not occur in South America; among Saniculeae, outsiders are Alepidea
(c 40; tropical Africa), Actinolema (2; Mediterranean), Arctopus
(3; Cape), Astrantia (11; Central and South Europe, W Asia), Petagnaea
(1; Sicily).
36. Eryngium L. Herbs
annual or perennial, mainly prostrate, few woody, only a few centimeters to
erect and up to 3 m tall; leaves may have long petiolated leaves or sessile
ones, with entire to partite blades, entire, setose or spiny margins, and first
order venation either pinnate, palmate or even parallel-veinedcapitate
inflorescences and single bract per flower. 245 spp., temperate and tropical
worldwide, except Africa, 170 in New World; 100 in South America, and 60 spp.
in Brazil (28 endemic); two clades:
§ subg. Eryngium ‣ ‘Old World’ clade
automatically established as. It includes E. maritimum L., the type
species of the genus, and all species from Africa, Europe, and Asia, except
four western Mediteranean species.
§ subg. Monocotyloidea ‣ ‘New World’ clade,
characterized by the possession of sessile, generally linear, parallelveined
leaves and a well-developed cauline axis (erect and with several internodes);
includes all species from New World plus some species from Mediterranean region.
E. pandanifolium Cham. & Schltdl., from S Brazil, NE Argentina,
Paraguay and Uruguay, is the tallest Apiaceae from
South America, up to 4m tall.
37. Sanicula L. Perennial
herbs. 45 spp., almost cosmopolitan, absent from New Guinea and Australia, 21
in New World; 4 sections:
§ sect. Pseudopetagnia
‣ 6 spp., Asia.
§ sect. Sanicoria ‣
18 spp. W North America, 3 in Hawaii.
§ sect. Sanicula
‣ 13 spp., cosmopolitan, only one in Asia,
includind the three South American spp., S. crassicaulis Poepp. ex
DC. and S. graveolens Poepp. ex DC. disjuncts
from North America and Cono Sur, and S. liberta Cham. &
Schltdl. from Mexico to Bolivia and Venezuela.
§ sect. Tuberculatae
‣ 3 spp., China, Korea and Japan.
3 ANGIOSPERM TABLES
Here is a list of all the APG families and orders in January 21, 2025, with the number of Brazilian, unbrazilian and Brazilian endemic genera in each one, as part of project Synopsis of South American Angiosperms.
[3A] TABLE OF FAMILIES
WHITE LINES: families/orders that occur native in Brazil.
ORCHID PINK LINES: exxofamilies/exxorders.
GRAY LINES: FAMILIES/ORDERS totally absent in South America.
|
FAMILY
|
BRAZILIAN GENERA
|
UNBRAZILIAN GENERA
|
BRAZILIAN ENDEMIC GENERA
|
|
AMBORELLACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
HYDATELLACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
CABOMBACEAE
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
NYMPHAEACEAE
|
2
|
|
|
|
AUSTROBAILEYACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
TRIMENIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
SCHISANDRACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
CANELLACEAE
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
WINTERACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
SAURURACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
PIPERACEAE
|
3
|
|
|
|
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
HYDNORACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
MYRISTICACEAE
|
5
|
|
|
|
MAGNOLIACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
DEGENERIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
HIMANTANDRACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
EUPOMATIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
ANNONACEAE
|
29
|
2
|
3
|
|
CALYCANTHACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
SIPARUNACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
GOMORTEGACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
ATHEROSPERMATACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
HERNANDIACEAE
|
3
|
|
|
|
MONIMIACEAE
|
5
|
2
|
3
|
|
LAURACEAE
|
24
|
3
|
3
|
|
CHLORANTHACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
ARACEAE
|
38
|
10
|
7
|
|
TOFIELDIACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
ALISMATACEAE
|
5
|
1
|
|
|
BUTOMACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
HYDROCHARITACEAE
|
5
|
1
|
|
|
SCHEUCHZERIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
MAUNDIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
APONOGETONACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
JUNCAGINACEAE
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
ZOSTERACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
POTAMOGETONACEAE
|
3
|
|
|
|
POSIDONIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
RUPPIACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
CYMODOCEACEAE
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
ACORACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
PETROSAVIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
NARTHECIACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
BURMANNIACEAE
|
7
|
|
|
|
THISMIACEAE
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
AFROTHISMIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
TACCACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
DIOSCOREACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
TRIURIDACEAE
|
5
|
1
|
|
|
VELLOZIACEAE
|
2
|
1
|
|
|
STEMONACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
CYCLANTHACEAE
|
9
|
2
|
|
|
PANDANACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
CAMPYNEMATACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
MELANTHIACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
PETERMANNIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
ALSTROEMERIACEAE
|
2
|
1
|
|
|
COLCHICACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
PHILESIACEAE
|
|
2
|
|
|
RIPOGONACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
SMILACACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
CORSIACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
LILIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
ORCHIDACEAE
|
175
|
114
|
24
|
|
BORYACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
BLANDFORDIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
ASTELIACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
LANARIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
HYPOXIDACEAE
|
2
|
|
|
|
TECOPHILAEACEAE
|
|
3
|
|
|
DORYANTHACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
IXIOLIRIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
IRIDACEAE
|
17
|
8
|
3
|
|
XERONEMATACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
ASPHODELACEAE
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
AMARYLLIDACEAE
|
10
|
27
|
3
|
|
ASPARAGACEAE
|
6
|
7
|
|
|
ARECACEAE
|
36
|
16
|
1
|
|
DASYPOGONACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
HANGUANACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
COMMELINACEAE
|
14
|
2
|
1
|
|
PHILYDRACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
PONTEDERIACEAE
|
2
|
|
|
|
HAEMODORACEAE
|
2
|
1
|
|
|
TYPHACEAE
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
BROMELIACEAE
|
57
|
11
|
28
|
|
RAPATEACEAE
|
9
|
7
|
|
|
XYRIDACEAE
|
4
|
1
|
|
|
ERIOCAULACEAE
|
15
|
|
3
|
|
MAYACACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
THURNIACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
JUNCACEAE
|
6
|
6
|
|
|
CYPERACEAE
|
32
|
9
|
|
|
RESTIONACEAE
|
|
2
|
|
|
FLAGELLARIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
JOINVILLEACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
ECDEIOCOLEACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
POACEAE
|
178
|
60
|
23
|
|
STRELITZIACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
LOWIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
HELICONIACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
MUSACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
CANNACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
MARANTACEAE
|
10
|
1
|
|
|
COSTACEAE
|
3
|
1
|
|
|
ZINGIBERACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
CERATOPHYLLACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
EUPTELEACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
PAPAVERACEAE
|
|
2
|
|
|
CIRCAEASTERACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
LARDIZABALACEAE
|
|
2
|
|
|
MENISPERMACEAE
|
16
|
|
1
|
|
BERBERIDACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
RANUNCULACEAE
|
4
|
6
|
|
|
SABIACEAE
|
2
|
|
|
|
NELUMBONACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
PLATANACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
PROTEACEAE
|
3
|
5
|
|
|
TROCHODENDRACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
BUXACEAE
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
MYROTHAMNACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
GUNNERACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
DILLENIACEAE
|
6
|
|
|
|
PERIDISCACEAE
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
PAEONIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
ALTINGIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
HAMAMELIDACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
DAPHNIPHYLLACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
ITEACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
GROSSULARIACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
SAXIFRAGACEAE
|
|
4
|
|
|
CRASSULACEAE
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
APHANOPETALACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
TETRACARPAEACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
PENTHORACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
HALORAGACEAE
|
3
|
1
|
|
|
CYNOMORIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
VITACEAE
|
3
|
1
|
|
|
KRAMERIACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
ZYGOPHYLLEACEAE
|
2
|
9
|
|
|
QUILLAJACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
FABACEAE
|
212
|
58
|
22
|
|
SURIANACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
POLYGALACEAE
|
11
|
4
|
1
|
|
ROSACEAE
|
6
|
5
|
|
|
BARBEYACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
DIRACHMACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
ELAEAGNACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
RHAMNACEAE
|
13
|
10
|
2
|
|
ULMACEAE
|
2
|
|
|
|
CANNABACEAE
|
2
|
1
|
|
|
MORACEAE
|
18
|
2
|
|
|
URTICACEAE
|
13
|
1
|
|
|
NOTHOFAGACEAE
|
|
3
|
|
|
FAGACEAE
|
|
2
|
|
|
MYRICACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
JUGLANDACEAE
|
|
3
|
|
|
CASUARINACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
TICODENDRACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
BETULACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
ANISOPHYLLEACEAE
|
2
|
|
|
|
CORYNOCARPACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
CORIARIACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
CUCURBITACEAE
|
21
|
6
|
2
|
|
TETRAMELACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
DATISCACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
BEGONIACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
LEPIDOBOTRYACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
CELASTRACEAE
|
22
|
2
|
2
|
|
HUACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
CONNARACEAE
|
5
|
|
1
|
|
OXALIDACEAE
|
2
|
|
|
|
CUNONIACEAE
|
2
|
2
|
|
|
ELAEOCARPACEAE
|
2
|
2
|
|
|
CEPHALOTACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
BRUNELLIACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
PANDACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
RHIZOPHORACEAE
|
4
|
|
|
|
ERYTHROXYLACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
PERACEAE
|
3
|
|
|
|
APODANTHACEAE
|
2
|
|
|
|
RAFFLESIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
EUPHORBIACEAE
|
64
|
10
|
4
|
|
CENTROPLACACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
CTENOLOPHONACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
OCHNACEAE
|
17
|
2
|
1
|
|
PICRODENDRACEAE
|
2
|
1
|
|
|
PHYLLANTHACEAE
|
16
|
5
|
2
|
|
ELATINACEAE
|
2
|
|
|
|
MALPIGHIACEAE
|
44
|
6
|
4
|
|
BALANOPACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
TRIGONIACEAE
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
|
DICHAPETALACEAE
|
3
|
|
|
|
EUPHRONIACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
CHRYSOBALANACEAE
|
13
|
1
|
|
|
LOPHOPYXIDACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
PUTRANJIVACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
PASSIFLORACEAE
|
7
|
2
|
|
|
LACISTEMATACEAE
|
2
|
|
|
|
SALICACEAE
|
16
|
3
|
1
|
|
VIOLACEAE
|
11
|
1
|
1
|
|
GOUPIACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
ACHARIACEAE
|
4
|
|
1
|
|
CARYOCARACEAE
|
2
|
|
|
|
HUMIRIACEAE
|
8
|
|
1
|
|
IRVINGIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
LINACEAE
|
3
|
|
|
|
IXONANTHACEAE
|
2
|
|
|
|
CALOPHYLLACEAE
|
8
|
1
|
|
|
CLUSIACEAE
|
10
|
2
|
1
|
|
BONNETIACEAE
|
2
|
|
|
|
PODOSTEMACEAE
|
14
|
1
|
3
|
|
HYPERICACEAE
|
2
|
|
|
|
GERANIACEAE
|
2
|
1
|
|
|
FRANCOACEAE
|
1
|
4
|
|
|
COMBRETACEAE
|
4
|
|
|
|
LYTHRACEAE
|
11
|
2
|
1
|
|
ONAGRACEAE
|
4
|
3
|
|
|
VOCHYSIACEAE
|
6
|
1
|
|
|
MYRTACEAE
|
20
|
8
|
4
|
|
MELASTOMATACEAE
|
54
|
26
|
10
|
|
CRYPTERONIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
ALZATEACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
PENAEACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
APHLOIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
GEISSOLOMATACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
STRASBURGERIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
STAPHYLEACEAE
|
1
|
1 |
|
|
GUAMETALACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
STACHYURACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
CROSSOSOMATACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
PICRAMNIACEAE
|
3
|
1
|
|
|
BIEBERSTEINIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
NITRARIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
KIRKIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
BURSERACEAE
|
5
|
|
|
|
ANACARDIACEAE
|
14
|
9
|
1
|
|
SAPINDACEAE
|
26
|
7
|
2
|
|
RUTACEAE
|
31
|
8
|
4
|
|
SIMAROUBACEAE
|
7
|
|
|
|
MELIACEAE
|
6
|
2
|
|
|
GERRARDINACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
PETENAEACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
TAPISCIACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
DIPENTODONTACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
CYTINACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
MUNTINGIACEAE
|
1
|
2
|
|
|
NEURADACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
MALVACEAE
|
69
|
33
|
7
|
|
SPHAEROSEPALACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
THYMELAEACEAE
|
7
|
2
|
|
|
BIXACEAE
|
2
|
|
|
|
SARCOLAENACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
CISTACEAE
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
DIPTEROCARPACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
AKANIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
TROPAEOLACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
TIGANOPHYTACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
MORINGACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
CARICACEAE
|
2
|
|
|
|
LIMNANTHACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
SETCHELLANTHACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
KOEBERLINIACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
BATACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
SALVADORACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
EMBLINGIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
TOVARIACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
PENTADIPLANDRACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
GYROSTEMONACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
RESEDACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
CAPPARACEAE
|
11
|
8
|
1
|
|
CLEOMACEAE
|
6
|
4
|
1
|
|
BRASSICACEAE
|
4
|
45
|
|
|
AEXTOXICACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
BERBERIDOPSIDACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
BALANOPHORACEAE
|
6
|
1
|
1
|
|
OLACACEAE
|
2
|
|
|
|
APTANDRACEAE
|
3
|
|
|
|
COULACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
ERYTHROPALACEAE
|
2
|
1
|
|
|
STROMBOSIACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
XIMENIACEAE
|
3
|
|
|
|
MYSTROPETALACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
OCTOKNEMACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
OPILIACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
SANTALACEAE
|
7
|
5
|
|
|
LORANTHACEAE
|
12
|
5
|
1 |
|
MISODENDRACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
SCHOEPFIACEAE
|
2
|
1
|
|
|
FRANKENIACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
TAMARICACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
PLUMBAGINACEAE
|
2
|
2
|
|
|
POLYGONACEAE
|
9
|
5
|
|
|
DROSERACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
NEPENTHACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
MACARTHURIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
KEWACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
DROSOPHYLLACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
DIONCOPHYLLACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
ANCISTROCLADACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
RHABDODENDRACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
SIMMONDSIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
PHYSENACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
ASTEROPEIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
|
10
|
13
|
|
|
ACHATOCARPACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
AMARANTHACEAE
|
20
|
12
|
4
|
|
STEGNOSPERMATACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
LIMEACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
LOPHIOCARPACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
BARBEUIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
GISEKIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
AIZOACEAE
|
2
|
2
|
|
|
PETIVERIACEAE
|
6
|
2
|
|
|
MICROTEACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
PHYTOLACCACEAE
|
1
|
2
|
|
|
SARCOBATACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
NYCTAGINACEAE
|
9
|
8
|
4
|
|
MOLLUGINACEAE
|
2
|
2
|
|
|
MONTIACEAE
|
|
7
|
|
|
DIDIEREACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
BASELLACEAE
|
1
|
2
|
|
|
HALOPHYTACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
TALINACEAE
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
PORTULACACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
ANACAMPSEROTACEAE
|
|
2
|
|
|
CACTACEAE
|
42
|
59
|
15
|
|
HYDROSTACHYACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
NYSSACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
CURTISIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
GRUBBIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
CORNACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
HYDRANGEACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
LOASACEAE
|
5
|
9
|
|
|
BALSAMINACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
MARCGRAVIACEAE
|
6
|
1
|
|
|
TETRAMERISTACEAE
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
FOUQUIERIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
POLEMONIACEAE
|
|
12
|
|
|
LECYTHIDACEAE
|
10
|
1
|
|
|
SLADENIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
PENTAPHYLACACEAE
|
2
|
1
|
|
|
SAPOTACEAE
|
22
|
1
|
1
|
|
EBENACEAE
|
2
|
|
|
|
PRIMULACEAE
|
11
|
4
|
|
|
THEACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
SYMPLOCACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
DIAPENSIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
STYRACACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
SARRACENIACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
RORIDULACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
ACTINIDIACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
CLETHRACEAE
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
CYRILLACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
MITRASTEMONACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
ERICACEAE
|
14
|
19
|
|
|
ONCOTHECACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
METTENIUSACEAE
|
4
|
1
|
|
|
ICACINACEAE
|
3
|
|
|
|
EUCOMMIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
GARRYACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
RUBIACEAE
|
123
|
51
|
18
|
|
GENTIANACEAE
|
30
|
15
|
7
|
|
LOGANIACEAE
|
5
|
1
|
|
|
GELSEMIACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
APOCYNACEAE
|
83
|
20
|
7
|
|
VAHLIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
EHRETIACEAE
|
4
|
4
|
1
|
|
BORAGINACEAE
|
3
|
12
|
|
|
HYDROPHYLLACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
NAMACEAE
|
|
2
|
|
|
HELIOTROPIACEAE
|
3
|
1
|
|
|
CORDIACEAE
|
2
|
|
|
|
CODONACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
WELLSTEDIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
CONVOLVULACEAE
|
20
|
|
1
|
|
SOLANACEAE
|
32
|
30
|
4
|
|
MONTINIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
SPHENOCLEACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
HYDROLEACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
PLOCOSPERMATACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
CARLEMANNIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
OLEACEAE
|
3
|
2
|
|
|
TETRACHONDRACEAE
|
|
2
|
|
|
CALCEOLARIACEAE
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
PELTANTHERACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
GESNERIACEAE
|
27
|
32
|
6
|
|
PLANTAGINACEAE
|
21
|
13
|
7
|
|
SCROPHULARIACEAE
|
4
|
1
|
|
|
STILBACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
LINDERNIACEAE
|
5
|
|
2
|
|
PEDALIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
LAMIACEAE
|
39
|
7
|
7
|
|
PHRYMACEAE
|
|
2
|
|
|
PAULOWNIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
MAZACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
OROBANCHACEAE
|
10
|
5
|
3
|
|
WIGHTIACEAEA
|
|
|
|
|
LENTIBULARIACEAE
|
2
|
1
|
|
|
ACANTHACEAE
|
33
|
13
|
6
|
|
BIGNONIACEAE
|
29
|
10
|
1
|
|
THOMANDERSIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
SCHLEGELIACEAE
|
1
|
2
|
|
|
VERBENACEAE
|
14
|
12
|
|
|
BYBLIDACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
MARTYNIACEAE
|
3
|
1
|
1
|
|
STEMONURACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
CARDIOPTERIDACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
PHYLLONOMACEAE
|
|
1
|
|
|
HELWINGIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
AQUIFOLIACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
ROUSSEACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
CAMPANULACEAE
|
6
|
5
|
|
|
PENTAPHRAGMATACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
STYLIDIACEAE
|
|
2
|
|
|
ALSEUOSMIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
PHELLINACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
ARGOPHYLLACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
MENYANTHACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
GOODENIACEAE
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
CALYCERACEAE
|
2
|
6
|
|
|
ASTERACEAE
|
274
|
256
|
73
|
|
ESCALLONIACEAE
|
1
|
3
|
|
|
COLUMELLIACEAE
|
|
2
|
|
|
BRUNIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
PARACRYPHIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
VIBURNACEAE
|
2
|
|
|
|
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
PENNANTIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
TORRICELLIACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
GRISELINIACEAE
|
1
|
|
|
|
PITTOSPORACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
ARALIACEAE
|
7
|
2
|
|
|
MYODOCARPACEAE
|
|
|
|
|
APIACEAE
|
10
|
27
|
1
|
|
|
2,746
|
1,405
|
354
|
|
TOTAL
|
4,151
|
|
[3B] TABLE OF ORDERS
|
FAMILY
|
BRAZILIAN GENERA
|
UNBRAZILIAN GENERA
|
BRAZILIAN ENDEMIC GENERA
|
|
Amborellales
|
|
|
|
|
Nymphaeales
|
3
|
1
|
|
|
Austrobayleales
|
|
|
|
|
Canellales
|
2
|
1
|
|
|
Piperales
|
5
|
1
|
|
|
Magnoliales
|
35
|
2
|
3
|
|
Laurales
|
33
|
7
|
6
|
|
Chloranthales
|
1
|
|
|
|
Alismatales
|
55
|
15
|
7
|
|
Acorales
|
|
|
|
|
Petrosaviales
|
|
|
|
|
Dioscoreales
|
11
|
1
|
|
|
Pandanales
|
16
|
4
|
|
|
Liliales
|
3
|
5
|
|
|
Asparagales
|
211
|
161
|
30
|
|
Arecales
|
36
|
16
|
1
|
|
Commelinales
|
18
|
3
|
1
|
|
Poales
|
304
|
97
|
54
|
|
Zingiberales
|
17
|
2
|
|
|
Ceratophyllales
|
1
|
|
|
|
Ranunculales
|
21
|
10
|
1
|
|
Proteales
|
5
|
6
|
|
|
Trochodendrales
|
|
|
|
|
Buxales
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
Gunnerales
|
1
|
|
|
|
Dilleniales
|
6
|
|
|
|
Saxifragales
|
5
|
9
|
|
|
Vitales
|
3
|
1
|
|
|
Zygophyllales
|
3
|
9
|
|
|
Fabales
|
225
|
62
|
23
|
|
Rosales
|
54
|
19
|
2
|
|
Fagales
|
|
10
|
|
|
Cucurbitales
|
24
|
7
|
2
|
|
Celastrales
|
23
|
2
|
2
|
|
Oxalidales
|
12
|
4
|
1
|
|
Malpighiales
|
267
|
37
|
20
|
|
Geraniales
|
3
|
5
|
|
|
Myrtales
|
99
|
41
|
15
|
|
Crossossomatales
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
Picramniales
|
3
|
1
|
|
|
Sapindales
|
89
|
26
|
7
|
|
Huertales
|
|
2
|
|
|
Malvales
|
80
|
40
|
7
|
|
Brassicales
|
25
|
59
|
2
|
|
Berberidopsidales
|
|
2
|
|
|
Santalales
|
40
|
14
|
2
|
|
Caryophyllales
|
110
|
121
|
23
|
|
Cornales
|
5
|
11
|
|
|
Ericales
|
74
|
43
|
1
|
|
Metteniusales
|
4
|
1
|
|
|
Oncothecales
|
|
|
|
|
Icacinales
|
3
|
|
|
|
Garryales
|
|
|
|
|
Gentianales
|
242
|
86
|
32
|
|
Vahliales
|
|
|
|
|
Boraginales
|
13
|
19
|
1
|
|
Solanales
|
53
|
30
|
5
|
|
Lamiales
|
192
|
105
|
33
|
|
Aquifoliales
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
Cardiopteridales
|
2
|
|
|
|
Asterales
|
284
|
270
|
73
|
|
Escalloniales
|
1
|
3
|
|
|
Desfontainiales
|
|
2
|
|
|
Bruniales
|
|
|
|
|
Paracryphyales
|
|
|
|
|
Dipsacales
|
3
|
|
|
|
Apiales
|
18
|
29
|
1
|
|
|
2,746
|
1,405
|
354
|
|
TOTAL
|
4,151
|
|
4 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES ON THE DATE OF THE GENERAL REVIEW VIA POWO
We highlight here the different considerations made for the construction of the text, organized phylogenetically by order and family, according to the revision date of each one.
NYMPHAEALES
CABOMBACEAE
For Brasenia schreberi J.F.Gmel., we followed R. Acuña-Castillo et al. (Darwiniana, 2021), which details its distribution in the Neotropics, with several records absent from the POWO on as of June 11, 2024.
NYMPHAEACEAE
For Victoria Lindl., we follow T. Smith et al. (Frontiers in Plant Science, 2022), due to the extreme richness of details, maps, and analyses, which are more precise than the data in POWO on as of June 11, 2024.
NYMPHAEALES
CABOMBACEAE
For Brasenia schreberi J.F.Gmel., we followed R. Acuña-Castillo et al. (Darwiniana, 2021), which details its distribution in the Neotropics, with several records absent from the POWO on as of June 11, 2024.
NYMPHAEACEAE
For Victoria Lindl., we follow T. Smith et al. (Frontiers in Plant Science, 2022), due to the extreme richness of details, maps, and analyses, which are more precise than the data in POWO on as of June 11, 2024.
MAGNOLIALES
MYRISTICACEAE
POWO on as of June 12, 2024 considers the genus Bicuiba J.J. de Wilde, endemic to Brazil, to be valid, but here it is rejected based on the arguments of Rodrigues, W.A. (Acta Botanica Brasilica, 1998), and is thus reduced to a synonym of Virola Aubl.
Here, we count Compsoneura choibo Villanueva & Cogollo (Colombia, 2024), absent in POWO on as of June 12, 2024.
MAGNOLIACEAE
For Magnolia L. in Brazil, we follo J.C.J. et al. (Phytotaxa, 2024), who records 5 spp., differing from POWO on as of June 11, 2024, by excluding M. paranaensis A.Vázquez.
ANNONACEAE
Here, we count the synonymization of Stenanoma Standl. within Desmopsis Saff., reducing the total in South America (viz. Colombia) by one genus, via Schats, E. et al. (Novon, 2023).
For Honschuchia Nees., we follow the global revision of the genus by Vilela L. & de Carvalho Lopes J. (European Journal of Taxonomy, 2022), which recognizes 14 species, two more than the POWO on as of June 12, 2024.
Here, we count Oxandra cerradensis Ferreira & D.O.Diniz (Brazil, 2024) as an additional species, absent in POWO on as of June 12, 2024.
LAURALES
LAURACEAE
Here, we consider Dicypellium anisum F.M.Alves & Zappi, endemic to Brazil but absent in POWO as of June 12, 2024.
Here, we consider Aniba brochidodroma van der Werff, A. glabra van der Werff, A. palaciosii van der Werff, A. tomentella van der Werff, A. verticillata van der Werff, from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru (2023), all absent in POWO as of June 12, 2024.
MONIMIACEAE
Here we include Mollinedia lorencei Borges-Lima, Zavatin & Lírio (Monimiaceae, BR, 2024), a species absent in POWO in as of June 12, 2024.
PIPERALES
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
The definitions within Aristolochiaceae vary considerably depending on the reference used. In particular, the validity of the genera Isotrema Raf. and Euglypha Chodat & Hassl. is a significant issue. POWO invalidates the former and validates the latter. However, here we take the opposite approach: we validate Isotrema based on Ma et al. (Phytotaxa, 2019) and synonymize Euglypha under Aristolochia L. The numbers for Isotrema are 98 species, with 17 in the New World: 5 in the USA, 4 endemic to Mexico, 3 ranging from Mexico to America Central, 2 endemic to Guatemala, and one endemic each to Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Panama.
Here we adopt a geographical distribution for Prosopanche americana (R. Br.) Kuntze that differs from the one proposed by POWO, based on Hatt, S.A. et al. (Plants People Planet, 2022).
Here we consider Aristolochia goudotii Duch. to also be present in Brazil, based on Fernandes, J.M. et al. (Research Society and Development, 2021).
PIPERACEAE
For Manekia Trelease, POWO on as of June 12, 2024 recognizes 6 spp., but here, following Schubert et al. (Systematic Botany, 2012), 3 of them are synonymized under M. incurva (Sieber ex Schult.) T. Arias, Callejas & Bornst., while the remaining two are retained.
Here we consider Peperomia pereirae Yunck under P. rubricaulis (Nees) A. Dietr., P. pereirae f. hirtulicaule Yunck as a synonym of P. hirtulicaulis (Yunck.) Marcusso (Marcusso et al., Phytotaxa, 2024), and a new species: Piper alwynii Callejas & Betancur (Peru and Ecuador, 2023).
ALISMATALES
ARACEAE
For Lemnoideae, we exclusively follow the circumscription proposed by Bog, Appenroot & Sree (Nordic Journal of Botany, 2020), which differs significantly from that presented in POWO on July 5, 2024.
The following described species are not listed in POWO as of July 5, 2024, and are not yet included here: Stenospermation albifolium Castaño-Rubiano, S. melidae Castaño-Rubiano & Sierra-Giraldo, S. selvaflorensis Castaño-Rubiano, L. Ibañez & A. Zuluaga (Colombia, 2023), Anthurium dairon-cardenasii López-Flor., Croat & Marco Correa (Colombia, 2024), Anthurium bellissimum K.M. Pimenta & Mayo and A. itacarense K.M. Pimenta & Mayo (Brazil, 2024).
Here we recognize Thaumatophyllum Schott. via Sakuragui, C.M. et al (PhytoKeys, 2018), with 21 species, all South American, 19 in Brazil, 13 endemic. POWO on July 5, 2024, synonymizes it under Philodendron Schott. (SEE).
POWO on July 5, 2024, distributes Asterostigma luridum (Kunth) Kuntze to Argentina and Brazil (SEE). Here we follow Reflora, which synonymizes this species under A. lividum (Lodd.) Engl. and treats it as endemic to Brazil (SEE), making the genus entirely Brazilian.
TOFIELDIACEAE
As of June 14, 2024, POWO recognizes only two Harperocallis McDaniel species in Brazil, but here we recognize two additional species: H. neblinae (Steyerm. ex L.M.Campb.) L.M.Campb. & Dorr and H. penduliflora (L.M.Campb.) L.M.Campb. & Dorr, according to the List of Terrestrial Plant Species of the Pico da Neblina National Park, totaling four species in the country, one endemic. Additionally, H. schomburgkiana (Oliv.) L.M. Campb. & Dorr is cited in Roraima, via Reflora/Virtual Herbarium.
HYDROCHARITACEAE
POWO on as of June 22, 2024, does not consider Halophila decipiens Ostenf. in Brazil (SEE), but here we consider it based on many public sources, particularly Barros, K. et al. (Feddes Repertorium, 2015) and Reflora (SEE).
JUNCAGINACEAE
As of June 22, 2024, POWO, does not consider the species Triglochin scilloides (Poir.) Mering & Kadereit in Brazil (SEE); however, we consider this species present in the country, based on Reflora (SEE).
CYMODOCEACEAE
Despite POWO on as of June 22, 2024, synonymizing Halodule beaudettei (Hartog) Hartog with H. wrightii Asch. (SEE), we consider the species distinct here.
POTAMOGETONACEAE
POWO on as of June 22, 2024, does not recognize Stuckenia Borner in Brazil (SEE); however, here we accept two species in the country, based on Freitas, E.C. (Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2012).
POWO on as of June 22, 2024, does not recognize Zannichellia L. in Brazil (SEE); however, here we accept two species in the country based on Reflora (SEE).
DIOSCOREALES
TACCACEAE
Although POWO on as of June 14, 2024, considers Taccaceae as a synonym of Dioscoreaceae, here we treat it independently based on APG IV.
THISMIACEAE
For Burmanniaceae, here, we follow the APWeb (SEE) here, which separates the genera recognized by POWO on as of June 20, 2024 (SEE) into three groups: Burmanniaceae S.S. (Apteria Nutt., Burmannia L., Campylosiphon Benth., Dictyostega Miers, Gymnosiphon Blume, Hexapterella Urb., Marthella Urb., and Miersiella Urb.), Afrothismiaceae (Afrothismia Schltr.), and Thismiaceae (Haplothismia Airy Shaw, Oxygyne Schltr., Thismia Griff., and Tiputinia P.E.Berry & C.L.Woodw.). Additionally, we include Relictithismia Suetsugu & Tagane, recently described for Kyushu Island in southern Japan (Suetsugu et al., Journal of Plant Research, 2024).
Despite not being published, we count Tiputinia P.E. Berry & C. Woodw. in Peru, based on a photographic record of the genus in southern Peru on iNaturalist (SEE).
Here we recognize the valid status of Thismia caudata Maas & H.Maas as not extinct (rediscovery in 2023), with its distribution extended to southern Brazil (SEE).
Two species listed in POWO on as of June 20, 2024, T. espirito-santensis Brade and T. iguassuensis (Miers) Warm., both from SE Brazil, are provisionally rejected here.
Thismia panamensis (Standl.) Jonker is accepted here as native to Brazil, based on the unequivocal record of its occurrence in Paraná, southern Brazil (Inti de Souza, Checklist, 2021).
Thismia calcarata D. F. Silva, Honorio & J. M. A. Braga is also counted here in Peru, based on the photographic record available on iNaturalist.org (SEE).
BURMANNIACEAE
Here we note the expansion of Campylosiphon Benth. (Li et al., Systematic Botany, 2023), including two species of Burmannia L. from Asia and Africa, and a new Asian species absent from POWO on as of June 20, 2024.
DIOSCOREACEAE
Although, as of June 14, 2024, POWO considers Taccaceae a synonym of Dioscoreaceae, here we treat it independently based on APG IV.
PANDANALES
VELLOZIACEAE
Here we reject Nanuza L.B.Sm. & Ayensu as recognized in POWO on as of June 21, 2024, and consider it synonymized under Vellozia Vand., as in Reflora (SEE).
CYCLANTHACEAE
As of June 21, 2024, POWO recognizes Cyclanthus indivisus R.E. Schult. in addition to C. bipartitus Poit. ex A. Rich. for Panama and Colombia (SEE); however, there are unconfirmed records of the species in Peru (Reflora) and Brazil (Flickr); here we have decided to reject the species and consider only C. bipartitus within the genus.
LILIALES
SMILACACEAE
Here we accept two species absent in POWO on as of June 12, 2024: Smilax brevipedunculata T.Murphy & S.M.Niño (Venezuela to Suriname, 2023) and Smilax tafelbergensis T.Murphy & Molgo (Suriname, 2023).
ASPARAGALES
ORCHIDACEAE
Despite being listed as Brazilian in POWO on January 21, 2025 (SEE), we follow Reflora here and reject Aa Rchb.f. in the country (SEE).
Despite POWO listing Degranvillea Determann as native to Suriname on January 21, 2025 (SEE), we consider it an endemic species of French Guiana due to the lack of conclusive evidence supporting its occurrence in Surinamese territory.
Here, we also recognize Quechua Salazar & L. Jost in Ecuador, based on the original description of the genus in Salazar & L. Jost (Systematic Botany, 2012), a distribution not listed in POWO on January 21, 2025 (SEE).
We are considering here the requalification of Liparis Rich. as native to Brazil, according to Santos, T.F. et al. (Rodriguesia, 2023), with the recognition of three spp., one endemic.
Via Royer et al. (Systematic Botany, 2022), here we accept Dunstervillea Garay under Eloyella P. Ortiz.
Here, we follow J.B.F. da Silva (2010, E-book) to accept Kefersteinia Rchb.f. in Brazil and deeply regret that the record has not yet been formalized in Powo on January 21, 2025.
We are considering the expanded genus Trichocentrum, which now includes Grandiphyllum and Saundersia (Meneguzzo & Chase, Phytotaxa, 2024).
We are considering the requalification of Bifrenaria as an expanded genus, now including the previously accepted genera Guanchezia, Horvatia, Rudolfiella, Scuticaria, and Teuscheria (Meneguzzo & Chase, Phytotaxa, 2024).
POWO states on January 21, 2025, that Scaphosepalum Pfitzer is absent in Brazil; however, we accept two species of this genus in the country, based on Reflora (SEE).
IRIDACEAE
Here, for the tribe Trimezieae, we follow Lovo, J. et al. (Taxon, 2018), which divides the tribe into five genera: Deluciris A.Gil & Lovo, Neomarica Sprague, Pseudiris Chukr & A.Gil, Pseudotrimezia R.C.Foster, and Trimezia Salisb. ex Herb. As of July 7, 2024, POWO recognizes all of them as merged into Trimezia (SEE).
As of July 7, 2024, POWO does not recognize A. drummondii (Graham) R.C.Foster in Brazil (SEE), but we recognize it as present in Brazil based on Reflora (SEE).
ASPARAGACEAE
Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw. is listed by the VPA as absent in Brazil (SEE), and it is a species more commonly associated with ecological invasion rather than being native to Brazil; many sources consider it native, while many others regard it as invasive and exotic. As of June 23, 2024, POWO lists another species, F. stricta Jacobi, as native, and from the Northeast (SEE). Here we have decided to adopt the species F. foetida as native based on our own interpretation of Barbosa (Thesis, 2017, p. 54), but cited as native only to state of Amapá.
Dracaena Vand. ex L. is confirmed in South America (a single record in Colombia) by Zona et al. (Vieraea Folia Scientiarum Biologicarum, 2014), as in POWO on as of June 23, 2024.
POALES
BROMELIACEAE
POWO on July 4, 2024, does not recognize Connelia N.E.Br. in Brazil (SEE). Here, we consider four of the six species in Brazilian territory, based on Reflora (SEE).
Lutheria Barfuss & W. Till. is cited here for Brazil due to collection records in Pará via Reflora (SEE), as well as records from the Summit Post website (SEE), in Roraima, in Raposa Serra do Sol. In POWO on July 4, 2024, this genus is not cited for Brazil (SEE).
Here, we treat Encholirium Mart. ex. Schult. f. and Deuterocohnia Mez. as synonyms under Dyckia Schult., based on J. Gomes-da-Silva et al. (Systematic and Biodiversity, 2019). In POWO on July 4, 2024, the three genera are treated as independent (SEE).
POWO on July 4, 2024, recognizes two Neoregelia L.B.Sm. species absent in Brazil, one in Peru and the other in Venezuela (SEE). Leme et al. (Phytotaxa, 2021) also cites these species but highlights that neither has been collected beyond the type specimen, the Venezuelan species is uncertain, and the distribution pattern for both is unusual. Here, we reject these two species, considering Neoregelia and its 114 species as exclusively Brazilian.
Here we recognize the following species of Bromeliaceae, all absent in POWO on July 4, 2024: Stigmatodon medeirosii D.R. Couto & Gonella (Brazil, 2024), Vriesea organensis Kessous & A.F.Costa (Brazil, 2024), Bromelia longipedicellata H. Luther ex R.F. Monteiro & Forzza and B. stellata H. Luther ex R.F. Monteiro & Forzza (Brazil, 2023).
RAPATEACEAE
On June 26, 2024, Epidryos Maguire was not highlighted in Brazil (SEE) by POWO, but we do so via Rodrigues & Flores (Scientific Note, 2010).
ERIOCAULACEAE
On June 26, 2024, POWO recognizes a moderate and broad circumscription of Paepalanthus Mart. (SEE). Here we follow the taxonomy proposed by Andrini, C.O. et al. (Taxon, 2023), which separates segregates Actinocephalus (Körn.) Sano, Cora Andrino & Sano, Cryptanthella (Suess.) Andrino, Floralia Andrino & F.N.Costa, Giuliettia Andrino & Sano, Gnomus Andrino & Sano, Hydriade Andrino, Lachnocaulon Kunth, Monosperma (Hensold) Andrino, Nisius Andrino and Tonina Aubl. from this genus, none of which are recognized in POWO. The numbers for Paepalanthus Clade followed here are from Andrino et al. (2023), supplemented by the following observations.
Here we recognize the following species absent in Andrini et al. (2023): Paepalanthus avacanoeiro Trovó & R. Silva-Oliveira and P. burle-marxii Trovó (Brazil, 2024).
Here we recognize the following inclusions or synonymizations absent in Andrini et al. (2023): Paepalanthus macrocephalus (Bong.) Körn. under P. argyropus Silveira (Brazil, 2021, SEE), P. petraeus Echtern. under P. uai Andrino, F.N.Costa & Sano (Brazil, 2021, SEE), and P. minimus Silveira as Giuliettia minima (Silveira) Andrino, L. H. Rocha & Gonella (Brazil, 2024, SEE).
JUNCACEAE
On June 26, 2024, POWO recognizes a broad and classical circumscription of Juncus L. (SEE). Here, we follow Záv.Drábk. & Proków (Phytotaxa, 2023) and recognize a fragmentation of the genus. An analysis of POWO data on that date allowed the allocation of 38 out of 40 species from South America into into seven valid genera for this work, except for J. biflorus Elliott and J. magellanicus Lam. These two species were kept under Juncus. The global distributions of each were omitted, keeping only the placements concerning South America. The numbers for Juncus worldwide are treated as those of POWO on as of June 26, 2024 (341), minus the numbers highlighted in Agathryon (Raf.) Záv.Drábk. & Proćków, Alpinojuncus Záv.Drábk. & Proćków, Australojuncus Záv.Drábk. & Proćków, Boreojuncus Záv.Drábk. & Proćków, Juncinella Fourr. (17 spp., 7 already recognized in POWO + 10 non-synonymized species, counted here), Marsippospermum Desv., Rostkovia Desv., and Verojuncus Záv.Drábk. & Proćków (252), all of which are considered independent here.
Agathryon effusum (L.) Záv.Drábk. & Proćków (former Juncus effusus L.) is considered native to Brazil here, based on Reflora (SEE), besides POWO on as of June 26, 2024.
CYPERACEAE
POWO, on November 27, 2024, does not recognize Oreobolus R.Br in Brazil, but here we follow Alves, M. et al. (Rodriguesia, 2019), and validate its occurrence in the dunes of Bahia.
Here, we accept three species absent in POWO on as of June 12, 2024: Cyperus prophyllatus A.R.O.Ribeiro, Pereira-Silva & M.Alves (Brazil, 2021), Rhynchospora parecisensis K. Alves, W.W. Thomas & A. Gil (Brazil, 2023), R. waytii Silva Filho & P.Weber (Brazil and Argentina, 2023), R. barbosae W.W.Thomas, R. hamadryadis W.W.Thomas, and R. eremica W.W.Thomas (Brazil, 2024).
POACEAE
Here, we reject the occurrence of Tibisia farcta (Aubl.) C.D.Tyrrell in French Guiana, as suggested by POWO on January 21, 2025 (SEE), based on the comprehensive revision of the genus (Taxon, 2018).
Following Carvalho & Oliveira (Taxon, 2014), Reitzia Swallen is considered here under Piresia Swallen, although POWO recognizes it as independent as of January 21, 2025 (SEE).
As well stated by Ana M. Cialdella et al. (Cladistics, 2010), and in contrast with POWO on January 21, 2025 (SEE), Stipa L. does not occur in South America. Given the significant inaccuracies, we treat the 26 species that POWO assigns to Stipa under the genus Anatherostipa (Peñailillo, Gayana, 1996). Due to the absence of Lorenzochloa Reeder & C. Reeder (recognized on January 21, 2025, SEE) in the mentioned article, we consider it synonymized under Ortachne Nees ex Steud.
POWO, as of January 21, 2025, recognizes Microbriza Parodi ex Nicora & Rúgolo with two species, both endemic (SEE). Here, we follow N. Silva et al. (Journal of Systematic and Evolution, 2021), who reduced the genus to a single species (with the other being transferred to Poidium Nees), which is not endemic, based on Reflora (SEE).
Cited in POWO on January 21, 2025, as independent genera, we consider Megalachne Stued. and Podophorus Phil. as synonyms of Festuca L., following Tkach et al. (Taxon, 2020).
POWO on January 21, 2025, declares Deschampsia (L.) P. Beauv. as introduced in Brazil (with D. cespitosa (L.) P.Beauv., SEE). However, its native status is strongly accepted based on various sources, including photographic records of populations in the species' occurrence region in the south of the country (iNaturalist).
Cyphonanthus discrepans (Döll) Zuloaga & Morrone is treated as absent in Brazil as of January 21, 2025 (SEE) and as endemic to Brazil in Reflora (SEE). Here, we take a middle-ground approach: native but not endemic to Brazil.
Microchloa kunthii Desv. is not treated as native to Brazil in POWO as of January 21, 2025 (SEE), but here we consider its occurrence valid based on Reflora/Microchloa kunthii (SEE).
COMMELINALES
COMMELINACEAE
Here we consider Buforrestia C.B.Clarke native to Brazil (Reflora), although POWO on as of June 22, 2024, restricts the genus in the New World to Suriname and French Guiana (SEE).
ZINGIBERALES
MARANTACEAE
Here we follow Fernandes, G.C. et al. (Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2023), who synonymizes Myrosma L.f. under Maranta L., a position different from POWO on as of June 21, 2024 (SEE).
Although not South American, here we highlight Sanblasia L. Andersson as included in Calathea G. Mey by Borchsenius, F. et al. (Systematic Botany, 2012), a genus still cited in POWO on as of June 21, 2024. With this inclusion, all New World genera occur in South America.
Here we accept Maranta bambusa F.Fraga (Nordic Journal of Botany, 2024), a species absent from POWO on as of June 21, 2024.
COSTACEAE
POWO on as of June 21, 2024, does not consider Dimerocostus Kuntze as native to Brazil (SEE); however, we accept the occurrence of the species D. strobilaceus Kuntze in the form D. strobilaceus subsp. gutierrezii (POWO), treated as D. gutierrezii Kuntze by Reflora (SEE).
CERATOPHYLLALES
CERATOPHYLLACEAE
SSAA fully follows B. Szalontai et al. (Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2018), which reduces Ceratophyllaceae to 6 species, of which only C. demersum L. and C. australe Griseb. occur in South America, both in Brazil. This circumscription of the group contrasts with classic references (e.g., VPA), making Ceratophyllales perhaps the most disproportionately distributed order in terms of its members' distribution. Compared to Flora 2020, the only difference is that there C. australe is still given as C. muricatum subsp. australe (Griseb.) D.H. Les (SEE).
RANUNCULALES
MENISPERMACEAE
Here, we follow L.
Lian et al. (Molecular
Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2019), who merged Orthomene Barneby & Krukoff into Anomospermum Miers, a merger not considered in as of POWO on as of June 12, 2024.
BUXALES
BUXACEAE
For Brazil, we accept reports that have not yet been properly published (e.g., Contil Net Notícias), regarding the presence of Styloceras brokawii A.Gentry & R.Foster (Buxaceae) in Brazil, collected in Acre, representing a new record for the species, genus, family, and order in the country.
SAXIFRAGALES
PERIDISCACEAE
Here, we also record Peridiscus Benth. in Colombia, based on Aymard & Arellano (Harvard Papers in Botany, 2018), a record absent in POWO on as of June 10, 2024.
CRASSULACEAE
Despite as of POWO on as of June 10, 2024 recognizing Crassula viridis (S.Watson) M.Bywater & Wickens as native to North America and disjunct in Brazil, we reject the Brazilian occurrence of this species and accept only one species in the country, C. peduncularis (Sm.) Cambess, based on Reflora (SEE) and Giuffre, P.M.W. (Dissertation, 2019).
Here we consider the work of Messerschmid et al. (Taxon, 2020), which outlined the entire classification of the subfamily Sempervivoideae, reducing the tribe Sedeae to a single genus, Sedum L., encompassing Chaloupkaea, Pistorinia, Rosularia, Prometheum, Afrovivella, Dudleya, Chazaroa, Jeronimoa, Quetzalcoatlia, Cremnophila, Echeveria, Graptopetalum, Lenophyllum, Pachyphytum, Thompsonella, and Villadia, and excluding 8 species that migrate to the tribe Aeonieae. According to POWO numbers on as of June 10, 2024, Sedum reaches 861 spp., and the entire family totals 23 genera and 1,667 spp.
SAXIFRAGACEAE
The situation of Saxifragella Engl. is extremely confusing and ambiguous. Deng et al. (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2014) consider it natural to include this genus in Saxifraga L. Folk et al. (Taxon, 2021) highlight much indecision on this matter. In light of this, we follow POWO on as of June 10, 2024, validating the inclusion of Saxifragella within Saxifraga.
POWO on as of June 10, 2024 lists Chrysosplenium aulacocarpum Ernst for NE Colombia and NW Venezuela; however, this species is rejected here due to the very limited information available about it.
ZYGOPHYLLALES
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
Despite POWO on as of June 10, 2024 listing Fagonia Tourn. under Zygophyllum L. and Izozogia G.Navarro under Guaiacum Plum. ex L., here we consider both as independent.
Here we account the wider distribution of Kallstroemia Scop. (Zygophyllaceae) in Brazil, with records in the NE region, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro (Amorim & Santos, PRE-PRINT, 2023).
Kallstroemia maxima (L.) Hook. & Arn. is here rejected in Brazil by Silva, U.C.S. et al. (Periódicos UEFS, 2014); all Kalstroemia records in Brazil belongs K. tribuloides (Mart.) Steud., despites some visual records, as in iNaturalist (VER).
OXALIDALES
CONNARACEAE
Here we accept Bernardinia Planch as valid, while POWO on as of June 21, 2024, synonymizes it with Rourea Aubl. (SEE).
Here we include the species Rourea diamantina C. Toledo (PhytoKeys, 2020), absent from the POWO list on as of June 21, 2024.
BRUNELLIACEAE
Here we take Brunelliaceae present in Brazil. The only accurate information about the family in the country is the description of B. neblinensis Steyerm. & Cuatrec. (Steyermark, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 1987), which cites a collection on Mount Neblina, at 1,500m altitude, without specifying which side of the mountain. Due to the extreme possibility that the species really only occur on the Brazilian side, we maintain the inclusion. POWO on as of June 21, 2024 does not recognize the species in Brazil (SEE).
CELASTRALES
LEPIDOBOTRYACEAE
Ruptiliocarpon Hammel & N.Zamora is accepted as occurring in Brazil through recent herbarium records from Reflora (SEE); additionally, following the species description by Hammel & Zamora (Novon, 1993), it is also considered here as occurring in Peru and Suriname. These records are absents in POWO on as of June 20, 2024.
CELASTRACEAE
Here we recognize Zinowiewia Turcz. in Brazil, via Biral & Lombardi (Harvard Papers in Botany, 2017), collected in Roraima, a generic record absent in POWO on as of June 20, 2024.
POWO on as of June 20, 2024 treats Monteverdia A. Rich. under Maytenus L. (SEE), but we follow Biral et al. (Systematic Botany, 2017) and consider them distinctly. Thus, we adhere to the VPA numbers as of June 20, 2024, but in this context, we treat Tricerma Liebm from VPA (SEE) under Monteverdia, aligning with POWO's suggested inclusion on the aforementioned date (SEE).
Mystroxylon Eckl. & Zeyh. is rejected in South America due to an error in POWO on as of June 20, 2024, which mistakenly lists a species from the Comoros Islands as Colombian.
Here we consider Haydenoxylon M. P. Simmons as also native to Brazil, a distribution absent in POWO on as of June 20, 2024 (SEE), based on Reflora (SEE).
Salacia coronata N.Hallé, a African species cited for Colombia in POWO on as of June 20, 2024 (SEE), is rejected here.
MALPIGHIALES
Following Alzate J.F. et al. (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2024), here we treat Apodanthaceae as part of Malpighiales, on November 8, 2024. The APG IV, on this date, still placed the first family in Cucurbitales.
RHIZOPHORACEAE
Although the revision of Paradrypetes Kuhlm. by A. Levin (Systematic Botany, 1992) describes this genus as endemic to Brazil, and various subsequent works, including POWO on as of June 29, 2024, the VPA also lists it as native to Ecuador (P. subintegrifolia G.A. Levin), collected in the Napo region (SEE), and this is followed here.
OCHNACEAE
Here we follow the requalification of Rhytidanthera (Planch.) Tieghem (Ochnaceae), based on Ladino (Thesys, 2018). POWO, as of November 8, 2024, considers the genus with only two species, both endemic to Colombia (SEE).
The book Plantas Raras do Brasil (UEFS) lists Froesia crassiflora Pires & Fróes and Lacunaria umbonata Pires as endemic to Brazil (and rare), a position we accept here. However, POWO, as of November 8, 2024, records these species also in Colombia and French Guiana, respectively (SEE and SEE, respectively).
Here we include the species Ouratea chepelii S.M.Niño, Dorr & Canelón (Harvard Papers in Botany, 2023), absent from the POWO list on November 08, 2024.
CLUSIACEAE
Arawakia L. Marinho was described to accommodate 18 species from the Tovomita weddelliana complex (Marinho et al, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2019). POWO, as of November 8, 2024, does not recognize the genus, treating all 18 species as synonyms of Tovomita weddelliana Planch. & Triana (SEE). Here, we continue with the full recognition of Arawakia.
Havetiopsis Planch. & Triana (a single spp., from Venezuela and Peru) and Quapoya Aubl. (4 spp., all in South America, two in Brazil, one endemic) as of November 8, 2024 (together comprising 6 species, mostly from Peru) are here rejected and treated under Clusia L., as per Elvino (THESIS, 2017, p. 29).
Here we count Clusia reginae Paolini-Ruiz (Venezuela, 2024), absent in POWO in November 08, 2024.
HYPERICACEAE
Here we recognize Vismia parviflora Cham. & Schltdl. as synonymous under V. micrantha A.St.-Hil. (Brazil, SEE), an inclusion not accounted for in POWO on as of June 20, 2024.
MALPIGHIACEAE
We follow Almeida, R.F. et al. (PhytoKeys, 2024), who revised the family classification and brought some differences with POWO on December 9, 2024: he synonymized Lophanthera A.Juss. and Andersiodoxa C.Davis & Amorim under Spachea A.Juss., synonymized Dinemagonum A.Juss. under Dinemandra A.Juss. ex Endl. (both Chilean endemics), Henleophytum H. Karst. (endemic to Cuba) under Heladena A.Juss., making the genus disjoint, and emancipated the South American species of Aspicarpa Rich. into Mamedea R.F.Almeida & M.Pell., making the former genus exclusive to North America.
PODOSTEMACEAE
Here we recognize Lophogyne aeruginosa (P.Royen) C.T.Philbrick & C.P.Bove as a valid species (Phytotaxa, 2024). POWO classifies it as a doubtful species as of October 25, 2024 (SEE).
ELATINACEAE
We reject the species Elatine glaziovii Nied., cited in POWO on as of June 30, 2024 (SEE).
PASSIFLORACEAE
Here, we recognize the following species absent in POWO as of October 25, 2024: Piriqueta velutina L.Rocha & Arbo (Brazil, 2024) and Passiflora pitalensis Arrigui-Torres, J.Ocampo & Rosero-Toro (Colombia, 2024).
SALICACEAE
Here we recognize a species absent in POWO as of November 8, 2024: Tetrathylacium nutans Sleumer (re-established, Salicacae, EC, 2019).
VIOLACEAE
Phyllanoa Croizat is placed in Euphorbiaceae by POWO on November 29, 2024 (SEE). Hayden et al. (PAGE, 1996) highlight it as part of Violaceae. The second reference mentions the genus in Euphorbiaceae, although it cites it in Antidesminae, a lineage of Phyllanthaceae. Given these three positions, here we consider the genus to be in Phyllanthaceae.
EUPHORBIACEAE
POWO, as of November 8, 2024, places Chicomendes W.Cordeiro & M.F.Sales in Phyllanthaceae and considers it exclusive to Peru (SEE). Here, we reject this position within the family and accept the genus in Euphorbiaceae, with occurrences in Brazil, according to its original description (SEE).
Here, unlike POWO on November 29, 2024, we recognize Monadelpha L.J.Gillespie & Card.-McTeag., which is completely absent in the searches on the website, based on Lynn J. Gillespie et al. (PhytoKeys, 2020), known for Brazil and Venezuela.
Phyllanoa Croizat is placed in Euphorbiaceae by POWO on November 29, 2024 (SEE). Hayden et al. (PAGE, 1996) highlight it as part of Violaceae. The second reference mentions the genus in Euphorbiaceae, although it cites it in Antidesminae, a lineage of Phyllanthaceae. Given these three positions, here we consider the genus to be in Phyllanthaceae.
Croton lombardianus Croizat is new species in Brazil (Phytotaxa, 2021), formerly endemic to Uruguay, record absent in POWO as of November 29, 2024.
Euphorbia tithymaloides L. is listed as native to Brazil by POWO November 29, 2024 (SEE), but here we follow Jacobo-Arteaga (PLACEVO, 2022), who significantly restricts its distribution.
Here, we recognize the following species absent in POWO as of November 29, 2024: Euphorbia subilsiae Mayfield (Argentina, 2024), Croton maranonensis Riina & Martín-Muñoz (Peru and Ecuador, 2024) and Caperonia itapevae Külkamp (Brazil, 2024).
PHYLLANTHACEAE
Here, Cicca L. (42 spp. in World, 3 in New World and South America, 2 in Brazil, one endemic) and Moeroris Raf. (197 spp. in World, 26 in New World, 8 in South America, 6 in Brazil, one endemic) are recognized as separated from Phyllanthus L. (now almost restricted for New World except by some weed species), according to Bouman et al. (Phytotaxa, 2022).
Here we accept Richeria dressleri Webster in Brazil, based on Reflora (SEE). POWO, as of November 8, 2024, does not consider this species in Brazil (SEE).
POWO, as of November 8, 2024, places Chicomendes W.Cordeiro & M.F.Sales in Phyllanthaceae and considers it exclusive to Peru (SEE). Here, we reject this position within the family and accept the genus in Euphorbiaceae, with occurrences in Brazil, according to its original description (SEE).
Here we recognize Phyllanthus mimicus + P. bolivianus under P. niruri (2023, SEE), and five new species from Brazil: Phyllanthus novofriburgensis, P. pedrosae, Phyllanthus prancei (2024), P. lobatus, P. platystigma (2023).
Phyllanoa Croizat is placed in Euphorbiaceae by POWO on November 29, 2024 (SEE). Hayden et al. (PAGE, 1996) highlight it as part of Violaceae. The second reference mentions the genus in Euphorbiaceae, although it cites it in Antidesminae, a lineage of Phyllanthaceae. Given these three positions, here we consider the genus to be in Phyllanthaceae.
FABALES
QUILLAJACEAE
On June 22, 2024, POWO lists Quillaja brasiliensis (A. St.-Hil. & Tul.) Mart. as occurring in Peru (SEE), but based on its placement on page 408 of K. Kubitzki (vol. IX, 2007), we systematically reject the occurrence of the species (as well as the genus and family) as native to the Andean country.
FABACEAE
Here, we reject the occurrence of the following genera in the New World, as cited in POWO on January 20, 2025: Galega (G. officinalis L., rejected for Uruguay, SEE), Albizia (A. ortegae Britton & Rose in Mexico, SEE, and A. xerophytica J.Linares in America Central, SEE), Caragana (C. arborescens Lam., rejected for Massachussets, SEE), and Codariocalyx (rejected in Puerto Rico, SEE).
Despite the citation of the occurrence of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth in Brazil by POWO on January 20, 2025 (SEE), we reject this occurrence here, based on Reflora (SEE).
Otholobium C.H.Stirt. is a genus with an uncertain status in POWO as of January 20, 2025. Although it is cited as a synonym of Psoralea L (SEE), the New World species have not been included in this second genus. Here, we follow the list presented in the POWO Build Checklist, which recognizes 16 species within the genus Otholobium for the New World, all restricted to the western part of South America and with a unplaced status. With this circumscription, we adopt this genus in the present study.
Here, we follow Guerra, E. et al. (Phytotaxa, 2023) and recognize only the two exclusively Brazilian species of Abarema Pittier. One species cited by POWO on January 20, 2025, for Venezuela and N Brazil (SEE) is fully rejected here.
POLYGALACEAE
For Bredemeyera Willd., here we follow Mota et al. (Systematic Botany, 2023), which lists 12 species for the genus, in contrast to POWO on as of June 22, 2024, which lists 19 (SEE).
Here we reinforce the position of Pastore et al. (Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 2023) and Pastore & al. (Taxon, 2019), in transferring all New World species of Polygala Tourn. ex L. to Senega (DC.) Spach, including the 32 species that POWO still lists under Polygala as of June 22, 2024, all of which are endemic to Mexico.
POWO on as of June 22, 2024 recognizes Ancylotropis B. Eriksen as a distinct genus (SEE), but here we follow Freire-Fierro et al. (Botanical Journal of Linnean Society, 2023) and treat it as a synonym of Monnina Ruiz & Pav.
Here we accepts Monnina salicifolia Ruiz & Pav. and M. smithii Chodat new records in Venezuela, formerly in Colombia to Bolivia (SEE), besides POWO on as of June 22, 2024.
ROSALES
ROSACEAE
Following Lazo & Potter (Systematic Botany, 2021), we adopt a broad version of Acaena Mutis here, synonymizing Margyricarpus Ruiz & Pavon, Polylepis Ruiz & Pavón, and Tetraglochin Poepp. within it, all of which are still considered independent in POWO as of July 7, 2024.
Regarding Agrimonia L., we consider A. villosa Cham. & Schltdl to be present in both Brazil and Argentina (Keller & Kline, Darwiniana, 2008), although POWO as of July 7, 2024, considers it exclusive to Brazil (SEE).
Here we recognize three species from Colombia (2) and Peru (1) that were described in Lachemilla (Focke) Rydb. in 2019 but are treated here in Alchemilla L.: Lachemilla rothmaleriana D.F.Morales-B. & Romol., L. argentea D.F.Morales-B. & Romol. and L. cyanea D.F.Morales-B. & Romol. (PhytoKeys, 2019).
RHAMNACEAE
The four species of Ziziphus L. from the New World in POWO on July 7, 2024, are placed under Sarcomphalus L. via Hauenschild & al (Taxon, 2016), with Z. cotinifolia Reissek and Z. guaranitica Malme synonymized under S. joazeiro (Mart.) Hauenschild, and the other two species remaining unchanged.
CANNABACEAE
Here we recognize Celtis alnifolia (Wedd.) Miq. reestablished, which in POWO on as of June 27, 2024, was synonymized with C. iguanea (Jacq.) Sarg. (Phytotaxa, 2023).
Here we list the Brazilian endemic Celtis atlantica (Acta Botanica Brasilica, 2024), which is absent in POWO as of June 27, 2024.
Here we recognize Sparrea Hunz. & Dottori, a genus cited in POWO on as of June 27, 2024, synonymized under Celtis L., based on Zamengo Souza et al. (Brazilian Journal of Botany, 2020).
MORACEAE
Important changes at the generic level accepted here: the emancipation of Acanthinophyllum Allemão from Clarisia Ruiz & Pav. in Moraceae (Gardner, E.M., Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2023), change absent in POWO on as of June 27, 2024.
CUCURBITALES
Following Alzate J.F. et al. (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2024), here we treat Apodanthaceae as part of Malpighiales, on November 8, 2024. The APG IV, on this date, still placed the first family in Cucurbitales.
CUCURBITACEAE
Different from what is stated in POWO on as of June 17, 2024, here we consider Anisosperma Silva Manso valid based on Nee et al. (Systematic Botany, 2009).
For Sicyoeae, here we follow Sebastian, P. et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2012), who synonymized the following genera into Sicyos L., as listed in POWO on as of June 17, 2024: Parasycios Dieterle, Sicyosperma A. Gray, Sechiopsis Naudin, Sicyocaulis Wiggins, and Microsechium Naudin.
POWO on as of June 17 highlights Melothrianthus Mart. Crov. synonymized under Apodanthera Arn., but here we keep it distinct based on Lima, L.F.P. (Thesis, 2010).
For Luffa Mill., we followed the circumscription of Filipowicz (Systematic Botany, 2014), which recognizes 3 spp. so in the New World, and brings considerable differences with the POWO data on as of June 17, 2024.
Selysia Cogn., recognized in POWO with 4 spp., is here synonymized in Cayaponia Silva Manso, via Renner & Schaefer (Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models, 2016).
FAGALES
NOTHOFAGACEAE
For Nothofagaceae, we adopt here the classification by Heenan & Smissen (Phytotaxa, 2013), which divides the family into four genera: Trisyngyne Baill. (19, 5 in New Caledonia, 14 in New Guinea), Fuscospora (R.S.Hill & J.Read) Heenan & Smissen (1), Lophozonia Turczaninow (7), and Nothofagus Blume (6), the last three in South America. POWO on as of June 28, 2024 shows all genera under Nothofagus.
FAGACEAE
For Fagaceae in America Latina, we use Bartolomew & Almeda (Phytotaxa, 2023), which lists 145 spp. for the region, with Fagus L. and Trigonobalanus Forman having one species each, and 143 in Quercus. For the first two, both the work and POWO are in agreement. For Fagaceae of North America that do not occur in America Latina, we follow the numbers from POWO as of June 28, 2024, as follows: in Quercus L., there are a total of 91 spp. cited by POWO for the region, of which 37 are cited for Mexico, a number 5 units higher than that referred to in Bartolomew & Almeda (2023). Excluding these, there are 54 spp. remaining, which, added to the 143 Quercus from America Latina, total 197 spp. For the World, POWO cites a total of 469 spp. Excluding the 241 spp. cited for the Americas, and assuming there are no species in both hemispheres, there are 228 spp. exclusive to the Old World. Adding these 228 to the 197 validated here, we have 425 Quercus species in the world. In summary: 425 Quercus species in the World, 197 in the New World, 52 + 32 = 84 in North America excluding Mexico, 137 spp. in Mexico, 83 endemics, one in South America.
MYRICACEAE
Here, we accept the work of Huguet, V. et al. (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2005), which divides Myrica L. into Myrica s.s. for M. hartwegii S. Watson (California) and M. gale L. (North America from Arctic to Virginia and Oregon, Spain to NW Russia, NE Russia to Japan in E Asia), and Morella L. for the others, including all species from Mexico to South America. In POWO on as of June 28, 2024, the two genera are listed under the name Myrica (SEE).
GERANIALES
GERANIACEAE
Accepted here the notes on the classification of Geranium L. (Geraniaceae) on Aedo, C. (BOOK, 2023).
MYRTALES
MELASTOMATACEAE
Although Bertolonia venezuelana Wurdack is recognized as valid by POWO on July 20, 2024 (SEE), we follow the position in LF. Bacci et al. (Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2019) to reject the species in this genus and maintain it as endemic to Brazil.
POWO on July 20, 2024 highlights Loricalepis Brade as endemic to Brazil (SEE). Here we follow Goldenberg, R. et al. (Brittonia, 2020), which reports its occurrence also in Colombia.
POWO on July 24, 2024 recognizes Ossaea DC. with 5 species, 3 in the Caribbean and 2 in Brazil (SEE). Here we consider this genus to be synonymized under Miconia Ruiz & Pav. (Caddah, M.K. et al, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2022).
Here we recognize the genus Rupestrea R.Goldenb., Almeda & Michelangeli as in R.Goldenb., Almeda & Michelangeli (Systematic Botany, 2015), which POWO on July 20, 2024 synonymizes under Miconia Ruiz & Pav. (SEE).
Here we consider 11 additional species not cited in POWO on as of June 10, 2024:
Pleroma magdalenense (Brade) F. S. Mey. & R. Goldenb. (Brazil, 2023),
Meriania urdialesii M.M.Jiménez, H.Garzón & Iturralde (Ecuador, 2024),
Miconia dianae R.Goldenb., Michelang. & Amorim (Brazil, 2023),
Microlicia arenaria R.Romero & Versiane,
M. dentisepala R.Romero & Versiane,
M. membranacea R.Romero & Versiane (Brazil, 2023),
Marcetia barbadensis R.B.Pacifico & Almeda,
M. minima R.B.Pacifico & Almeda,
M. serratifolia R.B.Pacifico & Almeda (Brazil, 2023),
Pleroma littorale F.S.Mey. & R.Goldenb. and
P. semisterile F.S.Mey. & R.Goldenb. (Brazil, 2024).
MYRTACEAE
As of July 7, 2024, POWO does not recognize the genera Myrteola O.Berg (SEE) and Ugni Turcz. (SEE) as native to Brazil, but we consider both as native (both from Mount Neblina region) based on Reflora (SEE) and Reflora (SEE), respectively.
Here, we recognize the following species absent in POWO as of July 7, 2024: Eugenia guapiassuana T.Fern., M.T.C.Lacerda & J.M.A.Braga (Brazil, 2024), Eugenia lavradensis Tuler & Sobral (Brazil, 2024), Myrcia tenondeporan M.F.Santos & E.Barretto (Brazil, 2023), Campomanesia repanda O.Berg. (elevation rank, Brazil, 2021) and Eugenia rogersiana (Mattos) Parra-O (ex-Calycorectes rogersianus Mattos, Brazil, 2021).
Here, we account for the following inclusion absent in POWO as of July 7, 2024: Myrcianthes cavalcantei Mattos under M. fragrans (Sw.) McVaugh (Myrtaceae, BR, 2023, SEE).
ONAGRACEAE
We reject Hemifuchsia Herrera here, cited in POWO on as of June 26, 2024, as endemic to Peru (SEE).
VOCHYSIACEAE
Here we count the Brazilian endemic species Vochysia sobralii G.H.Shimizu & D.J.P.Gonç. (Phytotaxa, 2022), absent from the POWO list on as of June 21, 2024.
PICRAMNIALES
PICRAMNIACEAE
Here we consider three additional species not cited in POWO on as of June 10, 2024:
Aenigmanu chococola Londoño-Ech. & A.M.Trujillo,
Nothotalisia karsticola Londoño-Ech. & A.M.Trujillo and
Picramnia vinacea Londoño-Ech. & A.M.Trujillo (Picramniaceae, CL, 2023).
SAPINDALES
ANACARDIACEAE
Here we consider one additional species not cited in POWO on July 08, 2024: Astronium woodii Villarroel & M.T.Martinez (Bolivia, 2021).
MELIACEAE
Here we consider five additional species not cited in POWO on as of June 26, 2024:
Ruagea obovata T. D. Penn.,
R. beckii T. D. Penn.,
R. parvifructa T. D. Penn. (Ecuador to Bolivia, 2021),
Carapa cedrotagua Londoño-Ech., A.M.Trujillo & Jiménez-Mont. (Colombia, 2024) and Cedrela gonzalopalominoi Villanueva & M. E. Morales (Colombia, 2023).
RUTACEAE
Here we consider the species Conchocarpus lilacinus (A.St.-Hil.) Bruniera & Groppo and C. limae (I.M.Silva) Bruniera & Groppo, cited in POWO on July 8, 2024, as synonymized under C. ruber (A.St.-Hil.) Bruniera & Groppo (SEE).
MALVALES
BIXACEAE
Moreira et al. (Economy Botany, 2015) consider Bixa orellana L. to be a form known only through cultivation.
MALVACEAE
POWO on January 21, 2025, expands Ayenia L. to include Rayleya Cristóbal and Byttneria Loefl. (SEE). Here, we follow Whitlock & Hale (Systematic Botany, 2011), maintaining Rayleya as a sister to Ayenia, including Byttneria.
We consider the designation of Dombeya Cav. for the Caribbean in POWO on January 21, 2025, to be an error (SEE).
Gossypium nobile Fryxell is cited for Brazil in POWO on January 21, 2025 (SEE), but this is a major error, as this species is Australian (Atlas of Living Australia/SEE).
Gossypium hirsutum L. is treated as native to Brazil in POWO on January 21, 2025 (SEE); however, we consider its occurrence in South America as non-native, restricting the species to the Caribbean and adjacent areas, based on Ning, W. et al. (Scientific Reports, 2024).
BRASSICALES
CARICACEAE
Here we recognize only Carica papaya L. in Carica L., with the other species listed in this genus by POWO as of June 20, 2024 (C. aprica V.M. Badillo and C. augusti Harms), being accepted here in Vasconcellea A. St-Hill., following the e-Monograph of the Caricaceae. By the same source and contrary to POWO, we do not consider Carica papaya as native to South America.
CAPPARACEAE
POWO on as of June 20, 2024 recognizes a very broad circumscription of Capparaceae around Morisonia Plum. ex L. (SEE), ignoring several works regarding the diversity of genera in the family in the New World. Here we adopt the circumscription of VPA on as of June 20, 2024 (SEE), including the considerations below.
Here we follow the POWO for the distribution of Colicodendron yco (Mart.) Mart. (under the name Morisonia yco (Mart.) Christenh. & Byng) as endemic to Brazil, contrary to the VPA, which highlights the occurrence of the species in Guyana (SEE).
Following Cornejo & Iltis (J.B.R.I. of Texas, 2008), we here recognize Colicodendron valerabellum H.H. Iltis, T. Ruiz & G.S. Bunting, a species endemic to Venezuela, absent from the VPA list (VER).
Even though it is a taxon from outside South America, here we follow Cornejo (Harvard Papers in Botany, 2020) in recognizing Acanthocapparis Cornejo as distinct from Capparicordis Cornejo & Iltis, which is thus restricted to South America with two species.
Here we consider the species Mesocapparis minutiflora Luber (endemic to Brazil, SEE), not cited in the VPA as of June 20, 2024.
CLEOMACEAE
POWO on as of June 20, 2024 recognizes a very broad circumscription of Cleomaceae around Cleome L. (SEE), ignoring several works regarding the diversity of genera in the family in the New World. Here we adopt the circumscription of VPA on as of June 20, 2024 (SEE), including the considerations below.
Here we adopt a broad circumscription of Cleomella L. as in POWO on as of June 20, 2024.
For Tarenaya Raf., here we follow Soares Neto et al. (Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 2022); the work recognizes 38 species, one in Africa, 37 in the New World, 33 in South America, 22 in Brazil, 13 endemic. These data differ significantly from those still recognized in VPA, which also recognizes 14 Cleome L. in the New World.
For strictly South American Cleomaceae excluding Tarenaya, here we follow Roalson et al. (Phytotaxa, 2020/1) and Roalson et al. (Systematic Botany, 2020/2), in recognizing 10 genera in South America, 6 in Brazil, and 4 absent - the latters all in the Andean clade.
Here we follow Roalson et al. (Phytotaxa, 2020), and treat Mitostylis Raf. (America Central) nested within Physostemon Mart. & Zucc.
BRASSICACEAE
Here we include the Peruvian species Cardamine peruviana Al-Shehbaz & Marhold (Phytotaxa, 2023), absent from the POWO list on as of June 21, 2024.
SANTALALES
As of June 13, 2024, POWO considers Olacaceae s.l. (SEE). Here we follow MOBOT, which divides this family into 7 independent families (SEE), treated individually.
XIMENIACEAE
Here we count the record of Douradoa Sleumer in Venezuela and its exclusion from the list of endemic genera in Brazil (González & Aymard, Harvard Papers in Botany, 2023).
BALANOPHORACEAE
Here we record the occurrence of Lophophytum wedelii Hook. f. in Brazil, based on Cardozo (Checklist, 2015).
SANTALACEAE
As of June 13, 2024, POWO considers Santalum L. to be present in South America. However, here we regard the species in question, exclusive to Juan Fernandez Is., as belonging to Mida R.Cunn. ex A.Cunn, a genus reported as exclusive to New Zealand on the platform.
Thesium lopollense Hiern is erroneously reported as Bolivian, whereas it should be Botswana (SEE).
A notable revision, not followed here, of Phoradendron Nutt. and Dendrophthora Eichler for Brazil can be consulted in Dettke &
Caires (Rodriguesia, 2021).
BERBERIDOPSIDALES
BERBERIDOPSIDACEAE
Here we report a new species, absent in POWO on as of June 10, 2024: Berberidopsis granitica Menegoz, A.E. Villarroel & Lavandero (Chile, 2024).
CARYOPHYLLALES
POLYGONACEAE
The situation of Polygonum L. in South America is chaotic, with various sources recognizing multiple confusing and ambiguous species, ranging from 18 to just 4. As of June 25, 2024, POWO highlights 4 species on the continent, including Polygonum brasiliense K.Koch, but does not list its distribution in Brazil, despite the epithet (SEE). Here, we will faithfully follow the reference, while highlighting the many inconsistencies regarding this genus.
POWO on as of June 25, 2024 lists Enneatypus Herzog as distinct from Ruprechtia C. A. Meyer; however, here we synonymize the former under the latter following Sánchez, A. & Kron, S. (Systematic Botany, 2011).
RHABDODENDRACEAE
Here we acknowledge the occurrence of Rhabdodendron amazonicum (Spruce ex Benth.) Huber in SE Colombia via Aymard et al. (Harvard Papers in Botany, 2016), a record absent in POWO as of June 26, 2024 (SEE).
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Polycarpon Loefl. is not accepted in Brazil according to POWO on July 7, 2024 (SEE). Zuloaga et al. (Darwiniana, 2019) recognizes for southern Brazil the species Polycarpon apurense Kunth; however, Reflora does not recognize this genus natively in Brazil (SEE). Gereau e Marticorena (Novon, 1995) cites this species in Brazil. Here we accept the genus in Brazil, based on this reference, however as Polycarpon tetraphyllum subsp. apurense (Kunth) Iamonico & C.A.Zanotti, by POWO (SEE).
AMARANTHACEAE
POWO on July 7, 2024, lists Atriplex montevidense Spreng in Brazil (SEE), but we reject it due to the lack of support from other sources and even herbarium records.
Here we consider Pedersenia macrophylla (R.E. Fr.) Holub also in Brazil via Smithsonian (SEE), an occurrence not considered in POWO on July 7, 2024 (SEE).
AIZOACEAE
Here we include Sesuvium curassavicum Sukhor., a Caribbean species absent from POWO on as of June 25, 2024.
POWO on as of June 25, 2024, lists Trianthema portulacastrum L. as absent in Brazil; however, we accept the species in the country according to L. C. P. Lima et al. (Aizoaceae from Bahia/Journals UEFS, 2012).
NYCTAGINACEAE
For Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss., here we follow Bautista et al. (PLANTS, 2022), which provides a very precise analysis of the genus, highlighting 11 species and their relationships and synonyms, besides POWO on as of June 25, 2024.
Here we include Neea campanulata D.S.Costa & E.F.S.Rossetto, endemic to Brazil, a species absent from POWO on as of June 25, 2024.
Via Rosseto et al. (Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2019), here we consider Neea Ruiz & Pav. synonymized under Guapira Aubl., although most texts do not take this inclusion into account.
CACTACEAE
Here, contrary to POWO on November 26, 2024, we maintain Kimnachia S. Arias & N. Korotkova as a valid genus, distinct from Pseudorhipsalis Britton & Rose (Korotkova, N. et al, Phytotaxa, 2017).
Here we report a new species, absent in POWO on November 24, 2024: Tacinga paiaia J.G.Freitas & E.M.Almeida (BR, 2023), Cereus ingens, C. gerardi (BR, 2023),
CORNALES
LOASACEAE
Here we count a new species absent in POWO as of June 17, 2024: Nasa ojedae Cornejo & Weigend (Ecuador, 2024).
ERICALES
POLEMONIACEAE
We consider here the non-occurrence of one contoversial species listed in POWO on as of June 25, 2024: Cantua megapotamica Spreng. (SEE). Regarding this species, there is no exact information or concrete reference, so the position that Polemoniaceae does not occur natively in Brazil is maintained here.
LECYTHIDACEAE
Here we count the species Gustavia montana Cornejo, D. Gut. & J.S. Arango-G., absent in POWO as of June 25, 2024.
EBENACEAE
Here we count the species Lissocarpa bracki Vásquez & R. Rojas, endemic to Peru, absent in POWO as of June 25, 2024.
THEACEAE
Here we count the species Gordonia (Laplacea) plicata G. Moya, N. Miranda, Oleas & C. Ulloa, endemic to Ecuador, absent in POWO as of June 25, 2024.
SARRACENIACEAE
For Heliamphora Benth., there is much controversy regarding its diversity; due to the prestige and proposal, for the genus we follow Sarraceniaceae of South America (Wikipedia, 2011), which lists 23 species for the genus. H. neblinae Maguire is not listed as native to Brazil in the work, but according to Reflora (SEE), the species is considered Brazilian here; also according to Reflora (SEE), H. glabra Benth. is considered native to Brazil here, although the book states it is absent in the country.
ERICACEAE
Here we consider Oreanthes Benth. also in Peru based on Luteyn & Peñalosa (SEE). In POWO on July 14, 2024, this genus is treated as exclusive to Ecuador (SEE).
Here we consider an additional species in Brazil: Vaccinium chimantense Maguire, Steyerm. & Luteyn (Catalógo UCS), which is treated as a Venezuelan endemic in POWO as of July 14, 2024 (SEE).
GENTIANALES
RUBIACEAE
POWO, on January 21, 2025, does not recognize Chione DC. in Brazil (SEE), but here we accept this genus in the country based on Reflora (SEE).
GENTIANACEAE
POWO, as of November 8, 2024, considers Purdieanthus Gilg. as endemic to Colombia (SEE), a position here rejected based on P. Acevedo-Rodríguez (Gentian Climbers).
Here, we consider the record of Voyria alvesiana E.F.Guim., T.S.Mendes & N.G.Silva in French Guiana and Suriname (Gomes et al., Taxon, 2022), which is still absent in POWO as of November 8, 2024 (SEE).
APOCYNACEAE
Manothrix Miers is tentatively assigned to Gonolobiinae, based solely on the text box of its Wikipedia page (SEE), despite its original description (SEE).
Here, we accept Echites P. Browne in South America from the Colombian Caribbean islands, a citation absent in the map of POWO as of January 21, 2025 (SEE).
Kerbera E. Fourn. and Schistonema Schltr. are tentatively placed in Oxypetalinae here, based on Rapini et al. (Phytotaxa, 2011).
SOLANALES
CONVOLVULACEAE
Here we consider Cressa L. native to Brazil via Reflora (SEE), despite POWO on July 7, 2024, not considering this genus in Brazil (SEE).
Here we follow Staples & Simões (Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2017), in considering Merremia L. an Old World exclusive genus; thus, the 4 species that POWO on July 7 cites for the New World are here moved to Distimake Raf.
Here, we recognize the following species absent in POWO as of July 7, 2024: Ipomoea bonsai D. Santos & Alencar (Brazil, 2020) and Jacquemontia ferricola Belo, Buril & Louzada (Brazil, 2023).
Here, we account for the following inclusion absent in POWO as of July 7, 2024: Evolvulus linarioides Meisn. under Evolvulus saxifragus Mart. (Brazil, 2022), and Cuscuta orbiculata Yunck under Cuscuta tinctoria Mart. (Brazil, 2021).
SOLANACEAE
Here we consider one additional species not cited in POWO on July 13, 2024: Metternichia macrocalyx (Carvalho) L.S.Souza & Stehmann (Brazil, 2023),
For Nolana L. on July 13, 2024, we followed Dillon (Harvard Papers in Botany, 2023), which lists 92 spp.: 42 from Peru, 46 from Chile, three in both Peru and Chile, and one species in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.
Deprea Raf., cited in Brazil by POWO in July 14, 2024 (SEE), but rejected in Brazil by Reflora (SEE).
POWO on July 14, 2024 highlights Datura L. as native to Colombia (SEE), but here it is rejected based on the Catalog of Plants and Lichens of Colombia (site unavailable).
POWO on July 14, 2024 does not recognize Protoschwenkia Soler. in Brazil (SEE), but here we consider it native based on Reflora (SEE).
Brugmansia Pers. deserves mention for not having any consensus on its real diversity. The VPA recognizes 8 species with disputable distributions (SEE), and none in Brazil, highlighting B. suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Sweet as native to Peru and the Caribbean. IUCN recognizes 7 spp. (SEE) and lists one as endemic to Brazil (B. suaveolens) and one shared (B. insignis (Barb.Rodr.) Lockwood ex R.E.Schult.). Reflora lists two spp. in Brazil, both non-native (SEE), with B. suaveolens declared as native to Mexico, America Central, and northern South America. The IUCN is quite consistent but diverge from Dupin & Smith (Taxon, 2018), which presents a very simplistic view giving 5 species for this genus, 3 from the Andes and two from the lowlands of South America, with B. suaveolens declared as Amazonian, but in the previous references, this position belongs to B. insignis. Here we consider the seven species recognized by POWO (SEE), including the five from Dupin & Smith, retaining B. versicolor Lagerh. (endemic to Ecuador), B. aurea Lagerh. (Colombia and Ecuador), B. arborea (L.) Sweet (Ecuador to Chile and Bolivia), and B. sanguinea (Ruiz & Pav.) D. Don (Colombia to Chile and Bolivia), and adding B. vulcanicola (A.S. Barclay) R.E. Schult. from the Andes of Colombia and Ecuador, and B. insignis (Colombia to Bolivia and N Brazil), which corresponds to the Amazonian populations of B. suaveolens, thus making the latter species endemic to the eastern coast of Brazil.
POWO on July 14, 2024 recognizes Nectouxia Kunth (1, Texas to Mexico); here we accepted this genus under Salpichroa Miers, by Carrizo García, C. et al (Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2018).
BORAGINALES
For Boraginales, we follow the APWeb here, which divides the order into 8 families (SEE). However, POWO on as of June 19, 2024 (SEE), and Angios Bergianska (SEE) considered all of them as just Boraginaceae, and VPA considered a mix of confusing and incorrect inclusions.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE
Although Phacelia Juss. is not listed as native to Brazil by Reflora (SEE) or VPA (SEE), here we follow POWO as of June 19, 2024, which highlights a species native to Brazil (SEE), a position reinforced by own Reflora/Herbario Virtual (SEE), Vasile, M.A. et al (Taxon, 2024) and Flora Argentina (SEE).
HELIOTROPIACEAE
Via Luebert, Hilger, and Weigend (Mol. Phyl. and Evolution, 2011) and Boraginales Working Group (Researchgate, 2016), the SSAA recognizes Tournefortia L. as merged into Heliotropium L., different from POWO as of June 19, 2024, which keeps it independent.
LAMIALES
OLEACEAE
POWO on as of June 24, 2024, does not recognize Menodora Bonpl. in Brazil (SEE), but here we consider it via Reflora (SEE).
PELTANTHERACEAE
POWO on as of June 24, 2024, considers Peltanthera Benth. in Gesneriaceae (SEE), but here we follow APWeb, which emancipates the genus in the monotypic Peltantheraceae (SEE).
CALCEOLARIACEAE
With profound inconsistency, Calceolariaceae is not cited for Brazil by either VPA or POWO on as of June 24, 2024 (SEE), and the only species cited for Brazil is considered 'naturalized' by Reflora (SEE); here we fully accept the family in Brazil as per Souza & Giulietii (BOTÂNICA, 2009).
GESNERIACEAE
Vanhouttea Lem. and Paliavana are cited in POWO on July 8, 2024 (SEE), but here we follow Perret et al. (American Journal of Botany, 2003), which suggests merging the two into Sinningia Nees.
POWO on as of June 24, 2024, considers Peltanthera Benth. in Gesneriaceae (SEE), but here we follow APW, which emancipates the genus in the monotypic Peltantheraceae (SEE).
POWO on July 8, 2024, distributes Tylopsacas Leeuwenb. only to Venezuela and Guyana (SEE), but here we also treat it as occurring in Brazil, based on Reflora (SEE).
POWO on as of June 24, 2024, describes Cubitanthus Barringer in Gesneriaceae (SEE). Here we follow S. Santos A. et al. (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2023) which placed Cubitanthus within Linderniaceae.
Here we consider one additional species not cited in POWO on July 08, 2024: Pachycaulos huancabambae J.L.Clark & Moonlight (Peru, 2023).
POWO on July 8, 2024, marks Gloxinella Roalson & Boggan as endemic to Colombia (SEE). However, here we follow Araújo, A.O. et al. (Acta Botanica Brasilica, 2012), which indicates that it is not endemic to Colombia. Due to alleged collections in northern Peru, we prefer to highlight it as endemic to this country.
For Mandirola Decne, we follow Reflora (SEE) here, which recognizes only three species, all exclusively Brazilian and absent in Bolivia as suggested by POWO on July 8, 2024 (SEE).
PLANTAGINACEAE
Here we consider one additional species not cited in POWO on July 08, 2024: Philcoxia cachimboensis Scatigna & Lopes-Neto (Brazil, 2023).
Benjaminia Mart. ex Benj., cited in POWO on July 8, 2024 (SEE), is treated here as Bacopa Aubl., based on A. V. Scatigna et al. (Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2022).
LINDERNIACEAE
POWO on as of June 24, 2024, describes the genus Ameroglossum Eb. Fisch., S. Vogel & A.V. Lopes as in Schophulariaceae (SEE), Cubitanthus Barringer in Gesneriaceae (SEE), Isabelcristinia L.P. Félix, Christenh. & E.M. Almeida and Catimbaua L.P. Félix, Christenh. & E.M. Almeida as in Linderniaceae (SEE). Here we follow S. Santos A. et al. (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2023) which synonymizes the latter two within Ameroglossum, and placed with Cubitanthus within Linderniaceae.
VERBENACEAE
For Casselia Nees & Mart., we follow Cardoso, P.H. (Acta Botanica Brasilica, 2024), which recognizes 8 spp. POWO, on July 8, 2024, recognizes only 7 (SEE).
Here we reject Pitraea Turcz. in Brazil via Reflora (SEE), a genus indicated as Brazilian in POWO on July 8, 2024 (SEE).
Here we consider two additional species not cited in POWO on July 08, 2024: Stachytarpheta meninii P.H. Cardoso (Brazil, 2023), S. liviae P.H. Cardoso & Salimena (Brazil, 2024).
Here, we account for the following inclusion absent in POWO as of July 08, 2024: Stachytarpheta viscidula Schauer under S. commutata Schauer (Verbenaceae, BR, 2023).
ACANTHACEAE
Dianthera L. (41, New World, 24 in South America, 15 in Brazil, 7 endemics, now in Justicia), Xantheranthemum Lindau (1, Peru, now in Aphelandra), Stachyacanthus Nees. (1, Brazil, now in Ruellia), Cuenotia Rizzini (1, Brazil, now in Aphelandra), Liberatia Rizzini (2, Brazil and Bolivia one each, now in Lepidaganthis), Morsacanthus Rizzini (1, Brazil, now in Pseuderanthemum) and Polylychnis Bremek (1, now in Ruellia), cited in POWO on July 13, 2024 (SEE), are here rejected via Tripp et al. (Taxon, 2021).
Here we follow Cornejo (Harvard Papers in Botany, 2020) and recognize all New World species of Avicennia L. in POWO on July 13, 2024 under Hilairanthus Tiegh.
Here we consider Aphanandrium Lindau as a valid name for the Neriacanthus Benth. & Hook.f. of South America, as it is a name absent in Tripp et al. (Taxon, 2021)
Here, the species of Anisacanthus Nees still recorded for South America (A. brasiliensis Lindau) is placed under Thyrsacanthus Moric, based on Chagas, E.C.O. and Costa-Lima, J.M. (Phytotaxa, 2022).
LAMIACEAE
Here we consider one additional species not cited in POWO on July 13, 2024: Oocephalus viscaria Harley & J.F.B.Pastore (Brazil, 2021).
OROBANCHACEAE
Via Souza & Giulietti (Thesis, 2009), Anisantherina Pennell, still cited in POWO on July 13, 2024 (SEE), is here taken under Agalinis Raf.
Via Schneider (PhytoKeys, 2016), all species of Orobanche L. of the New World, still cited in POWO on July 13, 2024 (SEE), are here taken under Aphyllon Mitch.
ASTERALES
CAMPANULACEAE
Despites POWO on as of June 10, 2024, Burmeistera Karst. & Triana is accepted in Brazil, due to collections in the Monte Neblina region (Catalogo UCS).
Here we accepted Burmeistera luciae Zapata-Corr., Garzón & Ruiz-Mol. (Colombia, 2024), absent in POWO on as of June 11, 2024
ASTERACEAE
As of January 21, 2025, POWO does not recognize the genera Microgyne Cass., Jaumea Pers., Berroa Beauverd, and Helenium L. as occurring in Brazil. However, we follow Reflora (SEE), in which all these genera are recognized as valid and native to the country.
POWO, on January 21, 2025, recognizes Chucoa Cabrera as a valid genus, but here we consider it a synonym of Onoseris Willd., based on Panero (Phytologia, 2009).
Although POWO, on January 20, 2025, lists two species of Gochnatia D. Don in Brazil (SEE), it is considered absent from the country according to Robinson & Funk (PhytoKeys, 2020).
Harpalyce D. Don (not the Harpalyce Moc. & Sessé ex DC. from Fabaceae) is confusingly stated in POWO as of January 21, 2025, being announced as a synonym of Nabalus Cass. (SEE), yet still listed with two species. Here, we completely reject it.
Additionally, as of January 21, 2025, POWO does not recognize two species of Liabum in Brazil, but we acknowledge them here based on Moreira & Oliveira (Book Chapter, 2017).
Although POWO, as of January 21, 2025, recognizes two species of Eremosis (DC.) Gleason in South America—one as a disjunction between Mexico and Ecuador and the other between Mexico and Brazil (SEE), the lack of complementary information is significant. Therefore, we choose to exclude the genus entirely from the continent.
Here we consider in Brazil the new genus Roquea Loeuille & Antar, endemic to the country, still absent from POWO as of January 21, 2025 (SEE).
For the complex genus Vernonia L., we completely reject the broad and global circumscription of the genus and follow H. Robinson & V.A. Funk (PhytoKeys, 2018), which restricts the genus to North and South America.
POWO, on January 21, 2021, recognizes Robinsonia DC. (endemic to Chile), but here we consider it within Senecio, based on Suk Cho et al. (BMC Plant Biology, 2024).
Here, we consider Belloa J. Rémy to be restricted to B. chilensis J. Rémy (Chile to Argentina), with the other four species of the genus listed in POWO on January 21, 2025, being placed in Mniodes (A. Gray) Benth., following Freire, S.E. et al. (Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2014).
POWO, on January 21, 2025, recognizes Pseudobaccharis Cabrera as distinct from Baccharis L., but here we consider it a synonym, based on Heiden G. (Thesis, 2014).
POWO, on January 21, 2025, recognizes Lemmatium DC. as a valid genus (endemic to Brazil), but here we consider it a synonym of Calea L., based on Urbatsch et al. (Systematic Botany, 1986).
Oyedaea DC. is cited in POWO as of January 21, 2025, with two species in Brazil (SEE). However, we reject this genus here, considering these species under Aspilia L. (SEE) and Dimerostemma Cass. (SEE).
Unlike POWO on January 21, 2025, Pascalia Ortega is recognized here as native to Brazil, following Crespo & Pena-Martín (Phytotaxa, 2014).
APIALES
ARALIACEAE
Here we recognize Hydrocotyle alpina Vell., elevated to species by Nery, E.K. et al. (Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2020), but unfortunately unrecognized in POWO as of June 11, 2024.
APIACEAE
Here we count Ammoselinum Torr. & A. Gray as Brazilian, based on Reflora (SEE).
Although POWO on as of June 13 considers Anthriscus Pers. and Cryptotaenia DC. in South America, for Argentina and Peru, respectively, we reject these two occurrences here.
5 UPDATES MADE AFTER THE DATE OF THE GENERAL REVIEW
Update on Apodanthaceae, with its merger with Rafflesiaceae and placement in Malpighiales,by Alzate J.F. et al. (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2024).
6 PUBLICATIONS THAT HAVE NOT YET BEEN REVIEWED BY SSAA
[6A] NATIONAL CHECKLISTS
Dryadella in Brazil (Orchidaceae, SEE),
Bidens in Bolivia (Asteraceae, SEE) and
Dendrophorbium in Peru (Asteraceae, SEE).
[6B] RELEVANT NEW GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS
Triphora surinamensis in Colombia (Orchidaceae, SEE),
Anadenanthera colubrina in Argentina (Fabaceae, SEE),
Mimosa asperoides in Brazil (Fabaceae, formerly in Uruguay, SEE),
Myrcianthes prodigiosa in Colombia (Myrtaceae, SEE),
Pycnophyllum macropetalum in Argentina (Caryophyllaceae, SEE),
Gloxinia major in Argentina (Gesneriaceae, SEE), and
Utricularia amesthytina excluded in Mexico and Belize, now only in Brazil and Venezuela (Lentibulariacae, SEE, 2021).
[6C] WORKS IN MORPHOLOGY
Characterizing the Frequency, Morphological Gradient, and Distribution of Dioecy in Miconia (Melastomataceae, SEE
).
[6D] TAXONOMIC REVISION OF GENERA
Besleria (Gesneriaceae, SEE),
Orthosia (Apocynaceae, SEE),
Gamochaeta (Asteraceae, SEE).
[6E] WORKS IN PHYLOGENY
Progress in systematics and biogeography of Orchidaceae
Revalidación de especies del complejo Oxalis laxa (sección Alpinae, Oxalidaceae) que crecen en Chile
Synopsis of Argythamnia, Chiropetalum and Philyra (Euphorbiaceae) in South America
A huge confusion in Psittacanthinae
Towards a species-level phylogeny for Neotropical Myrtaceae: Notes on topology and resources for future studies
Molecular phylogeny of bladderworts: A wide approach of Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) species relationships based on six plastidial and nuclear DNA sequences
[6F] INVALIDATED GENERA
BY INCLUSION IN OTHER GENERA
Colanthelia under Aulonemia (Poaceae, SEE),
Brachistus under Witheringia (Solanaceae, SEE),
Esterrhazya under Agalinis (Orobanchaceae, SEE),
Thamnoseris under Dendroseris (Asteraceae, SEE, both genera accepted here in Sonchus).
[6G] INVALIDATED SPECIES
BY SYNONIMIZATION
Maxillaria sibundoyensis under M. floribunda (Orchidaceae, SEE),
Parinari leonthopitheci under a unnamed species (Chrysobalanaceae, SEE),
Salvia articulata under S. sellowiana and S. itatiaiensis under S. arenaria (Lamiaceae, SEE),
Pentacalia viburnifolia, P. brittoniana, P. miguelii under
P. psidiifolia (Asteraceae, BL, 2021),
Stevia breviaristata under
S. vaga (Asteraceae, AR, 2021).
BY RENAME
Catasetum meeae as C. lendarium (Orchidaceae, SEE),
Camptosema praeandinum as Cerradicola praeandina (Fabaceae, BL/AR, 2021, SEE),
Tovomita aequatoriensis as Clusia aequatoriensis (Clusiaceae, SEE),
Pachira dolichocalyx under P. macrocalyx (SEE),
Pachira nitida under P. minor (SEE),
Cremolobus linearifolius as Menonvillea linarifolia (Brassicaceae, SEE) and
Justicia comata as Spigelia beccabungoides (Loganiaceae to Acanthaceae, UR or PAR, 2001, SEE).
OTHER RASONS
Caliandra medelinnesis as a hybrid (SEE).
[6H] NEW GENERA
BY EMANCIPATION
Aemulanthus R.P.Oliveira & F.M.Ferreira (Poaceae, 2024, only one sp., A. decumbens R.P.Oliveira & F.M.Ferreira., endemic to Espirito Santo state, SE Brazil),
Aemulanthus R.P. Oliveira & F.M. Ferreira (Poaceae, 2024, only one sp., A. decumbens R.P. Oliveira & F.M. Ferreira, endemic to Espírito Santo state, E Brazil; spiciform synflorescences on decumbent culms composed of monomorphic gynaecandrous whorls),
Quixiume (Poaceae, BR, 2024, off Aulonemia),
Stelanemia (Poaceae, BR, 2024, off Aulonemia),
Vianaea (Poaceae, BR, 2024, off Aulonemia),
Cabari Gregório & D.B.O.S.Cardoso (Fabaceae; trees, large, with imparipinnately compound leaves and opposite leaflets, inflorescences terminal or less often axillary, woody pods with elastically dehiscent valves, and large seeds. 4 spp. from northern South America, two in Brazil, none endemics/SEE),
Incacleome Cornejo (Cleomaceae, segregated from Andinocleome, 3 spp., Pacific coastal 'lomas' - fog deserts - to ca. 3200 m in the high Andes of Chile to Amazonas departament in N Peru, in the central Andean block),
Anisantherina (Orobanchaceae, tropical America, off Agalinis),
Chytroma Miers (Lecythidaceae, 18 spp., Panama to tropical America, 16 in Brazil, some endemic),
Guaiania O.M.Vargas & C.W.Dick (Lecythidaceae, 5 spp., northern South America, 4 in Brazil),
Imbiriba O.M.Vargas, M. Ribeiro, & C.W.Dick (Lecythidaceae, 8 spp., all endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest with exception of I. nana which occurs in the Cerrado),
Pachylecythis Ledoux (Lecythidaceae, 5 spp., Nicaragua to Brazil, all in South America; 3 spp. in Brazil, two endemics),
Scottmoria Cornejo (Lecythidaceae, 23 spp.),
Waimiria C.W.Dick & O.M.Vargas (Lecythidaceae, a single species, W. amazoniciformis (S.A.Mori) C.W.Dick & O.M.Vargas, now only from Amazonas state in N Brazil),
Leonoria (Rubiaceae; only one sp., L. calcicola (R.M.Salas & E.L.Cabral) Nuñez Florentin & R.M.Salas, from in seasonally dry region inside the dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga) biome of Bahia state Brazil) and
Xiphodesma Pozner & Zijlstra (Calyceraceae, Argentina and Uruguay, for Boopis anthemoides Juss.).
BY DISCOVERY
None in this list.
[6I] NEW SPECIES BY EMNACIPATION
Inga luschnathiana (Fabaceae, BR, 2022, SEE),
Senna schultesiana (H.S.Irwin & Barneby) A.G.Lima & Mansano (Fabaceae, SEE) and
Parinari pohlii Hook.f. (Chrysobalanaceae, SEE).
[6J] NEW SPECIES BY DISCOVERY
100 new species, being 0 ENDEMICS among countries: Brazil (0), Colombia (0), Peru (0), Ecuador (0), Bolivia (0), Venezuela (0), Chile (0), Guianas (0), Argentina (0), Suriname (0); and 6 NON ENDEMICS: as BR/VZ(0)⋅ BR/EC(0) ⋅ BR/AR(0) ⋅ BR/BL(0) ⋅ BR/CL (0) ⋅ BR/GU´s (0) ⋅ AR/BL (0) ⋅ AR/UR(0) ⋅ AR/PAR(0) ⋅ CL/PAN(0) ⋅ CL/VZ(0) ⋅ CL/EC(0) ⋅ CL/PR(0) ⋅ PR/BL(0) ⋅ EC/PR (0) ⋅ PR/CH(0) ⋅ CL/EC/PR(0) ⋅ AR/PAR/CH(0) ⋅ BR/BL/PAR(0) ⋅ ⋅ VZ/GU/SR(0) ⋅ BR/BL/PAR(0) ⋅ EC/PR/BR(0)
AMBORELLANAE, NYMPHAEANAE, AUSTROBAYLEANAE, CHLORANTHANAE, MAGNOLIANAE
Duguetia rolimii (Annonaceae, BR, 2024),
Aiouea myrmecophila (Lauraceae, BR, 2024),
Andea ferruginea, Ocotea pterocaulis (Lauraceae, EC, 2024),
Persea quarticicola (Lauraceae, BR, 2024),
Persea sp. (Lauraceae, EC, 204),
Peperomia ilheusensis, P. itaimbense, P. mendanhensis (Piperaceae, BR, 2024),
Piper globirhachis (Piperaceae, PR, 2024),
Peperomia dryadica (Piperaceae, BR, 2024).
LILIANAE
Anthurium caquetense, A. florenciense, A. marcocorreae (Araceae, CL, 2024),
Anthurium sp. (Araceae, EC, 2024),
Xanthosoma camiloi (Araceae, CL, 2024),
Alstroemeria maranhensis (Alstroemeriaceae, BR, 2024),
Hieronymiella peruviana (Amaryllidaceae, PR, 2024),
Cattleya attenboroughiana (Orchidaceae, BR, 2024),
Catasetum cantuariae (Orchidaceae, BR, 2024),
Lepanthes chalalensis (Orchidaceae, CL, 2024),
Epidendrum pembertonii (Orchidaceae, CL, 2024),
Lepanthes pseudoabitaguae (Orchidaceae, CL, 2024),
Lepanthes dianatrujilloana, L. dianauribeana, L. gloriagaleanoana, L. laurarestrepoana, L. margaritamarinoana, L. nidiagongorana, L. nubiamuñozana, L. paolaalzateana (Orchidaceae, CL, 2023),
Lepanthes attenboroughii (Orchidaceae, CL, 2022),
Pleurothallis falcata (Orchidaceae, CL, 2024),
Malaxis engelsii (Orchidaceae, BR, 2024),
Maxillaria andina (Orchidaceae, CL, 2024),
Malaxis susanae (Orchidaceae, CL, 2024),
Brachystele morronei (Orchidaceae, AR, 2023),
Malaxis ybytus (Orchidaceae, BR, 2023),
Kefersteinia sp. (Orchidaceae, CL, 2023),
Catasetum queirozii (Orchidaceae, BR, 2024),
Telipogon mariae-luisae (Orchidaceae, PR, 2023),
Octomeria jimenezii (Orchidaceae, EC, 2024),
Campylocentrum luzmariae (Orchidaceae, CL, 2024),
Vanilla cameroniana (Orchidaceae, FG, 2023),
Pelexia [Pachygenium] muyscarum (Orchidaceae, CL, 2023),
Telipogon mariae-luisae (Orchidaceae, PR, 2023),
Cyrtopodium valebellae (Orchidaceae, BL, 2023),
Pelexia [Pachygenium] laurense (Orchidaceae, AR, 2022),
Pityphyllum [Maxillaria] mercedes-abarcae (Orchidaceae, EC, 2021),
Pseudolepanthes bihuae (Orchidaceae, EC, 2021),
Telipogon sp. (Orchidaceae, EC, 2021),
Paepalanthus fonsecai (Eriocaulaceae, BR, 2024),
Eremitis pernambucensis (Poaceae, BR, 2024),
Guadua bambuzoniae (Poaceae, CL, 2024) and
Chusquea cordata (Poaceae, BR, 2023).
CERATOPHYLLANAE, RANUNCULANAE, PROTEANAE, TROCHODENDRANAE, BUXANAE, MYROTHAMNANAE, DILLENIANAE, SAXIFRAGANAE, VITANAE
Doliocarpus daironi (Dilleniaceae, CL, 2024).
ROSANAE
Oxalis amicorum, O. paramnoensis (Oxalidaceae, VZ, 2024),
Lorostemon roseoviridis (Clusiaceae, BR/GU, 2024),
Janusia longibracteolata (Malpighiaceae, BR, 2024),
Carolus tomentosus (Malpighiaceae, BR, 2023).
Malesherbia anxia (Passifloraceae, PR, 2024),
Chrysobalanus atlanticus (Chrysobalanaceae, BR, 2024),
Neosprucea chrysantha (Salicaceae, CL, 2024),
Phyllanthus gandarelensis (Phyllanthaceae, BR, 2024),
Securidaca aurea (Polygalaceae, BR, 2024),
Senega calcarata, S. carautana, S. cordeiroi, S. filiformis, S. longiflora (Polygalaceae, BR, 2024),
Senega [Polygala] bringelii, Senega [P.] tocantinensis (Polygalaceae, BR, 2021), Senega [Polygala] petricola (Polygalaceae, BR, 2022),
Collaea caerulea (Fabaceae, BR, 2024),
Mimosa cardosoi, M. simonii (Fabaceae, BR, 2023),
Senna yungas (Fabaceae, BL, 2024),
Senna manaosana (Fabaceae, BR, 2024),
Ampelocera percyhernandezii (Ulmaceae, CL, 2024),
Eugenia stenocarpa (Myrtaceae, BR, 2024),
Siphoneugena carolynae (Myrtaceae, BR, 2024),
Campomanesia lorenziana (Myrtaceae, BR, 2024),
Microlicia campostriniae, M. subtilis (Melastomataceae, BR, 2024),
Zanthoxylum planaltense (Rutaceae, BR, 2024),
Vasconcellea jossei (Caricaceae, EC, 2024),
Quararibea centinelae (Malvaceae, EC, 2024),
Theobroma globosum, T. nervosum, T. schultesii (Malvaceae, CL(2), EC(2,3), PR(1,3), BR(1), 2024),
Byttneria filifolia (Malvaceae, BR, 2024),
Ceiba camba (Malvaceae, BR/BL, 2024).
CARYOPHYLLANAE
Coleocephalocereus superbus (Cactaceae, BR, 2024),
Arrojadoa luetzelburgioides (Cactaceae, BR, 2024) and
Tacinga mirim (Cactaceae, BR, 2024).
ASTERANAE
Freziera antioquensis (Pentaphylacaceae, CL, 2024),
Ternstroemia pacifica, T. fandango, T. cachalu, T. religiosa (Pentaphylacaceae, CL, 2024),
Myriopus gleissonii (Heliotropiaceae, CL, 2023),
Varronia elsieae (Cordiaceae, BR, 2023),
Gentianella campaniflora, G. potosiana, G. pringlei, G. puberula, G. samae. (Gentianaceae, BL, 2024),
Notopleura aurantiaca, N. bracteata, N. cajamarcana, N. divaricata, N. harlingii, N. kosnipatana, N. valenzuelae, N. stevensonii (Rubiaceae, EC, PR, BR | PR | PR | CL | EC | PR | PR | CL, 2024),
Evolvulus jalapensis (Convolvulaceae, BR, 2024),
Columnea conopurpurea (Gesneriaceae, CL, 2024),
Drymonia cutervoensis (Gesneriaceae, PR, 2024),
Drymonia tomentosa (Gesneriaceae, CL, 2024),
Fridericia caudata (Bignoniaceae, BR, 2024),
Eplingiella sanoi (Lamiaceae, BR, 2024),
Aphelandra guacharorum, A. montis-tusae, Justicia betancurii, J. chloroleuca, J. cristalina, J. daironcardenasii, J. ipanorensis, J. lutescens, J. macuirensis, J. perijaensis, J. reniformis, J. rheophytica, J. santanderana, Ruellia rheophytica (Acanthaceae, CL, 2024),
Stachytarpheta eimeariae, S. praetermissa (Verbenaceae, BR, 2024),
Oritrophium acerosum (Asteraceae, EC, 2024),
Isocarpha spathulata (Asteraceae, BL, 2023),
Lepidaploa nakajimae (Asteraceae, BR, 2024),
Porophyllum iruyense (Asteraceae, AR, 2024),
Haplopappus colliguayensis, H. teillieri (Asteraceae, CH, 2023),
Praxelis cleggiae (Asteraceae, BL, 2024),
Eryngium cerradense (Apiaceae, PAR, 2023) and
Eryngium absconditum (Apiaceae, PAR, 2022).
[6K] SIMPLE SPECIES WORKS
Alstroemeria maxima (Phil.) N.I.Villalobos & C.M.Baeza (Alstroemeriaceae, integrative taxonomy).
Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. ('sauco', a wild and native species from South America: a review for its valorization as a wild food plant with edible and medicinal properties).
Crassula peduncularis (Sm.) Meigen (conservation in Brazil).
[6L] OTHER WORKS
Additions and corrections to Cacti of Eastern Brazil (4).
